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Yaakobi O, Caspani L, Clerici M, Vidal F, Morandotti R. Complete energy conversion by autoresonant three-wave mixing in nonuniform media. OPTICS EXPRESS 2013; 21:1623-1632. [PMID: 23389147 DOI: 10.1364/oe.21.001623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Resonant three-wave interactions appear in many fields of physics e.g. nonlinear optics, plasma physics, acoustics and hydrodynamics. A general theory of autoresonant three-wave mixing in a nonuniform media is derived analytically and demonstrated numerically. It is shown that due to the medium nonuniformity, a stable phase-locked evolution is automatically established. For a weak nonuniformity, the efficiency of the energy conversion between the interacting waves can reach almost 100%. One of the potential applications of our theory is the design of highly-efficient optical parametric amplifiers.
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Pini E, Caslini M, Zappa L, Bartoli F, Lax A, Clerici M. 1762 – Defense mechanisms, personality disorders and eating disorders: a comparison. Eur Psychiatry 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/s0924-9338(13)76739-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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253
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di Giacomo E, Alamia A, Manzutto S, Aspesi F, Lazzari M, Riboldi G, Clerici M. 1774 – Female perspective of borderline personality disorder and depression. Eur Psychiatry 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/s0924-9338(13)76750-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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254
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Dakanalis A, Favagrossa L, Clerici M, Volpato C, Di Mattei V, Riva G, Madeddu F, Zanetti A. 2814 – Body image dissatisfaction and eating disorder symptomatology: a latent structural equation modeling examination of moderators among adolescent girls. Eur Psychiatry 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/s0924-9338(13)77400-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
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255
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di Giacomo E, Giampieri E, Clerici M. 1760 – Attempted suicide predictive factors: a case control study. Eur Psychiatry 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/s0924-9338(13)76737-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
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256
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di Giacomo E, Clerici M. 1733 – Physical and sexual violence as risk factors for those who commit acts of rape and pedophilia. Eur Psychiatry 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/s0924-9338(13)76713-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
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257
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Dakanalis A, Riva G, Timko A, Volpato C, Clerici M, Zanetti A. 2196 – The association between body image issues and women's sexual functioning through the lens of the objectification theory. Eur Psychiatry 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/s0924-9338(13)77069-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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258
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Dakanalis A, Clerici M, Timko A, Berrone C, Favagrossa L, Pagani Bagliacca E, Riva G, Zanetti A, Volpato C, Madeddu F. 2195 – An evaluation of the dual-pathway model of binge eating in italian adolescent boys: a longitudinal structural equation modeling approach. Eur Psychiatry 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/s0924-9338(13)77068-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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259
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di Giacomo E, Aspesi F, Clerici M. 1756 – Child sexual abuse andnarcissism: a case report. Eur Psychiatry 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/s0924-9338(13)76734-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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260
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Negri A, Colmegna F, Clerici M. 1722 – The itinad study: preliminary results of a psychoeducation progam for caregivers of alzheimer patients. Eur Psychiatry 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/s0924-9338(13)76704-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
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261
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Zuccotti GV, Mameli C, Trabattoni D, Beretta S, Biasin M, Guazzarotti L, Clerici M. Immunomodulating activity of Pidotimod in children with Down syndrome. J BIOL REG HOMEOS AG 2013; 27:253-258. [PMID: 23489705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Acute respiratory tract infections (ARTIs) are the most frequent illnesses in pediatric age, frequently experienced in children with Down Syndrome (DS) due to the associated immune defects of both specific and non-specific immunity. Pidotimod, a synthetic immunostimulant, was shown to reduce the rates of ARTIs in children with DS, however the mechanisms associated with this effect is currently unknown. We analyzed immune parameters in DS children who received the seasonal 20112012 virosomal-adjuvanted influenza vaccine. Eighteen children aged 3-10 years (mean age 7.1+/-2.6 years) were randomly assigned (1:1 ratio) to receive Pidotimod 400 mg, administered orally once a day for 90 days or placebo. At the recruitment (T0) all children received a single dose of virosomal-adjuvanted influenza vaccine (Flu). Blood samples were collected at T0 and 3 months after the recruitment (T3) in order to evaluate innate and adaptative immune responses pathway. Flu-specific IgG1 and IgG3 levels in plasma samples were determined at pre-vaccination (T0), and 1 (T1) and 3 months (T3) post-vaccination. The use of Pidotimod was associated with the upregulation of a number of genes involved in the activation of innate immune responses and in antimicrobial activity. Interestingly the ratio of Flu-specific IgG1/IgG3 was skewed in pidotimod-treated individuals, suggesting a preferential activation of complement-dependent effector mechanisms. Although preliminary these data suggest that Pidotimod can potentiate the beneficial effect of immunization, possibly resulting in a stronger activity of both innate and adaptive immune responses.
