51
|
Pierantonelli I, Rychlicki C, Agostinelli L, Giordano DM, Gaggini M, Fraumene C, Saponaro C, Manghina V, Sartini L, Mingarelli E, Pinto C, Buzzigoli E, Trozzi L, Giordano A, Marzioni M, Minicis SD, Uzzau S, Cinti S, Gastaldelli A, Svegliati-Baroni G. Lack of NLRP3-inflammasome leads to gut-liver axis derangement, gut dysbiosis and a worsened phenotype in a mouse model of NAFLD. Sci Rep 2017; 7:12200. [PMID: 28939830 PMCID: PMC5610266 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-11744-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2017] [Accepted: 08/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD) represents the most common form of chronic liver injury and can progress to cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. A "multi-hit" theory, involving high fat diet and signals from the gut-liver axis, has been hypothesized. The role of the NLRP3-inflammasome, which senses dangerous signals, is controversial. Nlrp3-/- and wild-type mice were fed a Western-lifestyle diet with fructose in drinking water (HFHC) or a chow diet. Nlrp3-/--HFHC showed higher hepatic expression of PPAR γ2 (that regulates lipid uptake and storage) and triglyceride content, histological score of liver injury and greater adipose tissue inflammation. In Nlrp3-/--HFHC, dysregulation of gut immune response with impaired antimicrobial peptides expression, increased intestinal permeability and the occurrence of a dysbiotic microbiota led to bacterial translocation, associated with higher hepatic expression of TLR4 (an LPS receptor) and TLR9 (a receptor for double-stranded bacterial DNA). After antibiotic treatment, gram-negative species and bacterial translocation were reduced, and adverse effects restored both in liver and adipose tissue. In conclusion, the combination of a Western-lifestyle diet with innate immune dysfunction leads to NAFLD progression, mediated at least in part by dysbiosis and bacterial translocation, thus identifying new specific targets for NAFLD therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Irene Pierantonelli
- Department of Gastroenterology, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Chiara Rychlicki
- Department of Gastroenterology, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Laura Agostinelli
- Department of Gastroenterology, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | | | - Melania Gaggini
- Cardiometabolic Risk Lab, Institute of Clinical Physiology, National Council of Research (CNR), Pisa, Italy
| | - Cristina Fraumene
- Porto Conte Ricerche, Parco Scientifico e Tecnologico della Sardegna, Alghero, Italy
| | - Chiara Saponaro
- Cardiometabolic Risk Lab, Institute of Clinical Physiology, National Council of Research (CNR), Pisa, Italy
| | - Valeria Manghina
- Porto Conte Ricerche, Parco Scientifico e Tecnologico della Sardegna, Alghero, Italy.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, Università di Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Loris Sartini
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Eleonora Mingarelli
- Department of Gastroenterology, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Claudio Pinto
- Department of Gastroenterology, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Emma Buzzigoli
- Cardiometabolic Risk Lab, Institute of Clinical Physiology, National Council of Research (CNR), Pisa, Italy
| | - Luciano Trozzi
- Department of Gastroenterology, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Antonio Giordano
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Marco Marzioni
- Department of Gastroenterology, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Samuele De Minicis
- Department of Gastroenterology, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Sergio Uzzau
- Porto Conte Ricerche, Parco Scientifico e Tecnologico della Sardegna, Alghero, Italy.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, Università di Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Saverio Cinti
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy.,Obesity Center, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Amalia Gastaldelli
- Cardiometabolic Risk Lab, Institute of Clinical Physiology, National Council of Research (CNR), Pisa, Italy
| | - Gianluca Svegliati-Baroni
- Department of Gastroenterology, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy. .,Obesity Center, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
52
|
Camastra S, Vitali A, Anselmino M, Gastaldelli A, Bellini R, Berta R, Severi I, Baldi S, Astiarraga B, Barbatelli G, Cinti S, Ferrannini E. Muscle and adipose tissue morphology, insulin sensitivity and beta-cell function in diabetic and nondiabetic obese patients: effects of bariatric surgery. Sci Rep 2017; 7:9007. [PMID: 28827671 PMCID: PMC5566429 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-08444-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2017] [Accepted: 07/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity is characterized by insulin-resistance (IR), enhanced lipolysis, and ectopic, inflamed fat. We related the histology of subcutaneous (SAT), visceral fat (VAT), and skeletal muscle to the metabolic abnormalities, and tested their mutual changes after bariatric surgery in type 2 diabetic (T2D) and weight-matched non-diabetic (ND) patients. We measured IR (insulin clamp), lipolysis (2H5-glycerol infusion), ß-cell glucose-sensitivity (ß-GS, mathematical modeling), and VAT, SAT, and rectus abdominis histology (light and electron microscopy). Presurgery, SAT and VAT showed signs of fibrosis/necrosis, small mitochondria, free interstitial lipids, thickened capillary basement membrane. Compared to ND, T2D had impaired ß-GS, intracapillary neutrophils and higher intramyocellular fat, adipocyte area in VAT, crown-like structures (CLS) in VAT and SAT with rare structures (cyst-like) ~10-fold larger than CLS. Fat expansion was associated with enhanced lipolysis and IR. VAT histology and intramyocellular fat were related to impaired ß-GS. Postsurgery, IR and lipolysis improved in all, ß-GS improved in T2D. Muscle fat infiltration was reduced, adipocytes were smaller and richer in mitochondria, and CLS density in SAT was reduced. In conclusion, IR improves proportionally to weight loss but remains subnormal, whilst SAT and muscle changes disappear. In T2D postsurgery, some VAT pathology persists and beta-cell dysfunction improves but is not normalized.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stefania Camastra
- Department of Clinical & Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy.
| | - Alessandra Vitali
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine-Center of Obesity, University of Ancona, Ancona, Italy
| | | | | | | | - Rossana Berta
- Bariatric Surgery Unit, Santa Chiara Hospital, Pisa, Italy
| | - Ilenia Severi
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine-Center of Obesity, University of Ancona, Ancona, Italy
| | - Simona Baldi
- Department of Clinical & Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Brenno Astiarraga
- Department of Clinical & Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Giorgio Barbatelli
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine-Center of Obesity, University of Ancona, Ancona, Italy
| | - Saverio Cinti
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine-Center of Obesity, University of Ancona, Ancona, Italy
| | | |
Collapse
|
53
|
Colaianni G, Mongelli T, Cuscito C, Pignataro P, Lippo L, Spiro G, Notarnicola A, Severi I, Passeri G, Mori G, Brunetti G, Moretti B, Tarantino U, Colucci SC, Reseland JE, Vettor R, Cinti S, Grano M. Irisin prevents and restores bone loss and muscle atrophy in hind-limb suspended mice. Sci Rep 2017; 7:2811. [PMID: 28588307 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-02557-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 191] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2016] [Accepted: 04/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
We previously showed that Irisin, a myokine released from skeletal muscle after physical exercise, plays a central role in the control of bone mass. Here we report that treatment with recombinant Irisin prevented bone loss in hind-limb suspended mice when administered during suspension (preventive protocol) and induced recovery of bone mass when mice were injected after bone loss due to a suspension period of 4 weeks (curative protocol). MicroCT analysis of femurs showed that r-Irisin preserved both cortical and trabecular bone mineral density, and prevented a dramatic decrease of the trabecular bone volume fraction. Moreover, r-Irisin protected against muscle mass decline in the hind-limb suspended mice, and maintained the fiber cross-sectional area. Notably, the decrease of myosin type II expression in unloaded mice was completely prevented by r-Irisin administration. Our data reveal for the first time that Irisin retrieves disuse‐induced bone loss and muscle atrophy. These findings may lead to development of an Irisin-based therapy for elderly immobile osteoporotic and physically disable patients, and might represent a countermeasure for astronauts subjected to microgravity-induced bone and muscle losses.
Collapse
|
54
|
Colaianni G, Cinti S, Colucci S, Grano M. Irisin and musculoskeletal health. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2017; 1402:5-9. [PMID: 28437576 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.13345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2017] [Revised: 02/27/2017] [Accepted: 03/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Irisin is a hormone-like myokine produced in abundance by skeletal muscle in response to exercise, both in mice and humans. Once released into the circulation, irisin acts on white adipocytes to induce the browning response and subsequently activates nonshivering thermogenesis. We have examined the premise that irisin produced during exercise may subserve further functions in the musculoskeletal system. We review evidence for its possible skeletal effects, including the central role that irisin plays in the control of bone mass, with positive effects on cortical mineral density and geometry in mice. We also review the autocrine effects of irisin in skeletal muscle, in which it upregulates the expression of its precursor (FNDC5). Since loss of bone and muscle mass occurs with aging, immobility, and several metabolic diseases, future studies exploring the efficacy of irisin in restoring bone and reversing muscle wasting could be important to establishing irisin as a molecule that combines beneficial effects for treating osteoporosis and muscular atrophy. If the results from mice were confirmed in human studies, an irisin-based therapy could be developed for physically disabled or bedridden patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Graziana Colaianni
- Department of Basic Medical Science, Neuroscience and Sense Organs, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Saverio Cinti
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Center of Obesity, United Hospitals, University of Ancona, Ancona, Italy
| | - Silvia Colucci
- Department of Basic Medical Science, Neuroscience and Sense Organs, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Maria Grano
- Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
55
|
Maurizi G, Poloni A, Mattiucci D, Santi S, Maurizi A, Izzi V, Giuliani A, Mancini S, Zingaretti MC, Perugini J, Severi I, Falconi M, Vivarelli M, Rippo MR, Corvera S, Giordano A, Leoni P, Cinti S. Human White Adipocytes Convert Into “Rainbow” Adipocytes In Vitro. J Cell Physiol 2017; 232:2887-2899. [PMID: 27987321 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.25743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2016] [Accepted: 12/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Maurizi
- Dipartimento Scienze Cliniche e Molecolari; Clinica di Ematologia; Università Politecnica delle Marche; Ancona Italy
| | - Antonella Poloni
- Dipartimento Scienze Cliniche e Molecolari; Clinica di Ematologia; Università Politecnica delle Marche; Ancona Italy
| | - Domenico Mattiucci
- Dipartimento Scienze Cliniche e Molecolari; Clinica di Ematologia; Università Politecnica delle Marche; Ancona Italy
| | - Spartaco Santi
- Istituto di Genetica Molecolare del CNR; Laboratorio di Biologia Cellulare Muscoloscheletrica, Istituti Ortopedici Rizzoli; Bologna Italy
| | - Angela Maurizi
- Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale e Clinica; Clinica Chirurgia del Pancreas; Università Politecnica delle Marche; Ancona Italy
| | - Valerio Izzi
- Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine; Center for Cell-Matrix Research and Biocenter Oulu; University of Oulu; Oulu Finland
| | - Angelica Giuliani
- Dipartimento Scienze Cliniche e Molecolari; Laboratorio di Patologia Sperimentale; Ancona Italy
| | - Stefania Mancini
- Dipartimento Scienze Cliniche e Molecolari; Clinica di Ematologia; Università Politecnica delle Marche; Ancona Italy
| | - Maria Cristina Zingaretti
- Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale e Clinica; Center of Obesity; Università Politecnica delle Marche; Ancona Italy
| | - Jessica Perugini
- Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale e Clinica; Center of Obesity; Università Politecnica delle Marche; Ancona Italy
| | - Ilenia Severi
- Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale e Clinica; Center of Obesity; Università Politecnica delle Marche; Ancona Italy
| | - Massimo Falconi
- Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale e Clinica; Clinica Chirurgia del Pancreas; Università Politecnica delle Marche; Ancona Italy
| | - Marco Vivarelli
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine; Hepatobiliary and Abdominal Transplantation Surgery; Università Politecnica delle Marche; Ancona Italy
| | - Maria Rita Rippo
- Dipartimento Scienze Cliniche e Molecolari; Laboratorio di Patologia Sperimentale; Ancona Italy
| | - Silvia Corvera
- Program in Molecular Medicine; University of Massachusetts Medical School; Worcester Massachusetts
| | - Antonio Giordano
- Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale e Clinica; Center of Obesity; Università Politecnica delle Marche; Ancona Italy
| | - Pietro Leoni
- Dipartimento Scienze Cliniche e Molecolari; Clinica di Ematologia; Università Politecnica delle Marche; Ancona Italy
| | - Saverio Cinti
- Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale e Clinica; Center of Obesity; Università Politecnica delle Marche; Ancona Italy
| |
Collapse
|
56
|
Giordano A, Perugini J, Kristensen DM, Sartini L, Frontini A, Kajimura S, Kristiansen K, Cinti S. Mammary alveolar epithelial cells convert to brown adipocytes in post-lactating mice. J Cell Physiol 2017; 232:2923-2928. [PMID: 28191637 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.25858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2017] [Accepted: 02/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
During pregnancy and lactation, subcutaneous white adipocytes in the mouse mammary gland transdifferentiate reversibly to milk-secreting epithelial cells. In this study, we demonstrate by transmission electron microscopy that in the post-lactating mammary gland interscapular multilocular adipocytes found close to the mammary alveoli contain milk protein granules. Use of the Cre-loxP recombination system allowed showing that the involuting mammary gland of whey acidic protein-Cre/R26R mice, whose secretory alveolar cells express the lacZ gene during pregnancy, contains some X-Gal-stained and uncoupling protein 1-positive interscapular multilocular adipocytes. These data suggest that during mammary gland involution some milk-secreting epithelial cells in the anterior subcutaneous depot may transdifferentiate to brown adipocytes, highlighting a hitherto unappreciated feature of mouse adipose organ plasticity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Giordano
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Ancona (Università Politecnica delle Marche), Ancona, Italy
| | - Jessica Perugini
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Ancona (Università Politecnica delle Marche), Ancona, Italy
| | - David M Kristensen
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Protein Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Loris Sartini
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Ancona (Università Politecnica delle Marche), Ancona, Italy
| | - Andrea Frontini
- Department of Public Health, Experimental and Forensic Medicine, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Shingo Kajimura
- UCSF Diabetes Center, University of California, San Francisco, California
| | - Karsten Kristiansen
- Laboratory of Genomics and Molecular Biomedicine, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Institute of Metagenomics, BGI-Shenzen, Shenzen, China
| | - Saverio Cinti
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Ancona (Università Politecnica delle Marche), Ancona, Italy.,Center of Obesity, University of Ancona (Università Politecnica delle Marche)-United Hospitals, Ancona, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
57
|
Affiliation(s)
- Saverio Cinti
- Dpt. Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Ancona (Politecnica delle Marche), Via Tronto 10a, 60020, Ancona, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
58
|
Ronkainen J, Mondini E, Cinti F, Cinti S, Sebért S, Savolainen MJ, Salonurmi T. Fto-Deficiency Affects the Gene and MicroRNA Expression Involved in Brown Adipogenesis and Browning of White Adipose Tissue in Mice. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:ijms17111851. [PMID: 27827997 PMCID: PMC5133851 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17111851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2016] [Revised: 11/01/2016] [Accepted: 11/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetic variants in the fat mass- and obesity-associated gene Fto are linked to the onset of obesity in humans. The causal role of the FTO protein in obesity is supported by evidence obtained from transgenic mice; however, the underlying molecular pathways pertaining to the role of FTO in obesity have yet to be established. In this study, we investigate the Fto gene in mouse brown adipose tissue and in the browning process of white adipose tissue. We analyze distinct structural and molecular factors in brown and white fat depots of Fto-deficient mice under normal and obesogenic conditions. We report significant alterations in the morphology of adipose tissue depots and the expression of mRNA and microRNA related to brown adipogenesis and metabolism in Fto-deficient mice. Furthermore, we show that high-fat feeding does not attenuate the browning process of Fto-deficient white adipose tissue as observed in wild-type tissue, suggesting a triggering effect of the FTO pathways by the dietary environment.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Adipogenesis/genetics
- Adipose Tissue, Brown/metabolism
- Adipose Tissue, Brown/pathology
- Adipose Tissue, White/metabolism
- Adipose Tissue, White/pathology
- Alpha-Ketoglutarate-Dependent Dioxygenase FTO/deficiency
- Alpha-Ketoglutarate-Dependent Dioxygenase FTO/genetics
- Animals
- Biomarkers/metabolism
- CCAAT-Enhancer-Binding Protein-beta/genetics
- CCAAT-Enhancer-Binding Protein-beta/metabolism
- DNA-Binding Proteins/genetics
- DNA-Binding Proteins/metabolism
- Diet, High-Fat
- Energy Metabolism/genetics
- Gene Expression Regulation
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Knockout
- MicroRNAs/genetics
- MicroRNAs/metabolism
- Obesity/etiology
- Obesity/genetics
- Obesity/metabolism
- Obesity/pathology
- Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor Gamma Coactivator 1-alpha/genetics
- Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor Gamma Coactivator 1-alpha/metabolism
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Receptors, Adrenergic, beta-3/genetics
- Receptors, Adrenergic, beta-3/metabolism
- Signal Transduction
- Transcription Factors/genetics
- Transcription Factors/metabolism
- Uncoupling Protein 1/genetics
- Uncoupling Protein 1/metabolism
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Justiina Ronkainen
- Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, FI-90220 Oulu, Finland.
