Presynaptic Dopaminergic Imaging Characterizes Patients with REM Sleep Behavior Disorder Due to Synucleinopathy

OBJECTIVE

To apply a machine learning analysis to clinical and presynaptic dopaminergic imaging data of patients with rapid eye movement (REM) sleep behavior disorder (RBD) to predict the development of Parkinson disease (PD) and dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB).

METHODS

In this multicenter study of the International RBD study group, 173 patients (mean age 70.5 ± 6.3 years, 70.5% males) with polysomnography-confirmed RBD who eventually phenoconverted to overt alpha-synucleinopathy (RBD due to synucleinopathy) were enrolled, and underwent baseline presynaptic dopaminergic imaging and clinical assessment, including motor, cognitive, olfaction, and constipation evaluation. For comparison, 232 RBD non-phenoconvertor patients (67.6 ± 7.1 years, 78.4% males) and 160 controls (68.2 ± 7.2 years, 53.1% males) were enrolled. Imaging and clinical features were analyzed by machine learning to determine predictors of phenoconversion.

RESULTS

Machine learning analysis showed that clinical data alone poorly predicted phenoconversion. Presynaptic dopaminergic imaging significantly improved the prediction, especially in combination with clinical data, with 77% sensitivity and 85% specificity in differentiating RBD due to synucleinopathy from non phenoconverted RBD patients, and 85% sensitivity and 86% specificity in discriminating PD-converters from DLB-converters. Quantification of presynaptic dopaminergic imaging showed that an empirical z-score cutoff of -1.0 at the most affected hemisphere putamen characterized RBD due to synucleinopathy patients, while a cutoff of -1.0 at the most affected hemisphere putamen/caudate ratio characterized PD-converters.

INTERPRETATION

Clinical data alone poorly predicted phenoconversion in RBD due to synucleinopathy patients. Conversely, presynaptic dopaminergic imaging allows a good prediction of forthcoming phenoconversion diagnosis. This finding may be used in designing future disease-modifying trials. ANN NEUROL 2024;95:1178-1192.

Clinical and dopaminergic imaging characteristics of the FARPRESTO cohort of trial-ready idiopathic rapid eye movement sleep behavior patients

INTRODUCTION

Idiopathic/isolated rapid eye movement (REM) sleep behavior disorder (iRBD) is considered the prodromal stage of alpha-synucleinopathies. Thus, iRBD patients are the ideal target for disease-modifying therapy. The risk FActoRs PREdictive of phenoconversion in iRBD Italian STudy (FARPRESTO) is an ongoing Italian database aimed at identifying risk factors of phenoconversion, and eventually to ease clinical trial enrollment of well-characterized subjects.

METHODS

Polysomnography-confirmed iRBD patients were retrospectively and prospectively enrolled. Baseline harmonized clinical and nigrostriatal functioning data were collected at baseline. Nigrostriatal functioning was evaluated by dopamine transporter-single-photon emission computed tomography (DaT-SPECT) and categorized with visual semi-quantification. Longitudinal data were evaluated to assess phenoconversion. Cox regressions were applied to calculate hazard ratios.

RESULTS

365 patients were enrolled, and 289 patients with follow-up (age 67.7 ± 7.3 years, 237 males, mean follow-up 40 ± 37 months) were included in this study. At follow-up, 97 iRBD patients (33.6%) phenoconverted to an overt synucleinopathy. Older age, motor and cognitive impairment, constipation, urinary and sexual dysfunction, depression, and visual semi-quantification of nigrostriatal functioning predicted phenoconversion. The remaining 268 patients are in follow-up within the FARPRESTO project.

CONCLUSIONS

Clinical data (older age, motor and cognitive impairment, constipation, urinary and sexual dysfunction, depression) predicted phenoconversion in this multicenter, longitudinal, observational study. A standardized visual approach for semi-quantification of DaT-SPECT is proposed as a practical risk factor for phenoconversion in iRBD patients. Of note, non-converted and newly diagnosed iRBD patients, who represent a trial-ready cohort for upcoming disease-modification trials, are currently being enrolled and followed in the FARPRESTO study. New data are expected to allow better risk characterization.

