Endogenous cholecystokinin is not a major regulator of food intake in the chicken

This study investigated whether or not endogenous cholecystokinin exerts satiety effects in chickens. After several doses (0, 1, 2 and 4 micrograms.kg body weight-1) of intravenous injection of caerulein, the bile flow was increased in a dose-dependent fashion. However, the pharmacological level of caerulein failed to suppress the food intake of chickens. Two potent stimulators of endogenous cholecystokinin, i.e., soybean trypsin inhibitor and phenylalanine were administered to chickens before feeding and food intake was determined over 2 h. The soybean trypsin inhibitor and phenylalanine did not alter food intake. Devazepide, a cholecystokinin-A receptor antagonist, significantly decreased amylase release from the dispersed chicken pancreatic acini stimulated by caerulein. However, devazepide did not improve food intake of the chicken. The results obtained suggest that endogenous cholecystokinin may not act as a satiety signal in chickens.

Cryopreservation of equine oocytes by 2-step freezing

Immature equine oocytes were frozen-thawed with ethylene glycol (EG), 1,2-propanediol (PD) or glycerol (GL) in PBS and cultured to assess the rate of in vitro maturation (Experiment 1). Compact-cumulus oocyte complexes were collected from slaughterhouse ovaries and equilibrated for 10 min in the freezing medium containing 10% (V/V) cryoprotectant and 0.1 M sucrose. The 0.25-ml straws, loaded with 10 to 30 oocytes, were seeded at -6 degrees C and cooled to -35 degrees C at 0.3 degrees C/min before being plunged into liquid nitrogen. The straws were thawed rapidly in a 37 degrees C waterbath for 20 sec. The proportions of frozen-thawed oocytes reaching Metaphase II (MII) stage after in vitro maturation of 32 h were 15.8% (EG), 5.8% (PD) and 0% (GL), while 63.3% of the nonfrozen control oocytes matured in vitro. The fertilizing ability of immature and mature oocytes after freezing in EG was tested by the insemination of zona-free oocytes with stallion spermatozoa (Experiment 2). Spermatozoa were preincubated for 3 h with 5 mM caffeine, treated with 0.1 mu M ionophore A23187, and inseminated for 20 h at the concentration of 1 to 2 x 10(7)/ml with 6 to 10 oocytes in 50 mu l of Brackett and Oliphant (BO) medium. Immature oocytes (Group 1) were matured in vitro after thawing and then their zona pellucida removed using 0.5% protease. The zona of mature oocytes were removed immediately after thawing (Group 2) or maturation (nonfrozen controls). The oocytes, which had mechanically damaged plasma membrane or lost by artifact, were not examined for insemination. Significantly more control oocytes exhibited a polar body at the time of insemination (53.5%) than either frozen-thawed immature or mature oocytes (25.8 and 27.3%, respectively). Similar proportion of frozen-thawed and control oocytes were penetrated by spermatozoa (71.8 to 79.1%) and exhibited 2 or more pronuclei (73.6 to 80.8%). The mean numbers of spermatozoa per penetrated oocyte were 1.9, 3.0 and 2.5, respectively, for Groups 1 and 2 and for the control oocytes. These results indicate that immature equine oocytes mature to the MII stage in vitro following freezing and thawing in EG or PD but not in GL. Stallion spermatozoa can penetrate zona-free immature and mature oocytes following freezing/thawing in EG and form morphologically normal pronuclei.

In vitro maturation of equine oocytes collected by follicle aspiration and by the slicing of ovaries

The aim of this study was to examine 2 techniques for oocyte recovery from equine ovaries at slaughter: by aspiration of follicles and by additional slicing of ovaries. The morphology and nuclear configuration of oocytes recovered with either technique, and the time course of nuclear maturation during in vitro maturation were evaluated. Recovery rates were 1.75 and 4.14 oocytes per ovary for aspiration and slicing (total 145 and 344 oocytes from 83 ovaries), respectively. The oocytes were classified according to their cumulus/ooplasm morphology into 4 groups: compact/circular(A), compact/semicircular(B), expanded(C) and others(D). The percentages of oocytes in Groups A, B, C and D were 34, 38, 25 and 3% (aspiration) and 55, 26, 17 and 3% (slicing), respectively. The proportions of oocytes with a germinal vesicle in Groups A, B, C and D were 28 29 (97%), 23 35 (66%), 11 23 (48%) and 2 4 (50%) in oocytes from aspiration and 91 100 (91%), 52 65 (80%), 15 29 (52%) and 1 2 (50%) in oocytes from slicing, respectively. Group A and B oocytes recovered by aspiration (n=212) and slicing (n=312) were cultured in TCM199 supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum, 1 mug/ml estradiol-17beta, and 0.02 AU/ml FSH at 38.5 degrees C in 5% CO(2) in air (5 to 10 oocytes per 50- mu l microdrop). At 8, 16, 24, 32 and 40 h of culture, the oocytes were fixed and stained. There were no significant differences in the percentages of Metaphase II stage (MII)-oocytes between recovery techniques at any time points examined. The proportions of MII-oocytes were 1 42 (2%), 4 43 (9%), 21 42 (50%), 28 45 (62%), and 28 40 (70%) at the respective time point in oocytes from aspiration and 0 51 (0%), 3 54 (6%), 22 59 (37%), 43 72 (60%), and 51 76 (67%) in oocytes from slicing, respectively. In most of the oocytes, resumption of meiosis occurred between 8 and 16 h of culture. The proportions of MII-oocytes increased significantly between 16 and 24 h and between 24 and 32 h of culture.

