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Zulfiqar F, Navarro M, Ashraf M, Akram NA, Munné-Bosch S. Nanofertilizer use for sustainable agriculture: Advantages and limitations. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2019; 289:110270. [PMID: 31623775 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2019.110270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 170] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2019] [Revised: 08/23/2019] [Accepted: 09/12/2019] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Nutrient fertilization plays a critical role in maintaining soil fertility and improving crop productivity and quality. Precise nutrient management of horticultural crops is a major challenge worldwide as it relies predominantly on chemical fertilizers. Traditional fertilizers are not only costly for the producer, but may be harmful to humans and the environment. This has led to the search for environmentally friendly fertilizers, particularly those with high nutrient-use efficiency, and nanotechnology is emerging as a promising alternative. Nanofertilizers offer benefits in nutrition management through their strong potential to increase nutrient use efficiency. Nutrients, either applied alone or in combination, are bound to nano-dimensional adsorbents, which release nutrients very slowly as compared to conventional fertilizers. This approach not only increases nutrient-use efficiency, but also minimizes nutrient leaching into ground water. Furthermore, nanofertilizers may also be used for enhancing abiotic stress tolerance and used in combination with microorganisms (the so-called nanobiofertilizers) provide great additional benefits. However, although the benefits of nanofertilizers are undoubtedly opening new approaches towards sustainable agriculture, their limitations should also be carefully considered before market implementation. In particular, the extensive release of nanomaterials into the environment and the food chain may pose a risk to human health. In conclusion, although nanofertilizers use in agriculture is offering great opportunities to improve plant nutrition and stress tolerance to achieve higher yields in a frame of climate change, not all nanomaterials will be equally safe for all applications. The risks of nanofertilizers should be carefully examined before use, and further biotechnological advances are required for a correct and safe application of nanomaterials in agriculture.
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Chen LL, Yuan P, Pozsgai G, Chen P, Zhu H, You MS. The impact of cover crops on the predatory mite Anystis baccarum (Acari, Anystidae) and the leafhopper pest Empoasca onukii (Hemiptera, Cicadellidae) in a tea plantation. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2019; 75:3371-3380. [PMID: 31095875 DOI: 10.1002/ps.5489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2018] [Revised: 05/10/2019] [Accepted: 05/11/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Empoasca onukii, the tea green leafhopper, is a key pest of tea whose control often requires the extensive use of insecticides. As a predator of the tea green leafhopper, the mite Anystis baccarum is a potential biological control agent worldwide, though little is known about how intercropping cover crops can impact its suppressing effect on E. onukii. Therefore, we conducted a field experiment to investigate how the relationship of the abundance of the predatory mite and its leafhopper prey is influenced by two different cover crops and a manually weeded inter-row treatment as a contrast to naturally growing vegetation in a tea plantation in China. RESULTS The abundance of A. baccarum was significantly higher in tea canopies of intercropped treatments than in canopies over natural ground cover. Litter samples showed higher abundances of A. baccarum when tea was intercropped with Paspalum notatum than with natural ground cover in the first year of treatment. The abundance of E. onukii in tea canopies was higher over the bare ground treatment in the first year but the opposite was observed in the second year. CONCLUSIONS Results suggest that the abundance of A. baccarum in a tea plantation is influenced by intercropping and it can affect its leafhopper prey, albeit with varying levels of suppression. For informing biological control and suppression of pests, long-term experiments are needed to investigate the interactions of both pest and predator with cover crop treatments. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Desaeger JA, Watson TT. Evaluation of new chemical and biological nematicides for managing Meloidogyne javanica in tomato production and associated double-crops in Florida. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2019; 75:3363-3370. [PMID: 31074102 DOI: 10.1002/ps.5481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2019] [Revised: 05/03/2019] [Accepted: 05/06/2019] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Two field experiments were conducted to determine the efficacy and field performance of three new non-fumigant chemical nematicides (fluensulfone, fluopyram, and fluazaindolizine) and two biological nematicides (Burkholderia rinojensis strain A396 and Purpureocillium lilacinus strain 251) for management of root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne javanica) on tomato and associated double-crops in Florida. RESULTS In experiment 1, soil fumigation with metam potassium increased plant growth and reduced root galling on tomato by 77% relative to that of the untreated soil. All non-fumigant chemical nematicides reduced root galling on tomato (47-85% reduction); however, only fluensulfone showed a trend towards yield enhancement. In experiment 2, soil fumigation with chloropicrin increased plant growth and reduced root galling on tomato by 35% relative to that of the untreated soil; however, end-of-season populations of M. javanica in soil were larger than that of the non-fumigated soil. Fluensulfone showed a trend towards reduced root galling and enhanced fruit yield, whereas other non-fumigant nematicides did not. Double-cropped cucumber was 69% more galled when planted into soil previously fumigated with chloropicrin relative to that of untreated soil, and also showed reduced plant vigor and fruit yield. CONCLUSION Fluensulfone shows significant potential to be a component of an integrated pest management strategy for tomato in Florida. