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Bricelj VM, Ford SE, Lambert C, Barbou A, Paillard C. Effects of toxic Alexandrium tamarense on behavior, hemocyte responses and development of brown ring disease in Manila clams. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 2011. [DOI: 10.3354/meps09111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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52
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Jean F, Flye-Sainte-Marie J, Oudard C, Paillard C. Handling Enhances the Development of Signs of Brown Ring Disease inRuditapes philippinarum. Journal of Shellfish Research 2011. [DOI: 10.2983/035.030.0103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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53
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Trinkler N, Guichard N, Labonne M, Plasseraud L, Paillard C, Marin F. Variability of shell repair in the Manila clam Ruditapes philippinarum affected by the Brown Ring Disease: a microstructural and biochemical study. J Invertebr Pathol 2011; 106:407-17. [PMID: 21168415 DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2010.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2010] [Revised: 11/23/2010] [Accepted: 12/10/2010] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
For more than two decades, the Manila clam Ruditapes philippinarum has been regularly affected by Brown Ring Disease (BRD), an epizootic event caused by the bacterium Vibrio tapetis and characterized by the development of a brown deposit on the inner face of valves. Although BRD infection is often lethal, some clams recover by mineralizing a new repair shell layer, which covers the brown deposit and fully isolates it from living tissues. In order to understand this specific shell repair process, the microstructures of repaired zones were compared to those of shells unaffected by BRD. In addition, the organic matrix associated with unaffected shells and to repair patches were extracted and compared by biochemical and immunological techniques. Our results show that the repaired zones exhibit microstructures that resemble the so-called homogeneous microstructure of the internal layer, with some marked differences, like the development of crossed-acicular crystals, which form chevron-like patterns. In the three tested batches of repaired layers, the matrices exhibit certain heterogeneity, i.e., they are partially to widely different from the ones of shells unaffected by BRD, as illustrated by SDS-PAGE and by serological comparisons. Our results strongly suggest a modification of the secretory regime of calcifying mantle cells during the shell repair process. Polyclonal antibodies, which were developed against specific protein fractions of the shell, represent relevant tools for localizing by immunohistology the cells responsible for the repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nolwenn Trinkler
- IUEM, UMR CNRS 6539, Technopôle Brest Iroise, 29280 Plouzané, France.
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Erauso G, Lakhal F, Bidault-Toffin A, Le Chevalier P, Bouloc P, Paillard C, Jacq A. Evidence for the role of horizontal transfer in generating pVT1, a large mosaic conjugative plasmid from the clam pathogen, Vibrio tapetis. PLoS One 2011; 6:e16759. [PMID: 21326607 PMCID: PMC3033894 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0016759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2010] [Accepted: 12/29/2010] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The marine bacterium Vibrio tapetis is the causative agent of the brown ring disease, which affects the clam Ruditapes philippinarum and causes heavy economic losses in North of Europe and in Eastern Asia. Further characterization of V. tapetis isolates showed that all the investigated strains harbored at least one large plasmid. We determined the sequence of the 82,266 bp plasmid pVT1 from the CECT4600(T) reference strain and analyzed its genetic content. pVT1 is a mosaic plasmid closely related to several conjugative plasmids isolated from Vibrio vulnificus strains and was shown to be itself conjugative in Vibrios. In addition, it contains DNA regions that have similarity with several other plasmids from marine bacteria (Vibrio sp., Shewanella sp., Listonella anguillarum and Photobacterium profundum). pVT1 contains a number of mobile elements, including twelve Insertion Sequences or inactivated IS genes and an RS1 phage element related to the CTXphi phage of V. cholerae. The genetic organization of pVT1 underscores an important role of horizontal gene transfer through conjugative plasmid shuffling and transposition events in the acquisition of new genetic resources and in generating the pVT1 modular organization. In addition, pVT1 presents a copy number of 9, relatively high for a conjugative plasmid, and appears to belong to a new type of replicon, which may be specific to Vibrionaceae and Shewanelleacae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaël Erauso
- Laboratoire des Sciences de l'Environnement Marin, UMR 6539, Institut Universitaire Européen de la Mer, Université de Bretagne Occidentale, CNRS, Plouzané, France
| | - Fatma Lakhal
- Institut de Génétique et Microbiologie, UMR 8621, Université Paris-Sud 11, CNRS, IFR115, Orsay, France
| | - Adeline Bidault-Toffin
- Laboratoire des Sciences de l'Environnement Marin, UMR 6539, Institut Universitaire Européen de la Mer, Université de Bretagne Occidentale, CNRS, Plouzané, France
| | - Patrick Le Chevalier
- Laboratoire Universitaire de Biodiversité et Ecologie Microbienne, Université de Bretagne Occidentale, Quimper, France
| | - Philippe Bouloc
- Institut de Génétique et Microbiologie, UMR 8621, Université Paris-Sud 11, CNRS, IFR115, Orsay, France
| | - Christine Paillard
- Laboratoire des Sciences de l'Environnement Marin, UMR 6539, Institut Universitaire Européen de la Mer, Université de Bretagne Occidentale, CNRS, Plouzané, France
| | - Annick Jacq
- Institut de Génétique et Microbiologie, UMR 8621, Université Paris-Sud 11, CNRS, IFR115, Orsay, France
- * E-mail:
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Trinkler N, Bardeau JF, Marin F, Labonne M, Jolivet A, Crassous P, Paillard C. Mineral phase in shell repair of Manila clam Venerupis philippinarum affected by brown ring disease. Dis Aquat Organ 2011; 93:149-62. [PMID: 21381521 DOI: 10.3354/dao02288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The mineral phase of shell repair in the Manila clam Venerupis philippinarum affected by brown ring disease (BRD) was characterised at various scales and at various stages of shell repair by confocal Raman microspectrometry and scanning electron microscopy. Spherulitic and quadrangular aragonite microstructures associated with polyene pigments were clearly observed. Von Kossa staining showed that at the beginning of shell repair, hemocytes are filled with insoluble calcium carbonate salts in all fluids and then are transported toward the extrapallial fluids and the repair sites. Our analyses suggest that after a Vibrio tapetis attack and BRD deposit some clams rapidly cover the deposit, resulting in a modification in the microstructure, which could be produced by the participation of both the mantle and hemocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nolwenn Trinkler
- IUEM, LEMAR, UMR CNRS/UBO/IRD 6539, Technopole Brest Iroise, 29280 Plouzané, France
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Paul-Pont I, de Montaudouin X, Gonzalez P, Jude F, Raymond N, Paillard C, Baudrimont M. Interactive effects of metal contamination and pathogenic organisms on the introduced marine bivalve Ruditapes philippinarum in European populations. Environ Pollut 2010; 158:3401-10. [PMID: 20800936 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2010.07.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2009] [Revised: 07/15/2010] [Accepted: 07/21/2010] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
In natural environment, marine organisms are concomitantly exposed to pollutants and multiple disease agents resulting in detrimental interactions. The present study evaluated interactive effects of metal contamination (cadmium) and pathogenic organisms (trematode parasites Himasthla elongata and pathogenic bacteria Vibrio tapetis) singularly and in combination on the bivalve Ruditapes philippinarum, an introduced species to Europe, under laboratory controlled conditions. After 7 days, metal bioaccumulation and pathogen load were analyzed as well as metallothionein (MT) response and hemocyte concentrations and activities. Results showed that infection by opportunistic pathogens affects metal accumulation, leading to maximal Cd accumulation in co-infected clams. Among stressors only V. tapetis induced significant effects on immune parameters whereas a particular interaction "trematode-bacteria" was shown on MT responses. Despite low trematode infection in agreement with the resistant status of R. philippinarum to these macroparasites, significant interaction with bacteria and metal occurred. Such results highlight the necessity of taking pathogens into account in ecotoxicological studies.