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Oulu, FI-90220 Oulu, Finland.
- Medical Research Center Oulu, Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu, FI-90220 Oulu, Finland.
| | - Eleonora Mondini
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Marche Polytechnic University, IT-60126 Ancona, Italy.
| | - Francesca Cinti
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Marche Polytechnic University, IT-60126 Ancona, Italy.
| | - Saverio Cinti
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Marche Polytechnic University, IT-60126 Ancona, Italy.
| | - Sylvain Sebért
- Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, FI-90220 Oulu, Finland.
- Center for Life-Course Health Research, University of Oulu, FI-90220 Oulu, Finland.
| | - Markku J Savolainen
- Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, FI-90220 Oulu, Finland.
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Oulu, FI-90220 Oulu, Finland.
- Medical Research Center Oulu, Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu, FI-90220 Oulu, Finland.
| | - Tuire Salonurmi
- Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, FI-90220 Oulu, Finland.
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Oulu, FI-90220 Oulu, Finland.
- Medical Research Center Oulu, Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu, FI-90220 Oulu, Finland.
| |
Collapse
|
59
|
Yang H, Wu JW, Wang SP, Severi I, Sartini L, Frizzell N, Cinti S, Yang G, Mitchell GA. Adipose-Specific Deficiency of Fumarate Hydratase in Mice Protects Against Obesity, Hepatic Steatosis, and Insulin Resistance. Diabetes 2016; 65:3396-3409. [PMID: 27554470 PMCID: PMC5860441 DOI: 10.2337/db16-0136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2016] [Accepted: 08/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Obesity and type 2 diabetes are associated with impaired mitochondrial function in adipose tissue. To study the effects of primary deficiency of mitochondrial energy metabolism in fat, we generated mice with adipose-specific deficiency of fumarate hydratase (FH), an integral Krebs cycle enzyme (AFHKO mice). AFHKO mice have severe ultrastructural abnormalities of mitochondria, ATP depletion in white adipose tissue (WAT) and brown adipose tissue, low WAT mass with small adipocytes, and impaired thermogenesis with large unilocular brown adipocytes. AFHKO mice are strongly protected against obesity, insulin resistance, and fatty liver despite aging and high-fat feeding. AFHKO white adipocytes showed normal lipolysis but low triglyceride synthesis. ATP depletion in normal white adipocytes by mitochondrial toxins also decreased triglyceride synthesis, proportionally to ATP depletion, suggesting that reduced triglyceride synthesis may result nonspecifically from adipocyte energy deficiency. At thermoneutrality, protection from insulin resistance and hepatic steatosis was diminished. Taken together, the results show that under the cold stress of regular animal room conditions, adipocyte-specific FH deficiency in mice causes mitochondrial energy depletion in adipose tissues and protects from obesity, hepatic steatosis, and insulin resistance, suggesting that in cold-stressed animals, mitochondrial function in adipose tissue is a determinant of fat mass and insulin sensitivity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hao Yang
- Laboratory of Animal Fat Deposition and Muscle Development, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Université de Montréal and CHU Sainte-Justine, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Jiang W Wu
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Université de Montréal and CHU Sainte-Justine, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Shu P Wang
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Université de Montréal and CHU Sainte-Justine, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Ilenia Severi
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Center of Obesity, United Hospitals, University of Ancona (Università Politecnica Delle Marche), Ancona, Italy
| | - Loris Sartini
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Center of Obesity, United Hospitals, University of Ancona (Università Politecnica Delle Marche), Ancona, Italy
| | - Norma Frizzell
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology & Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC
| | - Saverio Cinti
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Center of Obesity, United Hospitals, University of Ancona (Università Politecnica Delle Marche), Ancona, Italy
| | - Gongshe Yang
- Laboratory of Animal Fat Deposition and Muscle Development, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Grant A Mitchell
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Université de Montréal and CHU Sainte-Justine, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
60
|
Abstract
Several lines of evidence have recently established that skeletal muscle is an endocrine organ producing and releasing myokines acting in a paracrine or endocrine fashion. Among these, the newly identified myokine Irisin, produced by skeletal muscle after physical exercise, was originally described as molecule able to promote energy expenditure in white adipose tissue. Recently, it has been shown that the myokine Irisin affects skeletal metabolism in vivo. Thus, mice treated with a micro-dose of r-Irisin displayed improved cortical bone mass, geometry and strength, resembling the effect of physical activity in developing an efficient load-bearing skeleton. Further studies highlighted the autocrine effect of Irisin on skeletal muscle, and research performed in humans has definitively established that Irisin is a circulating hormone-like myokine, increased by physical activity. Albeit there are still few, since Irisin has been very recently discovered, herein are summarized the most relevant research findings published on this topic.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- G Colaianni
- Department of Basic Medical Science, Neuroscience and Sense Organs, University of Bari, 70124, Bari, Italy
| | - T Mongelli
- Department of Basic Medical Science, Neuroscience and Sense Organs, University of Bari, 70124, Bari, Italy
| | - S Colucci
- Department of Basic Medical Science, Neuroscience and Sense Organs, University of Bari, 70124, Bari, Italy
| | - S Cinti
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Center of Obesity, United Hospitals, University of Ancona, 60020, Ancona, Italy
| | - Maria Grano
- Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation, University of Bari, Piazza Giulio Cesare 11, 70124, Bari, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
61
|
Senzacqua M, Severi I, Perugini J, Acciarini S, Cinti S, Giordano A. Action of Administered Ciliary Neurotrophic Factor on the Mouse Dorsal Vagal Complex. Front Neurosci 2016; 10:289. [PMID: 27445662 PMCID: PMC4921504 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2016.00289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2016] [Accepted: 06/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF) induces weight loss in obese rodents and humans through activation of the hypothalamic Jak-STAT (Janus kinase-signal transducer and activator of transcription) signaling pathway. Here, we tested the hypothesis that CNTF also affects the brainstem centers involved in feeding and energy balance regulation. To this end, wild-type and leptin-deficient (ob/ob and db/db) obese mice were acutely treated with intraperitoneal recombinant CNTF. Coronal brainstem sections were processed for immunohistochemical detection of STAT3, STAT1, STAT5 phosphorylation and c-Fos. In wild-type mice, CNTF treatment for 45 min induced STAT3, STAT1, and STAT5 phosphorylation in neurons as well as glial cells of the area postrema; here, the majority of CNTF-responsive cells activated multiple STAT isoforms, and a significant proportion of CNTF-responsive glial cells bore the immaturity and plasticity markers nestin and vimentin. After 120 min CNTF treatment, c-Fos expression was intense in glial cells and weak in neurons of the area postrema, it was intense in several neurons of the rostral and caudal solitary tract nucleus (NTS), and weak in some cholinergic neurons of the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus. In the ob/ob and db/db mice, Jak-STAT activation and c-Fos expression were similar to those induced in wild-type mouse brainstem. Treatment with CNTF (120 min, to induce c-Fos expression) and leptin (25 min, to induce STAT3 phosphorylation) demonstrated the co-localization of the two transcription factors in a small neuron population in the caudal NTS portion. Finally, weak immunohistochemical CNTF staining, detected in funiculus separans, and meningeal glial cells, matched the modest amount of CNTF found by RT-qPCR in micropunched area postrema tissue, which in contrast exhibited a very high amount of CNTF receptor. Collectively, the present findings show that the area postrema and the NTS exhibit high, distinctive responsiveness to circulating exogenous and, probably, endogenous CNTF.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Martina Senzacqua
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Università Politecnica delle Marche Ancona, Italy
| | - Ilenia Severi
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Università Politecnica delle Marche Ancona, Italy
| | - Jessica Perugini
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Università Politecnica delle Marche Ancona, Italy
| | - Samantha Acciarini
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Università Politecnica delle Marche Ancona, Italy
| | - Saverio Cinti
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Università Politecnica delle MarcheAncona, Italy; Center of Obesity, Università Politecnica delle Marche-United HospitalsAncona, Italy
| | - Antonio Giordano
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Università Politecnica delle Marche Ancona, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
62
|
Giordano A, Frontini A, Castellucci M, Cinti S. Presence and Distribution of Cholinergic Nerves in Rat Mediastinal Brown Adipose Tissue. J Histochem Cytochem 2016; 52:923-30. [PMID: 15208359 DOI: 10.1369/jhc.3a6246.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Brown adipose tissue (BAT) is richly provided with sympathetic noradrenergic nerves but is believed to lack a parasympathetic nerve supply. Acetylcholine is the predominant transmitter of postganglionic parasympathetic nerves. The vesicular acetylcholine transporter (VAChT) resides in synaptic vesicles of cholinergic nerve terminals and is used as a marker for peripheral cholinergic nerves. We sought cholinergic nerves in rat BAT using VAChT immunohistochemistry (IHC) on cryosections of interscapular, cervical, mediastinal, and perirenal depots. Mediastinal BAT was the sole depot provided with putative parasympathetic perivascular and parenchymal cholinergic nerves. The absence of vasoactive intestinal peptide-positive nerves suggested their nature as pure cholinergic fibers. By confocal microscopy, both cholinergic and noradrenergic nerves were detected in mediastinal BAT. Cold exposure and fasting led to increased density of VAChT-positive fibers and of noradrenergic sympathetic nerves at morphometry. The unexpected double innervation of mediastinal BAT may explain the inhibitory influence on thermogenesis observed after systemic injection of muscarinic antagonists in rats, and raises questions about the physiological role of its cholinergic nerve supply. (J Histochem Cytochem 52:923–930, 2004)
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Giordano
- Institute of Normal Human Morphology, Faculty of Medicine, Via Tronto, 10/A, 60020 Ancona, Italy
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
63
|
|
64
|
Abstract
New therapeutic and preventative strategies are needed to address the growing obesity epidemic. In animal models, brown adipose tissue activation and the associated heat produced contribute to countering obesity and the accompanying metabolic abnormalities. Adult humans also have functional brown fat. Here, we present and discuss the concepts of murine and human white adipose tissue plasticity and the transdifferentiation of white adipocytes into brown adipocytes. Human visceral adipocytes - which are crucial contributors to the burden of obesity and its complications - are particularly susceptible to such transdifferentiation. Therefore, we propose that this process should be a focus of anti-obesity research. Approved drugs that have browning properties as well as future drugs that target molecular pathways involved in white-to-brown visceral adipocyte transdifferentiation may provide new avenues for obesity therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Giordano
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Ancona (Università Politecnica delle Marche), Via Tronto, 10/A 60020 Ancona, Italy
| | - Andrea Frontini
- Department of Public Health Experimental and Forensic Medicine, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Saverio Cinti
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Ancona (Università Politecnica delle Marche), Via Tronto, 10/A 60020 Ancona, Italy.,Center of Obesity, University of Ancona (Università Politecnica delle Marche)-United Hospitals, 60020 Ancona, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
65
|
Hallenborg P, Fjære E, Liaset B, Petersen RK, Murano I, Sonne SB, Falkerslev M, Winther S, Jensen BAH, Ma T, Hansen JB, Cinti S, Blagoev B, Madsen L, Kristiansen K. p53 regulates expression of uncoupling protein 1 through binding and repression of PPARγ coactivator-1α. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2016; 310:E116-28. [PMID: 26578713 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00119.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2015] [Accepted: 11/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The tumor suppressor p53 (TRP53 in mice) is known for its involvement in carcinogenesis, but work during recent years has underscored the importance of p53 in the regulation of whole body metabolism. A general notion is that p53 is necessary for efficient oxidative metabolism. The importance of UCP1-dependent uncoupled respiration and increased oxidation of glucose and fatty acids in brown or brown-like adipocytes, termed brite or beige, in relation to energy balance and homeostasis has been highlighted recently. UCP1-dependent uncoupled respiration in classic interscapular brown adipose tissue is central to cold-induced thermogenesis, whereas brite/beige adipocytes are of special importance in relation to diet-induced thermogenesis, where the importance of UCP1 is only clearly manifested in mice kept at thermoneutrality. We challenged wild-type and TRP53-deficient mice by high-fat feeding under thermoneutral conditions. Interestingly, mice lacking TRP53 gained less weight compared with their wild-type counterparts. This was related to an increased expression of Ucp1 and other PPARGC1a and PPARGC1b target genes but not Ppargc1a or Ppargc1b in inguinal white adipose tissue of mice lacking TRP53. We show that TRP53, independently of its ability to bind DNA, inhibits the activity of PPARGC1a and PPARGC1b. Collectively, our data show that TRP53 has the ability to regulate the thermogenic capacity of adipocytes through modulation of PPARGC1 activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Philip Hallenborg
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark; Laboratory of Genomics and Molecular Biomedicine, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Even Fjære
- Laboratory of Genomics and Molecular Biomedicine, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; National Institute of Nutrition and Seafood Research, Bergen, Norway; and
| | - Bjørn Liaset
- National Institute of Nutrition and Seafood Research, Bergen, Norway; and
| | - Rasmus Koefoed Petersen
- Laboratory of Genomics and Molecular Biomedicine, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Incoronata Murano
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Center of Obesity Università Politecnica della Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Si Brask Sonne
- Laboratory of Genomics and Molecular Biomedicine, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Mathias Falkerslev
- Laboratory of Genomics and Molecular Biomedicine, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Sally Winther
- Laboratory of Genomics and Molecular Biomedicine, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Tao Ma
- Laboratory of Genomics and Molecular Biomedicine, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jacob B Hansen
- Laboratory of Genomics and Molecular Biomedicine, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Saverio Cinti
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Center of Obesity Università Politecnica della Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Blagoy Blagoev
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Lise Madsen
- Laboratory of Genomics and Molecular Biomedicine, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; National Institute of Nutrition and Seafood Research, Bergen, Norway; and
| | - Karsten Kristiansen
- Laboratory of Genomics and Molecular Biomedicine, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark;
| |
Collapse
|
66
|
Razzoli M, Frontini A, Gurney A, Mondini E, Cubuk C, Katz LS, Cero C, Bolan PJ, Dopazo J, Vidal-Puig A, Cinti S, Bartolomucci A. Stress-induced activation of brown adipose tissue prevents obesity in conditions of low adaptive thermogenesis. Mol Metab 2016; 5:19-33. [PMID: 26844204 PMCID: PMC4703853 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2015.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2015] [Revised: 10/09/2015] [Accepted: 10/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Stress-associated conditions such as psychoemotional reactivity and depression have been paradoxically linked to either weight gain or weight loss. This bi-directional effect of stress is not understood at the functional level. Here we tested the hypothesis that pre-stress level of adaptive thermogenesis and brown adipose tissue (BAT) functions explain the vulnerability or resilience to stress-induced obesity. METHODS We used wt and triple β1,β2,β3-Adrenergic Receptors knockout (β-less) mice exposed to a model of chronic subordination stress (CSS) at either room temperature (22 °C) or murine thermoneutrality (30 °C). A combined behavioral, physiological, molecular, and immunohistochemical analysis was conducted to determine stress-induced modulation of energy balance and BAT structure and function. Immortalized brown adipocytes were used for in vitro assays. RESULTS Departing from our initial observation that βARs are dispensable for cold-induced BAT browning, we demonstrated that under physiological conditions promoting low adaptive thermogenesis and BAT activity (e.g. thermoneutrality or genetic deletion of the βARs), exposure to CSS acted as a stimulus for BAT activation and thermogenesis, resulting in resistance to diet-induced obesity despite the presence of hyperphagia. Conversely, in wt mice acclimatized to room temperature, and therefore characterized by sustained BAT function, exposure to CSS increased vulnerability to obesity. Exposure to CSS enhanced the sympathetic innervation of BAT in wt acclimatized to thermoneutrality and in β-less mice. Despite increased sympathetic innervation suggesting adrenergic-mediated browning, norepinephrine did not promote browning in βARs knockout brown adipocytes, which led us to identify an alternative sympathetic/brown adipocytes purinergic pathway in the BAT. This pathway is downregulated under conditions of low adaptive thermogenesis requirements, is induced by stress, and elicits activation of UCP1 in wt and β-less brown adipocytes. Importantly, this purinergic pathway is conserved in human BAT. CONCLUSION Our findings demonstrate that thermogenesis and BAT function are determinant of the resilience or vulnerability to stress-induced obesity. Our data support a model in which adrenergic and purinergic pathways exert complementary/synergistic functions in BAT, thus suggesting an alternative to βARs agonists for the activation of human BAT.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Razzoli
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Andrea Frontini
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Center for Obesity, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona 60020, Italy
| | - Allison Gurney
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Eleonora Mondini
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Center for Obesity, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona 60020, Italy
| | - Cankut Cubuk
- Computational Genomics Department, Centro de Investigación Príncipe Felipe, C/ Eduardo Primo Yufera 3, 46012 Valencia, Spain
| | - Liora S. Katz
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Cheryl Cero
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Patrick J. Bolan
- Department of Radiology and Center for Magnetic Resonance Research, University of Minnesota, MN 55455, USA
| | - Joaquin Dopazo
- Computational Genomics Department, Centro de Investigación Príncipe Felipe, C/ Eduardo Primo Yufera 3, 46012 Valencia, Spain
| | - Antonio Vidal-Puig
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, Cambridge CB2 OQQ, UK
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Saverio Cinti
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Center for Obesity, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona 60020, Italy
| | - Alessandro Bartolomucci
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| |
Collapse
|
67
|
Protic O, Toti P, Islam MS, Occhini R, Giannubilo SR, Catherino WH, Cinti S, Petraglia F, Ciavattini A, Castellucci M, Hinz B, Ciarmela P. Possible involvement of inflammatory/reparative processes in the development of uterine fibroids. Cell Tissue Res 2016; 364:415-27. [PMID: 26613601 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-015-2324-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2015] [Accepted: 10/29/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Uterine leiomyomas are benign tumors in the smooth muscle layer of the uterus. The most common histological type is the "usual leiomyoma", characterized by overexpression of ECM proteins, whereas the "cellular type" has higher cellular content. Our objective is to investigate the involvement of inflammatory and reparative processes in leiomyoma pathobiology. Using a morphological approach, we investigate the presence of inflammatory cells. Next, we determine the localization of the ECM, the presence/absence of fibrotic cells via α-sma and desmin and the immunohistochemical profile of the mesenchymal cells with respect to CD34. Finally, we explore the effect of inflammatory mediators (TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-15, GM-CSF and IFN-γ) on pro-fibrotic factor activin A mRNA expression in vitro. Higher numbers of macrophages were found inside and close to leiomyomas as compared to the more distant myometrium. Cellular leiomyomas showed more macrophages and mast cells than the "usual type". Inside the fibroid tissue, we found cells positive for α-sma, but negative for desmin and a large amount of collagen surrounding the nodule, suggestive of myofibroblasts producing ECM. In the myometrium and leiomyomas of the "usual type", we identified numerous CD34+ fibroblasts, which are known to give rise to myofibroblasts upon loss of CD34 expression. In leiomyomas of the "cellular type", stromal fibroblasts were CD34-negative. Finally, we found that TNF-α increased activin A mRNA in myometrial and leiomyoma cells. In conclusion, this study demonstrates the presence of inflammatory cells in uterine leiomyomas, which may contribute to excessive ECM production, tissue remodeling and leiomyoma growth.