Determining the minimum duration of treatment in tuberculosis: An order restricted non-inferiority trial design

Tuberculosis (TB) is one of the biggest killers among infectious diseases worldwide. Together with the identification of drugs that can provide benefits to patients, the challenge in TB is also the optimisation of the duration of these treatments. While conventional duration of treatment in TB is 6 months, there is evidence that shorter durations might be as effective but could be associated with fewer side effects and may be associated with better adherence. Based on a recent proposal of an adaptive order-restricted superiority design that employs the ordering assumptions within various duration of the same drug, we propose a non-inferiority (typically used in TB trials) adaptive design that effectively uses the order assumption. Together with the general construction of the hypothesis testing and expression for type I and type II errors, we focus on how the novel design was proposed for a TB trial concept. We consider a number of practical aspects such as choice of the design parameters, randomisation ratios, and timings of the interim analyses, and how these were discussed with the clinical team.

An ancestral molecular response to nanomaterial particulates

The varied transcriptomic response to nanoparticles has hampered the understanding of the mechanism of action. Here, by performing a meta-analysis of a large collection of transcriptomics data from various engineered nanoparticle exposure studies, we identify common patterns of gene regulation that impact the transcriptomic response. Analysis identifies deregulation of immune functions as a prominent response across different exposure studies. Looking at the promoter regions of these genes, a set of binding sites for zinc finger transcription factors C2H2, involved in cell stress responses, protein misfolding and chromatin remodelling and immunomodulation, is identified. The model can be used to explain the outcomes of mechanism of action and is observed across a range of species indicating this is a conserved part of the innate immune system.

A Bayesian multi-arm multi-stage clinical trial design incorporating information about treatment ordering

Multi-Arm Multi-Stage (MAMS) designs can notably improve efficiency in later stages of drug development, but they can be suboptimal when an order in the effects of the arms can be assumed. In this work, we propose a Bayesian multi-arm multi-stage trial design that selects all promising treatments with high probability and can efficiently incorporate information about the order in the treatment effects as well as incorporate prior knowledge on the treatments. A distinguishing feature of the proposed design is that it allows taking into account the uncertainty of the treatment effect order assumption and does not assume any parametric arm-response model. The design can provide control of the family-wise error rate under specific values of the control mean and we illustrate its operating characteristics in a study of symptomatic asthma. Via simulations, we compare the novel Bayesian design with frequentist multi-arm multi-stage designs and a frequentist order restricted design that does not account for the order uncertainty and demonstrate the gains in the sample sizes the proposed design can provide. We also find that the proposed design is robust to violations of the assumptions on the order.

A new system of authorship best assessment

Purpose

The standard bibliometric indexes ("m-quotient "H-," "H2-," "g-," "a-," "m-," and "r-" index) do not considered the research' position in the author list of the paper. We proposed a new methodology, System of Authorship Best Assessment (SABA), to characterize the scientific output based on authors' position.

Material and Methods

Four classes S1A, S1B, S2A, and S2B include only papers where the researcher is in first, first/last, first/second/last, and first/second/second-last/last position respectively were used for the calculation of H-index and number of citations The system was tested with Noble prize winners controlled with researchers matched for H-index. The different in percentage between standard bibliometric index and S2B was calculated and compared.

Results

The percentage differences in Noble prize winners between S2B-H-index versus Global H-index and number of citations is very lower comparing with control group (median 4.15% [adjusted 95% CI, 2.54-5.30] vs 9.00 [adjusted 95% CI, 7.16-11.84], p < 0.001; average difference 8.7% vs 20.3%). All different in percentage between standard bibliometric index and S2B except two (H2- and m-index) were significantly lower among Noble prize compared with control group.

Conclusion

The SABA methodology better weight the research impact by showing that for excellent profiles the S2B is similar to global values whereas for other researchers there is a significant difference.