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Caslini M, Pini E, Bartoli F, Bertelli S, Zappa L, Clerici M. 1750 – Affect dysregulation and eating disorders: A preliminary study on the construct of alexithymia. Eur Psychiatry 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/s0924-9338(13)76729-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
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di Giacomo E, Colmegna F, Vergani P, Pucci B, Tabacchi T, Clerici M. 1739 – Obsessive symptoms onset ay childbirth. Eur Psychiatry 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/s0924-9338(13)76719-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
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264
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Al-Daghri NM, Al-Attas OS, Alokail MS, Alkharfy KM, Al-Othman A, Draz HM, Yakout SM, Al-Saleh Y, Al-Yousef M, Sabico S, Clerici M, Chrousos GP. Hypovitaminosis D associations with adverse metabolic parameters are accentuated in patients with Type 2 diabetes mellitus: a body mass index-independent role of adiponectin? J Endocrinol Invest 2013; 36:1-6. [PMID: 22183134 DOI: 10.3275/8183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hypovitaminosis D has been associated with an increased prevalence of Type 2 diabetes mellitus (DMT2) and metabolic syndrome manifestations. The purpose of this study was to examine the association between 25-hydroxy-vitamin D (25-OH-VitD) levels and indices of insulin resistance (IR), including adipocytokines, in a Saudi population with or without DMT2. SUBJECTS AND METHODS A total of 266 subjects (153 DMT2 and 113 healthy controls) aged 26-80 yr were randomly selected from the existing Biomarkers Screening in Riyadh Program (RIYADH Cohort). Subjects were assessed clinically, anthropometry was performed, morning blood chemistries, including fasting glucose (FG), triglycerides, total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol (LDL-C), and HDL cholesterol were obtained. Homeostasis model assessment of IR (HOMA-IR) was calculated, and serum 25-OH-VitD, leptin, adiponectin, resistin, insulin, high sensitivity CRP (hsCRP), and tumor necrosis factor α concentrations were measured using specific assays. RESULTS In DMT2 subjects, negative correlations between 25-OH-vitD and body mass index (BMI), FG, insulin, HOMA-IR, cholesterol, LDL-C, and hsCRP were observed, while a positive correlation between 25-OH-VitD and adiponectin was detected. The later remained significant after controlling for BMI. Interestingly, only weak and nonsignificant associations between 25-OH-VitD and metabolic parameters were observed in the control group, whereas, when the entire population was examined, negative correlations were evident primarily between 25-OH-VitD and FG, HOMA-IR, total cholesterol, LDL-C. These associations remained significant after controlling for BMI. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that hypovitaminosis D associations with metabolic disturbances are accentuated in DMT2. The BMIindependent positive correlation between 25-OH-VitD and adiponectin suggests a potential role for this adipocytokine as a link between 25-OH-VitD and IR in patients with DMT2.