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Mormile P, Rippa M, Graziani G, Ritieni A. Use of greenhouse-covering films with tailored UV-B transmission dose for growing 'medicines' through plants: rocket salad case. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2019; 99:6931-6936. [PMID: 31393606 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.9980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2019] [Revised: 07/19/2019] [Accepted: 08/06/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The effects of ultraviolet B (UV-B) radiation on plants are well known and have recently attracted a great deal of attention due to the production of large quantities of secondary metabolites, which are very beneficial for human health. Recent studies have demonstrated the possibility of exploiting UV-B radiation to induce metabolic changes in fruit, vegetables, and herbs. The role of UV-B rays in inducing secondary plant metabolites is enhanced by new plastic films, which, as a result of their optical properties, permit the necessary dosage of UV-B to be transmitted into the greenhouse to stimulate such metabolites without altering the harvest. RESULTS The main goal of the present paper is to demonstrate that, by using a greenhouse plastic film with appropriate transmittance of UV-B for rocket salad cultivation, it is possible to increase the nutraceutical elements in comparison with the same species grown in absence of such radiation. Tests compared nutritional elements extracted from rocket salad grown under greenhouses covered with several plastic films differing in UV-B transmittance. We found that rocket salad grown under plastic with 27% UV-B transmittance exhibited very high luteolin and quercetin content in comparison with rocket salad cultivated under film blocking UV-B radiation. CONCLUSIONS Our experimental results confirm the possibility of exploiting UV-B radiation in the correct amounts by appropriate greenhouse plastic covers, to produce natural 'medicines' using the plants and to satisfy increasing consumer demand for natural health-promoting food products. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Ali W, Nadeem M, Ashiq W, Zaeem M, Gilani SSM, Rajabi-Khamseh S, Pham TH, Kavanagh V, Thomas R, Cheema M. The effects of organic and inorganic phosphorus amendments on the biochemical attributes and active microbial population of agriculture podzols following silage corn cultivation in boreal climate. Sci Rep 2019; 9:17297. [PMID: 31754161 PMCID: PMC6872752 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-53906-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2019] [Accepted: 10/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Phosphorus (P) is the second most important macronutrient that limits the plant growth, development and productivity. Inorganic P fertilization in podzol soils predominantly bound with aluminum and iron, thereby reducing its availability to crop plants. Dairy manure (DM) amendment to agricultural soils can improve physiochemical properties, nutrient cycling through enhanced enzyme and soil microbial activities leading to improved P bioavailability to crops. We hypothesized that DM amendment in podzol soil will improve biochemical attributes and microbial community and abundance in silage corn cropping system under boreal climate. We evaluated the effects of organic and inorganic P amendments on soil biochemical attributes and abundance in podzol soil under boreal climate. Additionally, biochemical attributes and microbial population and abundance under short-term silage corn monocropping system was also investigated. Experimental treatments were [P0 (control); P1: DM with high P2O5; P2: DM with low P2O5; P3: inorganic P and five silage-corn genotypes (Fusion RR, Yukon R, A4177G3RIB, DKC 23-17RIB and DKC 26-28RIB) were laid out in a randomized complete block design in factorial settings with three replications. Results showed that P1 treatment increased acid phosphatase (AP-ase) activity (29% and 44%), and soil available P (SAP) (60% and 39%) compared to control treatment, during 2016 and 2017, respectively. Additionally, P1 treatments significantly increased total bacterial phospholipids fatty acids (ΣB-PLFA), total phospholipids fatty acids (ΣPLFA), fungi, and eukaryotes compared to control and inorganic P. Yukon R and DKC 26-28RIB genotypes exhibited higher total bacterial PLFA, fungi, and total PLFA in their rhizospheres compared to the other genotypes. Redundancy analyses showed promising association between P1 and P2 amendment, biochemical attributes and active microbial population and Yukon R and DKC 26-28RIB genotypes. Pearson correlation also demonstrated significant and positive correlation between AP-ase, SAP and gram negative bacteria (G-), fungi, ΣB-PLFA, and total PLFA. Study results demonstrated that P1 treatment enhanced biochemical attributes, active microbial community composition and abundance and forage production of silage corn. Results further demonstrated higher active microbial population and abundance in rhizosphere of Yukon R and DKC 26-28RIB genotypes. Therefore, we argue that dairy manure amendment with high P2O5 in podzol soils could be a sustainable nutrient source to enhance soil quality, health and forage production of silage corn. Yukon R and DKC 26-28RIB genotypes showed superior agronomic performance, therefore, could be good fit under boreal climatic conditions.