Analysis of Poly(thiourethane) Covalent Adaptable Network through Broadband Dielectric Spectroscopy

The dielectric spectra of the poly(thiourethane) network, HDI-S3, have been analyzed to know the nature and the cooperativity of each of the six dielectric processes observed. At low temperatures, γ₁, γ₂, and β dielectric relaxations were attributed to noncooperative local motions in the glassy state, in which apparent activation energies are 30, 36, and 60 kJ·mol^-1, respectively. At higher temperatures, three dielectric relaxations are observed (α_Tg, α*, ρ). The α_Tg relaxation is attributed to the glass transition, and it is overlapped with the α* relaxation. The molecular origin of α* relaxation is associated with the bond exchange reaction. Finally, the ρ relaxation is ascribed to the heterogeneity of the sample although its origin is uncertain. The DC conductivity (σ_DC) is found to be an appropriate variable to analyze the bond exchange reaction. Accordingly, the HDI-S3 has a molecular exchange mechanism of dissociative nature.

What is the expected benefit of patient-centric clinical development in oncology?

The identification and quantification of predictive biomarkers characterize personalized medicine approaches and patient-centric clinical development. In practice, the sponsor needs evaluating whether biomarker-informed clinical development strategies are more likely to benefit current and future patients. To this end, a simple metric is proposed and assessed here quantifying the expected clinical benefit (ECB) of clinical development programmes. Using simulation scenarios and endpoints relevant to oncology, the ECB of a simple biomarker-informed strategy is shown to be specific and sensitive. Also, the ECB difference is shown to increase in the biomarker-driven incremental efficacy and with the population prevalence of biomarker-positive study participants.

Exploring the relationship between bacterial genera and lipid metabolism in bovine rumen

The rumen is characterised by a complex microbial ecosystem, which is particularly active in lipid metabolism. Several studies demonstrated a role of diet and breed on bacterial community profile, with the effect on metabolic pathways. Despite the knowledge achieved on metabolism and the bacterial profile, little is known about the relationship between individual bacteria and metabolic pathways. Therefore, a multivariate approach was used to search for possible relationships between bacteria and products of several pathways. The correlation between rumen bacterial community composition and rumen lipid metabolism was assessed in 40 beef steers (20 Maremmana and 20 Aubrac) reared with the same system and fed the same diet. A canonical discriminant analysis combined with a canonical correlation analysis (CCA) was performed to explore this correlation. The variables showing a Pearson correlation higher than 0.6 as absolute value and significant were retained for CCA considering the relationship of bacterial composition with several metabolic pathways. The results indicated that some bacterial genera could have significant impacts on the presence of several fatty acids. However, the relationship between genera and fatty acid changes according to the breed, demonstrating that the metabolic pathways change according to the host genetic background, related to breed evolution, although there is also an intra-breed genetic background which should not be ignored. In Maremmana, Succiniclasticum and Rikenellaceae_RC9_gut_group showed a high positive correlation with dimethylacetals (DMAs) DMA_C13:0, DMA_C14:0, DMA_C14:0iso, DMA_C15:0, DMA_C15:0iso, and DMA_C18:0. Prevotellaceae_UCG-003 correlates with C18:3c9c12c15 and C18:1t11, while Fibrobacter and Succiniclasticum correlate with C18:2c9t11 and Lachnospiraceae_NK3A20_group correlates with C18:1c12. Prevotellaceae_UCG-003, Ruminococcaceae_UCG-010, and Oribacterium showed a positive correlation with C13:0iso, and C17:0. Conversely, in Aubrac, Treponema_2 and Rikenellaceae_RC9_gut_group correlated with DMA_C14:0iso, DMA_C16:0iso, DMA_C17:0iso, while Ruminococcaceae_UCG-010, Christensenellaceae_R-7_group and Ruminococcaceae_NK4A214_group correlated with DMA_C18:1t11, DMA_C14:0, DMA_C18:1c12. Acetitomaculum correlated with C18:2c9c12, C18:1c12, C18:1c13, C18:1t12 and Lachnospiraceae_NK3A20_group with C18:1t6-8 and C18:1t9. Saccharofermentas, Ruminococcaceae_UCG-010 and Rikenellaceae_RC9_gut_group correlated with C18:2c9t11 while, Prevotellaceae_UCG-001 and Ruminococcus_1 correlated with C14:0iso, C15:0, C15:0iso, C17:0. Saccharofermentans, Rikenellaceae_RC9_gut_group, Ruminococcaceae_NK4A214_group, and Ruminococcaceae_UCG-010 correlated with C13:1c12 and C16:0iso. These results lead to hypothesise a possible association between several metabolic pathways and one or a few bacterial genera. If these associations are confirmed by further investigations that verify the causality of a bacterial genus with a particular metabolic process, it will be possible to deepen the knowledge on the activity of the rumen population in lipid metabolism. This approach appears to be a promising tool for uncovering the correlation between bacterial genera and products of rumen lipid metabolism.