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Travers MA, Meistertzheim AL, Cardinaud M, Friedman CS, Huchette S, Moraga D, Paillard C. Gene expression patterns of abalone, Haliotis tuberculata, during successive infections by the pathogen Vibrio harveyi. J Invertebr Pathol 2010; 105:289-97. [PMID: 20692263 DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2010.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2010] [Revised: 07/28/2010] [Accepted: 08/03/2010] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Since 1998, episodic mass mortality of the abalone Haliotistuberculata has been observed along the northern Brittany coast of France caused by a complex interaction among the host, pathogen and environmental factors. In the present study, abalone were submitted to two successive infections with the pathogen Vibrioharveyi under controlled conditions. During the first challenge, infection by V.harveyi resulted in 64% mortality of mature abalone. After a second infection of those surviving the first challenge, only 44% mortality was observed. Physiological variability in the host response appears to be a major determinant in susceptibility to V.harveyi. In order to isolate differentially expressed genes in H.tuberculata challenged with this bacterium, suppression subtractive hybridization (SSH) cDNA libraries were constructed from muscle of moribund abalone (susceptibles), surviving individuals (apparently resistant to the bacterium) and control (unexposed) animals. Of the 1152 clones sequenced, 218 different partial cDNA sequences were obtained and represented 69 known genes. Of these, 65 were identified for the first time in H.tuberculata. Using real-time PCR, a time-course study was conducted on 19 of the genes identified by SSH. A majority of differentially expressed transcripts were down-regulated in susceptible individuals as compared to their resistant counterparts. Bacterial challenge of abalone resulted in the up-regulation of three transcripts (encoding ferritin, heat shock protein HSP84 and fatty acid binding protein FABP) in those that survived exposure to V.harveyi. This study has identified potential candidates for further investigation into the functional basis of resistance and susceptibility to summer vibriosis outbreaks in abalone.
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de Montaudouin X, Paul-Pont I, Lambert C, Gonzalez P, Raymond N, Jude F, Legeay A, Baudrimont M, Dang C, Le Grand F, Le Goïc N, Bourasseau L, Paillard C. Bivalve population health: multistress to identify hot spots. Mar Pollut Bull 2010; 60:1307-18. [PMID: 20394951 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2010.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2009] [Revised: 02/06/2010] [Accepted: 03/13/2010] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated some stress (metals, parasites) and response (immunity, metallothionein) factors in two cockle and two Manila clam populations. Data from eight seasons were averaged to obtain global baseline values. Stress/response characteristics of each population were compared to population health status that was determined through population dynamics parameters. Four different scenarios were discussed: (1) a lightly stressed cockle population with correct population health but with a risk of deterioration (hot spot); (2) a lightly stressed introduced cockle population threatened of extinction. In this case ecological factors were suspected; (3) a moderately stressed clam population with moderate adaptative response. The population was sustainable but the level of stress should not increase (hotspot); and (4) a stressed clam population and unfavourable ecological conditions preventing clam settlement. This monitoring highlighted that the discrepancy between population health and stress levels could be due to insufficient response by bivalves and/or by unfavourable ecological factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- X de Montaudouin
- University Bordeaux 1, EPOC CNRS UMR 5805, Station Marine d'Arcachon, 2 rue du Pr Jolyet, 33120 Arcachon, France.
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Trinkler N, Sinquin G, Querne J, Paillard C. Resistance to Brown Ring Disease in the Manila clam, Ruditapes philippinarum: a study of selected stocks showing a recovery process by shell repair. J Invertebr Pathol 2010; 104:8-16. [PMID: 20035765 DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2009.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2009] [Revised: 12/03/2009] [Accepted: 12/15/2009] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
European stocks of the Manila clam Ruditapes philippinarum are affected by the Brown Ring Disease (BRD), which is caused by Vibrio tapetis. BRD is characterized by an accumulation of a brown organic matrix on the inner face of the shell. Clams that recover from BRD develop a white mineralized layer covering the brown matrix. Stocks of clams that showed resistance to BRD development, as enhanced recovery, have been monitored since 2000. We have examined two selected stocks: a Low Susceptibility (LS) stock and a High Susceptibility stock (HS), over three generations. The LS stock showed less evidence of the BRD symptoms, and more evidence of total shell repair, both in the field and following experimental challenge with V. tapetis, indicating that some clams may be less vulnerable to a V. tapetis attack than others. The inner face of the valves of the LS and HS clams of the two last generations were analysed with scanning electron microscopy. Examination of shells from BRD-affected clams showed that during the repair process, calcium crystals were progressively laid down until the affected zone was entirely covered. By the end of the shell repair process, a final organic layer covered the calcium crystal mounds. This layer seemed essential in the recovery process. The results indicate that the shell repair capability of the clams is the principal mechanism implicated in the development of BRD resistance in the Manila clam stocks. However, this resistance did not increase with generation because the broodstock was maintained at a site where selection pressure was low, due to a low prevalence of V. tapetis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nolwenn Trinkler
- IUEM, UMR CNRS 6539, Technopole Brest Iroise, 29280 Plouzané, France
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60
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Paul-Pont I, Gonzalez P, Baudrimont M, Jude F, Raymond N, Bourrasseau L, Le Goïc N, Haynes F, Legeay A, Paillard C, de Montaudouin X. Interactive effects of metal contamination and pathogenic organisms on the marine bivalve Cerastoderma edule. Mar Pollut Bull 2010; 60:515-25. [PMID: 20031177 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2009.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2009] [Revised: 11/11/2009] [Accepted: 11/16/2009] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The present study evaluated the interactive effects of cadmium contamination and pathogenic organisms (trematodes Himasthla elongata and bacteria Vibrio tapetis) singularly and in combination during 7 days on the bivalve Cerastoderma edule. Some defense-related activities were analyzed such as genetic expression, metallothionein and immune responses. Trematode metacercarial infection, similar whatever the treatment, induced the strongest responses of immune parameters. Particularly, the interaction between cadmium and parasite exposures induced unusual responses on gene expression and immune responses. No effect of bacterial challenge appeared on bivalve responses, nevertheless a strong mortality of V. tapetis infected cockles occurred between 7 and 14 days. Cadmium bioaccumulation was significantly modulated by both pathogenic organisms. Furthermore, an antagonistic effect of trematodes and bacteria was shown on metal bioaccumulation of co-infected cockles. These results highlighted the importance of considering the multiplicity of perturbation sources in coastal ecosystems to assess the health status of organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ika Paul-Pont
- Université Bordeaux 1, UMR 5805 CNRS, Station Marine d'Arcachon, Place du Dr. Peyneau, Arcachon 33120, France.