Collapse
|
68
|
Pisani DF, Beranger GE, Corinus A, Giroud M, Ghandour RA, Altirriba J, Chambard JC, Mazure NM, Bendahhou S, Duranton C, Michiels JF, Frontini A, Rohner-Jeanrenaud F, Cinti S, Christian M, Barhanin J, Amri EZ. The K+ channel TASK1 modulates β-adrenergic response in brown adipose tissue through the mineralocorticoid receptor pathway. FASEB J 2015; 30:909-22. [PMID: 26527067 DOI: 10.1096/fj.15-277475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2015] [Accepted: 10/19/2015] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Brown adipose tissue (BAT) is essential for adaptive thermogenesis and dissipation of caloric excess through the activity of uncoupling protein (UCP)-1. BAT in humans is of great interest for the treatment of obesity and related diseases. In this study, the expression of Twik-related acid-sensitive K(+) channel (TASK)-1 [a pH-sensitive potassium channel encoded by the potassium channel, 2-pore domain, subfamily K, member 3 (Kcnk3) gene] correlated highly with Ucp1 expression in obese and cold-exposed mice. In addition, Task1-null mice, compared with their controls, became overweight, mainly because of an increase in white adipose tissue mass and BAT whitening. Task1(-/-)-mouse-derived brown adipocytes, compared with wild-type mouse-derived brown adipocytes, displayed an impaired β3-adrenergic receptor response that was characterized by a decrease in oxygen consumption, Ucp1 expression, and lipolysis. This phenotype was thought to be caused by an exacerbation of mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) signaling, given that it was mimicked by corticoids and reversed by an MR inhibitor. We concluded that the K(+) channel TASK1 controls the thermogenic activity in brown adipocytes through modulation of β-adrenergic receptor signaling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Didier F Pisani
- *University of Nice Sophia Antipolis, Nice, France; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de Biologie Valrose (iBV), Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 7277, Nice, France; U1091, iBV, INSERM, Nice, France; UMR 7370 and Laboratories of Excellence, Ion Channel Science and Therapeutics, Laboratoire de PhysioMédecine Moléculaire (LP2M), CNRS, Nice, France; Laboratory of Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine Specialties, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland, UMR 7284 and **U1081, CNRS, Institute for Research in Cancer and Aging in Nice, INSERM, Nice, France; Anatomopathology Service, Pasteur Hospital, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nice, Nice, France; Obesity Center, Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Ancona, Italy; Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
| | - Guillaume E Beranger
- *University of Nice Sophia Antipolis, Nice, France; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de Biologie Valrose (iBV), Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 7277, Nice, France; U1091, iBV, INSERM, Nice, France; UMR 7370 and Laboratories of Excellence, Ion Channel Science and Therapeutics, Laboratoire de PhysioMédecine Moléculaire (LP2M), CNRS, Nice, France; Laboratory of Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine Specialties, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland, UMR 7284 and **U1081, CNRS, Institute for Research in Cancer and Aging in Nice, INSERM, Nice, France; Anatomopathology Service, Pasteur Hospital, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nice, Nice, France; Obesity Center, Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Ancona, Italy; Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
| | - Alain Corinus
- *University of Nice Sophia Antipolis, Nice, France; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de Biologie Valrose (iBV), Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 7277, Nice, France; U1091, iBV, INSERM, Nice, France; UMR 7370 and Laboratories of Excellence, Ion Channel Science and Therapeutics, Laboratoire de PhysioMédecine Moléculaire (LP2M), CNRS, Nice, France; Laboratory of Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine Specialties, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland, UMR 7284 and **U1081, CNRS, Institute for Research in Cancer and Aging in Nice, INSERM, Nice, France; Anatomopathology Service, Pasteur Hospital, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nice, Nice, France; Obesity Center, Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Ancona, Italy; Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
| | - Maude Giroud
- *University of Nice Sophia Antipolis, Nice, France; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de Biologie Valrose (iBV), Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 7277, Nice, France; U1091, iBV, INSERM, Nice, France; UMR 7370 and Laboratories of Excellence, Ion Channel Science and Therapeutics, Laboratoire de PhysioMédecine Moléculaire (LP2M), CNRS, Nice, France; Laboratory of Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine Specialties, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland, UMR 7284 and **U1081, CNRS, Institute for Research in Cancer and Aging in Nice, INSERM, Nice, France; Anatomopathology Service, Pasteur Hospital, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nice, Nice, France; Obesity Center, Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Ancona, Italy; Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
| | - Rayane A Ghandour
- *University of Nice Sophia Antipolis, Nice, France; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de Biologie Valrose (iBV), Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 7277, Nice, France; U1091, iBV, INSERM, Nice, France; UMR 7370 and Laboratories of Excellence, Ion Channel Science and Therapeutics, Laboratoire de PhysioMédecine Moléculaire (LP2M), CNRS, Nice, France; Laboratory of Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine Specialties, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland, UMR 7284 and **U1081, CNRS, Institute for Research in Cancer and Aging in Nice, INSERM, Nice, France; Anatomopathology Service, Pasteur Hospital, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nice, Nice, France; Obesity Center, Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Ancona, Italy; Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
| | - Jordi Altirriba
- *University of Nice Sophia Antipolis, Nice, France; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de Biologie Valrose (iBV), Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 7277, Nice, France; U1091, iBV, INSERM, Nice, France; UMR 7370 and Laboratories of Excellence, Ion Channel Science and Therapeutics, Laboratoire de PhysioMédecine Moléculaire (LP2M), CNRS, Nice, France; Laboratory of Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine Specialties, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland, UMR 7284 and **U1081, CNRS, Institute for Research in Cancer and Aging in Nice, INSERM, Nice, France; Anatomopathology Service, Pasteur Hospital, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nice, Nice, France; Obesity Center, Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Ancona, Italy; Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
| | - Jean-Claude Chambard
- *University of Nice Sophia Antipolis, Nice, France; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de Biologie Valrose (iBV), Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 7277, Nice, France; U1091, iBV, INSERM, Nice, France; UMR 7370 and Laboratories of Excellence, Ion Channel Science and Therapeutics, Laboratoire de PhysioMédecine Moléculaire (LP2M), CNRS, Nice, France; Laboratory of Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine Specialties, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland, UMR 7284 and **U1081, CNRS, Institute for Research in Cancer and Aging in Nice, INSERM, Nice, France; Anatomopathology Service, Pasteur Hospital, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nice, Nice, France; Obesity Center, Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Ancona, Italy; Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
| | - Nathalie M Mazure
- *University of Nice Sophia Antipolis, Nice, France; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de Biologie Valrose (iBV), Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 7277, Nice, France; U1091, iBV, INSERM, Nice, France; UMR 7370 and Laboratories of Excellence, Ion Channel Science and Therapeutics, Laboratoire de PhysioMédecine Moléculaire (LP2M), CNRS, Nice, France; Laboratory of Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine Specialties, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland, UMR 7284 and **U1081, CNRS, Institute for Research in Cancer and Aging in Nice, INSERM, Nice, France; Anatomopathology Service, Pasteur Hospital, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nice, Nice, France; Obesity Center, Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Ancona, Italy; Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
| | - Saïd Bendahhou
- *University of Nice Sophia Antipolis, Nice, France; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de Biologie Valrose (iBV), Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 7277, Nice, France; U1091, iBV, INSERM, Nice, France; UMR 7370 and Laboratories of Excellence, Ion Channel Science and Therapeutics, Laboratoire de PhysioMédecine Moléculaire (LP2M), CNRS, Nice, France; Laboratory of Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine Specialties, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland, UMR 7284 and **U1081, CNRS, Institute for Research in Cancer and Aging in Nice, INSERM, Nice, France; Anatomopathology Service, Pasteur Hospital, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nice, Nice, France; Obesity Center, Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Ancona, Italy; Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
| | - Christophe Duranton
- *University of Nice Sophia Antipolis, Nice, France; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de Biologie Valrose (iBV), Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 7277, Nice, France; U1091, iBV, INSERM, Nice, France; UMR 7370 and Laboratories of Excellence, Ion Channel Science and Therapeutics, Laboratoire de PhysioMédecine Moléculaire (LP2M), CNRS, Nice, France; Laboratory of Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine Specialties, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland, UMR 7284 and **U1081, CNRS, Institute for Research in Cancer and Aging in Nice, INSERM, Nice, France; Anatomopathology Service, Pasteur Hospital, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nice, Nice, France; Obesity Center, Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Ancona, Italy; Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
| | - Jean-François Michiels
- *University of Nice Sophia Antipolis, Nice, France; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de Biologie Valrose (iBV), Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 7277, Nice, France; U1091, iBV, INSERM, Nice, France; UMR 7370 and Laboratories of Excellence, Ion Channel Science and Therapeutics, Laboratoire de PhysioMédecine Moléculaire (LP2M), CNRS, Nice, France; Laboratory of Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine Specialties, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland, UMR 7284 and **U1081, CNRS, Institute for Research in Cancer and Aging in Nice, INSERM, Nice, France; Anatomopathology Service, Pasteur Hospital, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nice, Nice, France; Obesity Center, Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Ancona, Italy; Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
| | - Andrea Frontini
- *University of Nice Sophia Antipolis, Nice, France; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de Biologie Valrose (iBV), Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 7277, Nice, France; U1091, iBV, INSERM, Nice, France; UMR 7370 and Laboratories of Excellence, Ion Channel Science and Therapeutics, Laboratoire de PhysioMédecine Moléculaire (LP2M), CNRS, Nice, France; Laboratory of Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine Specialties, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland, UMR 7284 and **U1081, CNRS, Institute for Research in Cancer and Aging in Nice, INSERM, Nice, France; Anatomopathology Service, Pasteur Hospital, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nice, Nice, France; Obesity Center, Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Ancona, Italy; Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
| | - Françoise Rohner-Jeanrenaud
- *University of Nice Sophia Antipolis, Nice, France; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de Biologie Valrose (iBV), Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 7277, Nice, France; U1091, iBV, INSERM, Nice, France; UMR 7370 and Laboratories of Excellence, Ion Channel Science and Therapeutics, Laboratoire de PhysioMédecine Moléculaire (LP2M), CNRS, Nice, France; Laboratory of Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine Specialties, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland, UMR 7284 and **U1081, CNRS, Institute for Research in Cancer and Aging in Nice, INSERM, Nice, France; Anatomopathology Service, Pasteur Hospital, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nice, Nice, France; Obesity Center, Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Ancona, Italy; Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
| | - Saverio Cinti
- *University of Nice Sophia Antipolis, Nice, France; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de Biologie Valrose (iBV), Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 7277, Nice, France; U1091, iBV, INSERM, Nice, France; UMR 7370 and Laboratories of Excellence, Ion Channel Science and Therapeutics, Laboratoire de PhysioMédecine Moléculaire (LP2M), CNRS, Nice, France; Laboratory of Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine Specialties, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland, UMR 7284 and **U1081, CNRS, Institute for Research in Cancer and Aging in Nice, INSERM, Nice, France; Anatomopathology Service, Pasteur Hospital, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nice, Nice, France; Obesity Center, Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Ancona, Italy; Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
| | - Mark Christian
- *University of Nice Sophia Antipolis, Nice, France; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de Biologie Valrose (iBV), Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 7277, Nice, France; U1091, iBV, INSERM, Nice, France; UMR 7370 and Laboratories of Excellence, Ion Channel Science and Therapeutics, Laboratoire de PhysioMédecine Moléculaire (LP2M), CNRS, Nice, France; Laboratory of Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine Specialties, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland, UMR 7284 and **U1081, CNRS, Institute for Research in Cancer and Aging in Nice, INSERM, Nice, France; Anatomopathology Service, Pasteur Hospital, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nice, Nice, France; Obesity Center, Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Ancona, Italy; Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
| | - Jacques Barhanin
- *University of Nice Sophia Antipolis, Nice, France; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de Biologie Valrose (iBV), Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 7277, Nice, France; U1091, iBV, INSERM, Nice, France; UMR 7370 and Laboratories of Excellence, Ion Channel Science and Therapeutics, Laboratoire de PhysioMédecine Moléculaire (LP2M), CNRS, Nice, France; Laboratory of Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine Specialties, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland, UMR 7284 and **U1081, CNRS, Institute for Research in Cancer and Aging in Nice, INSERM, Nice, France; Anatomopathology Service, Pasteur Hospital, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nice, Nice, France; Obesity Center, Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Ancona, Italy; Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
| | - Ez-Zoubir Amri
- *University of Nice Sophia Antipolis, Nice, France; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de Biologie Valrose (iBV), Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 7277, Nice, France; U1091, iBV, INSERM, Nice, France; UMR 7370 and Laboratories of Excellence, Ion Channel Science and Therapeutics, Laboratoire de PhysioMédecine Moléculaire (LP2M), CNRS, Nice, France; Laboratory of Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine Specialties, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland, UMR 7284 and **U1081, CNRS, Institute for Research in Cancer and Aging in Nice, INSERM, Nice, France; Anatomopathology Service, Pasteur Hospital, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nice, Nice, France; Obesity Center, Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Ancona, Italy; Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
69
|
|
70
|
Severi I, Senzacqua M, Mondini E, Fazioli F, Cinti S, Giordano A. Activation of transcription factors STAT1 and STAT5 in the mouse median eminence after systemic ciliary neurotrophic factor administration. Brain Res 2015; 1622:217-29. [PMID: 26133794 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2015.06.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2015] [Revised: 05/29/2015] [Accepted: 06/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ilenia Severi
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Martina Senzacqua
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Eleonora Mondini
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Francesca Fazioli
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Sciences, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Saverio Cinti
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy; Center of Obesity, Università Politecnica delle Marche-United Hospitals, Ancona, Italy
| | - Antonio Giordano
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
71
|
Colaianni G, Cuscito C, Mongelli T, Pignataro P, Buccoliero C, Liu P, Lu P, Sartini L, Di Comite M, Mori G, Di Benedetto A, Brunetti G, Yuen T, Sun L, Reseland JE, Colucci S, New MI, Zaidi M, Cinti S, Grano M. The myokine irisin increases cortical bone mass. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2015;112:12157-12162. [PMID: 26374841 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1516622112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 323] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
It is unclear how physical activity stimulates new bone synthesis. We explored whether irisin, a newly discovered myokine released upon physical activity, displays anabolic actions on the skeleton. Young male mice were injected with vehicle or recombinant irisin (r-irisin) at a low cumulative weekly dose of 100 µg kg(-1). We observed significant increases in cortical bone mass and strength, notably in cortical tissue mineral density, periosteal circumference, polar moment of inertia, and bending strength. This anabolic action was mediated primarily through the stimulation of bone formation, but with parallel notable reductions in osteoclast numbers. The trabecular compartment of the same bones was spared, as were vertebrae from the same mice. Higher irisin doses (3,500 µg kg(-1) per week) cause browning of adipose tissue; this was not seen with low-dose r-irisin. Expectedly, low-dose r-irisin modulated the skeletal genes, Opn and Sost, but not Ucp1 or Pparγ expression in white adipose tissue. In bone marrow stromal cell cultures, r-irisin rapidly phosphorylated Erk, and up-regulated Atf4, Runx2, Osx, Lrp5, β-catenin, Alp, and Col1a1; this is consistent with a direct receptor-mediated action to stimulate osteogenesis. We also noted that, although the irisin precursor Fndc5 was expressed abundantly in skeletal muscle, other sites, such as bone and brain, also expressed Fndc5, albeit at low levels. Furthermore, muscle fibers from r-irisin-injected mice displayed enhanced Fndc5 positivity, and irisin induced Fdnc5 mRNA expression in cultured myoblasts. Our data therefore highlight a previously unknown action of the myokine irisin, which may be the molecular entity responsible for muscle-bone connectivity.