A12 STEPWISE COORDINATION OF COLONIC NEUTROPHILS AND INNATE LYMPHOID CELLS IN THE ONSET AND RESOLUTION OF CLOSTRIDIOIDES DIFFICILE TOXIN-INDUCED INJURY

Background

While our understanding and use of treatments for Clostridioides difficile infection (CDI) has improved, initial CDI still carries significant morbidity and mortality owing to heterogeneity in host immune responses. Further, host immunity is a critical modulator of fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) success in CDI. Thus, understanding the host immune response during CDI is essential.

Aims

To assess the cellular immune responses that trigger the onset and resolution of injury and inflammation in CDI.

Methods

Colonic injury and inflammation triggered by CDI was modelled in mice using intrarectal installation of C. difficile toxins A and B (TcdA/B). Colonic tissue was collected at various timepoints following TcdA/B exposure to assess gene expression (qPCR), cytokine production (ELISA) and immune cell responses (flow cytometry). Knockout mice and neutralizing antibodies were used to deplete cytokines or cells.

Results

Examinion of colonic gene expression at different times following TcdA/B exposure found a dominant transcriptional signature related to neutrophil adhesion and diapedesis. In addition to the typical neutrophil chemokines Cxcl1 and Cxcl2, TcdA/B exposure also increased expression of neutrophil effector genes including Elane (neutrophil elastase). Neutrophil influx in response to TcdA/B was a critical driver of intestinal injury as antibody-mediated depletion of neutrophils lead to significantly less damage in the colon following TcdA/B exposure. Along with neutrophil influx, there were high levels of antimicrobial gene expression in the colon after TcdA/B exposure including RegIIIγ, S100a8, and Socs3, all genes regulated by IL-22. Upon further investigation, IL-22 was a significant mediator in the host response to TcdA/B exposure as it was upregulated >150-fold in the colon and originated from type 3 innate lymphoid cells (ILC3). Further, TcdA/B exposure in IL-22^-/- mice lead to significantly more colonic damage compared to wildtype (WT) mice. Subsequent screening of previously published RNAseq data from IL-22-treated mouse colonic organoids identified various upregulated proteins involved in immune regulation, including the gene Slpi that encodes a protein (secretory leukocyte peptidase inhibitor) that inhibits leukocyte proteases, including neutrophil elastase. While TcdA/B challenge robustly induced the expression of Slpi in the colon of WT mice, IL-22^-/- mice failed to express increased levels of Slpi and had greater levels of neutrophil elastase activity in the colon.

Conclusions

Together these data suggest a stepwise immune response to TcdA/B where ILC3 produce IL-22 to induce epithelial release of SLPI that attenuates the damaging effects of early neutrophil responses. Strategies to upregulate IL-22 may help control damage triggered by CDI and promote resolution of injury.