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61
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Trinkler N, Labonne M, Marin F, Jolivet A, Bohn M, Poulain C, Bardeau JF, Paillard C. Clam shell repair from the brown ring disease: a study of the organic matrix using confocal Raman micro-spectrometry and WDS microprobe. Anal Bioanal Chem 2010; 396:555-67. [PMID: 19838689 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-009-3114-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2009] [Revised: 08/27/2009] [Accepted: 08/27/2009] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Since 1987, the Manila clam Ruditapes philippinarum has been regularly affected by the brown ring disease (BRD), an epizootic caused by the bacterium Vibrio tapetis. This disease is characterized by the development of a brown deposit on the inner face of valves. While most of the clams die from the BRD infection, some of them are able to recover by mineralizing a new repair shell layer, which covers the brown deposit by a process of encapsulation. The purpose of this work was to study the organic matrix of the shells of Manila clams in the inner shell layer before, during and after the brown deposit and during the shell repair process by confocal Raman micro-spectrometry and wavelength dispersive spectrometry (WDS) microprobe. In addition, the organic matrix of the repaired shell layer was extracted and quantified, by using standard biochemical shell matrix extractions protocols. The brown deposit exhibited high luminescence intensity in Raman spectra, and an increase of S, C, Sr (forming two peaks) and a decrease of Ca, Na concentrations (% w/w), using WDS microprobe mapping and cross-sectional transects. The signature of these trace elements was similar to that recorded on periostracal lamina (% w/w). The high S concentration likely corresponds to the presence of a high amount of sulfated organic compounds. Interestingly, on cross-sectional transects, before the brown deposit, a thin layer of the shell showed also a high luminescence, which may suggest that this layer is modified by bacteria. After the brown deposit, at the beginning of the shell repair process, the luminescence and the S concentration remain high, before declining the level found in non-BRD-affected shells. Quantification of the organic matrix shows that the shell repair layer zone is significantly different from non-BRD-affected shell layer, in particular with a much higher amount of insoluble matrix.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nowenn Trinkler
- IUEM, LEMAR, UMR CNRS/UBO/IRD 6539, Technopole Brest Iroise, 29280 Plouzané, France
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Flye-Sainte-Marie J, Soudant P, Lambert C, Le Goïc N, Goncalvez M, Travers MA, Paillard C, Jean F. Variability of the hemocyte parameters of Ruditapes philippinarum in the field during an annual cycle. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jembe.2009.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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63
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Flye-Sainte-Marie J, Jean F, Paillard C, Kooijman SA. A quantitative estimation of the energetic cost of brown ring disease in the Manila clam using Dynamic Energy Budget theory. Journal of Sea Research 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seares.2009.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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TRAVERS MARIEAGNÈS, BASUYAUX OLIVIER, LE GOÏC NELLY, HUCHETTE SYLVAIN, NICOLAS JEANLOUIS, KOKEN MARCEL, PAILLARD CHRISTINE. Influence of temperature and spawning effort onHaliotis tuberculatamortalities caused byVibrio harveyi: an example of emerging vibriosis linked to global warming. Global Change Biology 2009. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2486.2008.01764.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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65
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Travers MA, Le Bouffant R, Friedman CS, Buzin F, Cougard B, Huchette S, Koken M, Paillard C. Pathogenic Vibrio harveyi, in contrast to non-pathogenic strains, intervenes with the p38 MAPK pathway to avoid an abalone haemocyte immune response. J Cell Biochem 2009; 106:152-60. [PMID: 19058134 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.21990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Vibrio harveyi is a marine bacterial pathogen responsible for episodic abalone epidemics associated with massive mortalities in France, Japan, and Australia. The aim of this study was the understanding of a possible role of the p38 MAPK in abalone haemocyte responses towards this bacterium. First, the pathogenicity of different V. harveyi strains was compared in both immersion and injection trials, and clear differences were detected. The three strains, ORM4, 04/092, and 05/053, all isolated from moribund abalone, induced up to 80% mortalities in immersion or injection challenges (LD(50) (ORM4) = 2.5 x 10(2) CFU animal(-1)). The two strains, LMG 4044T and LMG 7890 were non-pathogenic towards abalone in immersion trials, and needed very high numbers for killing by intramuscular injections (LD(50) = 8.9 x 10(4) and 1.6 x 10(5) CFU animal(-1), respectively). To start unraveling the mechanism explaining these differences, the p38-MAPK, a keyplayer in antimicrobial immune response, was studied. The non-pathogenic strain, LMG 7890 can be eliminated by abalone haemocytes and induces haemocyte phagocytosis and high ROS production. With different concentrations of a p38-specific inhibitor, SB203580, p38 implication was shown. This inhibitor reduced phagocytosis and ROS induction leading to LMG 7890 proliferation. In the case of the pathogenic ORM4 which can not be eliminated by abalone haemocytes, no phagocytosis and ROS production was induced, and a retarded p38 activation was observed. Taken together, our results suggest that p38 MAPK modulation may be one of the ways of virulent V. harveyi to attack its host and escape abalone immune response.
