Plastocapillarity: Partial and full Newtonian drop embedding into immiscible yield stress substrates

HYPOTHESIS

Recent advances have been made in elastocapillarity; reversible 3D deformations of solid substrates with low elastic moduli from the surface tension of deposited drops. This study explores permanent deformations caused by liquid drops on immiscible yield stress substrates. We hypothesize that the substrate's rheological properties play a major role in determining the shape and stability of the drop-substrate interface, and govern partial or full embedding into the substrate.

EXPERIMENTS

Substrate yield stress magnitudes are modified through altering the mixture ratios of petroleum jelly to paraffin oil. Water drops are deposited on substrates and deformation profiles of the deformed interface are quantified.

FINDINGS

Above a critical Bingham-Capillary number, which characterizes the ratio of yield stress magnitude to surface tension, deposited water drops deform the substrate surface permanently, but minimally. Below this value, drops become increasingly embedded as the substrate yield stress magnitude decreases, with larger indentation depths and increased circumferential ridge heights. With sufficiently low yield stress magnitudes, where surface tension forces dominate over yield stress forces, the plastically deformed ridges fully encapsulate the liquid drop surface, resulting in full drop embedding within the substrate. These results advance knowledge of interfacial wetting on soft yield stress substrates and has implications for binary fluids, functional materials, and new drug delivery systems.

Developmental ethanol exposure produces deficits in long-term potentiation in vivo that persist following postnatal choline supplementation

BACKGROUND

Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD) is one of the leading causes of neurodevelopmental disorder for which there is a pressing need for an effective treatment. Recent studies have investigated the essential nutrient choline as a postnatal treatment option. Supplementation with choline has produced improvements in behavioral tasks related to learning and memory and reverted changes in methylation signature following third-trimester equivalent ethanol exposure. We examined whether there are related improvements in hippocampal synaptic plasticity in vivo.

METHODS

Sprague-Dawley offspring were administered binge-levels of ethanol from postnatal day (PND) 4 to 9, then treated with choline chloride (100 mg/kg/day) from PND 10 to 30. In vivo electrophysiology was performed on male and female offspring from PND 55 to 70. Long-term potentiation (LTP) was induced in the medial perforant pathway of the dentate gyrus using a theta-burst stimulation (TBS) protocol, and field-evoked postsynaptic potentials (EPSPs) were evoked for 60 min following the conditioning stimulus.

RESULTS

Developmental ethanol exposure caused long-lasting deficits in LTP of the slope of the evoked responses and in the amplitude of the population spike potentiation. Neither deficit was rescued by postnatal choline supplementation.

CONCLUSIONS

In contrast to our prior findings that choline can improve hippocampal plasticity (Nutrients, 2022, 14, 2004), here we found that deficits in hippocampal synaptic plasticity due to developmental ethanol exposure persisted into adulthood despite adolescent choline supplementation. Future research should examine more subtle changes in synaptic plasticity to identify synaptic changes that mirror behavioral improvements.

Direct measurements of luminal Ca 2+ with endo-lysosomal GFP-aequorin reveal functional IP 3 receptors

Endo-lysosomes are considered acidic Ca 2+ stores but direct measurements of luminal Ca 2+ within them are limited. Here we report that the Ca 2+ -sensitive luminescent protein aequorin does not reconstitute with its cofactor at highly acidic pH but that a significant fraction of the probe is functional within a mildly acidic compartment when targeted to the endo-lysosomal system. We leveraged this probe (ELGA) to report Ca 2+ dynamics in this compartment. We show that Ca 2+ uptake is ATP-dependent and sensitive to blockers of endoplasmic reticulum Ca 2+ pumps. We find that the Ca 2+ mobilizing messenger IP 3 which typically targets the endoplasmic reticulum evokes robust luminal responses in wild type cells, but not in IP 3 receptor knock-out cells. Responses were comparable to those evoked by activation of the endo-lysosomal ion channel TRPML1. Stimulation with IP 3 -forming agonists also mobilized the store in intact cells. Super-resolution microscopy analysis confirmed the presence of IP 3 receptors within the endo-lysosomal system, both in live and fixed cells. Our data reveal a physiologically-relevant, IP 3 -sensitive store of Ca 2+ within the endo-lysosomal system.