Funding Agencies

Lloyd Sutherland Chair in GI Research, Canadian Research Chair

Multimodality Imaging in Ischemic Chronic Cardiomyopathy

Ischemic chronic cardiomyopathy (ICC) is still one of the most common cardiac diseases leading to the development of myocardial ischemia, infarction, or heart failure. The application of several imaging modalities can provide information regarding coronary anatomy, coronary artery disease, myocardial ischemia and tissue characterization. In particular, coronary computed tomography angiography (CCTA) can provide information regarding coronary plaque stenosis, its composition, and the possible evaluation of myocardial ischemia using fractional flow reserve CT or CT perfusion. Cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) can be used to evaluate cardiac function as well as the presence of ischemia. In addition, CMR can be used to characterize the myocardial tissue of hibernated or infarcted myocardium. Echocardiography is the most widely used technique to achieve information regarding function and myocardial wall motion abnormalities during myocardial ischemia. Nuclear medicine can be used to evaluate perfusion in both qualitative and quantitative assessment. In this review we aim to provide an overview regarding the different noninvasive imaging techniques for the evaluation of ICC, providing information ranging from the anatomical assessment of coronary artery arteries to the assessment of ischemic myocardium and myocardial infarction. In particular this review is going to show the different noninvasive approaches based on the specific clinical history of patients with ICC.

An order restricted multi-arm multi-stage clinical trial design

One family of designs that can noticeably improve efficiency in later stages of drug development are multi-arm multi-stage (MAMS) designs. They allow several arms to be studied concurrently and gain efficiency by dropping poorly performing treatment arms during the trial as well as by allowing to stop early for benefit. Conventional MAMS designs were developed for the setting, in which treatment arms are independent and hence can be inefficient when an order in the effects of the arms can be assumed (eg, when considering different treatment durations or different doses). In this work, we extend the MAMS framework to incorporate the order of treatment effects when no parametric dose-response or duration-response model is assumed. The design can identify all promising treatments with high probability. We show that the design provides strong control of the family-wise error rate and illustrate the design in a study of symptomatic asthma. Via simulations we show that the inclusion of the ordering information leads to better decision-making compared to a fixed sample and a MAMS design. Specifically, in the considered settings, reductions in sample size of around 15% were achieved in comparison to a conventional MAMS design.

Entropy and complexity unveil the landscape of memes evolution

On the Internet, information circulates fast and widely, and the form of content adapts to comply with users’ cognitive abilities. Memes are an emerging aspect of the internet system of signification, and their visual schemes evolve by adapting to a heterogeneous context. A fundamental question is whether they present culturally and temporally transcendent characteristics in their organizing principles. In this work, we study the evolution of 2 million visual memes published on Reddit over ten years, from 2011 to 2020, in terms of their statistical complexity and entropy. A combination of a deep neural network and a clustering algorithm is used to group memes according to the underlying templates. The grouping of memes is the cornerstone to trace the growth curve of these objects. We observe an exponential growth of the number of new created templates with a doubling time of approximately 6 months, and find that long-lasting templates are associated with strong early adoption. Notably, the creation of new memes is accompanied with an increased visual complexity of memes content, in a continuous effort to represent social trends and attitudes, that parallels a trend observed also in painting art.

Volume of White Matter Hyperintensities, and Cerebral Micro-Bleeds

PURPOSE

In the past years the significance of white matter hyperintensities (WMH) has gained raising attention because it is considered a marker of severity of different pathologies. Another condition that in the last years has been assessed in the neuroradiology field is cerebral microbleeds (CMB). The purpose of this work was to evaluate the association between the volume of WMH and the presence and characteristics of CMB.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

Sixty-five consecutive (males 45; median age 70) subjects were retrospectively analyzed with a 1.5 Tesla scanner. WMH volume was quantified with a semi-automated procedure considering the FLAIR MR sequences whereas the CMB were studied with the SWI technique and CMBs were classified as absent (grade 1), mild (grade 2; total number of CMBs: 1-2), moderate (grade 3; total number of CMBs: 3-10), and severe (grade 4; total number of CMBs: >10). Moreover, overall number of CMBs and the maximum diameter were registered.