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Horner A, Browett SS, Antwis RE. Mixed-Cropping Between Field Pea Varieties Alters Root Bacterial and Fungal Communities. Sci Rep 2019; 9:16953. [PMID: 31740751 PMCID: PMC6861290 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-53342-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2019] [Accepted: 10/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Modern agricultural practices have vastly increased crop production but negatively affected soil health. As such, there is a call to develop sustainable, ecologically-viable approaches to food production. Mixed-cropping of plant varieties can increase yields, although impacts on plant-associated microbial communities are unclear, despite their critical role in plant health and broader ecosystem function. We investigated how mixed-cropping between two field pea (Pisum sativum L.) varieties (Winfreda and Ambassador) influenced root-associated microbial communities and yield. The two varieties supported significantly different fungal and bacterial communities when grown as mono-crops. Mixed-cropping caused changes in microbial communities but with differences between varieties. Root bacterial communities of Winfreda remained stable in response to mixed-cropping, whereas those of Ambassador became more similar to Winfreda. Conversely, root fungal communities of Ambassador remained stable under mixed-cropping, and those of Winfreda shifted towards the composition of Ambassador. Microbial co-occurrence networks of both varieties were stronger and larger under mixed-cropping, which may improve stability and resilience in agricultural soils. Both varieties produced slightly higher yields under mixed-cropping, although overall Ambassador plants produced higher yields than Winfreda plants. Our results suggest that variety diversification may increase yield and promote microbial interactions.
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Dotaniya ML, Saha JK, Rajendiran S, Coumar MV, Meena VD, Das H, Kumar A, Patra AK. Reducing chromium uptake through application of calcium and sodium in spinach. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2019; 191:754. [PMID: 31734742 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-019-7948-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2019] [Accepted: 10/31/2019] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
In peri-urban areas, the use of wastewater for crop production is a common practice due to water scarcity. Moreover, in the recent years, large quantity of wastewater generation and discharge as industrial effluent in water resources is another issue for reduction of water quality. The leather industries are significantly contributing chromium (Cr) in effluent, whereas, other industries may have salt and cationic load in their discharges are mixed up. Therefore, it is mandatory to study the interactive effect of different effluent constituents on crop plants. In this connection, a pot culture experiment was conducted at the ICAR-Indian Institute of Soil Science, Bhopal to compute the effect of application of calcium (Ca) and sodium (Na) ions on Cr uptake by spinach crop in Vertisol of central India. Three levels of Cr (0, 50, 100 mg kg-1), calcium (0, 2, 4 mM), and sodium (0, 40, 80 mM) were applied in combinations. The spinach variety All Green was used as a test crop and harvested at full maturity. Results showed that application of Ca and Na reduced the Cr uptake in spinach crop. The reduction of Cr uptake was more in the root than shoot. Applied calcium acted as an essential plant nutrient and enhanced the crop biomass. Sole applications of Na adversely affected the crop biomass and Cr uptake in both root and shoot of spinach. In conclusion, application of Ca fertilizers reduced the Cr toxicity in spinach and could be used as a strategy for the safe utilization of tannery industrial effluents for crop production.
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Łangowski Ł, Goñi O, Quille P, Stephenson P, Carmody N, Feeney E, Barton D, Østergaard L, O'Connell S. A plant biostimulant from the seaweed Ascophyllum nodosum (Sealicit) reduces podshatter and yield loss in oilseed rape through modulation of IND expression. Sci Rep 2019; 9:16644. [PMID: 31719578 PMCID: PMC6851122 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-52958-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2019] [Accepted: 10/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The yield of podded crops such as oilseed rape (OSR) is limited by evolutionary adaptations of the plants for more efficient and successful seed dispersal for survival. These plants have evolved dehiscent dry fruits that shatter along a specifically developed junction at carpel margins. A number of strategies such as pod sealants, GMOs and hybrids have been developed to mitigate the impact of pod shatter on crop yield with limited success. Plant biostimulants have been shown to influence plant development. A challenge in plant biostimulant research is elucidating the mechanisms of action. Here we have focused on understanding the effect of an Ascophyllum nodosum based biostimulant (Sealicit) on fruit development and seed dispersal trait in Arabidopsis and OSR at genetic and physiological level. The results indicate that Sealicit is affecting the expression of the major regulator of pod shattering, INDEHISCENT, as well as disrupting the auxin minimum. Both factors influence the formation of the dehiscence zone and consequently reduce pod shattering. Unravelling the mode of action of this unique biostimulant provides data to support its effectiveness in reducing pod shatter and highlights its potential for growers to increase seed yield in a number of OSR varieties.