Child and adolescent COVID-19 vaccination coverage by educational setting, United States

OBJECTIVES

The COVID-19 pandemic changed the setting of education for many children in the U.S. Understanding COVID-19 vaccination coverage by educational setting is important for developing targeted messages, increasing parents' confidence in COVID-19 vaccines, and protecting all children from severe effects of COVID-19 infection.

STUDY DESIGN/METHODS

Using data from the Household Pulse Survey (n = 25,173) collected from December 9-19, 2022, January 4-16, 2023, and February 1-13, 2023, this study assessed factors associated with COVID-19 vaccination and reasons for non-vaccination among school-aged children 5-11 and adolescents 12-17 by educational setting.

RESULTS

Among children 5-11 years, COVID-19 vaccination coverage was higher among those who received in-person instruction (53.7%) compared to those who were homeschooled (32.5%). Furthermore, among adolescents 12-17 years, COVID-19 vaccination coverage was higher among those who received in-person instruction (73.5%) or virtual/online instruction (70.1%) compared to those who were homeschooled (51.0%). Children and adolescents were more likely to be vaccinated if the parental respondent had been vaccinated compared to those who had not. Among children and adolescents who were homeschooled, main reasons for non-vaccination were concern about side effects (45.4-51.6%), lack of trust in COVID-19 vaccines (45.0-50.9%), and lack of trust in the government (32.7-39.2%).

CONCLUSIONS

Children and adolescents who were home-schooled during the pandemic had lower vaccination coverage than those who attended school in person, and adolescents who were home-schooled had lower vaccination coverage than those who received virtual instruction. Based on the reasons for non-vaccination identified in this study, increasing parental confidence in vaccines, and reducing barriers to access are important for supporting COVID-19 vaccination for school-age children.

[High-throughput sequencing for infectious disease diagnoses: Example of shotgun metagenomics in central nervous system infections]

The advent of high-throughput sequencing in clinical microbiology is opening the way to new diagnostic and prognostic approaches in infectious diseases. Detection, identification and characterisation of pathogenic microorganisms are essential steps in diagnosis and implementation of appropriate antimicrobial therapy. However, standard methods of microbiological diagnosis are failing in some cases. In addition, the emergence of new infections, facilitated by international travel and global warming, requires the implementation of innovative diagnostic methods. Among the different strategies used in clinical microbiology and reviewed in this article, shotgun metagenomics is the only technique that allows today a panpathogenic and unbiased detection of all microorganisms potentially responsible for an infectious disease, including those still unknown. The aims of this article are to present the different possible strategies of high-throughput sequencing used in the microbiological diagnosis of infectious diseases and to highlight the diagnostic contribution of shotgun metagenomics in the field of central nervous system infections.

Considerations for the development of guidance on dose level selection for developmental and reproductive toxicity studies

In 2022, the European Chemicals Agency issued advice on the selection of high dose levels for developmental and reproductive toxicity (DART) studies indicating that the highest dose tested should aim to induce clear evidence of reproductive toxicity without excessive toxicity and severe suffering in parental animals. In addition, a recent publication advocated that a 10% decrease in body weight gain should be replaced with a 10% decrease in bodyweight as a criterion for dose adequacy. Experts from the European Centre for Ecotoxicology and Toxicology of Chemicals evaluated these recent developments and their potential impact on study outcomes and interpretation and identified that the advice was not aligned with OECD test guidelines or with humane endpoints guidance. Furthermore, data analysis from DART studies indicated that a 10% decrease in maternal body weight during gestation equates to a 25% decrease in body weight gain, which differs from the consensus of experts at a 2010 ILSI/HESI workshop. Dose selection should be based on a biological approach that considers a range of other factors. Excessive dose levels that cause frank toxicity and overwhelm homeostasis should be avoided as they can give rise to effects that are not relevant to human health assessments.

Medical students' perceptions on preparedness and care delivery for patients with autism or intellectual disability

Introduction

To provide competent care to patients with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) or intellectual developmental disorder (IDD), healthcare professionals must recognize the needs of neurodivergent populations and adapt their clinical approach. We assessed the perceived preparedness of medical students to adapt care delivery for patients with ASD/IDD, as well as their perceptions on neurodiversity education.

Methods

We conducted a sequential explanatory mixed-methods study on undergraduate medical students at McGill University during the academic year 2020-2021. We administered an online survey, followed by semi-structured interviews. We analyzed data using descriptive statistics and thematic analysis. We integrated findings at the interpretation level.