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Travers MA, Le Goïc N, Huchette S, Koken M, Paillard C. Summer immune depression associated with increased susceptibility of the European abalone, Haliotis tuberculata to Vibrio harveyi infection. Fish Shellfish Immunol 2008; 25:800-8. [PMID: 18786640 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2008.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2008] [Revised: 08/12/2008] [Accepted: 08/12/2008] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Haliotis tuberculata mortality outbreaks have occurred in France since 1998 and were attributed to a pathogenic Vibrio harveyi. These mortalities were recorded in September, a month with abalone reproduction and characterised by high seawater temperatures. The importance of gonadal maturation and temperature increase on abalone immunity and susceptibility to V. harveyi infection needed to be clarified. Therefore, an immune survey analyzing a large panel of parameters was performed from June to September 2007 on abalone from the Bay of Brest. The data obtained were put in relation with abalone reproductive status and its susceptibility to V. harveyi. Most parameters showed clear patterns from early to late summer and during gametogenesis, phagocytosis and phenoloxidase activity were reduced, whereas basal reactive oxygen species production and agglutination titres were significantly increased. Total haemocyte counts went up after the partial spawning event at the end of June, and cell complexity diminished. Using a Principal Component Analysis, the "haemolymph profile" was shown to decrease in parallel with spawning and gonadal maturation processes, and reached a minimum just after total spawning. A significant correlation between this "haemolymph profile" and disease susceptibility allowed us to establish for the first time in abalone, a clear concordance between maturation and spawning processes, immune status and abalone susceptibility to V. harveyi.
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Travers MA, Barbou A, Le Goïc N, Huchette S, Paillard C, Koken M. Construction of a stable GFP-tagged Vibrio harveyi strain for bacterial dynamics analysis of abalone infection. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2008; 289:34-40. [PMID: 19054091 DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6968.2008.01367.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Vibrio harveyi is a bacterial marine pathogen that can cause fatal disease in a large range of vertebrates and invertebrates, including the commercially important marine gastropod, Haliotis tuberculata. Since 1997, strains of this bacterium have regularly been causing high mortalities in farmed and wild abalone populations. The way in which the pathogen enters into abalone and the disease transmission mechanisms are thus far unknown. Therefore, a pathogenic strain, ORM4, was green fluorescent protein-tagged and validated both for its growth characteristics and for its virulence as a genuine model for abalone disease. The strain allows V. harveyi quantification by flow cytometry in seawater and in abalone haemolymph as well as the in situ detection of the parasite inside abalone tissues.
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Gestal C, Roch P, Renault T, Pallavicini A, Paillard C, Novoa B, Oubella R, Venier P, Figueras A. Study of Diseases and the Immune System of Bivalves Using Molecular Biology and Genomics. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1080/10641260802325518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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69
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Lakhal F, Bury-Moné S, Nomane Y, Le Goïc N, Paillard C, Jacq A. DjlA, a membrane-anchored DnaJ-like protein, is required for cytotoxicity of clam pathogen Vibrio tapetis to hemocytes. Appl Environ Microbiol 2008; 74:5750-8. [PMID: 18641167 PMCID: PMC2547034 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01043-08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
DjlA is an inner membrane cochaperone belonging to the DnaJ family, which has been shown to be involved in Legionella sp. pathogenesis. In this study, we explored the role of this protein in the physiology and virulence of Vibrio tapetis, the etiological agent of brown ring disease (BRD) in Manila clam (Ruditapes philippinarum). Analysis of the djlA locus in V. tapetis revealed a putative organization in an operon with a downstream gene that we designated duf924(Vt), which encodes a conserved protein with an unknown function and has homologues in bacteria and eukaryotes. djlA mutants displayed a reduced growth rate and showed an important loss of cytotoxic activity against R. philippinarum hemocytes in vitro, which could be restored by extrachromosomal expression of wild-type djlA(Vt) but not duf924(Vt). These results are in keeping with the potential importance of DjlA for bacterial pathogenicity and open new perspectives for understanding the mechanism of action of this protein in the novel V. tapetis-R. philippinarum interaction model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatma Lakhal
- Institut de Génétique et Microbiologie, Bâtiment 400, Université Paris-Sud, Orsay 91405 Cedex, France
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Paillard C, Korsnes K, Le Chevalier P, Le Boulay C, Harkestad L, Eriksen AG, Willassen E, Bergh Ø, Bovo C, Skår C, Mortensen S. Vibrio tapetis-like strain isolated from introduced Manila clams Ruditapes philippinarum showing symptoms of brown ring disease in Norway. Dis Aquat Organ 2008; 81:153-61. [PMID: 18924380 DOI: 10.3354/dao01950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The Manila clam Ruditapes philippinarum was introduced to Norway in 1987 and was produced in 2 hatcheries until 1991. Clam seed was planted at 6 sites. Two sites were on the Island of Tysnes, south of Bergen. Surviving adult Manila clams were recovered in 1995 and 1996. In the present study, Manila clams from the original seeding that displayed morphological signs of brown ring disease (BRD) were recovered in June 2003 (n=7) and in June 2004 (n=17). Samples from extrapallial fluid, tissues and haemolymph were inoculated on marine agar. Replicate subcultures on selective media were used to select potential Vibrio tapetis strains, and in total, 190 bacterial strains were isolated. One of these strains clustered within the V tapetis clade and was named NRP 45. DNA:DNA hybridisation with the type strain CECT4600 showed 52.7 and 57.3% DNA:DNA similarity. Hybridisation of NRP 45 and the V tapetis LP2 strain, isolated from corkwing wrasse Symphodus melops, produced 46.6 and 44.4% re-association. Partial gene segments encoding 16S rRNA, gyrase B protein (GyrB) and chaperonin 60 protein (Cpn60) were characterised and compared to CECT 4600. NRP 45 showed 5 differences in the 1416 nucleotides (nt) of the 16S rRNA encoding gene (99.6% similarity), while the GyrB encoding gene had 62 substitutions of 1181 nt compared (94.8% similarity) and the Cpn60 encoding gene had 22 substitutions out of 548 nt compared (96% similarity). This is the first finding of BRD and the first isolation of a V. tapetis-like bacterial strain from a bivalve in Norway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Paillard
- Institut Universitaire Europeen de la Mer, LEMAR, UMR 6539, Université de Bretagne Occidentale, 29280 Plouzané, France.