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Laubach J, Hunt JE, Graham SL, Buxton RP, Rogers GND, Mudge PL, Carrick S, Whitehead D. Irrigation increases forage production of newly established lucerne but enhances net ecosystem carbon losses. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 689:921-936. [PMID: 31280173 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.06.407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2019] [Revised: 05/15/2019] [Accepted: 06/24/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
In New Zealand, dairy farming faces increasing scrutiny for its environmental impacts, including those on soil carbon (C) stocks; hence, alternative management practices are required. One such practice is usage of deep-rooting forage, such as lucerne (Medicago sativa L.). We measured the C and water exchange of two neighbouring lucerne fields on stony, well-drained soil for 3 years, following conversion from grassland. One field received irrigation and effluent; the other received neither. Net CO2 exchange and evaporation were measured by eddy covariance, drainage and leaching with lysimeters, and water inputs with rain gauges. Biomass removal from harvesting and grazing was recorded by direct sampling. In the conversion year, irrigated lucerne was C-neutral despite two harvests and losses from the conversion process. In the 2nd and 3rd years combined, the biomass-C removal exceeded net CO2 uptake, causing net losses of 450 g C m-2 and 210 g C m-2 for irrigated and non-irrigated lucerne, respectively. Leaching losses accounted for 1 to 9 % of annual net C uptake from the atmosphere. The ratio of ecosystem respiration to gross photosynthetic productivity (GPP) increased from <0.7 in spring to ≈ 1 in autumn. Consequently, the net C balance for both lucerne crops showed gains in the first two growth periods of each year and losses in the subsequent two to four growth periods. Irrigation made no difference to the photosynthetic water-use efficiency at field scale (GPP/evaporation), but enhanced production water-use efficiency (biomass/water input). Irrigation increased both the absolute amount of drainage and the fraction of water inputs lost by drainage. In one year, significant summer drainage occurred for the irrigated lucerne. To prevent that, soil-water content should be kept well below field capacity but above the crop's water-stress level. Such practice would likely also help retain soil carbon.
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Toffol G. [The UNESCO brand in the prosecco hills: opportunity or new health risk?]. RECENTI PROGRESSI IN MEDICINA 2019; 110:513-515. [PMID: 31808428 DOI: 10.1701/3265.32323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The historical hill-site zone of Prosecco's wine production was recognised as a UNESCO World Heritage Site. This area is part of the province of Treviso, an area where in recent years many lands have been occupied by the viticulture to produce this type of wine, due to a growing demand of prosecco, especially on international markets. Currently viticulture occupies 31% of the total agricultural area of the province. This is determining an important alteration of the landscape of the area, with serious loss of biodiversity. Even more, this intensive cultivation requires the use of many pesticides (in 2018, 4,622 tons were sold, equivalent to more than 36 kg per hectare of arable land), that are harmful to the health of the population. They can cause acute effects by inhalation or contact during the treatment of the vines, and chronic effects for the continuous intake of small doses through contaminated waters. To safeguard the environment and health, two actions are needed: to reduce the use of pesticides by promoting organic production; to restore biodiversity by promoting other crops besides the vineyards. Our hope is that belonging to the UNESCO heritage world list favours these actions.
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Hu J, Wu J, Sharaf A, Sun J, Qu X. Effects of organic wastes on structural characterizations of fulvic acid in semiarid soil under plastic mulched drip irrigation. CHEMOSPHERE 2019; 234:830-836. [PMID: 31247493 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.06.118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2019] [Revised: 06/15/2019] [Accepted: 06/16/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Poor soil has restricted the crop production in semiarid soil. Fulvic acid (FA) is considered to play an significant role in soil fertility. The amount and structure of FA after application of different organic wastes (OWs) was assessed in this work. Six treatments were involved in this experiment: chemical fertilizer combined with chicken manure (CM), sheep manure (SM), maize straw (MS), fodder grass (FG), and tree leaves (TL), while chemical fertilizer only was used as control (CK). The soil FA content (P < 0.05) after the application of TL was the highest than other OWs. The E4/E6 ratios, ΔlogK values, aliphatic C/aromatic C ratios of soil FA after the application of TL were the lowest than other OWs, whereas the C/H ratio was the highest. The specific fluorescence intensities (SFI) of peak A (Ex/Em 260-265/415-430 nm) and peak B (Ex/Em 310-315/415-430 nm) from EEM fluorescence spectrum of FA were the lowest after the application of TL. In conclusion, the application of TL was the most effective for improving FA accumulation, and making FA complex and stability. Thus, TL is the recommended OW for use in semiarid soil under plastic mulched drip irrigation conditions.
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337
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Bailey-Serres J, Parker JE, Ainsworth EA, Oldroyd GED, Schroeder JI. Genetic strategies for improving crop yields. Nature 2019; 575:109-118. [PMID: 31695205 PMCID: PMC7024682 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-019-1679-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 495] [Impact Index Per Article: 99.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2019] [Accepted: 09/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The current trajectory for crop yields is insufficient to nourish the world's population by 20501. Greater and more consistent crop production must be achieved against a backdrop of climatic stress that limits yields, owing to shifts in pests and pathogens, precipitation, heat-waves and other weather extremes. Here we consider the potential of plant sciences to address post-Green Revolution challenges in agriculture and explore emerging strategies for enhancing sustainable crop production and resilience in a changing climate. Accelerated crop improvement must leverage naturally evolved traits and transformative engineering driven by mechanistic understanding, to yield the resilient production systems that are needed to ensure future harvests.