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Dakanalis A, Di Mattei V, Zanetti A, Clerici M, Madeddu F, Riva G, Lanfranchi L, Baruffaldi Preis F. 2811 – Personality and body image disorders in cosmetic surgery settings: prevalence, comorbidity and evaluation of their impact on post-operative patient's satisfaction. Eur Psychiatry 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/s0924-9338(13)77397-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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266
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Saresella M, Tortorella P, Marventano I, Al-Daghri N, Piancone F, Gatti A, Gironi M, Caputo D, Rovaris M, Clerici M. TH17-Driven Inflammation is Present in All Clinical Forms of Multiple Sclerosis; Disease Quiescence is Associated with Gata3-Expressing Cells. EUR J INFLAMM 2013. [DOI: 10.1177/1721727x1301100121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple Sclerosis (MS) presents in a variety of clinical forms associated with a diverse grade of neurological impairment, different prognosis and, possibly, multiple pathogenic mechanisms. Thus, whereas relapsing-remitting (RR) MS appears to be largely driven by inflammatory processes, neurodegeneration, partially independent from inflammation, drives primary progressive (PP) and secondary progressive (SP) MS. An extensive analysis of neuroinflammation in the different forms of MS was performed by evaluating immunophenotypic and functional parameters in MBP-stimulated T lymphocytes of 103 MS patients (26 benign (BE) MS, 30 RRMS, 33 SPMS and 14 PPMS) and 40 healthy controls (HC). Results showed that: i) IL-17-producing and RORC/γt-expressing CD4+ T cells (TH17 lymphocytes), as well as IL-6 expressing CD14+ cell were augmented in all patients; ii) IL-22-expressing cells were increased in all forms of MS with the exception of PPMS; iii) TGF-β-expressing B cells were increased only in RRMS; and iv) GATA3-, NFATc-1, IL-13-, and IL-25-expressing cells (TH2 lymphocytes) were augmented in RRMS and BEMS patients alone. Data herein indicate a pivotal pathogenic role of TH17-driven inflammation in all clinical forms of MS and suggest that control over disease (RRMS and BEMS) is associated not with lack of inflammation per se, but rather with the activation of immune-mediated anti-inflammatory mechanisms. These results could help the design of novel diagnostic and therapeutic approaches.
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Guglielmo R, Martinotti G, Clerici M, Janiri L. Pregabalin for alcohol dependence: a critical review of the literature. Adv Ther 2012; 29:947-57. [PMID: 23132700 DOI: 10.1007/s12325-012-0061-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2012] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Alcohol dependence represents a severe pathological disorder associated with a significant rate of morbidity and mortality. To date, limited pharmacological agents exist to treat this disorder, and there is a growing interest for new therapies. In this context, pregabalin represents a promising strategy. Pregabalin, like gabapentin, selectively binds to the α(2)δsubunit of voltage-gated calcium channels, inhibiting release of excessive levels of excitatory neurotransmitters. The main focus of this review is the clinical use of pregabalin in alcoholic patients, but the authors also reported some data about chemistry, pharmacology, and pharmacokinetics of this drug. METHODS The authors conducted a PubMed search of clinical human studies published in English from January 2000 to August 2012 using the following search terms: pregabalin alcohol dependence, pregabalin alcohol withdrawal, pregabalin alcoholism. RESULTS The search revealed a total of five studies: two trials for the treatment of alcohol relapse and three articles for the management of alcohol withdrawal syndrome with pregabalin. The critical review of the literature suggests that pregabalin could be a novel and effective treatment option for the management of alcohol relapse in detoxified patients, whereas until now there have been mixed results for the treatment of alcohol withdrawal syndrome. In particular, pregabalin showed a greater beneficial effect on patients with comorbid conditions such as alcoholism and generalized anxiety disorders. The exact mechanism of action of pregabalin in the management of alcoholism is not well understood but it is thought to be due mainly to the modulation of neurotransmitters such as glutamate and norepinephrine by inhibiting activity-dependent calcium influx in nerve terminals. CONCLUSION Pregabalin, within a dosage of 150-450 mg/day, showed beneficial effects for alcohol relapse prevention and contrasting results for the treatment of the withdrawal syndrome. Its use appears to be safe and well tolerated.