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71
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Flye-Sainte-Marie J, Jean F, Ford SE, Paillard C. Effect of sediment grain-size on development of brown ring disease in the Manila clam Ruditapes philippinarum. Aquaculture 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aquaculture.2008.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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72
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Travers MA, Mirella da Silva P, Le Goïc N, Marie D, Donval A, Huchette S, Koken M, Paillard C. Morphologic, cytometric and functional characterisation of abalone (Haliotis tuberculata) haemocytes. Fish Shellfish Immunol 2008; 24:400-11. [PMID: 18289878 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2007.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2007] [Accepted: 10/02/2007] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
This work presents the first detailed microscopic and functional analysis of the haemocytes of an abalone; the European Haliotis tuberculata. It is shown that in contrast to the situation in bivalves, only very few basophilic "granulocytes" could be found and exclusively with a histological stain. Neither flow cytometry, phase contrast observation nor transmission electron microscopy were able to detect any granular cells. The large majority of cells was constituted of "hyalinocytes", which could be sorted by flow cytometry, for the first time, into small (blast-like) and large cells. This permits a detailed analysis of haemocytes and especially of the lowly represented blast-like cells. The differences in haemolymph cell composition between bivalves and gastropods is reviewed in depth and discussed in view of the new data we present. Most of the abalone haemocytes analysed harbour many vacuoles, large glycogen deposits, lipid inclusions and acidic compartments. However, although the number of these "inclusions" was rather variable in between individual hyalinocytes, these experiments did not allow to discern subpopulations using these criteria, and the population appears more as a "differentiation continuum". Haemocytes adhere very rapidly and are immunologically active as they quickly phagocytose latex beads and zymozan particles. This study is the first step towards understanding the H. tuberculata immune system by adapting new tools to gastropods and in providing a first detailed morpho-functional study of their haemocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Agnès Travers
- CNRS UMR 6539 Laboratoire des sciences de l'Environnement MARin, Institut Universitaire Européen de la Mer, Université de Bretagne Occidentale, Place Copernic, 29280 Plouzané, France.
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73
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Ford SE, Bricelj VM, Lambert C, Paillard C. Deleterious effects of a nonPST bioactive compound(s) from Alexandrium tamarense on bivalve hemocytes. Mar Biol 2008; 154:241-53. [DOI: 10.1007/s00227-008-0917-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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74
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Flye-sainte-marie J, Pouvreau S, Paillard C, Jean F. Impact of Brown Ring Disease on the energy budget of the Manila clam Ruditapes philippinarum. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 2007; 349:378-89. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jembe.2007.05.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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75
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Ford SE, Paillard C. Repeated sampling of individual bivalve mollusks I: intraindividual variability and consequences for haemolymph constituents of the Manila clam, Ruditapes philippinarum. Fish Shellfish Immunol 2007; 23:280-91. [PMID: 17175171 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2006.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2006] [Revised: 10/17/2006] [Accepted: 10/30/2006] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Components of the haemolymph are understood to constitute the internal defense system of bivalve mollusks and their levels are often considered to be indicators of "health"; however, relatively little proof exists of the role that these elements play in the success or failure of defense against a pathogen. A change associated with infection may be the consequence of disease rather than a measure of the capacity to respond effectively to a pathogen. One way to assess whether haemocyte or serum-component concentrations are related to resistance to microbial infection is to sample individuals over time, both before and after they are experimentally or naturally infected. But sampling itself may alter the parameter being assessed. In addition, interindividual variation is large and the degree of intraindividual variation over time is largely unknown. To evaluate intra- vs interindividual variability measured over time and to assess the effects of repeated sampling, we subjected Manila clams, Ruditapes philippinarum, to multiple haemolymph samplings during both field and laboratory experiments, and measured four parameters: haemocyte density, protein concentration, and the activities of leucine amino peptidase and DOPA-oxidase. A repeated-measures ANOVA indicated that individuals with high or low levels at one sampling, tended to have high or low levels, respectively, at the other sampling times. Furthermore, the index of individuality, which is the ratio of intra- to interindividual variability, for these four parameters was comparable to that for human serum components. Repeated sampling had no measured effect on field-deployed clams, which were sampled at intervals of 1-3 months, but significantly depressed values in laboratory-held clams sampled at 1-month intervals. Results demonstrated relative intraindividual constancy in the measured variables and suggested that minimizing sample frequency and volume, and maintaining animals in a comparatively natural environment should all facilitate repeated sampling with minimum injury to experimental mollusks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan E Ford
- Rutgers University, Haskin Shellfish Research Laboratory, Port Norris, NJ 08349, USA.
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76
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Flye-Sainte-Marie J, Jean F, Paillard C, Ford S, Powell E, Hofmann E, Klinck J. Ecophysiological dynamic model of individual growth of Ruditapes philippinarum. Aquaculture 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aquaculture.2007.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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77
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Lassalle G, de Montaudouin X, Soudant P, Paillard C. Parasite co-infection of two sympatric bivalves, the Manila clam (Ruditapes philippinarum) and the cockle (Cerastoderma edule) along a latitudinal gradient. Aquat Living Resour 2007. [DOI: 10.1051/alr:2007013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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78
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Park K, Paillard C, Le Chevalier P, Choi K. Report on the occurrence of brown ring disease (BRD) in Manila clam, Ruditapes philippinarum, on the west coast of Korea. Aquaculture 2006; 255:610-3. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aquaculture.2005.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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79
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Huchette S, Paillard C, Clavier J, Day R. Shell disease: abnormal conchiolin deposit in the abalone Haliotis tuberculata. Dis Aquat Organ 2006; 68:267-71. [PMID: 16610593 DOI: 10.3354/dao068267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Shell disease in the abalone Haliotis tuberculata L. is characterized by a conchiolin deposit on the inner surface of the shell. The gross clinical signs appear similar to the Brown Ring Disease (BRD) of clams. BRD has been extensively described in clams and is known to be responsible for severe mortalities and the collapse of the clam aquaculture industry in western France. In the clam, it was found to be caused by the infection of the mantle by Vibrio tapetis. Brown protein deposits have been observed in various abalone species around the world; some of these have been associated with a fungal infection in New Zealand, but the ones described here are similar to bacterial infections observed in clams. Larger animals appeared to be more affected by the disease, and a positive correlation of the number of successive infections found in the shells with the level of infestation of the shell by borers suggests that boring polychaetes and sponges may be vectors of the disease, or that the parasite infestation may increase the susceptibility of the animal to this infection. There is no evidence, however, that this infection causes mortality in abalone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvain Huchette
- Department of Zoology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville 3052, Victoria, Australia.