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Bailey-Serres J, Parker JE, Ainsworth EA, Oldroyd GED, Schroeder JI. Genetic strategies for improving crop yields. Nature 2019. [PMID: 31695205 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-019-1679-1670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/28/2023]
Abstract
The current trajectory for crop yields is insufficient to nourish the world's population by 20501. Greater and more consistent crop production must be achieved against a backdrop of climatic stress that limits yields, owing to shifts in pests and pathogens, precipitation, heat-waves and other weather extremes. Here we consider the potential of plant sciences to address post-Green Revolution challenges in agriculture and explore emerging strategies for enhancing sustainable crop production and resilience in a changing climate. Accelerated crop improvement must leverage naturally evolved traits and transformative engineering driven by mechanistic understanding, to yield the resilient production systems that are needed to ensure future harvests.
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339
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Wu X, Wang D, Riaz M, Zhang L, Jiang C. Investigating the effect of biochar on the potential of increasing cotton yield, potassium efficiency and soil environment. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2019; 182:109451. [PMID: 31352213 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2019.109451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2018] [Revised: 07/12/2019] [Accepted: 07/15/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Potassium (K) is an essential macronutrient for plant growth and development. However, in China, available K is relatively low in the soil, and with the extensive use of chemical fertilizer, K use efficiency is constantly reducing, and consequently increasing the potential risk of environmental pollution and economic loss. Therefore, it is essential to reduce the negative impact of over-fertilization on the environment to obtain optimal crop yield. Biochar as a soil amendment has been applied to improve soil fertility and increase crop yield. However, the effects of successive biochar application on cotton yield, agronomy efficiencies and potash fertilizer reduction are not well documented. Our results of a pot experiment showed that the application of 1% biochar to soil under different K levels significantly improved dry mass accumulation and K content of different plant parts, and increased the number of buds, bolls and effective branches of cotton. Particularly, plants treated with 150 mg/kg K2O and 1% biochar had the highest growth parameters. The most important characteristics including the harvest index, K fertilizer contribution index, partial factor productivity, agronomic efficiency and apparent recovery efficiency of K under C1 (1% biochar) were generally greater than those under C0 (without biochar). The 75 mg/kg K2O application was optimal to produce the highest yield with 1% biochar, demonstrating that biochar can increase cotton yield and therefore, reduces chemical K fertilizer application and alleviates agricultural environment risks of chemical fertilizer.
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340
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Sun T, Ma M, Du H, Wang X, Zhang Y, Wang Y, Wang D. Effect of different rotation systems on mercury methylation in paddy fields. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2019; 182:109403. [PMID: 31276889 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2019.109403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2019] [Revised: 06/21/2019] [Accepted: 06/29/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Rice (Oryza sativa) paddy is the hotspot of mercury (Hg) methylation. Given distinct influences of rotation systems on the physicochemical properties of paddy soils, we hypothesized different rotation systems in rice paddies inducing a large difference in Hg methylation. Here, we investigated Hg species distribution, dissolved organic matter (DOM) features, and Hg methylation in five rotation systems (Other farmland newly reclaim into paddy field, i.e., NR-R; Drain the water in winter, i.e., DW-R; Flooding in winter, i.e., FW-R; Rape-Rice rotation, i.e., Ra-R; Wheat-Rice rotation, i.e., Wh-R) of paddy fields to identify such hypothesis. Results shown that FW-R had the strongest Hg methylation, followed by Ra-R and Wh-R, then DW-R, and finally NR-R. We further found that much higher soil organic matter (SOM) and organo-chelated Hg (Hg-o) from straw residues and root exudates were the main cause for the greater Hg methylation in FW-R, Ra-R and Wh-R. This was because the protein-like fraction of SOM facilitated the net production of methyl Hg (MeHg), meanwhile the humin-like fraction had a strong affinity to MeHg in paddy soils. Therefore, it can be concluded that paddy soil under DW-R was the optimum pattern in order to reduce the occurrence of Hg methylation. However, paddy soils under Ra-R and Wh-R were the recommendable patterns if the productivity of paddy fields was considered.
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Claassen C, Ebel E, Kuballa J, Rohn S. Impacts of Fungicide Treatment and Conventional Fertilization Management on the Potato Metabolome ( Solanum tuberosum L.) Evaluated with UPLC-IMS-QToF. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2019; 67:11542-11552. [PMID: 31538781 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.9b03911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Two field trials were conducted to investigate the influence of fungicide and fertilization management on the potato tubers' metabolome (Solanum tuberosum L.). Thereby, fungicides and conventional fertilizers were varied in terms of quantities, number and date of applications, physical state, and product composition. Following a water-methanol-based extraction, samples were analyzed using an UPLC-IMS-QToF and multivariate data analysis. Fungicide application led to significant changes in the tubers' metabolome. Flavonoids were increasingly expressed as a natural response to impending fungal or viral infections in an untreated group, while the phytoalexin rishitinol was highly abundant in groups with fungicide application. In contrast to fungicides, the application of conventional fertilizers did not cause significant alterations in the tubers' compound composition. Consequently, the impact of fungicide application could be rated as more important than the fertilization-derived influence, which might be because of a gentler adaption to fertilization than to the acute stress of fungicide applications.