Perfragilins A and B, cytotoxic isoquinolinequinones from the bryozoan Membranipora perfragilis

Detailed spectroscopic and cytotoxicity data are reported for two new isoquinolinequinones, perfragilins A [1] and B [2], which were isolated from the bryozoan Membranipora perfragilis collected in South Australia. Both compounds, which are speculated to be of microbial origin, contain a relatively uncommon thiomethyl ether functionality.

Feeding behaviour in chickens given diets containing medium chain triglyceride

1. The effect of dietary medium chain triglyceride (MCT) on short-term food intake was compared with the effect of long chain triglyceride (LCT) in chickens. Maize oil was used as the LCT while glyceryl tricaprylate (C 8) and glyceryl tricaprate (C 10) were used as MCT. Cumulative food intake was determined during the 6 h after the start of feeding. 2. Chicks were given diets containing 200 g C 8/kg diet, 200 g C 10/kg diet or 200 g LCT/kg diet in experiment 1. As early as 30 min after feeding, cumulative food intake in both MCT-supplemented diets decreased significantly compared with the diet containing LCT. 3. To determine if endogenous cholecystokinin (CCK) was responsible for the decrease in food intake caused by MCT, birds were injected with the CCK-A receptor antagonist devazepide (DVZ, 1 mg/kg BW) before diet presentation. DVZ had no effect on food intake with either LCT- or MCT-supplemented diets. 4. In experiment 3, chicks were given a choice between either diets containing LCT and C 8, LCT and C 10, or C 8 and C 10 to confirm whether or not the palatability of the diets was influenced by the dietary fat sources. There was no difference in food intake between C 8 and C 10-supplemented diets. However, chicks preferred the LCT-supplemented diet compared with either of the diets containing MCT.

Feeding behavior in rats fed diets containing medium chain triglyceride

The effect of dietary medium chain triglyceride (MCT) on short-term food intake was compared with the effect of long chain triglyceride (LCT) in rats. Corn oil and glyceryl tricaprylate were used as LCT and MCT sources, respectively. Rats were given diets containing 200 g MCT/kg diet (MCT diet), 100 g MCT + 100 g LCT/kg diet (ML diet), or 200 g LCT/kg diet (LCT diet) in Experiment 1. Cumulative food intake was determined every h for the first 12 h, then at 2-h intervals thereafter during the subsequent 12 h. As early as 1 h after feeding, cumulative food intake significantly decreased in MCT-fed animals in a dose-dependent fashion. In Experiment 2, rats were given a choice between MCT and LCT diets for 1 h to confirm whether or not the palatability of diets was influenced by dietary fat sources. There was no difference in food intake between the two diets. In Experiment 3, the responsibility of endogenous cholecystokinin (CCK) for the difference in food intake between the two diets was investigated for 6 h by using a CCK-A receptor antagonist, Devazepide (DVZ, 1 mg/kg b. wt.). Food intake in the MCT diet and also in the LCT diet was improved by DVZ. It is concluded that the satiety, but not the palatability, is affected by carbon chain length in dietary triglyceride sources, although the responsibility of endogenous CCK is very small.

[A study for womanhood and caring]

This study is to explore the womanhood and caring. To explore the meaning of caring for nursing, it is necessary to identify the terms of the relationship between caring and womanhood as these bonds have been formed over the last century. Historically, nurses were expected to act out of on obligation to care, taking on Caring more as an identity than as work, and expressing altruism without, thought of autonomy either at the bedside of in their profession. Not only did the role of nursing evolve from the mother's role in the family, but the family itself served as a modal for care in the hospital. Thus, Nurses, like others who perform what is defined as "womens'work" in own society, have had to content with what appears as a dichotomy between the duty to Care for others and the right to control their own activities in the name of caring. Nursing was to be, therefore, a woman's duty, not the job. Obligations and love, not the need of work, were to bind the Nurses bo her patient. Caring was to be an unpaid labour of Love Gender studies suggests a basis for caring the stresses individual discretion and values, acknowledging that the Nurses'right to Care should be given equal consideration with the physician's right to Cure. Nursing continues to struggle with the basis, and the value of caring. But the dilemma of nursing is too tied to society's broader problems of gender and class. Nurses will have both to create a new political understanding for the basis of caring and to find ways to gain the power to implement it.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Effects of media and the presence of bovine oviduct epithelial cells during in vitro fertilization on fertilizability and developmental capacity of bovine oocytes