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Allam B, Paillard C, Auffret M, Ford SE. Effects of the pathogenic Vibrio tapetis on defence factors of susceptible and non-susceptible bivalve species: II. Cellular and biochemical changes following in vivo challenge. Fish Shellfish Immunol 2006; 20:384-97. [PMID: 16005645 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2005.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2005] [Revised: 04/06/2005] [Accepted: 05/18/2005] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
This work compared the effect of challenge with Vibrio tapetis, the etiologic agent of brown ring disease (BRD) in clams, and other bacterial strains on defence-related factors in four bivalve species: Ruditapes philippinarum (highly susceptible to BRD), R. decussatus (slightly susceptible to BRD), Mercenaria mercenaria and Crassostrea virginica (both non-susceptible to BRD). Results show that bacterial challenge modulated defence-related factors, namely total and differential haemocyte counts, percentage of viable haemocytes, and lysozyme activity, both in haemolymph and extrapallial fluid. Injection with bacteria induced a response that was dependent upon the bacterial and bivalve species investigated, and upon the site of inoculation: external (pallial cavity), pseudo-internal (extrapallial space), or internal compartment (adductor muscle). The most conspicuous changes were systematically measured in R. philippinarum injected with V. tapetis, indicating a bacterial pathogenicity particular to the host in which it causes a specific disease syndrome. Alterations of defence-related factors were maximal in haemolymph of clams injected with V. tapetis in the muscle, and in the extrapallial fluid when the bacteria were injected into the pallial or the extrapallial cavity. Resistance to the development of the BRD symptom was not related to the extent of the haemocyte reaction measured following in vivo challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bassem Allam
- Marine Sciences Research Center, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794-5000, USA.
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81
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Paillard C, Gausson S, Nicolas JL, le Pennec JP, Haras D. Molecular identification of Vibrio tapetis, the causative agent of the brown ring disease of Ruditapes philippinarum. Aquaculture 2006; 253:25-38. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aquaculture.2005.03.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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82
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Paillard C, Le Roux F, Borrego JJ. Bacterial disease in marine bivalves, a review of recent studies: Trends and evolution. Aquat Living Resour 2004. [DOI: 10.1051/alr:2004054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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83
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Paillard C. A short-review of brown ring disease, a vibriosis affecting clams,Ruditapes philippinarumandRuditapes decussatus. Aquat Living Resour 2004. [DOI: 10.1051/alr:2004053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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84
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Paillard C, Allam B, Oubella R. Effect of temperature on defense parameters in manila clam Ruditapes philippinarum challenged with Vibrio tapetis. Dis Aquat Organ 2004; 59:249-62. [PMID: 15264721 DOI: 10.3354/dao059249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Brown Ring Disease (BRD), a vibriosis affecting the clam Ruditapes philippinarum, is present on the Atlantic coasts of Western Europe and is considered to be a cold water disease. The present work investigated the effect of temperature on immune response and its relationships with BRD development. Clams maintained at different temperatures (8, 14 and 21 degrees C) were experimentally challenged with the pathogen Vibrio tapetis, the etiologic agent of BRD. Results demonstrated significant effects of temperature on disease development and on hemolymph immune parameters including total and viable hemocyte counts, lysozyme and leucine aminopeptidase activities. Thirty days after challenge, clams maintained at 21 degrees C displayed significantly higher values for all the measured immune parameters in comparison to specimens incubated at 14 degrees C. Improved performance of the immune system was associated with a low BRD prevalence. The recovery process, which occured mainly at 21 degrees C, was associated with high percentages of viable hemocytes and high activities of leucine amino-peptidase and lysozyme. This laboratory study clearly demonstrates that temperature strongly affects BRD development and clam immune response during infection. Favourable immune status at higher temperature may confer upon the clam a better capacity to fight the disease agent, and therefore to recover more easily.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Paillard
- Laboratoire des Sciences de l'Environnement Marin, Institut Universitaire Européen de la Mer, Université de Bretagne Occidentale, Place Copernic, Technopole Brest-Iroise, 29280 Plouzané, France.
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85
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Hégaret H, Wikfors G, Soudant P, Delaporte M, Alix J, Smith B, Dixon M, Quére C, Le Coz J, Paillard C, Moal J, Samain J. Immunological competence of eastern oysters, Crassostrea virginica, fed different microalgal diets and challenged with a temperature elevation. Aquaculture 2004; 234:541-60. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aquaculture.2004.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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86
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Soudant P, Paillard C, Choquet G, Lambert C, Reid H, Marhic A, Donaghy L, Birkbeck T. Impact of season and rearing site on the physiological and immunological parameters of the Manila clam Venerupis (=Tapes, =Ruditapes) philippinarum. Aquaculture 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/s0044-8486(03)00352-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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87
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Choquet G, Soudant P, Lambert C, Nicolas JL, Paillard C. Reduction of adhesion properties of Ruditapes philippinarum hemocytes exposed to Vibrio tapetis. Dis Aquat Organ 2003; 57:109-16. [PMID: 14735928 DOI: 10.3354/dao057109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Vibrio tapetis is the causative agent of brown ring disease (BRD), which affects a species of clam, Ruditapes philippinarum. After incubation with V. tapetis, hemocytes lose filopods and become rounded, indicating cytotoxic activity of the bacterium. To rapidly quantify this cytotoxicity, a flow-cytometry test was developed based on the capacity of V. tapetis to inhibit adhesion of clam hemocytes to plastic. Several bacteria:hemocyte ratios, the cytotoxicity of other Vibrio spp. pathogenic to bivalves, and that of various V. tapetis isolates were tested. Inhibition of adherence is detectable with as few as 5 bacteria per hemocyte. The greater cytotoxic activity of V. tapetis compared to that of V. splendidus and V. pectenicida suggests a specific pathogenicity of V. tapetis to R. philippinarum hemocytes. Although all V. tapetis isolates inhibited adhesion, significant variations in cytotoxicity among isolates was demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gwénaëlle Choquet
- Laboratoire des Sciences de l'Environnement Marin (LEMAR), Institut Universitaire Européen de la Mer (IUEM-UBO), Place Copernic Technopôle Brest-Iroise, 29280 Plouzané, France
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Reid HI, Soudant P, Lambert C, Paillard C, Birkbeck TH. Salinity effects on immune parameters of Ruditapes philippinarum challenged with Vibrio tapetis. Dis Aquat Organ 2003; 56:249-58. [PMID: 14667037 DOI: 10.3354/dao056249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The occurrence of brown ring disease (BRD) in farmed Manila clams Ruditapes philippinarum is seasonal. Development of the disease is believed to require the presence of the infective agent Vibrio tapetis and particular environmental conditions. This paper studies the effect of salinity (20 to 40 per thousand) on measurable immune parameters of Manila clams, and the progression of BRD in experimentally infected individuals. At 20 per thousand salinity, the total haemocyte count was reduced and disease prevalence was highest. At 40 per thousand salinity significantly fewer clams presented signs of BRD, and this was correlated with increases in the total haemocyte count, hyalinocyte count, phenoloxidase levels and phagocytic activity of haemocytes. Inoculation of clams with V. tapetis did not have a significant effect on the immune parameters measured. Thus, this laboratory-based study relates environmental stress to disease development.