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Gao X, Zhang A, Héroux P, Sand W, Sun Z, Zhan J, Wang C, Hao S, Li Z, Li Z, Guo Y, Liu Y. Effect of Dielectric Barrier Discharge Cold Plasma on Pea Seed Growth. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2019; 67:10813-10822. [PMID: 31490069 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.9b03099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Traditional seed pretreatment methods cause secondary pollution for the application of various chemicals. This study investigated the effect of dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) cold plasma on seedling growth. Effects of plasma-activated tap water (PATW) and plasma-activated seeds (PAS) were compared for germination rates, seedling height, dry weight, and chlorophyll content. Results show that compared with controls these growth parameters were all increased by more than 50%. The yields and contributions of hydrogen peroxide, nitrate, nitrite, and ammonium were quantified. Hydrogen peroxide and nitrate have an important role in seedling growth. By etching, the seed epidermis free radicals can reduce the apparent contact angle and increase the water absorption of the seeds. In addition to the low cost of PATW and PAS compared with commercial fertilizers, DBD does not involve any chemical addition. Thus, both PATW and PAS can be an alternative for improvement of agricultural production.
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Kosini D, Nukenine EN, Saidou C, Noubissié JBT, Dolinassou S. Impact of environmental conditions and seed physico-chemical characteristics on the resistance of cowpea genotypes to Callosobruchus maculatus F. (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) infestation. BULLETIN OF ENTOMOLOGICAL RESEARCH 2019; 109:595-603. [PMID: 30572967 DOI: 10.1017/s0007485318000962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
There is a need to improve research and extension documentation to assist farmers in making better use of the available resistant cowpea genotypes to insects attack during storage. A study was conducted to determine the resistance of ten cowpea genotypes [Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.] to Callosobruchus maculatus F. attack in the Sudano-Guinean and Sudano-Sahelian agro-ecological zones (SS) of Cameroon. Thereafter, seeds were analyzed for physical properties and chemical composition to determine the main parameters of their resistance against C. maculatus. The SS was more suitable for insect infestation. Genotypes were classified into resistant to highly susceptible. Results showed that the physical characteristics of seeds were less important than the chemical components for conferring resistance to C. maculatus. Two genotypes, Samira and Lade, consistently demonstrated high tolerance to infestation by C. maculatus, and therefore may be recommended for use in breeding programs as a source of resistance and then to minimize the dependence on insecticides for the control of insect pests under subsistence farming conditions in Cameroon.
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Guijarro B, Larena I, Vilanova L, Torres R, Balsells-Llauradó M, Teixidó N, Melgarejo P, De Cal A. Dispersion, persistence, and stability of the biocontrol agent Penicillium frequentans strain 909 after stone fruit tree applications. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 26:29138-29156. [PMID: 31392610 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-019-06023-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2018] [Accepted: 07/22/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The capacity of dispersion, persistence, and stability from biocontrol agents is essential before these organisms can be developed into a commercial product. Interactions that microorganisms establish with stone fruit trees may be beneficial in the exploitation of trees in agriculture as crop production. The natural background levels of Penicillium frequentans strain 909 dispersion, persistence, and stability were assessed after tree applications and postharvest conditions. A fingerprinting-based approach to trace genetic stability of P. frequentans along stored time and its release in the field was developed. P. frequentans was successfully traced and discriminated. This strain was dispersed well in treated trees, persisting in the ecosystem up to 2 weeks and staying genetically stable after 36 months of storage. However, the dispersal of P. frequentans was very limited on around untreated trees and soil. P. frequentans dispersed randomly into the air, and its presence reduced from the first day to disappear completely at 15-21 days after application. Great losses of P. frequentans and its increased dispersal in open field conditions probably resulted from rainfall. Biological control strategies with Pf909 were discussed.