Results

We included two-hundred-ten survey responses (~29% of class), and 12 interviews. Few students felt prepared to adjust care for patients with ASD/IDD despite most indicating doing so was important. Ninety-seven percent desired more training regarding care accommodation for neurodivergent patients. Thematic analysis unveiled the perception of current insufficient education, and the value of experiential learning.

Discussion/Conclusions

This study highlights low perceived preparedness of medical students to accommodate care for neurodivergent patients, and a desire for more instruction. Incorporating interactive training in medical school curricula regarding modifying care delivery for neurodivergent individuals may improve the perceived preparedness of medical trainees to work with these patients and care quality.

High unrecognized SARS-CoV-2 exposure of newly admitted and hospitalized psychiatric patients

BACKGROUND

Patients with pre-existing mental disorders are at higher risk for SARS-CoV-2 infection and adverse outcomes, and severe mental illness, including mood and psychosis spectrum disorders, is associated with increased mortality risk. Despite their increased risk profile, patients with severe mental illness have been understudied during the pandemic, with limited estimates of exposure in inpatient settings.

OBJECTIVE

The aim of this study was to describe the SARS-CoV-2 seroprevalence and antibody titers, and pro-inflammatory cytokine concentrations of newly admitted or hospitalized psychiatric inpatients without known history of COVID-19 infection, using robust quantitative multi-antigen assessments, and compare patients' exposure to that of hospital staff.

METHODS

This multi-centric, cross-sectional study compared SARS-CoV-2 seroprevalence and titers of 285 patients (University Psychiatric Centre Duffel [UPCD] N = 194; Assistance-Publique-Hopitaux de Paris [AP-HP] N = 91), and 192 hospital caregivers (UPCD N = 130; AP-HP N = 62) at two large psychiatric care facilities between January 1st and the May 30th 2021. Serum levels of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies against Spike proteins (full length), spike subunit 1 (S1), spike subunit 2 (S2), spike subunit 1 receptor binding domain (S1-RBD) and Nucleocapsid proteins were quantitatively determined using an advanced capillary Western Blot technique. To assess the robustness of the between-group seroprevalence differences, we performed sensitivity analyses with stringent cut-offs for seropositivity. We also assessed peripheral concentrations of IL-6, IL-8 and TNF-a using ELLA assays. Secondary analyses included comparisons of SARS-CoV-2 seroprevalence and titers between patient diagnostic subgroups, and between newly admitted (hospitalization ≤ 7 days) and hospitalized patients (hospitalization > 7 days) and correlations between serological and cytokines.

RESULTS

Patients had a significantly higher SARS-CoV-2 seroprevalence (67.85 % [95% CI 62.20-73.02]) than hospital caregivers (27.08% [95% CI 21.29-33.77]), and had significantly higher global SARS-CoV-2 titers (F = 29.40, df = 2, p < 0.0001). Moreover, patients had a 2.51-fold (95% CI 1.95-3.20) higher SARS-CoV-2 exposure risk compared to hospital caregivers (Fisher's exact test, P < 0.0001). No difference was found in SARS-CoV-2 seroprevalence and titers between patient subgroups. Patients could be differentiated most accurately from hospital caregivers by their higher Spike protein titers (OR 136.54 [95% CI 43.08-481.98], P < 0.0001), lower S1 (OR 0.06 [95% CI 0.02-0.15], P < 0.0001) titers and higher IL-6 (OR 3.41 [95% CI 1.73-7.24], P < 0.0001) and TNF-α (OR 34.29 [95% CI 5.00-258.87], P < 0.0001) and lower titers of IL-8 (OR 0.13 [95% CI 0.05-0.30], P < 0.0001). Seropositive patients had significantly higher SARS-COV-2 antibody titers compared to seropositive hospital caregivers (F = 19.53, df = 2, P < 0.0001), while titers were not different in seronegative individuals. Pro-inflammatory cytokine concentrations were not associated with serological status.

CONCLUSION

Our work demonstrated a very high unrecognized exposure to SARS-CoV-2 among newly admitted and hospitalized psychiatric inpatients, which is cause for concern in the context of highly robust evidence of adverse outcomes following COVID-19 in psychiatric patients. Attention should be directed toward monitoring and mitigating exposure to infectious agents within psychiatric hospitals.