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Carrà G, Cazzullo CL, Clerici M. The association between expressed emotion, illness severity and subjective burden of care in relatives of patients with schizophrenia. Findings from an Italian population. BMC Psychiatry 2012; 12:140. [PMID: 22974195 PMCID: PMC3549782 DOI: 10.1186/1471-244x-12-140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2012] [Accepted: 09/11/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND An appropriate understanding of the association between high-Expressed Emotion (EE) in family members of people with schizophrenia, patients' and relatives' correlates is needed to improve adaptation of psychoeducational interventions in diverse cultures. The aim of this study was to test the hypothesis that relatives designated as high EE would report higher subjective burden of care, and would be associated with objective variables that indicate greater illness severity i.e. number of previous hospitalizations and duration of illness. METHODS We performed secondary analyses of baseline data from a randomized controlled trial conducted in Italy. RESULTS High-EE relatives reported more subjective burden of care in disturbed behaviours and adverse effects areas, but did not perceive more deficits in social role performances. As regards illness severity characteristics, neither the number of previous hospital admissions nor the duration of illness was associated with high-EE. However, patients' previous psychosocial functioning, as measured by educational attainments, seems to protect the relative from high-EE status. CONCLUSION There is a need for cross-cultural comparisons of the subjective experience of distress and burden among high EE carers as a target for intervention, aimed at reducing family stress as much as improving patient outcomes.
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Rainone V, Dubois G, Temchura V, Uberla K, Nebuloni M, Lauri E, Trabattoni D, Veas F, Clerici M. CCL28 induces mucosal homing of HIV-1-specific IgA-secreting plasma cells in mice immunized with HIV-1 Virus-like Particles. Retrovirology 2012. [PMCID: PMC3441582 DOI: 10.1186/1742-4690-9-s2-p19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
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270
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Mandalà M, Grosso F, Vitalini C, Corradino I, Sanfilippo R, Colombini S, Clerici M, Labianca R, De Pascale A, Marsoni S. Venous thromboembolism is a relevant and underestimated adverse event in cancer patients treated in phase I studies. Br J Cancer 2012; 107:612-6. [PMID: 22828607 PMCID: PMC3419966 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.2012.325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2012] [Revised: 05/30/2012] [Accepted: 05/31/2012] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND To investigate, retrospectively, the role of tumour histotype and antiangiogenic drugs for venous thromboembolism (VTE) development in advanced cancer patients treated in phase I studies. METHODS Patients enrolled and treated in phase I studies conducted by SENDO (Southern Europe New Drugs Organisation) were considered. RESULTS Data of 1415 patients were included in the analysis: 526 (37.2%) patients were males, median age was 57.3 years (range: 13-85). Fifty-six (3.96%) patients developed a VTE. At multivariate analysis gynaecologic (hazard ratio (HR): 2.8, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.29-6.23, P=0.009) and gastrointestinal tumours (HR: 3.23, 95% CI: 1.18-8.87, P=0.023) as well as combination regimens of cytotoxic and antiangiogenic agents (HR: 2.6, 95% CI: 1.11-6.30, P=0.028), white blood cell >11,000 μl(-1) (HR: 2.59, 95% CI: 1.10-6.09, P=0.028) and haemoglobin<10 g dl(-1) (HR: 3.1, 95% CI: 1.07-8.94, P=0.037) were statistically correlated with VTE development. Venous thromboembolism was the fourth most common cause of drug discontinuation. The median time from first drug administration to discontinuation was 1.4 for VTE and 2.3 months for the other adverse events (P=0.02). CONCLUSION Venous thromboembolism is a relatively common complication among patients treated in the context of phase I studies, and may lead to early drug discontinuation. A greater risk of developing VTE is associated with the diagnosis of gynaecologic and gastrointestinal tumours and the combined use of chemotherapy and antiangiogenic drugs.