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Tozzi F, Pecchioli S, Renella G, Melgarejo P, Legua P, Macci C, Doni S, Masciandaro G, Giordani E, Lenzi A. Remediated marine sediment as growing medium for lettuce production: assessment of agronomic performance and food safety in a pilot experiment. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2019; 99:5624-5630. [PMID: 31102413 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.9815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2019] [Revised: 04/09/2019] [Accepted: 05/18/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The use of reclaimed dredged sediments as growing media may offer a profitable alternative to their disposal as a waste and at the same time meets the need of peat-substitute substrates in horticulture. When sediments are reused to cultivate food crops, issues related to human health rise due to potential accumulation of contaminants in the product. This pilot study aimed at verifying the suitability of a reclaimed dredged port sediment, used pure or mixed with peat, as a growing medium for lettuce cultivation. RESULTS The pure sediment caused a reduction in crop yield, probably due to its unsuitable physical properties, whereas the mixture sediment-peat and pure peat resulted in the same yield. Although the sediment contained potentially phytotoxic heavy metals and some organic pollutants, no symptoms of plant toxicity were noted. Besides, no organic contaminants were detected in lettuce heads, and heavy metals amounts were not hazardous for consumers. Conversely, plants grown in the sediment were particularly rich in minerals like Ca, Mg and Fe, and showed higher concentrations of organic acids and antioxidants. CONCLUSION The use of the sediment as a growing medium for lettuce was shown to be safe for both inorganic and organic contaminants. Nevertheless, considering crop yield results, the mixture of the sediment with other materials is recommended in order to produce a substrate with more suitable physicochemical properties for vegetable cultivation. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Dainese M, Martin EA, Aizen MA, Albrecht M, Bartomeus I, Bommarco R, Carvalheiro LG, Chaplin-Kramer R, Gagic V, Garibaldi LA, Ghazoul J, Grab H, Jonsson M, Karp DS, Kennedy CM, Kleijn D, Kremen C, Landis DA, Letourneau DK, Marini L, Poveda K, Rader R, Smith HG, Tscharntke T, Andersson GKS, Badenhausser I, Baensch S, Bezerra ADM, Bianchi FJJA, Boreux V, Bretagnolle V, Caballero-Lopez B, Cavigliasso P, Ćetković A, Chacoff NP, Classen A, Cusser S, da Silva e Silva FD, de Groot GA, Dudenhöffer JH, Ekroos J, Fijen T, Franck P, Freitas BM, Garratt MPD, Gratton C, Hipólito J, Holzschuh A, Hunt L, Iverson AL, Jha S, Keasar T, Kim TN, Kishinevsky M, Klatt BK, Klein AM, Krewenka KM, Krishnan S, Larsen AE, Lavigne C, Liere H, Maas B, Mallinger RE, Martinez Pachon E, Martínez-Salinas A, Meehan TD, Mitchell MGE, Molina GAR, Nesper M, Nilsson L, O'Rourke ME, Peters MK, Plećaš M, Potts SG, Ramos DDL, Rosenheim JA, Rundlöf M, Rusch A, Sáez A, Scheper J, Schleuning M, Schmack JM, Sciligo AR, Seymour C, Stanley DA, Stewart R, Stout JC, Sutter L, Takada MB, Taki H, Tamburini G, Tschumi M, Viana BF, Westphal C, Willcox BK, Wratten SD, Yoshioka A, Zaragoza-Trello C, Zhang W, Zou Y, Steffan-Dewenter I. A global synthesis reveals biodiversity-mediated benefits for crop production. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2019; 5:eaax0121. [PMID: 31663019 PMCID: PMC6795509 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aax0121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 240] [Impact Index Per Article: 48.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2019] [Accepted: 09/22/2019] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Human land use threatens global biodiversity and compromises multiple ecosystem functions critical to food production. Whether crop yield-related ecosystem services can be maintained by a few dominant species or rely on high richness remains unclear. Using a global database from 89 studies (with 1475 locations), we partition the relative importance of species richness, abundance, and dominance for pollination; biological pest control; and final yields in the context of ongoing land-use change. Pollinator and enemy richness directly supported ecosystem services in addition to and independent of abundance and dominance. Up to 50% of the negative effects of landscape simplification on ecosystem services was due to richness losses of service-providing organisms, with negative consequences for crop yields. Maintaining the biodiversity of ecosystem service providers is therefore vital to sustain the flow of key agroecosystem benefits to society.