Collapse
|
72
|
Mazzali G, Fantin F, Zoico E, Sepe A, Bambace C, Faccioli S, Pedrotti M, Corzato F, Rizzatti V, Faggian G, Micciolo R, Cinti S, Santini F, Zamboni M. Heart Fat Infiltration In Subjects With and Without Coronary Artery Disease. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2015; 100:3364-71. [PMID: 26186298 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2015-1787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Fat may accumulate around the heart in epicardial adipose tissue or inside the heart as lipid droplets (LDs). OBJECTIVE To compare myocardial steatosis between subjects with and without coronary artery disease (CAD and non-CAD) and to identify which cells contain LDs. DESIGN Body mass index, waist circumference, glucose, insulin, homeostasis model assessment index, leptin, adiponectin, and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein were evaluated in CAD and non-CAD subjects. Biopsies were collected from right atrial myocardium. Immunohistochemistry for perilipin (PLIN) 1 and 2 was used to characterize LDs and their localization in adipocytes or myocardial cells, respectively. Cardiomyocytes apoptosis and hypoxia inducible factor 1 alpha were obtained in a subgroup of subjects. SETTING The study took place in a hospital. PATIENTS Male subjects consecutively undergoing elective cardiac surgery either for coronary bypass grafting (CAD, n = 23) or for valve replacement (non-CAD, n = 18). MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES The study was designed to compare myocardial steatosis between subjects with and without coronary artery disease. RESULTS PLIN1 and PLIN2 resulted significantly higher in CAD than in non-CAD subjects, as did apoptosis. PLIN1 was positively associated with circulating leptin, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein, and apoptosis, and negatively with adiponectin. PLIN2 was positively associated with body mass index, waist circumference, and leptin and negatively with adiponectin. After taking into account the absence/presence of hypertension, diabetes, and CAD/non-CAD, adiponectin was negatively associated with PLIN1 (r(2) = 0.532); waist circumference and adiponectin were associated with PLIN2 (r(2) = 0.399). CONCLUSIONS Myocardial steatosis is greater in CAD than non-CAD subjects, depending on both metabolically active adipocytes interspersed among cardiomyocytes and higher fat deposition inside cardiomyocytes; serum adiponectin and waist circumference are independent predictors of myocardial steatosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gloria Mazzali
- Department of Medicine (G.M., F.F., E.Z., A.S., C.B., S.F., M.P., F.C., V.R., M.Z.), Geriatric Section, University of Verona, Verona, Italy; Department of Cardiac Surgery (G.F.), University of Verona, Verona, Italy; Department of Psychology and Cognitive Sciences (R.M.), University of Trento, Trento, Italy; Institute of Human Morphology (S.C.), University of Ancona, Ancona, Italy; and Division of Cardiac Surgery (F.S.), University of Genova, Genova, Italy
| | - Francesco Fantin
- Department of Medicine (G.M., F.F., E.Z., A.S., C.B., S.F., M.P., F.C., V.R., M.Z.), Geriatric Section, University of Verona, Verona, Italy; Department of Cardiac Surgery (G.F.), University of Verona, Verona, Italy; Department of Psychology and Cognitive Sciences (R.M.), University of Trento, Trento, Italy; Institute of Human Morphology (S.C.), University of Ancona, Ancona, Italy; and Division of Cardiac Surgery (F.S.), University of Genova, Genova, Italy
| | - Elena Zoico
- Department of Medicine (G.M., F.F., E.Z., A.S., C.B., S.F., M.P., F.C., V.R., M.Z.), Geriatric Section, University of Verona, Verona, Italy; Department of Cardiac Surgery (G.F.), University of Verona, Verona, Italy; Department of Psychology and Cognitive Sciences (R.M.), University of Trento, Trento, Italy; Institute of Human Morphology (S.C.), University of Ancona, Ancona, Italy; and Division of Cardiac Surgery (F.S.), University of Genova, Genova, Italy
| | - Anna Sepe
- Department of Medicine (G.M., F.F., E.Z., A.S., C.B., S.F., M.P., F.C., V.R., M.Z.), Geriatric Section, University of Verona, Verona, Italy; Department of Cardiac Surgery (G.F.), University of Verona, Verona, Italy; Department of Psychology and Cognitive Sciences (R.M.), University of Trento, Trento, Italy; Institute of Human Morphology (S.C.), University of Ancona, Ancona, Italy; and Division of Cardiac Surgery (F.S.), University of Genova, Genova, Italy
| | - Clara Bambace
- Department of Medicine (G.M., F.F., E.Z., A.S., C.B., S.F., M.P., F.C., V.R., M.Z.), Geriatric Section, University of Verona, Verona, Italy; Department of Cardiac Surgery (G.F.), University of Verona, Verona, Italy; Department of Psychology and Cognitive Sciences (R.M.), University of Trento, Trento, Italy; Institute of Human Morphology (S.C.), University of Ancona, Ancona, Italy; and Division of Cardiac Surgery (F.S.), University of Genova, Genova, Italy
| | - Silvia Faccioli
- Department of Medicine (G.M., F.F., E.Z., A.S., C.B., S.F., M.P., F.C., V.R., M.Z.), Geriatric Section, University of Verona, Verona, Italy; Department of Cardiac Surgery (G.F.), University of Verona, Verona, Italy; Department of Psychology and Cognitive Sciences (R.M.), University of Trento, Trento, Italy; Institute of Human Morphology (S.C.), University of Ancona, Ancona, Italy; and Division of Cardiac Surgery (F.S.), University of Genova, Genova, Italy
| | - Martina Pedrotti
- Department of Medicine (G.M., F.F., E.Z., A.S., C.B., S.F., M.P., F.C., V.R., M.Z.), Geriatric Section, University of Verona, Verona, Italy; Department of Cardiac Surgery (G.F.), University of Verona, Verona, Italy; Department of Psychology and Cognitive Sciences (R.M.), University of Trento, Trento, Italy; Institute of Human Morphology (S.C.), University of Ancona, Ancona, Italy; and Division of Cardiac Surgery (F.S.), University of Genova, Genova, Italy
| | - Francesca Corzato
- Department of Medicine (G.M., F.F., E.Z., A.S., C.B., S.F., M.P., F.C., V.R., M.Z.), Geriatric Section, University of Verona, Verona, Italy; Department of Cardiac Surgery (G.F.), University of Verona, Verona, Italy; Department of Psychology and Cognitive Sciences (R.M.), University of Trento, Trento, Italy; Institute of Human Morphology (S.C.), University of Ancona, Ancona, Italy; and Division of Cardiac Surgery (F.S.), University of Genova, Genova, Italy
| | - Vanni Rizzatti
- Department of Medicine (G.M., F.F., E.Z., A.S., C.B., S.F., M.P., F.C., V.R., M.Z.), Geriatric Section, University of Verona, Verona, Italy; Department of Cardiac Surgery (G.F.), University of Verona, Verona, Italy; Department of Psychology and Cognitive Sciences (R.M.), University of Trento, Trento, Italy; Institute of Human Morphology (S.C.), University of Ancona, Ancona, Italy; and Division of Cardiac Surgery (F.S.), University of Genova, Genova, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Faggian
- Department of Medicine (G.M., F.F., E.Z., A.S., C.B., S.F., M.P., F.C., V.R., M.Z.), Geriatric Section, University of Verona, Verona, Italy; Department of Cardiac Surgery (G.F.), University of Verona, Verona, Italy; Department of Psychology and Cognitive Sciences (R.M.), University of Trento, Trento, Italy; Institute of Human Morphology (S.C.), University of Ancona, Ancona, Italy; and Division of Cardiac Surgery (F.S.), University of Genova, Genova, Italy
| | - Rocco Micciolo
- Department of Medicine (G.M., F.F., E.Z., A.S., C.B., S.F., M.P., F.C., V.R., M.Z.), Geriatric Section, University of Verona, Verona, Italy; Department of Cardiac Surgery (G.F.), University of Verona, Verona, Italy; Department of Psychology and Cognitive Sciences (R.M.), University of Trento, Trento, Italy; Institute of Human Morphology (S.C.), University of Ancona, Ancona, Italy; and Division of Cardiac Surgery (F.S.), University of Genova, Genova, Italy
| | - Saverio Cinti
- Department of Medicine (G.M., F.F., E.Z., A.S., C.B., S.F., M.P., F.C., V.R., M.Z.), Geriatric Section, University of Verona, Verona, Italy; Department of Cardiac Surgery (G.F.), University of Verona, Verona, Italy; Department of Psychology and Cognitive Sciences (R.M.), University of Trento, Trento, Italy; Institute of Human Morphology (S.C.), University of Ancona, Ancona, Italy; and Division of Cardiac Surgery (F.S.), University of Genova, Genova, Italy
| | - Francesco Santini
- Department of Medicine (G.M., F.F., E.Z., A.S., C.B., S.F., M.P., F.C., V.R., M.Z.), Geriatric Section, University of Verona, Verona, Italy; Department of Cardiac Surgery (G.F.), University of Verona, Verona, Italy; Department of Psychology and Cognitive Sciences (R.M.), University of Trento, Trento, Italy; Institute of Human Morphology (S.C.), University of Ancona, Ancona, Italy; and Division of Cardiac Surgery (F.S.), University of Genova, Genova, Italy
| | - Mauro Zamboni
- Department of Medicine (G.M., F.F., E.Z., A.S., C.B., S.F., M.P., F.C., V.R., M.Z.), Geriatric Section, University of Verona, Verona, Italy; Department of Cardiac Surgery (G.F.), University of Verona, Verona, Italy; Department of Psychology and Cognitive Sciences (R.M.), University of Trento, Trento, Italy; Institute of Human Morphology (S.C.), University of Ancona, Ancona, Italy; and Division of Cardiac Surgery (F.S.), University of Genova, Genova, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
73
|
Guglielmi V, Cardellini M, Cinti F, Corgosinho F, Cardolini I, D'Adamo M, Zingaretti MC, Bellia A, Lauro D, Gentileschi P, Federici M, Cinti S, Sbraccia P. Omental adipose tissue fibrosis and insulin resistance in severe obesity. Nutr Diabetes 2015; 5:e175. [PMID: 26258766 PMCID: PMC4558556 DOI: 10.1038/nutd.2015.22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2015] [Revised: 05/13/2015] [Accepted: 05/31/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background/Objectives: The unresolved chronic inflammation of white adipose tissue (WAT) in obesity leads to interstitial deposition of fibrogenic proteins as reparative process. The contribution of omental adipose tissue (oWAT) fibrosis to obesity-related complications remains controversial. The aim of our study was to investigate whether oWAT fibrosis may be related to insulin resistance in severely obese population. Subjects/Methods: Forty obese subjects were studied by glucose clamp before undergoing bariatric surgery and thus stratified according to insulin resistance severity (M-value). From the first (Group B: n=13; M=1.9±0.7 mg kg−1 min−1) and the highest (Group A: n=14; M=4.5±1.4 mg kg−1 min−1) M-value tertiles, which were age-, waist- and body mass index-matched, oWAT samples were then obtained. Gene expression of collagen type I, III and VI, interleukin-6, profibrotic mediators (transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1, activin A, connective tissue growth factor), hypoxia inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α) and macrophage (CD68, monocyte chemotactic protein (MCP)-1, CD86, CD206, CD150) markers were analyzed by quantitative reverse transcription PCR. Adipocyte size and total fibrosis were assessed by histomorphometry techniques. Results: Fibrosis at morphological level resulted significantly greater in Group B compared with Group A, although collagens gene expression did not differ. Notably, collagen VI messenger RNA significantly correlated with collagen I, collagen III, HIF-1α, TGF-β1, CD68, MCP-1 and CD86 transcription levels, supporting their relation with fibrosis development. Conclusions: In conclusion, we show for the first time that human oWAT fibrosis in severe obesity is consistent with a higher degree of insulin resistance measured by glucose clamp. Therefore, collagen deposition could represent a maladaptive mechanism contributing to obesity-related metabolic complications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- V Guglielmi
- 1] Department of Systems Medicine, Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, University of Rome 'Tor Vergata', Rome, Italy [2] Obesity Center (EASO accredited COM), Policlinico Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - M Cardellini
- Department of Systems Medicine, Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, University of Rome 'Tor Vergata', Rome, Italy
| | - F Cinti
- 1] Department of Systems Medicine, Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, University of Rome 'Tor Vergata', Rome, Italy [2] Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Obesity Center, University of Ancona (Politecnica delle Marche), Ancona, Italy
| | - F Corgosinho
- 1] Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Obesity Center, University of Ancona (Politecnica delle Marche), Ancona, Italy [2] CAPES Foundation, Ministry of Education of Brazil, Brasília, DF, Brazil
| | - I Cardolini
- Department of Systems Medicine, Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, University of Rome 'Tor Vergata', Rome, Italy
| | - M D'Adamo
- 1] Department of Systems Medicine, Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, University of Rome 'Tor Vergata', Rome, Italy [2] Obesity Center (EASO accredited COM), Policlinico Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - M C Zingaretti
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Obesity Center, University of Ancona (Politecnica delle Marche), Ancona, Italy
| | - A Bellia
- Department of Systems Medicine, Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, University of Rome 'Tor Vergata', Rome, Italy
| | - D Lauro
- Department of Systems Medicine, Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, University of Rome 'Tor Vergata', Rome, Italy
| | - P Gentileschi
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Surgery, University of Rome 'Tor Vergata', Rome, Italy
| | - M Federici
- Department of Systems Medicine, Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, University of Rome 'Tor Vergata', Rome, Italy
| | - S Cinti
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Obesity Center, University of Ancona (Politecnica delle Marche), Ancona, Italy
| | - P Sbraccia
- 1] Department of Systems Medicine, Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, University of Rome 'Tor Vergata', Rome, Italy [2] Obesity Center (EASO accredited COM), Policlinico Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
74
|
Prokesch A, Smorlesi A, Perugini J, Manieri M, Ciarmela P, Mondini E, Trajanoski Z, Kristiansen K, Giordano A, Bogner-Strauss JG, Cinti S. Molecular aspects of adipoepithelial transdifferentiation in mouse mammary gland. Stem Cells 2015; 32:2756-66. [PMID: 24898182 DOI: 10.1002/stem.1756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2014] [Revised: 03/28/2014] [Accepted: 04/20/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The circular, reversible conversion of the mammary gland during pregnancy and involution is a paradigm of physiological tissue plasticity. The two most prominent cell types in mammary gland, adipocytes and epithelial cells, interact in an orchestrated way to coordinate this process. Previously, we showed that this conversion is at least partly achieved by reciprocal transdifferentiation between mammary adipocytes and lobulo-alveolar epithelial cells. Here, we aim to shed more light on the regulators of mammary transdifferentiation. Using immunohistochemistry with cell type-specific lipid droplet-coating markers (Perilipin1 and 2), we show that cells with an intermediate adipoepithelial phenotype exist during and after pregnancy. Nuclei of cells with similar transitional structural characteristics are highly positive for Elf5, a master regulator of alveologenesis. In cultured adipocytes, we could show that transient and stable ectopic expression of Elf5 induces expression of the milk component whey acidic protein, although the general adipocyte phenotype is not affected suggesting that additional pioneering factors are necessary. Furthermore, the lack of transdifferentiation of adipocytes during pregnancy after clearing of the epithelial compartment indicates that transdifferentiation signals must emanate from the epithelial part. To explore candidate genes potentially involved in the transdifferentiation process, we devised a high-throughput gene expression study to compare cleared mammary fat pads with developing, contralateral controls at several time points during pregnancy. Incorporation of bioinformatic predictions of secretory proteins provides new insights into possible paracrine signaling pathways and downstream transdifferentiation factors. We discuss a potential role for osteopontin (secreted phosphoprotein 1 [Spp1]) signaling through integrins to induce adipoepithelial transdifferentiation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Prokesch
- Institute for Genomics and Bioinformatics, Graz University of Technology, Petersgasse, Graz, Austria; Institute of Biochemistry, Graz University of Technology, Petersgasse, Graz, Austria
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
75
|
Enzi G, Busetto L, Sergi G, Coin A, Inelmen EM, Vindigni V, Bassetto F, Cinti S. Multiple symmetric lipomatosis: a rare disease and its possible links to brown adipose tissue. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 2015; 25:347-353. [PMID: 25770761 DOI: 10.1016/j.numecd.2015.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2014] [Revised: 01/28/2015] [Accepted: 01/28/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
AIM Aim of this study is an updated review of our case series (72 patients) as well as available literature on the Multiple Symmetric Lipomatosis (MSL), a rare disease primarily involving adipose tissue, characterized by the presence of not encapsulated fat masses, symmetrically disposed at characteristic body sites (neck, trunk, proximal parts of upper and lower limbs). DATA SYNTHESIS The disease is more frequent in males, associated to an elevated chronic alcohol consumption, mainly in form of red wine. Familiarity has been reported and MSL is considered an autosomic dominant inherited disease. MSL is associated to severe clinical complications, represented by occupation of the mediastinum by lipomatous tissue with a mediastinal syndrome and by the presence of a somatic and autonomic neuropathies. Hyper-alphalipoproteinemia with an increased adipose tissue lipoprotein-lipase activity, a defect of adrenergic stimulated lipolysis and a reduction of mitochondrial enzymes have been described. The localization of lipomatous masses suggests that MSL lipomas could originate from brown adipose tissue (BAT). Moreover, studies on cultured pre-adipocytes demonstrate that these cells synthetize the mitochondrial inner membrane protein UCP-1, the selective marker of BAT. Surgical removal of lipomatous tissue is to date the only validated therapeutic approach. CONCLUSIONS MSL is supposed to be the result of a disorder of the proliferation and differentiation of human BAT cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- G Enzi
- Department of Medicine, University of Padua, Italy
| | - L Busetto
- Department of Medicine, University of Padua, Italy.