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Affiliation(s)
- H I Reid
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Institute of Biomedical and Life Sciences, Joseph Black Building, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
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Lambert C, Soudant P, Choquet G, Paillard C. Measurement of Crassostrea gigas hemocyte oxidative metabolism by flow cytometry and the inhibiting capacity of pathogenic vibrios. Fish Shellfish Immunol 2003; 15:225-40. [PMID: 12892744 DOI: 10.1016/s1050-4648(02)00160-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
A flow cytometric method to measure the production of oxidative metabolism products was adapted for use with Crassostrea gigas hemocytes. The method is based upon the oxidation, by hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), of intracellular 2',7'-dichlorofluorescin (DCFH) to green-fluorescent dichlorofluorescein. Activation of the respiratory burst (RB) was tested using phorbol myristate acetate with no success. By contrast, activation by zymosan particles increased oxidation of DCFH in C. gigas hemocytes, mainly granulocytes, and optimization tests showed a good response with 20 zymosan particles per hemocyte. Anti-aggregant solution, used to prevent hemocytes from clumping during bleeding, inhibited the RB activity measured by DCFH oxidation. The flow cytometric method developed during this work was used to evaluate the DCFH oxidation-inhibiting capacity of four strains of vibrio bacteria, known or suspected to be pathogenic for bivalves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christophe Lambert
- Institut Universitaire Européen de la Mer, Université de Bretagne Occidentale, Plouzané, France.
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90
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Delaporte M, Soudant P, Moal J, Lambert C, Quéré C, Miner P, Choquet G, Paillard C, Samain JF. Effect of a mono-specific algal diet on immune functions in two bivalve species--Crassostrea gigas and Ruditapes philippinarum. J Exp Biol 2003; 206:3053-64. [PMID: 12878673 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.00518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The impact of diets upon the fatty acid composition of haemocyte polar lipids and consequently upon immune parameters has been tested in the oyster Crassostrea gigas and the clam Ruditapes philippinarum. Oysters and clams were fed each of three cultured algae: Chaetoceros calcitrans, which is rich in 20:5(n-3) and 20:4(n-6) and poor in 22:6(n-3) fatty acids; T-Iso (Isochrysis sp.), which is rich in 22:6(n-3) and deficient in 20:5(n-3) and 20:4(n-6); and Tetraselmis suecica, which is deficient in 22:6(n-3) and contains only small amounts of 20:5(n-3) and 20:4(n-6). Fatty acid composition of haemocyte polar lipids was greatly affected by the diet. Oysters and clams fed C. calcitrans maintained a higher proportion of 20:5(n-3) and 20:4(n-6) in their haemocyte polar lipids, while these polyunsaturated fatty acids decreased drastically for animals fed T-Iso. However, the T-Iso diet maintained 22:6(n-3) in haemocyte polar lipids of both species. Higher 20:5(n-3) and 20:4(n-6) contents in diets appeared to have a positive effect upon total haemocyte count, granulocyte percentage, phagocytic rate and oxidative activity of clam haemocytes. Similarly, a positive effect of 20:5(n-3) on oxidative activity of oyster haemocytes was observed but to a lesser extent than in clams. Interestingly, when oyster haemocytes are submitted to a stressful condition, a positive effect of a higher dietary 22:6(n-3) content on the phagocytic rate was noticed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryse Delaporte
- Laboratoire de Physiologie des Invertébrés, IFREMER de Brest, 29280 Plouzané, France
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91
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Jensen S, Samuelsen OB, Andersen K, Torkildsen L, Lambert C, Choquet G, Paillard C, Bergh O. Characterization of strains of Vibrio splendidus and V. tapetis isolated from corkwing wrasse Symphodus melops suffering vibriosis. Dis Aquat Organ 2003; 53:25-31. [PMID: 12608565 DOI: 10.3354/dao053025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Two vibrio bacteria pathogenic to the corkwing wrasse Symphodus melops were isolated. Vibriosis-inducing strain LP1 was isolated as the dominanting bacterium in kidney samples of dead and moribund wrasse from a population suffering vibriosis and high daily mortality in 1998 on the Norwegian west coast. The other vibriosis-inducing strain, LP2, was isolated from wrasse captured the following year. Re-infection experiments have confirmed that these strains cause vibriosis in corkwing wrasse. Both strains were typical vibrios sharing the traits of fermentative Gram-negative curved rods with motility and a positive oxidase reaction. Detailed biochemical and genetic characterisation revealed a close affiliation to known species of the marine environment. The first isolate, LP1, is a form of the ubiquitous seawater organism Vibrio splendidus, while the second isolate, LP2, is closely related to V. tapetis (previously only known as the brown ring disease agent in clams). Identification of the new wrasse pathogens V. splendidus LP1 and V. tapetis LP2 is facilitated by break points observed in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sigmund Jensen
- Department of Aquaculture, Institute of Marine Research, PO Box 1870 Nordnes, 5817 Bergen, Norway
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92
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Le Chevalier P, Le Boulay C, Paillard C. Characterization by restriction fragment length polymorphism and plasmid profiling of Vibrio tapetis strains. J Basic Microbiol 2003; 43:414-22. [PMID: 12964185 DOI: 10.1002/jobm.200310241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
A total of nine Vibrio tapetis strains acquired from France, the United Kingdom and Norway were studied for their plasmid content. All the isolates contained from two to four large plasmids, ranging from approximately 60 to 100 kpb. in size. These plasmids were subsequently subjected to restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis (RFLP). Using the EcoRI enzyme, three different restriction patterns were demonstrated, two of which were closely related. On the basis of RFLP patterns, the strain from Norway differed noticeably from the French and British strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Le Chevalier
- Laboratoire Universitaire de Microbiologie Appliquée de Quimper (LUMAQ), IUT de génie biologique, Université de Bretagne Occidentale, 2 rue de l'université, 29334 Quimper, France.