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Clerici M, Grossi E, Saresella M, Mendozzi L, Rovaris M, Gironi M. Immunological Markers Network Investigated with a Novel Mathematical Approach in Multiple Sclerosis Patients (P02.091). Neurology 2012. [DOI: 10.1212/wnl.78.1_meetingabstracts.p02.091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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272
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Tortorella P, Lagana M, Saresella M, Griffanti L, Marventano I, Pinardi G, Corbo M, Lunetta C, Cecconi P, Caputo D, Clerici M, Rovaris M. Pathophysiology of Tissue Damage in Progressive Multiple Sclerosis: An Immunological and MRI Comparative Study Versus Motor Neuron Disease (P03.047). Neurology 2012. [DOI: 10.1212/wnl.78.1_meetingabstracts.p03.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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273
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Tripodi A, Chantarangkul V, Mancuso ME, Lemma L, Clerici M, Santagostino E. Comparison of thrombin generation for paired-platelet-rich plasma collected with and without corn trypsin inhibitor from hemophiliacs treated with factor-VIII inhibitor bypassing agents. J Thromb Haemost 2012; 10:716-9. [PMID: 22934293 DOI: 10.1111/j.1538-7836.2012.04627.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Saresella M, Rainone V, M. Al-Daghri N, Clerici M, Trabattoni D. The PD-1/PD-L1 Pathway in Human Pathology. Curr Mol Med 2012; 12:259-67. [DOI: 10.2174/156652412799218903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2011] [Revised: 09/19/2011] [Accepted: 10/08/2011] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Cagliani R, Guerini FR, Fumagalli M, Riva S, Agliardi C, Galimberti D, Pozzoli U, Goris A, Dubois B, Fenoglio C, Forni D, Sanna S, Zara I, Pitzalis M, Zoledziewska M, Cucca F, Marini F, Comi GP, Scarpini E, Bresolin N, Clerici M, Sironi M. A trans-specific polymorphism in ZC3HAV1 is maintained by long-standing balancing selection and may confer susceptibility to multiple sclerosis. Mol Biol Evol 2012; 29:1599-613. [PMID: 22319148 PMCID: PMC7187542 DOI: 10.1093/molbev/mss002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The human ZC3HAV1 gene encodes an antiviral protein. The longest splicing isoform of ZC3HAV1 contains a C-terminal PARP-like domain, which has evolved under positive selection in primates. We analyzed the evolutionary history of this same domain in humans and in Pan troglodytes. We identified two variants that segregate in both humans and chimpanzees; one of them (rs3735007) does not occur at a hypermutable site and accounts for a nonsynonymous substitution (Thr851Ile). The probability that the two trans-specific polymorphisms have occurred independently in the two lineages was estimated to be low (P = 0.0054), suggesting that at least one of them has arisen before speciation and has been maintained by selection. Population genetic analyses in humans indicated that the region surrounding the shared variants displays strong evidences of long-standing balancing selection. Selection signatures were also observed in a chimpanzee population sample. Inspection of 1000 Genomes data confirmed these findings but indicated that search for selection signatures using low-coverage whole-genome data may need masking of repetitive sequences. A case–control study of more than 1,000 individuals from mainland Italy indicated that the Thr851Ile SNP is significantly associated with susceptibility to multiple sclerosis (MS) (odds ratio [OR] = 1.47, 95% confidence intervals [CI]: 1.08–1.99, P = 0.011). This finding was confirmed in a larger sample of 4,416 Sardinians cases/controls (OR = 1.18, 95% CI: 1.037–1.344, P = 0.011), but not in a population from Belgium. We provide one of the first instances of human/chimpanzee trans-specific coding variant located outside the major histocompatibility complex region. The selective pressure is likely to be virus driven; in modern populations, this variant associates with susceptibility to MS, possibly via the interaction with environmental factors.
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