Electron microscopy approach to the wetting dynamics of single organosilanized mesopores

Columnar mesoporous silicon (PSi) with hydrophobic vs. hydrophilic chemistries was chosen as a model for the local (pore-by-pore) study of water-pore interactions. Tomographic reconstructions provided a 3D view of the ramified pore structure. An in situ study of PSi wetting was conducted for categorized pore diameters by environmental scanning TEM. An appropriate setting of the contrast allows for the normalization of the gray scale in the images as a function of relative humidity (RH). This allows constructing an isotherm for each single pore and a subsequent averaging provides an isotherm for each pore size range. The isotherms systematically point to an initial adsorption through the formation of water adlayers, followed by a capillary filling process at higher RH. The local isotherms correlate with (global) gravimetric determination of wetting. Our results point at the validation of a technique for the study of aging and stability of single-pore nanoscale devices.

Shotgun metagenomic screening to improve the retrospective diagnosis of undocumented intrauterine infections on embedded placenta samples: Lessons from a brucellosis case

BACKGROUND

Microbiological diagnosis of intrauterine infections (IIU) still relies on bacteriological cultures or targeted DNA amplification lacking in sensitivity. Shotgun metagenomics (SMg) is an emerging unbiased molecular approach that makes it possible to sequence all the nucleic acids from any sample. It had never previously been used for IIU.

METHODS

We here report the case of a patient with an unexplained IIU and fetal loss that could be documented by a combined SMg/microbiological approach, leading to the diagnosis of maternal brucellosis.

RESULTS

A 31-year-old woman presented with an undocumented IIU with fetal loss at 24 weeks of gestation. Culture-based work-up failed to identify the pathogen involved. Paraffin-embedded placenta sample was retrospectively analyzed by SMg. Brucella spp nucleic acids were detected, and subacute maternal brucellosis was confirmed by targeted PCR and serological testing.

CONCLUSION

This case provides grounds for further utilization of SMg for the microbiological diagnosis of unexplained obstetrical infections.

Urgent Revascularization of the Left Proximal Circumflex Following Cessation of Cangrelor Within Six Hours of Procedure

Patients undergoing procedures are often transitioned off anticoagulants using anti-platelet agents with short half-lives as a "bridge." We present the case of a patient with a history of in-stent thromboses who experienced a thrombotic event following a literature-guided bridging protocol. This case is one of the first to show that stopping cangrelor within six hours led to a need for urgent revascularization and suggests that the timing for discontinuing bridging agents should be customized based on the patient's history of increased blood clotting.

Use of aequorin-based indicators for monitoring Ca2+ in acidic organelles

Over the last years, there is accumulating evidence that acidic organelles can accumulate and release Ca²⁺ upon cell activation. Hence, reliable recording of Ca²⁺ dynamics in these compartments is essential for understanding the physiopathological aspects of acidic organelles. Genetically encoded Ca²⁺ indicators (GECIs) are valuable tools to monitor Ca²⁺ in specific locations, although their use in acidic compartments is challenging due to the pH sensitivity of most available fluorescent GECIs. By contrast, bioluminescent GECIs have a combination of features (marginal pH sensitivity, low background, no phototoxicity, no photobleaching, high dynamic range and tunable affinity) that render them advantageous to achieve an enhanced signal-to-noise ratio in acidic compartments. This article reviews the use of bioluminescent aequorin-based GECIs targeted to acidic compartments. A need for more measurements in highly acidic compartments is identified.

Human pegivirus identified in severe myelitis and optic neuritis in immunocompromised patients: A pathogenic role for a forgotten virus?

The role of Human pegivirus (HPgV) in patients with encephalitis has been recently questioned. We present cases of 4 patients with similar clinical, biological, and radiological characteristics, including a past history of transplantation with long-term immunosuppression and a progressive course of severe and predominantly myelitis, associated in 3 cases with optic neuropathy causing blindness. Extensive workup was negative but analysis of the CSF by use of pan-microorganism DNA- and RNA-based shotgun metagenomics was positive for HPgV. This case series further supports the hypothesis of HPgV CNS infection and highlights the utility of metagenomic next-generation sequencing of CSF in immunocompromised patients.

P-803 DNA-FISH analysis in testicular tissue cells of prepuberal patients with Klinefelter Syndrome

Study question

Can we accurately assess sex-chromosomes number in testicular cells (germ and somatic) of Klinefelter Syndrome (KS) prepuberal patients by DNA-FISH in paraffin embedded sections?