The effect of the presence of bovine oviduct epithelial cells (BOEC; Experiment 1) as well as the effects of media (Tyrode fertilization medium: TFM vs synthetic oviduct fluid: SOF), fertilization containers (drops in petri dish vs 96-wells), and the number of oocytes per drop and well (5 vs 10) for in vitro fertilization (Experiment 2) on the fertilizability and in vitro development of bovine oocytes were investigated. Immature oocytes with cumulus cells were cultured in TCM199 supplemented with 10% ECS and 2.5x10(6) granulosa cells for 24 hours at 39 degrees C under 5% CO(2) in air. In vitro fertilization was performed with frozen-thawed, heparin-treated spermatozoa (100 mug/ml, 15 minutes) and with BOEC (Experiment 1). In Experiment 2, in vitro fertilization was performed with two different media (TFM and SOF) and various conditions (culture dish and different number of oocytes). Cleavage, development to the blastocyst stage were evaluated on Day 2 and Day 7 after the start of culture. Effect of the presence of BOEC on fertilizability and developmental capacity (Experiment 1) was not significantly different. In Experiment 2, alterations in media, containers and number of oocytes during in vitro fertilization had no affect. The SOF medium showed results similar to those of TFM (normal fertilization rate: 63.2 vs 64%; cleavage: 69.3 vs 73.9%; development to the blastocyst stage: 14 vs 15%; and mean number of nuclei per blastocyst: 80.5 vs 86.6). The results indicate that the presence of BOEC during in vitro fertilization did not improve fertilizability, and that SOF as well as TFM medium can be utilized as a simple fertilization medium.

Pulmonary veins in total anomalous pulmonary venous connection with obstruction: demonstration using silicone rubber casts

We studied the postmortem vascular anatomy of four patients with total anomalous pulmonary venous connection (TAPVC) with obstruction using a silicone rubber casting method. Two patients were studied clinically but died before therapeutic intervention, one died after corrective surgery, and another was not diagnosed before death. The morphologic types were supracardiac (2), infracardiac (1), and mixed (1). One of the supracardiac forms had a stenosis at the left vertical vein by a bronchoarterial vise, and a collateral channel to the right superior caval vein was also present. In the other supracardiac case, a left upper pulmonary vein was connected to the left vertical vein above the stenotic portion, resulting in postoperative pulmonary hemorrhage into the left upper lobe. The patient with infracardiac TAPVC had a tree-shaped descending vertical vein and small opening at the inferior caval vein. In the mixed type, a right upper pulmonary vein ran between the pulmonary artery and bronchus draining into the superior caval vein, and the rest of the drainage was to the portal vein.

[A study on the pattern of pain expression of peptic ulcer patients]

Pain is a subjective and multidimensional concept. Therefore the patient's expression of pain have been referred to the best believable indicator of pain condition but the support data obtained from the patient considered cultural difference is a deficient condition in determined on the precise nursing diagnosis. The purpose of this research was to understand multiple pain responses in cultural difference and sensitivity, to encourage communication between medical teams, and to provide the foundation data of on data of precise nursing assessment for the patient in pain. The research problem was to grasp pain express pattern of Korean peptic ulcer patients. The subjects were 20 peptic ulcer patients in medical unit or OPD of twp university hospitals in Seoul. Data were collected from September 7th to 22nd, 1990 by intensive interviews. Interviews were done by the researcher and all were tape-recorded. The Data analysis was done by Phenomenological method from Van Kaam. Validity assured by confirmation of the internal consistency of the statements and category by nursing colleague in educational and clinicians in medical care. From the emic data, 96 descriptive statements were organized in 18 theme cluster. The results of study were summarized as follows. 1. Pain Express Pattern cluster of Peptic Ulcer Patients were "pain as clogging", "shallow pain", "pain as pressing", "nauseateing pain", "pain as smarting", "pain as pulling", "pain as pricking", "pain as bursting", "wrenching pain", "excising pain", "uncontrollable pain for mind and body", "awakening pain", "pain as hollowing" and the other cluster. As above mentioned, Pain Express Pattern of Peptic Ulcer Patient appeared diversely in verbal and they were propered to Korean culture. Therefore they will provide for the foundation data of precise nursing assessment.