RESULTS

Prevalence of CMBs was 30.76% whereas WMH 81.5%. Mann-Whitney test showed a statistically significant difference in WMH volume between subjects with and without CMBs (p < 0.001). Pearson analysis showed significant correlation between CMB grade, number and maximum diameter and WMH. The better ROC area under the curve (Az) was obtained by the hemisphere volume with a 0.828 (95% CI from 0.752 to 0,888; SD = 0.0427; p value = 0.001). The only parameters that showed a statistically significant association in the logistic regression analysis were Hemisphere volume of WMH (p = 0.001) and Cholesterol LDL (p = 0.0292).

CONCLUSION

In conclusion, the results of this study suggest the presence of a significant correlation between CMBs and volume of WMH. No differences were found between the different vascular territories.

Influence of Rogowski coil structure for sub-ns current pulses

Short current pulses are very diffuse and have also been used in many electronic devices for biological stress recently. In order to measure these current pulses, Rogowski coils are applied. In this work, we focus our efforts on the structure of the Rogowski box, which has a narrow slit, needed to correctly lead the current to be diagnosed. The attenuation coefficient depends mainly on the inductance values, the load resistance, and the virtual capacitance between coil and ground. Until now, the influence of the slit length and its width was never considered. We have studied, either theoretically or experimentally, the influence of the slit dimensions on calibration factor variations. The attenuation factor ranged from 11.3 to 16.3 A/V for s ranging from 0.8 to 0.2 mm, respectively. The device we realized is able to perform precise measurements of sub-nanosecond rise time pulses (∼100 ps).

Volume of White Matter Hyperintensities, and Cerebral Micro-Bleeds

PURPOSE

In the past years the significance of white matter hyperintensities (WMH) has gained raising attention because it is considered a marker of severity of different pathologies. Another condition that in the last years has been assessed in the neuroradiology field is cerebral microbleeds (CMB). The purpose of this work was to evaluate the association between the volume of WMH and the presence and characteristics of CMB.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

Sixty-five consecutive (males 45; median age 70) subjects were retrospectively analyzed with a 1.5 Tesla scanner. WMH volume was quantified with a semi-automated procedure considering the FLAIR MR sequences whereas the CMB were studied with the SWI technique and CMBs were classified as absent (grade 1), mild (grade 2; total number of CMBs: 1-2), moderate (grade 3; total number of CMBs: 3-10), and severe (grade 4; total number of CMBs: >10). Moreover, overall number of CMBs and the maximum diameter were registered.

RESULTS

Prevalence of CMBs was 30.76% whereas WMH 81.5%. Mann-Whitney test showed a statistically significant difference in WMH volume between subjects with and without CMBs (p < 0.001). Pearson analysis showed significant correlation between CMB grade, number and maximum diameter and WMH. The better ROC area under the curve (Az) was obtained by the hemisphere volume with a 0.828 (95% CI from 0.752 to 0,888; SD = 0.0427; p value = 0.001). The only parameters that showed a statistically significant association in the logistic regression analysis were Hemisphere volume of WMH (p = 0.001) and Cholesterol LDL (p = 0.0292).

CONCLUSION

In conclusion, the results of this study suggest the presence of a significant correlation between CMBs and volume of WMH. No differences were found between the different vascular territories.

Metabolomic analysis of plasma from breast tumour patients. A pilot study

BACKGROUND

Patients at risk of breast cancer are submitted to mammography, resulting in a classification of the lesions following the Breast Imaging Reporting and Data System (BI-RADS®). Due to BI-RADS 3 classification problems and the great uncertainty of the possible evolution of this kind of tumours, the integration of mammographic imaging with other techniques and markers of pathology, as metabolic information, may be advisable.

DESIGN AND METHODS

Our study aims to evaluate the possibility to quantify by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) specific metabolites in the plasma of patients with mammograms classified from BI-RADS 3 to BI-RADS 5, to find similarities or differences in their metabolome. Samples from BI-RADS 3 to 5 patients were compared with samples from a healthy control group. This pilot project aimed at establishing the sensitivity of the metabolomic classification of blood samples of patients undergoing breast radiological analysis and to support a better classification of mammographic cases.