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Cámara-Zapata JM, Brotons-Martínez JM, Simón-Grao S, Martinez-Nicolás JJ, García-Sánchez F. Cost-benefit analysis of tomato in soilless culture systems with saline water under greenhouse conditions. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2019; 99:5842-5851. [PMID: 31206706 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.9857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2019] [Revised: 05/22/2019] [Accepted: 06/09/2019] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The current need to produce food for a growing population, from diminishing natural resources, such as water and energy, and with minimum environmental degradation, demands the optimization of production. We compare the economic feasibility of tomato production in an open system with a perlite substrate, a closed system with the nutrient film technique (NFT), and a hydroponic crop (deep flow technique, DFT) using three levels of salinity that are found within the normal range for irrigation water quality in southeastern Spain. RESULTS Production with DFT resulted in an increase in the cost of phytosanitary treatments and the cost of maintenance. Production with perlite resulted in an increase in the cost of irrigation water and fertilization, and the use of NFT resulted in an increase in energy costs. The point of price equilibrium was exceeded in the three soilless systems when using low salinity water, and in perlite, with intermediate salinity water. CONCLUSION Profitability was reduced in the following order: perlite > NFT > DFT. There were positive results when using irrigation water with low salinity, and in the case of perlite, with intermediate salinity. In every case, salinity reduced the profitability of the operation, and this was greater when NFT was employed. The analysis of these soilless systems should be continued to determine the possibility of reducing cultivation costs. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Chen S, Wu J. The sensitivity of soil microbial respiration declined due to crop straw addition but did not depend on the type of crop straw. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 26:30167-30176. [PMID: 31420839 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-019-06185-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2018] [Accepted: 08/09/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
An incubation experiment was conducted to investigate whether the type of crop straw added to soil influenced the temperature sensitivity of soil microbial respiration. The soil for incubation was collected from a winter wheat-soybean rotation cropland. Five temperature levels (5, 10, 15, 20, and 25 °C), five crop straw types (soybean, peanut, rice, winter wheat, and maize), and a control (CK, no crop straw addition) were established. Soil microbial respiration rates were measured on days 1, 2, 3, 5, 7, 10, 14, 20, and 27 after crop straw addition using an infrared CO2 analyser. Soil enzyme activities of invertase, urea, and catalase and the dissolved organic carbon (DOC) content were measured after incubation. Estimated Q10 (temperature sensitivity of soil microbial respiration) ranged from 1.472 ± 0.045 to 1.970 ± 0.020 and showed no significant (P > 0.05) difference between straw addition treatments, but there was significantly (P < 0.001) higher temperature sensitivity (1.970 ± 0.020) for CK. A significant (P = 0.002) relationship was found between the Q10 of cumulative soil microbial respiration and basal soil microbial respiration (soil microbial respiration at 0 °C). Moreover, a marginally significant (P < 0.1) relationship was found between the Q10 at different incubation stages and basal soil microbial respiration. A quadratic function was used to explain the relationship between estimated basal microbial respiration and the lignin content. Soil microbial respiration was positively correlated with the activities of invertase, urease, and catalase and the dissolved organic carbon (DOC) content in all treatments. This study indicated that crop straw addition significantly (P < 0.001) reduced the Q10 of soil microbial respiration and that the types of crop straw added to soil did not significantly (P > 0.05) change the Q10 value.
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Yuan W, Wijewardane NK, Jenkins S, Bai G, Ge Y, Graef GL. Early Prediction of Soybean Traits through Color and Texture Features of Canopy RGB Imagery. Sci Rep 2019; 9:14089. [PMID: 31575995 PMCID: PMC6773688 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-50480-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2019] [Accepted: 09/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Global crop production is facing the challenge of a high projected demand, while the yields of major crops are not increasing at sufficient speeds. Crop breeding is an important way to boost crop productivity, however its improvement rate is partially hindered by the long crop generation cycles. If end-season crop traits such as yield can be predicted through early-season phenotypic measurements, crop selection can potentially be made before a full crop generation cycle finishes. This study explored the possibility of predicting soybean end-season traits through the color and texture features of early-season canopy images. Six thousand three hundred and eighty-three images were captured at V4/V5 growth stage over 6039 soybean plots growing at four locations. One hundred and forty color features and 315 gray-level co-occurrence matrix-based texture features were derived from each image. Another two variables were also introduced to account for location and timing differences between the images. Five regression and five classification techniques were explored. Best results were obtained using all 457 predictor variables, with Cubist as the regression technique and Random Forests as the classification technique. Yield (RMSE = 9.82, R2 = 0.68), Maturity (RMSE = 3.70, R2 = 0.76) and Seed Size (RMSE = 1.63, R2 = 0.53) were identified as potential soybean traits that might be early predictable.
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Swaney DP, Howarth RW. Phosphorus use efficiency and crop production: Patterns of regional variation in the United States, 1987-2012. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 685:174-188. [PMID: 31174115 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.05.228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2018] [Revised: 05/14/2019] [Accepted: 05/15/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Crop N use efficiency (NUE) and P use efficiency (PUE) might be expected to exhibit different patterns across agricultural regions due to their very different environmental dynamics and management strategies. Here, following our previous work on regional patterns of NUE, we review patterns of PUE and related variables, including major inputs of P to US crops over 1987-2012, based on the Farm Resource Regions developed by the Economic Research Service (USDA-ERS). Unlike N, P inputs to cropland only occur in the forms of P fertilizer, which has generally changed little over time relative to N fertilizer, and manure P, which has increased. Expressed as percentages of total P inputs, they necessarily have opposite impacts on PUE because of the stronger relationship of crop production to fertilizer compared to manure produced in a region. Across the US, PUE trends have varied significantly, increasing in some regions, in contrast to NUE which has generally remained constant or declined on decadal time scales. As with N, the Heartland region dominates national patterns due to the magnitude of crop production, showing a significant relationship with fertilizer P but none with manure P on a cropland area basis. Most other regions show similar responses, but the Northern Crescent, Eastern Uplands and Southern Seaboard regions shows a negative response to fertilizer on the same basis. The regional response of production to P inputs on a cropland area basis differs from that on a total area basis, suggesting that the type of scaling used is critical under changing cropland area. In the US, manure is still treated largely as a waste to be managed rather than a nutrient resource. Differences between P and N need to be considered in the context of management of environmental quality and food security.
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