| | - G Sergi
- Department of Medicine, University of Padua, Italy
| | - A Coin
- Department of Medicine, University of Padua, Italy
| | - E M Inelmen
- Department of Medicine, University of Padua, Italy
| | - V Vindigni
- Institute of Plastic Surgery, University of Padua, Italy
| | - F Bassetto
- Institute of Plastic Surgery, University of Padua, Italy
| | - S Cinti
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine & Diagnostic Electron Microscopy, United Hospitals, University of Ancona (Politecnico delle Marche), Italy
| |
Collapse
|
76
|
Poloni A, Maurizi G, Mattiucci D, Busilacchi E, Mancini S, Discepoli G, Amici A, Falconi M, Cinti S, Leoni P. Biosafety evidence for human dedifferentiated adipocytes. J Cell Physiol 2015; 230:1525-33. [PMID: 25641257 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.24898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2014] [Accepted: 12/16/2014] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Antonella Poloni
- Clinica di Ematologia, Dipartimento Scienze Mediche e Chirurgiche; Università Politecnica delle Marche; Ancona Italy
| | - Giulia Maurizi
- Clinica di Ematologia, Dipartimento Scienze Mediche e Chirurgiche; Università Politecnica delle Marche; Ancona Italy
| | - Domenico Mattiucci
- Clinica di Ematologia, Dipartimento Scienze Mediche e Chirurgiche; Università Politecnica delle Marche; Ancona Italy
| | - Elena Busilacchi
- Clinica di Ematologia, Dipartimento Scienze Mediche e Chirurgiche; Università Politecnica delle Marche; Ancona Italy
| | - Stefania Mancini
- Clinica di Ematologia, Dipartimento Scienze Mediche e Chirurgiche; Università Politecnica delle Marche; Ancona Italy
| | - Giancarlo Discepoli
- Laboratorio di Citogenetica e Genetica Molecolare; Clinica di Pediatria Ancona; Italy
| | - Augusto Amici
- Dipartimento di Bioscienze e Medicina Veterinaria; Università di Camerino; Italy
| | - Massimo Falconi
- Clinica Chirurgia del Pancreas; Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ospedali Riuniti; Italy
| | - Saverio Cinti
- Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale e Clinica; Università Politecnica delle Marche; Italy
| | - Pietro Leoni
- Clinica di Ematologia, Dipartimento Scienze Mediche e Chirurgiche; Università Politecnica delle Marche; Ancona Italy
| |
Collapse
|
77
|
Karbiener M, Pisani DF, Frontini A, Oberreiter LM, Lang E, Vegiopoulos A, Mössenböck K, Bernhardt GA, Mayr T, Hildner F, Grillari J, Ailhaud G, Herzig S, Cinti S, Amri EZ, Scheideler M. MicroRNA-26 family is required for human adipogenesis and drives characteristics of brown adipocytes. Stem Cells 2015; 32:1578-90. [PMID: 24375761 DOI: 10.1002/stem.1603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2013] [Revised: 11/07/2013] [Accepted: 11/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Adipose tissue contains thermogenic adipocytes (i.e., brown and brite/beige) that oxidize nutrients at exceptionally high rates via nonshivering thermogenesis. Its recent discovery in adult humans has opened up new avenues to fight obesity and related disorders such as diabetes. Here, we identified miR-26a and -26b as key regulators of human white and brite adipocyte differentiation. Both microRNAs are upregulated in early adipogenesis, and their inhibition prevented lipid accumulation while their overexpression accelerated it. Intriguingly, miR-26a significantly induced pathways related to energy dissipation, shifted mitochondrial morphology toward that seen in brown adipocytes, and promoted uncoupled respiration by markedly increasing the hallmark protein of brown fat, uncoupling protein 1. By combining in silico target prediction, transcriptomics, and an RNA interference screen, we identified the sheddase ADAM metallopeptidase domain 17 (ADAM17) as a direct target of miR-26 that mediated the observed effects on white and brite adipogenesis. These results point to a novel, critical role for the miR-26 family and its downstream effector ADAM17 in human adipocyte differentiation by promoting characteristics of energy-dissipating thermogenic adipocytes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael Karbiener
- RNA Biology Group, Institute for Genomics and Bioinformatics, Graz University of Technology, Austria
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
78
|
Zhou L, Park SY, Xu L, Xia X, Ye J, Su L, Jeong KH, Hur JH, Oh H, Tamori Y, Zingaretti CM, Cinti S, Argente J, Yu M, Wu L, Ju S, Guan F, Yang H, Choi CS, Savage DB, Li P. Insulin resistance and white adipose tissue inflammation are uncoupled in energetically challenged Fsp27-deficient mice. Nat Commun 2015; 6:5949. [PMID: 25565658 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms6949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2014] [Accepted: 11/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Fsp27 is a lipid droplet-associated protein almost exclusively expressed in adipocytes where it facilitates unilocular lipid droplet formation. In mice, Fsp27 deficiency is associated with increased basal lipolysis, ‘browning’ of white fat and a healthy metabolic profile, whereas a patient with congenital CIDEC deficiency manifested an adverse lipodystrophic phenotype. Here we reconcile these data by showing that exposing Fsp27-null mice to a substantial energetic stress by crossing them with ob/ob mice or BATless mice, or feeding them a high-fat diet, results in hepatic steatosis and insulin resistance. We also observe a striking reduction in adipose inflammation and increase in adiponectin levels in all three models. This appears to reflect reduced activation of the inflammasome and less adipocyte death. These findings highlight the importance of Fsp27 in facilitating optimal energy storage in adipocytes and represent a rare example where adipose inflammation and hepatic insulin resistance are disassociated. Fsp27 mediates ‘fusion’ of lipid droplets in mouse adipose tissue. Here, the authors investigate the physiological consequences of loss of Fsp27 in three different mouse models of ‘energetic overload’, and observe hepatic steatosis and insulin resistance but reduced adipose tissue inflammation.
Collapse
|
79
|
Poloni A, Maurizi G, Anastasi S, Mondini E, Mattiucci D, Discepoli G, Tiberi F, Mancini S, Partelli S, Maurizi A, Cinti S, Olivieri A, Leoni P. Plasticity of human dedifferentiated adipocytes toward endothelial cells. Exp Hematol 2014; 43:137-46. [PMID: 25448487 DOI: 10.1016/j.exphem.2014.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2014] [Revised: 10/01/2014] [Accepted: 10/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The process of cellular differentiation in terminally differentiated cells is thought to be irreversible, and these cells are thought to be incapable of differentiating into distinct cell lineages. Our previous study showed that mature adipocytes represent an alternative source of mesenchymal stem cells. Here, results showed the capacity of mature adipocytes to differentiate into endothelial-like cells, using the ability of these cells to revert into an immature phase without any relievable chromosomal alterations. Mature adipocytes were isolated from human omental and subcutaneous fat and were dedifferentiated in vitro. The resulting cells were subcultivated for endothelial differentiation and were analyzed for their expression of specific genes and proteins. Endothelial-like cells were harvested from the differentiation medium and were traditionally cultured to evaluate the endothelial markers and the karyotype. Cells cultured in specific medium formed tube-like structures and expressed several endothelial marker genes and proteins. The endothelial-like cells expressed significantly higher levels of vascular endothelium growth factor receptor 2, vascular endothelial cadherin, Von Willebrand factor, and CD133 than the untreated cells. These cells were positively stained for CD31 and vascular endothelial cadherin, markers of mature endothelial cells. Moreover, the low-density lipoprotein-uptake assay demonstrated a functionally endothelial differentiation of these cells. When these cells were harvested and reseeded in basal medium, they lost the endothelial markers and reacquired the typical mesenchymal stem cell markers and the ability to expand in a short time period. Moreover, karyotype analysis showed that these cells reverted into an immature phase without any karyotype alterations. In conclusion, the results showed that adipocytes exhibited a great plasticity toward the endothelial lineage, suggesting their possible use in cell therapy applications for vascular disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Antonella Poloni
- Clinica di Ematologia, Dipartimento di Scienze Cliniche e Molecolari, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy.
| | - Giulia Maurizi
- Clinica di Ematologia, Dipartimento di Scienze Cliniche e Molecolari, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Sara Anastasi
- Clinica di Ematologia, Dipartimento di Scienze Cliniche e Molecolari, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Eleonora Mondini
- Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale e Clinica, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Domenico Mattiucci
- Clinica di Ematologia, Dipartimento di Scienze Cliniche e Molecolari, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Giancarlo Discepoli
- Laboratorio di Citogenetica e Genetica Molecolare, Clinica di Pediatria, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Fabiola Tiberi
- Laboratorio di Citogenetica e Genetica Molecolare, Clinica di Pediatria, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Stefania Mancini
- Clinica di Ematologia, Dipartimento di Scienze Cliniche e Molecolari, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Stefano Partelli
- Clinica Chirurgia del Pancreas, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ospedali Riuniti, Ancona, Italy
| | - Angela Maurizi
- Clinica Chirurgia del Pancreas, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ospedali Riuniti, Ancona, Italy
| | - Saverio Cinti
- Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale e Clinica, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Attilio Olivieri
- Clinica di Ematologia, Dipartimento di Scienze Cliniche e Molecolari, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Pietro Leoni
- Clinica di Ematologia, Dipartimento di Scienze Cliniche e Molecolari, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
80
|
Lo JC, Ljubicic S, Leibiger B, Kern M, Leibiger IB, Moede T, Kelly ME, Chatterjee Bhowmick D, Murano I, Cohen P, Banks AS, Khandekar MJ, Dietrich A, Flier JS, Cinti S, Blüher M, Danial NN, Berggren PO, Spiegelman BM. Adipsin is an adipokine that improves β cell function in diabetes. Cell 2014; 158:41-53. [PMID: 24995977 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2014.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 245] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2013] [Revised: 03/19/2014] [Accepted: 04/10/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
A hallmark of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is the development of pancreatic β cell failure, which results in insulinopenia and hyperglycemia. We show that the adipokine adipsin has a beneficial role in maintaining β cell function. Animals genetically lacking adipsin have glucose intolerance due to insulinopenia; isolated islets from these mice have reduced glucose-stimulated insulin secretion. Replenishment of adipsin to diabetic mice treated hyperglycemia by boosting insulin secretion. We identify C3a, a peptide generated by adipsin, as a potent insulin secretagogue and show that the C3a receptor is required for these beneficial effects of adipsin. C3a acts on islets by augmenting ATP levels, respiration, and cytosolic free Ca(2+). Finally, we demonstrate that T2DM patients with β cell failure are deficient in adipsin. These findings indicate that the adipsin/C3a pathway connects adipocyte function to β cell physiology, and manipulation of this molecular switch may serve as a therapy in T2DM.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- James C Lo
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and the Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Sanda Ljubicic
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and the Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Barbara Leibiger
- The Rolf Luft Research Center for Diabetes and Endocrinology, Karolinska Institutet, 17176 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Matthias Kern
- Department of Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig 04103, Germany
| | - Ingo B Leibiger
- The Rolf Luft Research Center for Diabetes and Endocrinology, Karolinska Institutet, 17176 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Tilo Moede
- The Rolf Luft Research Center for Diabetes and Endocrinology, Karolinska Institutet, 17176 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Molly E Kelly
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and the Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Diti Chatterjee Bhowmick
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and the Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Incoronata Murano
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Ancona, 60020 Ancona, Italy
| | - Paul Cohen
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and the Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Alexander S Banks
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and the Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Melin J Khandekar
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and the Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Arne Dietrich
- Department of Surgery, University of Leipzig, Leipzig 04103, Germany
| | | | - Saverio Cinti
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Ancona, 60020 Ancona, Italy
| | - Matthias Blüher
- Department of Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig 04103, Germany
| | - Nika N Danial
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and the Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Per-Olof Berggren
- The Rolf Luft Research Center for Diabetes and Endocrinology, Karolinska Institutet, 17176 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Bruce M Spiegelman
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and the Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
81
|
Poloni A, Maurizi G, Foia F, Mondini E, Mattiucci D, Ambrogini P, Lattanzi D, Mancini S, Falconi M, Cinti S, Olivieri A, Leoni P. Glial-like differentiation potential of human mature adipocytes. J Mol Neurosci 2014; 55:91-98. [PMID: 25007949 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-014-0345-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2014] [Accepted: 05/28/2014] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
The potential ability to differentiate dedifferentiated adipocytes into a neural lineage is attracting strong interest as an emerging method of producing model cells for the treatment of a variety of neurological diseases. Here, we describe the efficient conversion of dedifferentiated adipocytes into a neural-like cell population. These cells grew in neurosphere-like structures and expressed a high level of the early neuroectodermal marker Nestin. These neurospheres could proliferate and express stemness genes, suggesting that these cells could be committed to the neural lineage. After neural induction, NeuroD1, Sox1, Double Cortin, and Eno2 were not expressed. Patch clamp data did not reveal different electrophysiological properties, indicating the inability of these cells to differentiate into mature neurons. In contrast, the differentiated cells expressed a high level of CLDN11, as demonstrated using molecular method, and stained positively for the glial cell markers CLDN11 and GFAP, as demonstrated using immunocytochemistry. These data were confirmed by quantitative results for glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor production, which showed a higher secretion level in neurospheres and the differentiated cells compared with the untreated cells. In conclusion, our data demonstrate morphological, molecular, and immunocytochemical evidence of initial neural differentiation of mature adipocytes, committing to a glial lineage.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Antonella Poloni
- Clinica di Ematologia, Dipartimento di Scienze Cliniche e Molecolari, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Via Tronto, 60020, Ancona, Italy.