RESULTS

Metabolomic analysis revealed a panel of metabolites more abundant in healthy controls, as 3-aminoisobutyric acid, cholesterol, cysteine, stearic, linoleic and palmitic fatty acids. The comparison between samples from BI-RADS 3 and BI-RADS 5 patients, revealed the importance of 4-hydroxyproline, found in higher amount in BI-RADS 3 subjects.

CONCLUSION

Although the low sample number did not allow the attainment of high validated statistical models, some interesting data were obtained, revealing the potential of metabolomics for an improvement in the classification of different mammographic lesions.

Type 2 diabetes preventive effects with a 12-months sardine-enriched diet in elderly population with prediabetes: An interventional, randomized and controlled trial

BACKGROUND

Fish could play a role in preventing type 2 diabetes (T2D) but there has been little specification about the type of fish and the preventive mechanism involved in its health claim. The sardine is a source of omega-3 and taurine that, in isolation or in synergy, would produce T2D-delaying through different molecular mechanism.

HYPOTHESIS

The consumption of twice a week of sardine, during one year would reduce T2D-developing risk in a population with prediabetes (preDM) and old age.

DESIGN

152 subjects with fasting glucose between 100-124 mg/dL aged ≥65 yo were recruited from three primary care centers in Barcelona and were randomly distributed among two interventional groups: control group (CG) and sardine group (SG). Both groups received same T2D-prevention nutritional during a year but only SG had to add 200 g of sardine per week. All variables were collected before to start and at the end of the diet. (ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT03557541).

RESULTS

152 people were randomized into CG (n=77) and SG (n=75) with 18 and 12 drop outs respectively. Subjects in SG, significantly compared to CG, decreased percentage classified-individuals in a very high risk group to develop T2D according to FINDRISC (p=0.035). In addition to increasing HDL-cholesterol and adiponectin and decreasing triglycerides (p<0.05) and blood pressure (<0.05), SG showed a lower HOMA-IR (p=0.032). The consumption of sardine characteristics nutrients as omega-3, EPA and DHA, vitamin D, fluorine and taurine were higher for SG (p<0.05). These results agreed with the increased of taurine, fatty acid (FA) omega-3 and bile acids circulating metabolites (p<0.05). Changes erythrocyte membrane FA were detected only in SG with a decrease of 5 omega-6 FA (p<0.001) and an increase of 3 omega-3 FA types (p<0.001).

CONCLUSION

We conclude that a year T2D-prevention diet with sardine supplementation has a greater protective effect against developing T2D and CV events.

Dopaminergic imaging and clinical predictors for phenoconversion of REM sleep behaviour disorder

This is an international multicentre study aimed at evaluating the combined value of dopaminergic neuroimaging and clinical features in predicting future phenoconversion of idiopathic REM sleep behaviour (iRBD) subjects to overt synucleinopathy. Nine centres sent 123I-FP-CIT-SPECT data of 344 iRBD patients and 256 controls for centralized analysis. 123I-FP-CIT-SPECT images were semiquantified using DaTQUANTTM, obtaining putamen and caudate specific to non-displaceable binding ratios (SBRs). The following clinical variables were also analysed: (i) Movement Disorder Society-sponsored revision of the Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale, motor section score; (ii) Mini-Mental State Examination score; (iii) constipation; and (iv) hyposmia. Kaplan-Meier survival analysis was performed to estimate conversion risk. Hazard ratios for each variable were calculated with Cox regression. A generalized logistic regression model was applied to identify the best combination of risk factors. Bayesian classifier was used to identify the baseline features predicting phenoconversion to parkinsonism or dementia. After quality check of the data, 263 iRBD patients (67.6 ± 7.3 years, 229 males) and 243 control subjects (67.2 ± 10.1 years, 110 males) were analysed. Fifty-two (20%) patients developed a synucleinopathy after average follow-up of 2 years. The best combination of risk factors was putamen dopaminergic dysfunction of the most affected hemisphere on imaging, defined as the lower value between either putamina (P < 0.000001), constipation, (P < 0.000001) and age over 70 years (P = 0.0002). Combined features obtained from the generalized logistic regression achieved a hazard ratio of 5.71 (95% confidence interval 2.85-11.43). Bayesian classifier suggested that patients with higher Mini-Mental State Examination score and lower caudate SBR asymmetry were more likely to develop parkinsonism, while patients with the opposite pattern were more likely to develop dementia. This study shows that iRBD patients older than 70 with constipation and reduced nigro-putaminal dopaminergic function are at high risk of short-term phenoconversion to an overt synucleinopathy, providing an effective stratification approach for future neuroprotective trials. Moreover, we provide cut-off values for the significant predictors of phenoconversion to be used in single subjects.