Summary answer

We have evaluated the sex-chromosomes content of testicular cells in KS prepuberal patients and the presence of XY lines evidenced a gonadal mosaicism status.

What is known already

Prepuberal boys with Klinefelter Syndrome usually have fertility problems in adulthood, mainly azoospermia. Due to the symptoms cause by the disease, Spermatogonial Stem Cells (SSCs) are less abundant and spermatogenesis does not occur. These patients do not have any alternative to restore the fertility in the future. When a boy has both XY and XXY cell lines, this patient is mosaic (46,XY/47,XXY). Meaning some cells could undergo spermatogenesis and generate gametes with normal sex-chromosomes number. The aim of this work is to test if KS patients diagnosed as pure can have testicular cell lines with XY chromosome number (mosaic).

Study design, size, duration

We obtained samples from human prepuberal patients diagnosed with pure Klinefelter Syndrome (47,XXY) for the last 5 years. Testicular biopsy fragments are fixed for histological studies and other fragments are cryopreserved. Some fragments are used for immunofluorescence and subsequently processed by DNA-FISH to determine the sex-chromosomes content of testicular cells.

Participants/materials, setting, methods

In this study, we used 10 prepuberal patients with KS and 5 prepuberal patients with other fertility problems with normal chromosome set as controls. We performed immunofluorescence to determine expression of germ cells (VASA) and SSCs (MAGEA4) markers and somatic cells markers such as Leydig cells (StAR) and Sertoli cells (SOX9). Afterwards, we perform DNA-FISH, with probes specific for chromosomes X and Y and chromosome 18 as a control.

Main results and the role of chance

The methodology used allows cytogenetic characterization of testicular tissue in paraffin embedded sections. Testicular mosaicism has been observed in all patients diagnosed as pure KS. We have observed a degree of mosaicism of 66-80% in SSCs, of 20-50% in Sertoli cells and of 30-50% in Leydig cells.

We pursued a protocol with a good FISH efficiency that allows colocalization of previous immunocharacterized testicular cells.

Limitations, reasons for caution

The DNA-FISH technique is made just in a single paraffin section of each KS patient testicular sample. Due to the limited and difficulty to obtain KS testicular tissue, we use a limited number of samples.

Wider implications of the findings

We succeed to demonstrate the mosaicism of testicular cells in prepuberal patients that are diagnosed with KS. Thus, the better understanding of the SSCs with normal chromosome set (XY) could be useful for future in vitro expansion and stem cell therapies.

Trial registration number

not applicable

CD69 expression on Treg cells prevents chronic heart damage after myocardial infarction

Funding Acknowledgements

Type of funding sources: Public grant(s) – National budget only. Main funding source(s): Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (MCIN), through the Carlos III Institute of Health (ISCIII)-Fondo de Investigación Sanitaria (PI19/00545)

Background

Increasing evidences advocate for an important function of T cells in controlling immune homeostasis and pathogenesis after myocardial infarction (MI), although the molecular mechanisms remain elusive.

Result and Methods

In this study, a broad analysis of immune markers in 283 patients show a significant CD69 overexpression on Treg cells after MI. Our results in mice demonstrate that CD69 expression on Treg cells increases survival after left-anterior-descending coronary artery (LAD)-ligation. Cd69-/- mice develop strong IL17A+ gdT cell responses after ischemia that increase myocardial inflammation and, consequently, worsen cardiac function. CD69+ Treg cells induce apoptosis and decrease IL-17A production in gdT cells by a CD39-dependent mechanism. Adoptive transfer of CD69+ Treg cells to Cd69-/- mice after LAD-ligation reduces IL17A+ gdT cell recruitment increasing survival. Consistently, clinical data from two independent cohorts of patients indicate that increased CD69 expression in peripheral blood cells after acute MI is associated with a lower risk of re-hospitalization for chronic heart failure (CHF) after 2.5 years of follow-up. This result remained significant after adjustment for age, sex and traditional cardiac damage biomarkers (OR 0.929, 95% CI, 0.838-0.980; p&lt;0.0409).

Conclusion

Our data highlight CD69 expression on T cells as a therapeutic and prognostic target to prevent CHF after MI.