| | - Giulia Maurizi
- Clinica di Ematologia, Dipartimento di Scienze Cliniche e Molecolari, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Via Tronto, 60020, Ancona, Italy
| | - Federica Foia
- Clinica di Ematologia, Dipartimento di Scienze Cliniche e Molecolari, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Via Tronto, 60020, Ancona, Italy
| | - Eleonora Mondini
- Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale e Clinica, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Domenico Mattiucci
- Clinica di Ematologia, Dipartimento di Scienze Cliniche e Molecolari, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Via Tronto, 60020, Ancona, Italy
| | - Patrizia Ambrogini
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra, della Vita e dell'Ambiente, Sezione di Fisiologia, Università di Urbino Carlo Bo, Urbino, Italy
| | - Davide Lattanzi
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra, della Vita e dell'Ambiente, Sezione di Fisiologia, Università di Urbino Carlo Bo, Urbino, Italy
| | - Stefania Mancini
- Clinica di Ematologia, Dipartimento di Scienze Cliniche e Molecolari, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Via Tronto, 60020, Ancona, Italy
| | - Massimo Falconi
- Clinica Chirurgia del Pancreas, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ospedali Riuniti, Ancona, Italy
| | - Saverio Cinti
- Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale e Clinica, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Attilio Olivieri
- Clinica di Ematologia, Dipartimento di Scienze Cliniche e Molecolari, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Via Tronto, 60020, Ancona, Italy
| | - Pietro Leoni
- Clinica di Ematologia, Dipartimento di Scienze Cliniche e Molecolari, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Via Tronto, 60020, Ancona, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
82
|
Armani A, Cinti F, Marzolla V, Morgan J, Cranston GA, Antelmi A, Carpinelli G, Canese R, Pagotto U, Quarta C, Malorni W, Matarrese P, Marconi M, Fabbri A, Rosano G, Cinti S, Young MJ, Caprio M. Mineralocorticoid receptor antagonism induces browning of white adipose tissue through impairment of autophagy and prevents adipocyte dysfunction in high‐fat‐diet‐fed mice. FASEB J 2014; 28:3745-57. [PMID: 24806198 DOI: 10.1096/fj.13-245415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Armani
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular EndocrinologyIstituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) San Raffaele PisanaRomeItaly
| | - Francesca Cinti
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular EndocrinologyIstituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) San Raffaele PisanaRomeItaly
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Center for the Study of ObesityUnited Hospitals University of AnconaAnconaItaly
| | - Vincenzo Marzolla
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular EndocrinologyIstituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) San Raffaele PisanaRomeItaly
| | - James Morgan
- Monash Institute of Medical Research‐Prince Henry's Institute (MIMR‐PHI) Medical Research InstituteClaytonVictoriaAustralia
| | - Greg A. Cranston
- Monash Institute of Medical Research‐Prince Henry's Institute (MIMR‐PHI) Medical Research InstituteClaytonVictoriaAustralia
| | - Antonella Antelmi
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular EndocrinologyIstituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) San Raffaele PisanaRomeItaly
| | - Giulia Carpinelli
- Department of Cell Biology and NeurosciencesIstituto Superiore di SanitàRomeItaly
| | - Rossella Canese
- Department of Cell Biology and NeurosciencesIstituto Superiore di SanitàRomeItaly
| | - Uberto Pagotto
- Endocrinology UnitAlma Mater University of BolognaBolognaItaly
- Center for Applied Biomedical Research, Department of Medical and Surgical SciencesS. Orsola‐Malpighi Hospital, Alma Mater University of BolognaBolognaItaly
| | - Carmelo Quarta
- Endocrinology UnitAlma Mater University of BolognaBolognaItaly
- Center for Applied Biomedical Research, Department of Medical and Surgical SciencesS. Orsola‐Malpighi Hospital, Alma Mater University of BolognaBolognaItaly
| | - Walter Malorni
- Department of Therapeutic Research and Medicine EvaluationIstituto Superiore di SanitàRomeItaly
- San Raffaele Institute SulmonaL'AquilaItaly
| | - Paola Matarrese
- Department of Therapeutic Research and Medicine EvaluationIstituto Superiore di SanitàRomeItaly
- Center of Integrated MetabolomicsRomeItaly
| | - Matteo Marconi
- Department of Therapeutic Research and Medicine EvaluationIstituto Superiore di SanitàRomeItaly
| | - Andrea Fabbri
- Department of Medicina dei Sistemi, Endocrinology UnitS. Eugenio and CTO A. Alesini Hospitals, University Tor VergataRomeItaly
| | - Giuseppe Rosano
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular EndocrinologyIstituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) San Raffaele PisanaRomeItaly
| | - Saverio Cinti
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Center for the Study of ObesityUnited Hospitals University of AnconaAnconaItaly
| | - Morag J. Young
- Department of PhysiologyMonash UniversityClaytonVictoriaAustralia
- Department of MedicineMonash UniversityClaytonVictoriaAustralia
| | - Massimiliano Caprio
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular EndocrinologyIstituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) San Raffaele PisanaRomeItaly
| |
Collapse
|
83
|
Abstract
In mammals, adipocytes are lipid-laden cells making up the parenchyma of the multi-depot adipose organ. White adipocytes store lipids for release as free fatty acids during fasting periods; brown adipocytes burn glucose and lipids to maintain thermal homeostasis. A third type of adipocyte, the pink adipocyte, has recently been characterised in mouse subcutaneous fat depots during pregnancy and lactation. Pink adipocytes are mammary gland alveolar epithelial cells whose role is to produce and secrete milk. Emerging evidence suggests that they derive from the transdifferentiation of subcutaneous white adipocytes. The functional response of the adipose organ to a range of metabolic and environmental challenges highlights its extraordinary plasticity. Cold exposure induces an increase in the 'brown' component of the organ to meet the increased thermal demand; in states of positive energy balance, the 'white' component expands to store excess nutrients; finally, the 'pink' component develops in subcutaneous depots during pregnancy to ensure litter feeding. At the cell level, plasticity is provided not only by stem cell proliferation and differentiation but also, distinctively, by direct transdifferentiation of fully differentiated adipocytes by the stimuli that induce genetic expression reprogramming and through it a change in phenotype and, consequently function. A greater understanding of adipocyte transdifferentiation mechanisms would have the potential to shed light on their biology as well as inspire novel therapeutic strategies against metabolic syndrome (browning) and breast cancer (pinking).
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Adipocytes, Brown/cytology
- Adipocytes, Brown/metabolism
- Adipocytes, Brown/pathology
- Adipocytes, White/cytology
- Adipocytes, White/metabolism
- Adipocytes, White/pathology
- Adipogenesis
- Animals
- Breast Neoplasms/metabolism
- Breast Neoplasms/pathology
- Cell Transdifferentiation
- Female
- Humans
- Lactation
- Lipid Metabolism
- Male
- Mammary Glands, Animal/cytology
- Mammary Glands, Animal/metabolism
- Mammary Glands, Animal/pathology
- Mammary Glands, Human/cytology
- Mammary Glands, Human/metabolism
- Mammary Glands, Human/pathology
- Metabolic Syndrome/metabolism
- Metabolic Syndrome/pathology
- Obesity/metabolism
- Obesity/pathology
- Organ Specificity
- Pigmentation
- Pregnancy
- Sex Characteristics
- Subcutaneous Fat, Abdominal/cytology
- Subcutaneous Fat, Abdominal/metabolism
- Subcutaneous Fat, Abdominal/pathology
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Giordano
- Section of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy and
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
84
|
Tam CS, Covington JD, Bajpeyi S, Tchoukalova Y, Burk D, Johannsen DL, Zingaretti CM, Cinti S, Ravussin E. Weight gain reveals dramatic increases in skeletal muscle extracellular matrix remodeling. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2014; 99:1749-57. [PMID: 24601694 PMCID: PMC4010691 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2013-4381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT In animal models of obesity, chronic inflammation and dysregulated extracellular matrix remodeling in adipose tissue leads to insulin resistance. Whether similar pathophysiology occurs in humans is not clear. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to test whether 10% weight gain induced by overfeeding triggers inflammation and extracellular matrix remodeling (gene expression, protein, histology) in skeletal muscle and sc adipose tissue in humans. We also investigated whether such remodeling was associated with an impaired metabolic response (hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp). DESIGN, SETTING, PARTICIPANTS, AND INTERVENTION Twenty-nine free-living males were fed 40% over their baseline energy requirements for 8 weeks. RESULTS Ten percent body weight gain prompted dramatic up-regulation of a repertoire of extracellular matrix remodeling genes in muscle and to a lesser degree in adipose tissue. The amount of extracellular matrix genes in the muscle were directly associated with the amount of lean tissue deposited during overfeeding. Despite weight gain and impaired insulin sensitivity, there was no change in local adipose tissue or systemic inflammation, but there was a slight increase in skeletal muscle inflammation. CONCLUSION We propose that skeletal muscle extracellular matrix remodeling is another feature of the pathogenic milieu associated with energy excess and obesity, which, if disrupted, may contribute to the development of metabolic dysfunction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Charmaine S Tam
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center (C.S.T., J.D.C., S.B., Y.T., D.B., D.L.J., E.R.), Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70808; The Charles Perkins Centre and School of Biological Sciences (C.S.T.), University of Sydney, Sydney, 2006 New South Wales, Australia; Department of Kinesiology (S.B.), University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, Texas 79968; and Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine-Obesity Center (C.M.Z., S.C.), United Hospitals-University of Ancona, Ancona 60020, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
85
|
Rosell M, Kaforou M, Frontini A, Okolo A, Chan YW, Nikolopoulou E, Millership S, Fenech ME, MacIntyre D, Turner JO, Moore JD, Blackburn E, Gullick WJ, Cinti S, Montana G, Parker MG, Christian M. Brown and white adipose tissues: intrinsic differences in gene expression and response to cold exposure in mice. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2014; 306:E945-64. [PMID: 24549398 PMCID: PMC3989735 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00473.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 265] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Brown adipocytes dissipate energy, whereas white adipocytes are an energy storage site. We explored the plasticity of different white adipose tissue depots in acquiring a brown phenotype by cold exposure. By comparing cold-induced genes in white fat to those enriched in brown compared with white fat, at thermoneutrality we defined a "brite" transcription signature. We identified the genes, pathways, and promoter regulatory motifs associated with "browning," as these represent novel targets for understanding this process. For example, neuregulin 4 was more highly expressed in brown adipose tissue and upregulated in white fat upon cold exposure, and cell studies showed that it is a neurite outgrowth-promoting adipokine, indicative of a role in increasing adipose tissue innervation in response to cold. A cell culture system that allows us to reproduce the differential properties of the discrete adipose depots was developed to study depot-specific differences at an in vitro level. The key transcriptional events underpinning white adipose tissue to brown transition are important, as they represent an attractive proposition to overcome the detrimental effects associated with metabolic disorders, including obesity and type 2 diabetes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Meritxell Rosell
- Institute of Reproductive and Developmental Biology, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
86
|
Cohen P, Levy JD, Zhang Y, Frontini A, Kolodin DP, Svensson KJ, Lo JC, Zeng X, Ye L, Khandekar MJ, Wu J, Gunawardana SC, Banks AS, Camporez JPG, Jurczak MJ, Kajimura S, Piston DW, Mathis D, Cinti S, Shulman GI, Seale P, Spiegelman BM. Ablation of PRDM16 and beige adipose causes metabolic dysfunction and a subcutaneous to visceral fat switch. Cell 2014; 156:304-16. [PMID: 24439384 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2013.12.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 643] [Impact Index Per Article: 64.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2013] [Revised: 10/31/2013] [Accepted: 12/23/2013] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
A clear relationship exists between visceral obesity and type 2 diabetes, whereas subcutaneous obesity is comparatively benign. Here, we show that adipocyte-specific deletion of the coregulatory protein PRDM16 caused minimal effects on classical brown fat but markedly inhibited beige adipocyte function in subcutaneous fat following cold exposure or β3-agonist treatment. These animals developed obesity on a high-fat diet, with severe insulin resistance and hepatic steatosis. They also showed altered fat distribution with markedly increased subcutaneous adiposity. Subcutaneous adipose tissue in mutant mice acquired many key properties of visceral fat, including decreased thermogenic and increased inflammatory gene expression and increased macrophage accumulation. Transplantation of subcutaneous fat into mice with diet-induced obesity showed a loss of metabolic benefit when tissues were derived from PRDM16 mutant animals. These findings indicate that PRDM16 and beige adipocytes are required for the "browning" of white fat and the healthful effects of subcutaneous adipose tissue.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paul Cohen
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA; Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Julia D Levy
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Yingying Zhang
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Andrea Frontini
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona 60020, Italy
| | - Dmitriy P Kolodin
- Division of Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Katrin J Svensson
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - James C Lo
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA; Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Xing Zeng
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Li Ye
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Melin J Khandekar
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Jun Wu
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Subhadra C Gunawardana
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Alexander S Banks
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - João Paulo G Camporez
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06519, USA
| | - Michael J Jurczak
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06519, USA
| | - Shingo Kajimura
- UCSF Diabetes Center and Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - David W Piston
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Diane Mathis
- Division of Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Saverio Cinti
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona 60020, Italy
| | - Gerald I Shulman
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06519, USA; Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06519, USA
| | - Patrick Seale
- Institute for Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Bruce M Spiegelman
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
87
|
Giannulis I, Mondini E, Cinti F, Frontini A, Murano I, Barazzoni R, Barbatelli G, Accili D, Cinti S. Increased density of inhibitory noradrenergic parenchymal nerve fibers in hypertrophic islets of Langerhans of obese mice. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 2014; 24:384-392. [PMID: 24462047 PMCID: PMC4082304 DOI: 10.1016/j.numecd.2013.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2013] [Revised: 08/29/2013] [Accepted: 09/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM We sought to identify mechanisms of beta cell failure in genetically obese mice. Little is known about the role of pancreatic innervation in the progression of beta cell failure. In this work we studied adrenergic innervation, in view of its potent inhibitory effect on insulin secretion. We analyzed genetically obese ob/ob and db/db mice at different ages (6- and 15-week-old), corresponding to different compensatory stages in the course of beta cell dysfunction. 15 week-old HFD mice were also studied. METHODS AND RESULTS All mice were characterized by measures of plasma glucose, insulin, and HOMA. After perfusion, pancreata were dissected and studied by light microscopy, electron microscopy, and morphometry. Insulin, Tyrosine Hydroxylase-positive fibers and cells and Neuropeptide Y-positive cells were scored by immunohistochemistry. Islets of obese mice showed increased noradrenergic fiber innervation, with significant increases of synaptoid structures contacting beta cells compared to controls. Noradrenergic innervation of the endocrine area in obese db/db mice tended to increase with age, as diabetes progressed. In ob/ob mice, we also detected an age-dependent trend toward increased noradrenergic innervation that, unlike in db/db mice, was unrelated to glucose levels. We also observed a progressive increase in Neuropeptide Y-immunoreactive elements localized to the islet core. CONCLUSIONS Our data show increased numbers of sympathetic nerve fibers with a potential to convey inhibitory signals on insulin secretion in pancreatic islets of genetically obese animals, regardless of their diabetic state. The findings suggest an alternative interpretation of the pathogenesis of beta cell failure, as well as novel strategies to reverse abnormalities in insulin secretion.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- I Giannulis
- Dpt of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Obesity Center, University of Ancona (Politecnica delle Marche) and Azienda Ospedali Riuniti, 60020 Ancona, Italy
| | - E Mondini
- Dpt of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Obesity Center, University of Ancona (Politecnica delle Marche) and Azienda Ospedali Riuniti, 60020 Ancona, Italy
| | - F Cinti
- Dpt of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Obesity Center, University of Ancona (Politecnica delle Marche) and Azienda Ospedali Riuniti, 60020 Ancona, Italy
| | - A Frontini
- Dpt of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Obesity Center, University of Ancona (Politecnica delle Marche) and Azienda Ospedali Riuniti, 60020 Ancona, Italy
| | - I Murano
- Dpt of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Obesity Center, University of Ancona (Politecnica delle Marche) and Azienda Ospedali Riuniti, 60020 Ancona, Italy
| | - R Barazzoni
- Dpt of Medical, Surgical and Health Sciences, Clinical Medicine, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - G Barbatelli
- Dpt of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Obesity Center, University of Ancona (Politecnica delle Marche) and Azienda Ospedali Riuniti, 60020 Ancona, Italy
| | - D Accili
- Naomi Berrie Diabetes Center, Dpt of Medicine, College of Physicians & Surgeons of Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA.