COVID-19 and the forgotten pandemic: follow-up of neurocognitive disorders during lockdown in Argentina

Introduction

Health systems in numerous countries around the world are suffering a serious burden as a consequence of the COVID-19 pandemic. As a result of this situation, the follow-up of such chronic diseases as dementia may be at risk. Similarly, neuropsychiatric complications related to lockdown measures may also be neglected; Argentina’s lockdown has been the longest implemented in Latin America. This study aims to determine the frequency of the different types of medical consultations for neurocognitive disorders and the predictors for requiring consultation since the beginning of the lockdown.

Methods

We performed a descriptive, observational, cross-sectional study based on data collected through an online survey.

Results

Data were collected on 324 participants, with 165 (50.9%) having had at least one medical consultation. Consultations were held by telephone in 109 cases (33.6%), by e-mail in 62 (19.1%), by video conference in 30 (9.3%), and at the emergency department in 23 (7.1%). Predictors of requiring consultation were Clinical Dementia Rating scores ≥1 (P < .001) and diagnosis of Alzheimer disease (P = .017). Higher Neuropsychiatric Inventory scores were found in the group of respondents who did require medical consultation (P < .001), but no significant differences were found between groups for Zarit Burden Interview scores.

Conclusion

We identified a high prevalence of behavioural disorders and caregiver burden during lockdown. Nevertheless, only 50% of respondents had sought medical consultation (by telephone or email in 52.7% of cases). Care of people with dementia must be emphasised, guaranteeing follow-up of these patients.

COVID-19 and the forgotten pandemic: follow-up of neurocognitive disorders during lockdown in Argentina

INTRODUCTION

Health systems in numerous countries around the world are suffering a serious burden as a consequence of the COVID-19 pandemic. As a result of this situation, the follow-up of such chronic diseases as dementia may be at risk. Similarly, neuropsychiatric complications related to lockdown measures may also be neglected; Argentina's lockdown has been the longest implemented in Latin America. This study aims to determine the frequency of the different types of medical consultations for neurocognitive disorders and the predictors for requiring consultation since the beginning of the lockdown.

METHODS

We performed a descriptive, observational, cross-sectional study based on data collected through an online survey.

RESULTS

Data were collected on 324 participants, with 165 (50.9%) having had at least one medical consultation. Consultations were held by telephone in 109 cases (33.6%), by e-mail in 62 (19.1%), by video conference in 30 (9.3%), and at the emergency department in 23 (7.1%). Predictors of requiring consultation were Clinical Dementia Rating scores ≥1 (P<.001) and diagnosis of Alzheimer disease (P=.017). Higher Neuropsychiatric Inventory scores were found in the group of respondents who did require medical consultation (P<.001), but no significant differences were found between groups for Zarit Burden Interview scores.

CONCLUSION

We identified a high prevalence of behavioural disorders and caregiver burden during lockdown. Nevertheless, only 50% of respondents had sought medical consultation (by telephone or email in 52.7% of cases). Care of people with dementia must be emphasised, guaranteeing follow-up of these patients.