Neuroimaging Correlates of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder in Traumatic Brain Injury: A Systematic Review of the Literature

Introduction

Neuroimaging has been a highly utilized technique for studying traumatic brain injury (TBI) and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) independently of one another, however, neuroimaging has increasingly been identified as a useful tool in better understanding TBI-related psychiatric conditions, such as PTSD.

Objectives

To complete a systematic review of the literature examining neuroimaging findings in TBI-related PTSD and to highlight the current literature’s limitations in order to strengthen future research.

Methods

A PRISMA compliant literature search was conducted in PubMed (MEDLINE), PsychINFO, EMBASE, and Scopus databases prior to May of 2019. The initial database query yielded 4388 unique articles, which were narrowed down based on specified inclusion criteria (e.g., clear TBI definition, clinician-diagnosed PTSD, statistically analyzed relationship between neuroimaging and PTSD, quantified time interval between TBI and neuroimaging).

Results

A final cohort of 10 articles met inclusion criteria, comprising the findings of 482 participants with TBI. Key neuroanatomical findings among the included articles suggest that PTSD is associated with significant changes in whole-brain networks of resting state connectivity and disruptions in bilateral frontal and temporal white matter tracts, fronto-limbic pathways, the internal capsule, and the uncinate fasciculus (Figure 1). Figure 1a:

Traumatic brain injury alters presentation of mild behavioral impairment domains across progression of all-cause dementia

Introduction

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) may alter dementia progression, although co-occurring neuropsychiatric symptoms (NPS) have received less attention. The mild behavioral impairment (MBI) construct relates NPS to underlying neural circuit disruptions, representing an important area of inquiry regarding TBI and dementia.

Objectives

(1) to examine the influence of prior TBI history (preceding study enrollment) on MBI incidence in all-cause dementia (prior to dementia diagnosis, i.e. MBI’s original definition) and (2) to utilize MBI domains as a construct for examining the influence of TBI on related NPS across the course of dementia onset and progression.

Methods

Using National Alzheimer’s Coordinating Center data, individuals progressing from normal cognition to all-cause dementia over 7.6±3.0 years were studied to estimate MBI incidence and symptom domains in 124 participants with prior TBI history compared to 822 without.

Results

Moderate-severe TBI was associated with the social inappropriateness MBI domain (OR_adj.=4.034; p=0.024) prior to dementia onset, and the abnormal perception/thought content domain looking across dementia progression (HR_adj.=3.703, p=0.005). TBI (all severities) was associated with the decreased motivation domain looking throughout dementia progression (HR_adj.=1.546, p=0.014).

Conclusions

TBI history is associated with particular MBI domains prior to onset and throughout progression of dementia. Understanding TBI’s impact on inter-related NPS may help elucidate underlying neuropathology.

Disclosure

No significant relationships.

CD69 expression in regulatory T cells protects from the immune-mediated damage after myocardial infarction

 

CD69 depletion from the lymphoid compartment promotes a Th17/Treg imbalance and exacerbates the development of atherosclerosis. As atherosclerosis is the trigger of myocardial infarction, we have analyzed the role of CD69 in Treg cells after a) permanent occlusion of the left-anterior-descending coronary artery (LAD-ligation) in mice, and b) coronary angiography in two cohorts of acute myocardial infarction (MI) patients.

Our data show that CD69 expression in Treg cells is critical to maintain immune homeostasis after myocardial infarction and increases overall survival in mice after LAD-ligation. Cd69−/− mice develop IL17A+ gdT cell responses early after ischemia that increment myocardial inflammation and, consequently, worsen cardiac function. Furthermore, we found that CD69+ Treg cells induce apoptosis and diminish IL-17A production in gdT cells by a mechanism dependent on membrane CD39 ectonucleotidase activity. The adoptive transfer of CD69+ Treg cells to Cd69−/− mice after LAD-ligation reduces IL17A+ gdT cell recruitment, resulting in increased survival and improved outcome.

In accordance, data from two independent cohorts of patients indicate that increased levels of CD69+ Treg cells in the blood of patients early after MI is associated with lower risk of developing chronic heart failure. Our data support the role of CD69+ Treg cells to prevent excess of inflammation and damage after MI, whose value remains associated with improved heart function in the medium term.

Funding Acknowledgement

Type of funding sources: Public grant(s) – National budget only. Main funding source(s): Fondo de Investigaciones Sanitarias. Instituto de Salud Carlos III. Ministerio de Ciencia Innovaciόn y Universidades (Spanish Government). Summary immage