Energy utilisation in germ-free and conventional chicks fed diets containing sorbose

1. In experiment 1, growing conventional (CV) chicks were fed on diets containing graded amounts (0, 100, 200 and 300 g/kg diet) of sorbose from 4 to 14 d. Protein, fat and energy deposition were determined after carcase analysis. The values for growth, food efficiency, metabolisable energy (ME) and fat and energy depositions declined as the dietary sorbose content increased. 2. In experiment 2, the performances of germ-free (GF) and CV chicks fed on diets with (100 g sorbose/kg diet) or without sorbose were investigated. On both diets, body weight gain, food consumption and protein accumulation in GF chicks were significantly higher than those in CV birds. No significant differences were observed between the dietary treatment except for ME values, which were significantly lower for the sorbose diet. 3. It is suggested that dietary sorbose decreased energy utilisation, and that the microbial contribution to the utilisation of dietary sorbose was negligible in the chicken.

[Health status of elderly persons in Korea]

This Study was done to design and test an instrument to measure the health status of the elderly including physical, psychological and social dimensions. Data collection was done from July 18 to August 17, 1990. Subjects were 412 older persons in Korea. A convenience sample was used but the place of residence was stratified into large, medium and small city and rural areas. Participants located in Sudaemun-Gu, Mapo-Gu, and Kangnam-Gu, Seoul were interviewed by brained nursing students, and those in Chungju, Jonju, Chuncheon, and Jinju by professors of nursing colleges. Rural residents were interviewed by community health practitioners working in Kungsang-Buk-Do, Kyngsang-Nam-Do, Jonla Buk-Do, and Kyung Ki-Do. The tool developed for this study was a structured questionnaire based on previous literature and then tested for reliability and validity. This tool contained 20 physical health status items, 17 mental-emotional health status items and 38 social health status items. Physical health status items clustered in to six factors such as personal hygiene, activity, home management, digestive, sexual, sensory, and climatization functions. Mental-emotional health status items clustered into two factors, mental health and emotional health. Social health status items clustered into seven factors, grandparent, parent, spouse, friend, kinships, group member and religious role functions. Data analysis included percentage, average, S.D., t-test and ANOVA. The results of the analysis were as follows: 1. The tool measuring the health status of the elderly and developed for this research had a relatively high reliability indicated by a Cronbach = 0.97793. 2. Average score of the subjects physical health status was 4,054 in a 5 point likert scale, mental-emotional health status was 3.803, social health status was 2.939 and the total average was 3.521. The social status of the subjects was the lowest and the next was mental-emotional health status; physical health status was the highest. 3. Educational background, perceived health status, the amount of pocket money were related to physical and mental-emotional health status and family structure was related mental-emotional physical and social health status. Occupation was related to physical and mental-emotional status. Area of residence was related to mental-emotional and social status. Source of living in the expenses was related to physical and mental-emotional health status marital status to mental-emotional and social health status, and the number living in the home physical health status and religion to social health status.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

[The control of catheter-associated urinary tract infection: an experimental nursing study. This study examined the effect of daily meatal care on the urinary tract infection rate of an experimental group]

The purpose of study was to confirm theory about the effectiveness of routine meatal care on the reduction of catheter-associated urinary tract infection. The study was carried out at a university hospital from September 1, 1987 to April 17, 1989: 32 patients with a foley-catheter were studied. The study compared the urinary tract infection rate of an experimental group with that of a control group and tested the antibiotic susceptibility of the isolated bacteria. The experimental group (16 patients) was given daily meatal care with 10% Betadine for periods ranging from 4 to 21 days. The control group (16 patients) was not given that care. The results obtained were as follows: 1. The urinary tract infection rate of the experimental group was 50.0%, and that of the control group 43.8%. There was no significant difference between the groups. 2. Organisms isolated in the control group were bacteria 100%, and in the experimental group bacteria 50% and fungus 50%. The most common organisms of the 15 strains isolated in the total group were Staphylococcus coagulase negative (3 patients), and E-coli (3 patients). 3. Most of bacteria isolated in this study were sensitive to Norfloxacin, but resistant to Ampicillin, Chloramphenicol, Kanamycin, Tetracycline, and Erythromycin. Hence the importance of controlling catheter-associated urinary tract infections. Findings suggest the need to search for other sources of infection, further experimentation controlling various sources of urinary tract infection and larger groups of subjects.

Liposarcoma arising in a giant lipomatous polyp of the esophagus

A case of liposarcoma in a giant pedunculated lipoma of the esophagus in a 49-year-old Korean woman who presented intermittent swallowing difficulty for 3 years is reported. Endoscopy and esophagography revealed that a giant smooth longitudinal tumor mass almost entirely occupied the esophageal lumen. A total esohagectomy was done. The tumor was 20 cm in length and 7 cm in average diameter with an obvious stalk measuring 3 cm in length and 1 cm in diameter. Microscopic examination disclosed a lipoma with focal ulceration and liposarcomatous change infiltrating into interstitial fibrous tissue at its distal end.