| | - S Cinti
- Dpt of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Obesity Center, University of Ancona (Politecnica delle Marche) and Azienda Ospedali Riuniti, 60020 Ancona, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
88
|
Hondares E, Gallego-Escuredo JM, Flachs P, Frontini A, Cereijo R, Goday A, Perugini J, Kopecky P, Giralt M, Cinti S, Kopecky J, Villarroya F. Fibroblast growth factor-21 is expressed in neonatal and pheochromocytoma-induced adult human brown adipose tissue. Metabolism 2014; 63:312-7. [PMID: 24369918 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2013.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2013] [Revised: 11/04/2013] [Accepted: 11/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE In rodents, brown (BAT) and white (WAT) adipose tissues are targets and expression sites for fibroblast growth factor-21 (FGF21). In contrast, human WAT expresses negligible levels of FGF21. We examined FGF21 expression in human BAT samples, including the induced BAT found in adult patients with pheochromocytoma, and interscapular and visceral BAT from newborns. METHODS The expression of FGF21 and uncoupling protein-1 (UCP1, a brown adipocyte marker), was determined by quantitative real-time-PCR and immunoblotting. The transcript levels of marker genes for developmentally-programmed BAT (zinc-finger-protein of the cerebellum-1, ZIC1) and inducible-BAT (cluster of differentiation-137, CD137) were also determined. RESULTS FGF21 and UCP1 are significantly expressed in visceral adipose tissue from pheochromocytoma patients, but not in visceral fat from healthy individuals. In neonates, FGF21 and UCP1 are both expressed in visceral and interscapular fat, and their expression levels show a significant positive correlation. Marker gene expression profiles suggest that inducible BAT is present in visceral fat from pheochromocytoma patients and neonates, whereas developmentally-programmed BAT is present in neonatal interscapular fat. CONCLUSIONS Human BAT, but not WAT, expresses FGF21. The expression of FGF21 is especially high in inducible, also called beige/brite, neonatal BAT, but it is also found in the interscapular, developmentally-programmed, BAT of neonates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elayne Hondares
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, and Institute of Biomedicine (IBUB), University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; CIBER Fisiopatologia de la Obesidad y Nutricion, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Spain
| | - José M Gallego-Escuredo
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, and Institute of Biomedicine (IBUB), University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; CIBER Fisiopatologia de la Obesidad y Nutricion, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Spain
| | - Pavel Flachs
- Department of Adipose Tissue Biology, Institute of Physiology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic v.v.i., Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Andrea Frontini
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Center for the Study of Obesity-United Hospitals University of Ancona (Politecnica delle Marche), Ancona, Italy
| | - Ruben Cereijo
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, and Institute of Biomedicine (IBUB), University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; CIBER Fisiopatologia de la Obesidad y Nutricion, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Spain
| | - Alberto Goday
- CIBER Fisiopatologia de la Obesidad y Nutricion, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Spain; Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Hospital del Mar, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jessica Perugini
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Center for the Study of Obesity-United Hospitals University of Ancona (Politecnica delle Marche), Ancona, Italy
| | - Pavel Kopecky
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division of Neonatology, General Faculty Hospital and First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Marta Giralt
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, and Institute of Biomedicine (IBUB), University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; CIBER Fisiopatologia de la Obesidad y Nutricion, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Spain
| | - Saverio Cinti
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Center for the Study of Obesity-United Hospitals University of Ancona (Politecnica delle Marche), Ancona, Italy
| | - Jan Kopecky
- Department of Adipose Tissue Biology, Institute of Physiology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic v.v.i., Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Francesc Villarroya
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, and Institute of Biomedicine (IBUB), University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; CIBER Fisiopatologia de la Obesidad y Nutricion, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
89
|
Kiskinis E, Chatzeli L, Curry E, Kaforou M, Frontini A, Cinti S, Montana G, Parker MG, Christian M. RIP140 represses the "brown-in-white" adipocyte program including a futile cycle of triacylglycerol breakdown and synthesis. Mol Endocrinol 2014; 28:344-56. [PMID: 24479876 PMCID: PMC4207910 DOI: 10.1210/me.2013-1254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Receptor-interacting protein 140 (RIP140) is a corepressor of nuclear receptors that is highly expressed in adipose tissues. We investigated the role of RIP140 in conditionally immortal preadipocyte cell lines prepared from white or brown fat depots. In white adipocytes, a large set of brown fat-associated genes was up-regulated in the absence of RIP140. In contrast, a relatively minor role can be ascribed to RIP140 in the control of basal gene expression in differentiated brown adipocytes because significant changes were observed only in Ptgds and Fabp3. The minor role of RIP140 in brown adipocytes correlates with the similar histology and uncoupling protein 1 and CIDEA staining in knockout compared with wild-type brown adipose tissue (BAT). In contrast, RIP140 knockout sc white adipose tissue (WAT) shows increased numbers of multilocular adipocytes with elevated staining for uncoupling protein 1 and CIDEA. Furthermore in a white adipocyte cell line, the markers of BRITE adipocytes, Tbx1, CD137, Tmem26, Cited1, and Epsti1 were repressed in the presence of RIP140 as was Prdm16. Microarray analysis of wild-type and RIP140-knockout white fat revealed elevated expression of genes associated with cold-induced expression or high expression in BAT. A set of genes associated with a futile cycle of triacylglycerol breakdown and resynthesis and functional assays revealed that glycerol kinase and glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase activity as well as [3H]glycerol incorporation were elevated in the absence of RIP140. Thus, RIP140 blocks the BRITE program in WAT, preventing the expression of brown fat genes and inhibiting a triacylglycerol futile cycle, with important implications for energy homeostasis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Evangelos Kiskinis
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology (E.K.), Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138; Institute of Reproductive and Developmental Biology (L.C., E.C., M.G.P.), Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, W12 0NN, United Kingdom; Department of Mathematics (M.K., G.M.), Statistics Section, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom; Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine (A.F., S.C.), University of Ancona, (Politecnica delle Marche), 60126 Ancona, Italy; Division of Metabolic and Vascular Health (M.C.), Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
90
|
Wikstrom JD, Mahdaviani K, Liesa M, Sereda SB, Si Y, Las G, Twig G, Petrovic N, Zingaretti C, Graham A, Cinti S, Corkey BE, Cannon B, Nedergaard J, Shirihai OS. Hormone-induced mitochondrial fission is utilized by brown adipocytes as an amplification pathway for energy expenditure. EMBO J 2014; 33:418-36. [PMID: 24431221 PMCID: PMC3983686 DOI: 10.1002/embj.201385014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Adrenergic stimulation of brown adipocytes (BA) induces mitochondrial uncoupling, thereby increasing energy expenditure by shifting nutrient oxidation towards thermogenesis. Here we describe that mitochondrial dynamics is a physiological regulator of adrenergically-induced changes in energy expenditure. The sympathetic neurotransmitter Norepinephrine (NE) induced complete and rapid mitochondrial fragmentation in BA, characterized by Drp1 phosphorylation and Opa1 cleavage. Mechanistically, NE-mediated Drp1 phosphorylation was dependent on Protein Kinase-A (PKA) activity, whereas Opa1 cleavage required mitochondrial depolarization mediated by FFAs released as a result of lipolysis. This change in mitochondrial architecture was observed both in primary cultures and brown adipose tissue from cold-exposed mice. Mitochondrial uncoupling induced by NE in brown adipocytes was reduced by inhibition of mitochondrial fission through transient Drp1 DN overexpression. Furthermore, forced mitochondrial fragmentation in BA through Mfn2 knock down increased the capacity of exogenous FFAs to increase energy expenditure. These results suggest that, in addition to its ability to stimulate lipolysis, NE induces energy expenditure in BA by promoting mitochondrial fragmentation. Together these data reveal that adrenergically-induced changes to mitochondrial dynamics are required for BA thermogenic activation and for the control of energy expenditure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jakob D Wikstrom
- Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
91
|
Colaianni G, Cuscito C, Mongelli T, Oranger A, Mori G, Brunetti G, Colucci S, Cinti S, Grano M. Irisin enhances osteoblast differentiation in vitro. Int J Endocrinol 2014; 2014:902186. [PMID: 24723951 PMCID: PMC3960733 DOI: 10.1155/2014/902186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2013] [Accepted: 01/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
It has been recently demonstrated that exercise activity increases the expression of the myokine Irisin in skeletal muscle, which is able to drive the transition of white to brown adipocytes, likely following a phenomenon of transdifferentiation. This new evidence supports the idea that muscle can be considered an endocrine organ, given its ability to target adipose tissue by promoting energy expenditure. In accordance with these new findings, we hypothesized that Irisin is directly involved in bone metabolism, demonstrating its ability to increase the differentiation of bone marrow stromal cells into mature osteoblasts. Firstly, we confirmed that myoblasts from mice subjected to 3 weeks of free wheel running increased Irisin expression compared to nonexercised state. The conditioned media (CM) collected from myoblasts of exercised mice induced osteoblast differentiation in vitro to a greater extent than those of mice housed in resting conditions. Furthermore, the differentiated osteoblasts increased alkaline phosphatase and collagen I expression by an Irisin-dependent mechanism. Our results show, for the first time, that Irisin directly targets osteoblasts, enhancing their differentiation. This finding advances notable perspectives in future studies which could satisfy the ongoing research of exercise-mimetic therapies with anabolic action on the skeleton.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Graziana Colaianni
- Department of Basic Medical Science, Neuroscience and Sense Organs, University of Bari, 70124 Bari, Italy
| | - Concetta Cuscito
- Department of Basic Medical Science, Neuroscience and Sense Organs, University of Bari, 70124 Bari, Italy
| | - Teresa Mongelli
- Department of Basic Medical Science, Neuroscience and Sense Organs, University of Bari, 70124 Bari, Italy
| | - Angela Oranger
- Department of Basic Medical Science, Neuroscience and Sense Organs, University of Bari, 70124 Bari, Italy
| | - Giorgio Mori
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, 71100 Foggia, Italy
| | - Giacomina Brunetti
- Department of Basic Medical Science, Neuroscience and Sense Organs, University of Bari, 70124 Bari, Italy
| | - Silvia Colucci
- Department of Basic Medical Science, Neuroscience and Sense Organs, University of Bari, 70124 Bari, Italy
| | - Saverio Cinti
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Center of Obesity, United Hospitals—University of Ancona, 60020 Ancona, Italy
| | - Maria Grano
- Department of Basic Medical Science, Neuroscience and Sense Organs, University of Bari, 70124 Bari, Italy
- *Maria Grano:
| |
Collapse
|
92
|
Severi I, Perugini J, Mondini E, Smorlesi A, Frontini A, Cinti S, Giordano A. Opposite effects of a high-fat diet and calorie restriction on ciliary neurotrophic factor signaling in the mouse hypothalamus. Front Neurosci 2013; 7:263. [PMID: 24409114 PMCID: PMC3873503 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2013.00263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2013] [Accepted: 12/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
In the mouse hypothalamus, ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF) is mainly expressed by ependymal cells and tanycytes of the ependymal layer covering the third ventricle. Since exogenously administered CNTF causes reduced food intake and weight loss, we tested whether endogenous CNTF might be involved in energy balance regulation. We thus evaluated CNTF production and responsiveness in the hypothalamus of mice fed a high-fat diet (HFD), of ob/ob obese mice, and of mice fed a calorie restriction (CR) regimen. RT-PCR showed that CNTF mRNA increased significantly in HFD mice and decreased significantly in CR animals. Western blotting confirmed that CNTF expression was higher in HFD mice and reduced in CR mice, but high interindividual variability blunted the significance of these differences. By immunohistochemistry, hypothalamic tuberal and mammillary region tanycytes stained strongly for CNTF in HFD mice, whereas CR mice exhibited markedly reduced staining. RT-PCR and Western blotting disclosed that changes in CNTF expression were paralleled by changes in the expression of its specific receptor, CNTF receptor α (CNTFRα). Injection of recombinant CNTF and detection of phospho-signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (P-STAT3) showed that CNTF responsiveness by the ependymal layer, mainly by tanycytes, was higher in HFD than CR mice. In addition, in HFD mice CNTF administration induced distinctive STAT3 signaling in a large neuron population located in the dorsomedial and ventromedial nuclei, perifornical area and mammillary body. The hypothalamic expression of CNTF and CNTFRα did not change in the hyperphagic, leptin-deficient ob/ob obese mice; accordingly, P-STAT3 immunoreactivity in CNTF-treated ob/ob mice was confined to ependymal layer and arcuate neurons. Collectively, these data suggest that hypothalamic CNTF is involved in controlling the energy balance and that CNTF signaling plays a role in HFD obese mice at specific sites.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ilenia Severi
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Section of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Università Politecnica delle Marche Ancona, Italy
| | - Jessica Perugini
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Section of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Università Politecnica delle Marche Ancona, Italy
| | - Eleonora Mondini
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Section of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Università Politecnica delle Marche Ancona, Italy
| | - Arianna Smorlesi
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Section of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Università Politecnica delle Marche Ancona, Italy
| | - Andrea Frontini
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Section of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Università Politecnica delle Marche Ancona, Italy
| | - Saverio Cinti
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Section of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Università Politecnica delle Marche Ancona, Italy ; Center of Obesity, Università Politecnica delle Marche-United Hospitals Ancona, Italy
| | - Antonio Giordano
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Section of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Università Politecnica delle Marche Ancona, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
93
|
Abstract
CONTEXT Human epicardial fat has been designated previously as brown-like fat. The supraclavicular fat depot in man has been defined as beige coexistent with classical brown based on its gene expression profile. OBJECTIVE The aim of the study was to establish the gene expression profile and morphology of human epicardial and visceral paracardial fat compared with sc fat. SETTING The study was conducted at a tertiary care hospital cardiac center. PATIENTS Epicardial, visceral paracardial, and sc fat samples had been taken from middle-aged patients with severe coronary atherosclerosis or valvular heart disease. INTERVENTIONS Gene expression was determined by reverse transcription-quantitative PCR and relative abundance of the mitochondrial uncoupling protein-1 (UCP-1) by Western blotting. Epicardial tissue sections from patients were examined by light microscopy, UCP-1 immunohistochemistry, and cell morphometry. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES We hypothesized that epicardial fat has a mixed phenotype with a gene expression profile similar to that described for beige cell lineage. RESULTS Immunoreactive UCP-1 was clearly measurable in each epicardial sample analyzed but was undetectable in each of the 4 other visceral and sc depots. Epicardial fat exhibited high expression of genes for UCP-1, PRDM16, PGC-1α, PPARγ, and the beige adipocyte-specific marker CD137, which were also expressed in visceral paracardial fat but only weakly in sternal, upper abdominal, and lower extremity sc fat. Histology of epicardial fat showed small unilocular adipocytes without UCP-1 immunostaining. CONCLUSION UCP-1 is relatively abundant in epicardial fat, and this depot possesses molecular features characteristic of those found in vitro in beige lineage adipocytes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Harold S Sacks
- VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Endocrinology and Diabetes Division 111D, 11310 Wilshire Boulevard, Los Angeles, California 90073, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
94
|
Murano I, Rutkowski JM, Wang QA, Cho YR, Scherer PE, Cinti S. Time course of histomorphological changes in adipose tissue upon acute lipoatrophy. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 2013; 23:723-731. [PMID: 22682975 PMCID: PMC3465635 DOI: 10.1016/j.numecd.2012.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2011] [Revised: 03/05/2012] [Accepted: 03/21/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Crown-like structures (CLS) are characteristic histopathology features of inflamed adipose tissues in obese mice and humans. In previous work, we suggested that these cells derived from macrophages primarily involved in the reabsorption of dead adipocytes. Here, we used a well-characterized transgenic mouse model in which the death of adipocytes in adult mice is inducible and highly synchronized. In this "FAT ATTAC" model, apoptosis is induced through forced dimerization of a caspase-8 fusion protein. METHODS AND RESULTS 0, 0.5, 1, 2, 3 and 10 days post induction of adipocyte cell death, we analyzed mesenteric and epididymal adipose depots by histology, immunohistochemistry and electron microscopy. Upon induction of caspase-8 dimerization, numerous adipocytes lost immunoreactivity for perilipin, a marker for live adipocytes. In the same areas, we found adipocytes with hypertrophic mitochondria and signs of organelle degeneration. Neutrophils and lymphocytes were the main inflammatory cells present in the tissue, and the macrophages were predominantly Mac-2 negative. Over the course of ablation, Mac-2 positive macrophages substituted for Mac-2 negative macrophages, followed by CLS formation. All perilipin negative, dead adipocytes were surrounded by CLS structures. The time course of histopathology was similar in both fat pads studied, but occurred at earlier stages and was more gradual in mesenteric fat. CONCLUSION Our data demonstrate that CLS formation results as a direct consequence of adipocyte death, and that infiltrating macrophages actively uptake remnant lipids of dead adipocytes. Upon induction of adipocyte apoptosis, inflammatory cells infiltrate adipose tissue initially consisting of neutrophils followed by macrophages that are involved in CLS formation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Incoronata Murano
- Dpt Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Ancona (Politecnica delle Marche)- Electron Microscopy Unit-Azienda Ospedali Riuniti, Ancona
| | - Joseph M. Rutkowski
- Touchstone Diabetes Center, Departments of Internal Medicine and Cell Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Qiong A. Wang
- Touchstone Diabetes Center, Departments of Internal Medicine and Cell Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - You-Ree Cho
- Touchstone Diabetes Center, Departments of Internal Medicine and Cell Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Philipp E. Scherer
- Touchstone Diabetes Center, Departments of Internal Medicine and Cell Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Saverio Cinti
- Dpt Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Ancona (Politecnica delle Marche)- Electron Microscopy Unit-Azienda Ospedali Riuniti, Ancona
- The Adipose Organ Lab, IRCCS San Raffele Pisana, Rome, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
95
|
Giordano A, Murano I, Mondini E, Perugini J, Smorlesi A, Severi I, Barazzoni R, Scherer PE, Cinti S. Obese adipocytes show ultrastructural features of stressed cells and die of pyroptosis. J Lipid Res 2013; 54:2423-36. [PMID: 23836106 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m038638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 191] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
We previously suggested that, in obese animals and humans, white adipose tissue inflammation results from the death of hypertrophic adipocytes; these are then cleared by macrophages, giving rise to distinctive structures we denominated crown-like structures. Here we present evidence that subcutaneous and visceral hypertrophic adipocytes of leptin-deficient (ob/ob and db/db) obese mice exhibit ultrastructural abnormalities (including calcium accumulation and cholesterol crystals), many of which are more common in hyperglycemic db/db versus normoglycemic ob/ob mice and in visceral versus subcutaneous depots. Degenerating adipocytes whose intracellular content disperses in the extracellular space were also noted in obese mice; in addition, increased anti-reactive oxygen species enzyme expression in obese fat pads, documented by RT-PCR and immunohistochemistry, suggests that ultrastructural changes are accompanied by oxidative stress. RT-PCR showed NLRP3 inflammasome activation in the fat pads of both leptin-deficient and high-fat diet obese mice, in which formation of active caspase-1 was documented by immunohistochemistry in the cytoplasm of several hypertrophic adipocytes. Notably, caspase-1 was not detected in FAT-ATTAC transgenic mice, where adipocytes die of apoptosis. Thus, white adipocyte overexpansion induces a stress state that ultimately leads to death. NLRP3-dependent caspase-1 activation in hypertrophic adipocytes likely induces obese adipocyte death by pyroptosis, a proinflammatory programmed cell death.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Giordano
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Ancona, Ancona, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
96
|
Zoico E, Corzato F, Bambace C, Rossi AP, Micciolo R, Cinti S, Harris TB, Zamboni M. Myosteatosis and myofibrosis: relationship with aging, inflammation and insulin resistance. Arch Gerontol Geriatr 2013; 57:411-6. [PMID: 23809667 DOI: 10.1016/j.archger.2013.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2013] [Revised: 05/30/2013] [Accepted: 06/01/2013] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The mechanisms impairing muscle quality and leading to myofibrosis (MF) and myosteatosis (MS) are incompletely known. In biopsies of paraspinous muscle (PM) of 16 elderly men undergoing elective vertebral surgery, we histologically determined the area of MF and MS expressed as muscle quality index (MQI), in order to investigate the relation between them, as well as the main predictors of muscle quality. Total PM area and intermuscular adipose tissue (IMAT) were evaluated by MRI and body composition by DXA. Circulating fasting glucose, insulin, hs-CRP, leptin, adiponectin and IL-6 were measured and HOMA index calculated. Quantification of gene expression in PM and in subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT) overlying the muscle was performed by rt-PCR. The degree of MS and MF was significantly and positively related to each other and positively associated with BMI, waist, FM and FM% as well as with IMAT. The area of PM was negatively related with MF even after adjustment for weight. Leptin was positively associated with MF and MS, whereas hs-CRP to MF. In backward regression analyses, larger waist and smaller PM area explained 90% of MF variance, whereas leptin about 80% of MS variance. IL-6 expression in SAT was significantly higher in participants with higher MQI values. In PM biopsies we found significantly higher expression of SOCS-3 and a trend toward higher expression of myostatin with greater degrees of MQI. MS and MF are related phenomena that concur to alter muscle quality and both should be considered in further studies on the evolution of sarcopenia.
Collapse
|
97
|
Neuhofer A, Zeyda M, Mascher D, Itariu BK, Murano I, Leitner L, Hochbrugger EE, Fraisl P, Cinti S, Serhan CN, Stulnig TM. Impaired local production of proresolving lipid mediators in obesity and 17-HDHA as a potential treatment for obesity-associated inflammation. Diabetes 2013; 62:1945-56. [PMID: 23349501 PMCID: PMC3661630 DOI: 10.2337/db12-0828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Obesity-induced chronic low-grade inflammation originates from adipose tissue and is crucial for obesity-driven metabolic deterioration, including insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes. Chronic inflammation may be a consequence of a failure to actively resolve inflammation and could result from a lack of local specialized proresolving lipid mediators (SPMs), such as resolvins and protectins, which derive from the n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). We assessed obesity-induced changes of n-3-derived SPMs in adipose tissue and the effects of dietary EPA/DHA thereon. Moreover, we treated obese mice with SPM precursors and investigated the effects on inflammation and metabolic dysregulation. Obesity significantly decreased DHA-derived 17-hydroxydocosahexaenoic acid (17-HDHA, resolvin D1 precursor) and protectin D1 (PD1) levels in murine adipose tissue. Dietary EPA/DHA treatment restored endogenous biosynthesis of n-3-derived lipid mediators in obesity while attenuating adipose tissue inflammation and improving insulin sensitivity. Notably, 17-HDHA treatment reduced adipose tissue expression of inflammatory cytokines, increased adiponectin expression, and improved glucose tolerance parallel to insulin sensitivity in obese mice. These findings indicate that impaired biosynthesis of certain SPM and SPM precursors, including 17-HDHA and PD1, contributes to adipose tissue inflammation in obesity and suggest 17-HDHA as a novel treatment option for obesity-associated complications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Angelika Neuhofer
- Clinical Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Christian Doppler-Laboratory for Cardio-Metabolic Immunotherapy, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Maximilian Zeyda
- Clinical Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Christian Doppler-Laboratory for Cardio-Metabolic Immunotherapy, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Bianca K. Itariu
- Clinical Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Christian Doppler-Laboratory for Cardio-Metabolic Immunotherapy, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Incoronata Murano
- Department of Molecular Pathology and Innovative Therapies, University of Ancona (Politecnica delle Marche), Ancona, Italy
| | - Lukas Leitner
- Clinical Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Christian Doppler-Laboratory for Cardio-Metabolic Immunotherapy, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Eva E. Hochbrugger
- Clinical Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Christian Doppler-Laboratory for Cardio-Metabolic Immunotherapy, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Peter Fraisl
- Clinical Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Flanders Institute for Biotechnology and Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Saverio Cinti
- Department of Molecular Pathology and Innovative Therapies, University of Ancona (Politecnica delle Marche), Ancona, Italy
- The Adipose Organ Laboratory, IRCCS San Raffele Pisana, Rome, Italy
| | - Charles N. Serhan
- Center for Experimental Therapeutics and Reperfusion Injury, Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Thomas M. Stulnig
- Clinical Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Christian Doppler-Laboratory for Cardio-Metabolic Immunotherapy, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Corresponding author: Thomas M. Stulnig,
| |
Collapse
|
98
|
De Matteis R, Lucertini F, Guescini M, Polidori E, Zeppa S, Stocchi V, Cinti S, Cuppini R. Exercise as a new physiological stimulus for brown adipose tissue activity. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 2013; 23:582-590. [PMID: 22633794 DOI: 10.1016/j.numecd.2012.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2011] [Revised: 12/12/2011] [Accepted: 01/31/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM Brown adipose tissue (BAT) plays a major role in body energy expenditure counteracting obesity and obesity-associated morbidities. BAT activity is sustained by the sympathetic nervous system (SNS). Since a massive activation of the SNS was described during physical activity, we investigated the effect of endurance running training on BAT of young rats to clarify the role of exercise training on the activity and recruitment state of brown cells. METHODS AND RESULTS Male, 10-week-old Sprague Dawley rats were trained on a motor treadmill (approximately 60% of VO2max), 5 days/week, both for 1 and 6 weeks. The effect of endurance training was valuated using morphological and molecular approaches. Running training affected on the morphology, sympathetic tone and vascularization of BAT, independently of the duration of the stimulus. Functionally, the weak increase in the thermogenesis (no difference in UCP-1), the increased expression of PGC-1α and the membrane localization of MCT-1 suggest a new function of BAT. Visceral fat increased the expression of the FOXC2, 48 h after last training session and some clusters of UCP-1 paucilocular and multilocular adipocytes appeared. CONCLUSION Exercise seemed a weakly effective stimulus for BAT thermogenesis, but surprisingly, without the supposed metabolically hypoactive effects. The observed browning of the visceral fat, by a supposed white-to-brown transdifferentiation phenomena suggested that exercise could be a new physiological stimulus to counteract obesity by an adrenergic-regulated brown recruitment of adipocytes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R De Matteis
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Università di Urbino Carlo Bo, Urbino, Italy.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
99
|
Rippo MR, Babini L, Prattichizzo F, Graciotti L, Fulgenzi G, Tomassoni Ardori F, Olivieri F, Borghetti G, Cinti S, Poloni A. Low FasL levels promote proliferation of human bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells, higher levels inhibit their differentiation into adipocytes. Cell Death Dis. 2013;4:e594. [PMID: 23598406 PMCID: PMC3641338 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2013.115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are multipotent progenitor cells that can differentiate into several cell types. Bone marrow (BM)-MSCs mainly differentiate into osteoblasts or adipocytes. MSC interactions with their microenvironment directly affect their self-renewal/differentiation program. Here, we show for the first time that Fas ligand (FasL), a well-explored proapoptotic cytokine, can promote proliferation of BM-derived MSCs in vitro and inhibits their differentiation into adipocytes. BM-MSCs treated with a low FasL dose (0.5 ng/ml) proliferated more rapidly than untreated cells without undergoing spontaneous differentiation or apoptosis, whereas higher doses (25 ng/ml) induced significant though not massive BM-MSC death, with surviving cells maintaining a stem cell phenotype. At the molecular level, 0.5 ng/ml FasL induced ERK1/2 phosphorylation and survivin upregulation, whereas 25 ng/ml FasL induced caspase activation. Importantly, 25 ng/ml FasL reversibly prevented BM-MSC differentiation into adipocytes by modulating peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) and FABP4/aP2 expression induced by adipogenic medium. All such effects were inhibited by anti-Fas neutralizing antibody. The in vitro data regarding adipogenesis were confirmed using Fas(lpr) mutant mice, where higher PPARγ and FABP4/aP2 mRNA and protein levels were documented in whole tibia. These data show for the first time that the FasL/Fas system can have a role in BM-MSC biology via regulation of both proliferation and adipogenesis, and may have clinical relevance because circulating Fas/FasL levels decline with age and several age-related conditions, including osteoporosis, are characterized by adipocyte accumulation in BM.
Collapse
|
100
|
Frontini A, Vitali A, Perugini J, Murano I, Romiti C, Ricquier D, Guerrieri M, Cinti S. White-to-brown transdifferentiation of omental adipocytes in patients affected by pheochromocytoma. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2013; 1831:950-9. [PMID: 23454374 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2013.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2012] [Revised: 02/07/2013] [Accepted: 02/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
In all mammals, white adipose tissue (WAT) and brown adipose tissue (BAT) are found together in several fat depots, forming a multi-depot organ. Adrenergic stimulation induces an increase in BAT usually referred to as "browning". This phenomenon is important because of its potential use in curbing obesity and related disorders; thus, understanding its cellular mechanisms in humans may be useful for the development of new therapeutic strategies. Data in rodents have supported the direct transformation of white into brown adipocytes. Biopsies of pure white omental fat were collected from 12 patients affected by the catecholamine-secreting tumor pheochromocytoma (pheo-patients) and compared with biopsies from controls. Half of the omental fat samples from pheo-patients contained uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1)-immunoreactive-(ir) multilocular cells that were often arranged in a BAT-like pattern endowed with noradrenergic fibers and dense capillary network. Many UCP1-ir adipocytes showed the characteristic morphology of paucilocular cells, which we have been described as cytological marker of transdifferentiation. Electron microscopy showed increased mitochondrial density in multi- and paucilocular cells and disclosed the presence of perivascular brown adipocyte precursors. Brown fat genes, such as UCP1, PR domain containing 16 (PRDM16) and β3-adrenoreceptor, were highly expressed in the omentum of pheo-patients and in those cases without visible morphologic re-arrangement. Of note, the brown determinant PRDM16 was detected by immunohistochemistry only in nuclei of multi- and paucilocular adipocytes. Quantitative electron microscopy and immunohistochemistry for Ki67 suggest an unlikely contribution of proliferative events to the phenomenon. The data support the idea that, in adult humans, white adipocytes of pure white fat that are subjected to adrenergic stimulation are able to undergo a process of direct transformation into brown adipocytes. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled Brown and White Fat: From Signaling to Disease.
Collapse
|