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93
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Abstract
Brown ring disease (BRD) causes high mortalities in the introduced Manila clam Ruditapes philippinarum cultured in western Europe. The etiological agent of BRD, Vibrio tapetis, adheres to and disrupts the production of the periostracal lamina, causing the anomalous deposition of periostracum around the inner shell. Because the primary sign of BRD is found outside the soft tissues, the processes leading to death are not as obvious as those for internal pathogens. This study was designed to evaluate the pathogenicity of V. tapetis, in an attempt to help explain the mechanisms of mortality. We found high mortalities (up to 100%) for clams following the inoculation of V. tapetis into the extrapallial space (between mantle and inner shell) or the posterior adductor muscle of healthy R. philippinarum. Microscopy and immunological detection methods showed that the pathogen was rapidly eliminated from tissues and hemolymph of animals that survived the inoculation. In clams that died, the bacteria were found to have proliferated, resulting in severe tissue disruption. Bacteria were able to penetrate into tissues from the extrapallial space through the external epithelium of the mantle. In contrast, no mortalities were observed following injection of V. tapetis in the native European clam Ruditapes decussatus, which is resistant to BRD. This clam rapidly eliminated the bacterium from hemolymph and soft tissues. Clam mortality associated with BRD in the field is likely to result from the penetration of V. tapetis into the clam's extrapallial space through the disrupted periostracal lamina and from there into the soft tissues through the irritated mantle epithelium. Some bacteria also penetrate through the digestive epithelia. In either case, bacteria proliferate rapidly in the soft tissues, causing severe damage and subsequent death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bassem Allam
- Institut Universitaire Européen de la Mer, UMR 6539, Université de Bretagne Occidentale, Technopĵle Brest-Iroise, Plouzané, France
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Allam B, Paillard C, Auffret M. Alterations in hemolymph and extrapallial fluid parameters in the Manila clam, Ruditapes philippinarum, challenged with the pathogen Vibrio tapetis. J Invertebr Pathol 2000; 76:63-9. [PMID: 10963405 DOI: 10.1006/jipa.2000.4940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
In a recent study, we demonstrated the presence of defense factors, competent hemocytes and high enzymatic activities (peptidases, hydrolases, lytic, etc.), in the extrapallial fluid, located between the mantle and the shell, of the Manila clam, Ruditapes philippinarum. In Europe, this species is affected by brown ring disease, an epizootic disease caused by the bacterium Vibrio tapetis. The present work focused on the effect of the development of the disease on cellular and humoral defense parameters in the hemolymph and the extrapallial fluid of experimentally infected clams. Results indicate significant changes in total and dead hemocyte counts, as well as modifications in lysozyme activity and protein content, in the hemolymph and extrapallial fluid of challenged animals. Hemocyte counts and lysozyme activity increased significantly in the hemolymph, but particularly in the extrapallial fluid, where the highest values were observed. A healing (recalcification) process was observed 7 weeks following challenge, suggesting defense system efficiency at neutralizing the pathogen. These results are discussed with emphasis on the role of extrapallial fluids in the defense process against invading microorganisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Allam
- Institut Universitaire Européen de la Mer, UMR 6539, Université de Bretagne Occidentale, Technopôle Brest-Iroise, Plouzané, France.
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95
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Allam B, Paillard C, Howard A, Le Pennec M. Isolation of the pathogen Vibrio tapetis and defense parameters in brown ring diseased Manila clams Ruditapes philippinarum cultivated in England. Dis Aquat Organ 2000; 41:105-13. [PMID: 10918978 DOI: 10.3354/dao041105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The Manila clam Ruditapes philippinarum was introduced for aquacultural purposes to Europe in the 1970s. In 1987, brown ring disease (BRD), caused by Vibrio tapetis, appeared in clams cultivated in Brouënou (Finistère, France) and later became increasingly widespread and was reported in cultivated and wild clams existing on the Atlantic coasts of France and Spain. The present study reports, for the first time, the presence of BRD in clams cultivated in England. The etiologic bacterium was isolated and identified using bacteriological and serological techniques. The defence response of affected clams was also studied and significant changes in the hematological and biochemical characteristics of hemolymph and extrapallial fluids were demonstrated. Significant mobilization of hemocytes toward the extrapallial fluids, in contact with the main site of infection (mantle-periostracal lamina area), was observed, suggesting a role for these pseudo-internal compartments in the preservation of clam health.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Allam
- Institut Universitaire Européen de la Mer, UMR 6539, Université de Bretagne Occidentale, Technopôle Brest-Iroise, Plouzané, France.
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Paillard C, Ashton-Alcox KA, Ford SE. Changes in bacterial densities and hemocyte parameters in eastern oysters,Crassostrea virginica, affected by juvenile oyster disease. Aquat Living Resour 1996. [DOI: 10.1051/alr:1996018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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98
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Oubella R, Maes P, Allam B, Paillard C, Auffret M. Selective induction of hemocytic response inRuditapes philippinarum(Bivalvia) by different species ofVibrio(Bacteria). Aquat Living Resour 1996. [DOI: 10.1051/alr:1996017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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BORREGO JJ, CASTRO D, LUQUE A, PAILLARD C, MAES P, GARCIA MT, VENTOSA A. Vibrio tapetis sp. nov., the Causative Agent of the Brown Ring Disease Affecting Cultured Clams. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1996. [DOI: 10.1099/00207713-46-2-480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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100
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Allam B, Paillard C, Maes P. Localization of the pathogen Vibrio P1 in clams affected by Brown Ring Disease. Dis Aquat Org 1996. [DOI: 10.3354/dao027149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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