476
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Fu Y, Li S, Zu Y, Yang G, Yang Z, Luo M, Jiang S, Wink M, Efferth T. Medicinal chemistry of paclitaxel and its analogues. Curr Med Chem 2010; 16:3966-85. [PMID: 19747129 DOI: 10.2174/092986709789352277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2009] [Accepted: 07/29/2009] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Paclitaxel belongs to the most successful anticancer drugs developed and utilised during the past two decades. Nevertheless, the development of resistance of tumor cells and severe side effects in the patients require further improvement of the drug. In this review, we provide a detailed overview of the state-of-the-art in the medicinal chemistry of paclitaxel and its analogues. A number of strategies have been explored to obtain sufficient amounts of paclitaxel for clinical use from natural resources. Semi-synthesis from its precursor, 10-deacetylbaccatin III, which can be extracted from Taxus leavesturned out as the most appropriate method for commercial production. So far, many paclitaxel derivatives have been synthesized, and their effect on microtubules stabilization and cytotoxicity were investigated in terms of structure-activity relationships (SAR). One of them, docetaxel, was approved as a more potent anticancer agent than paclitaxel towards a variety of tumor types. This review summarizes current possibilities to harvest sufficient amount of drugs from natural sources, including the production of taxanes in bioreactors and synthetic approaches for paclitaxel and its analogues, their mechanism of action and structure-activity relationships. In addition, future developments and perspectives for this class of compounds are outlined.
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477
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Su C, Picard P, Rathbone MP, Jiang S. Guanosine-induced decrease in side population of lung cancer cells: lack of correlation with ABCG2 expression. J BIOL REG HOMEOS AG 2010; 24:19-25. [PMID: 20385068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Cancers contain a 'side population' (SP), a subset of cells that is greatly enriched in stem cells and which contains malignant progenitors. SP cells are characterised by high efflux capability for Hoechst 33342 dye and for anti-cancer therapeutic agents through transporters; ABCG2 (ATP-binding cassette transporter G2) is currently most closely associated with the SP phenotype. Guanosine is an important intercellular signalling molecule; it stimulates stem cell proliferation in vivo and affects cholesterol efflux in vitro through activation of ABCG transporter (ABCG1), raising the possibility that it might also affect ABCG2 and hence the SP. We examined the effects of guanosine on the SP of A549 lung cancer cells. Fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) revealed that exposure to 10 microM guanosine significantly decreased the proportion of SP cells after 48 hours but not after 6 hours. In contrast, Western blot analysis showed that 10 microM guanosine significantly decreased ABCG2 expression after 6 hours, but not after 48 hours. These data demonstrate that guanosine affects both the proportion of SP cells and ABCG2 transporters, but the lack of correlation between ABCG2 expression and the SP phenotype indicates that transporters other than ABCG2 are involved in maintaining the SP phenotype in A549 lung cancer cells.
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478
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Oesterreich S, Jiang S, Verdin E, Lee A, Malik S. Estrogen Receptor-Mediated Repression of Target Genes: Mechanism of Action, and Biological Significance. Cancer Res 2009. [DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.sabcs-09-4136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Estrogen-bound estrogen receptor (ER) can regulate the transcription of a large number of genes. Although estrogen represses as many genes as it induces, induction has been studied in detail while the repression mechanisms remain largely unknown. In this study we characterized several estrogen-repressed ERα target genes that are directly repressed by estrogen in breast cancer cells. Interestingly, many repressed genes are tumor suppressor genes, playing critical roles in cell cycle inhibition and/or apoptosis. One gene that particularly piqued our interest is Reprimo (RPRM) because of its robust repression in a number of cell lines, and its role as a cell cycle inhibitor. Additionally, it is highly methylated in a variety of cancers including breast cancer and maps to a locus that displays loss of heterozygosity, suggesting that it may be a tumor suppressor gene. As a result, E2-mediated repression of this gene may be a crucial step in the progression of breast cancer. We did show that RPRM decrease (by siRNA) enhances estrogen-mediated S-phase entry, strongly suggesting a biological role of its repression. RPRM was actively and strongly repressed by estrogen and this repression was not due to a quicker turnover of the RPRM mRNA by estrogen. E2-mediated repression of RPRM levels did not require new protein synthesis since it is also repressed in the presence of the translation inhibitor, cycloheximide. We find that estrogen repression of RPRM requires a tripartite interplay between ERα, FoxA1, and HDAC7 as knockdown of these proteins abrogates its repression. Remarkably, silencing of HDAC7 significantly relieved repression of the majority of eleven estrogen-repressed genes tested. Further examination of the interplay between HDAC7 and ERα revealed that HDAC7 can interact with ERα and repress its transcriptional activity in a deacetylase-independent manner. Chromatin immunoprecipitation assays demonstrate that ERα, FoxA1, and HDAC7 are all recruited to a cis-regulatory enhancer (-4.8 kb) in the RPRM gene in the presence of estrogen, which was associated with a release of RNA Pol II from the proximal promoter. Repression requires FoxA1 to be recruited to an epigenetic signature characterized by H3K4 mono- and di-methylation. In summary, we have uncovered a unique requirement for a deacetylase-independent function of HDAC7 in estrogen repression of genes such as RPRM.
Citation Information: Cancer Res 2009;69(24 Suppl):Abstract nr 4136.
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479
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Jiang S, Meyer R, Britton O, DeMayo F, Lee A, Lee A, Lewis M, Lewis M, Oesterreich S, Oesterreich S. Analysis of SAFB1 and SAFB2 Knockout Mice Reveals Non-Redundant Functions of the Two Estrogen Receptor Co-Repressor Paralogs. Cancer Res 2009. [DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.sabcs-09-2162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
The Scaffold Attachment Factor B1 (SAFB1) and B2 (SAFB2) have been shown to be involved in chromatin organization, transcriptional regulation, and RNA processing. The paralogs SAFB1 and SAFB2 share 74% similarity at the amino acid level, with up to 98% similarity in some functional domains. These functional domains include DNA and RNA-binding domains, and a C-terminal repression domain. We have previously shown that SAFB1 and SAFB2 function as estrogen receptor (ER) corepressors – they directly bind to ER, and repress its transcriptional activity. There is also evidence that both proteins play a role in breast cancer; their shared chromosomal locus on chromosome 19p13 displays high rates of LOH, and protein loss was associated with worse survival of breast cancer patients.To understand the roles of SAFB1 and SAFB2 in development and function of hormone responsive tissues, we generated gene-specific knockout (KO) mouse models. Deletion of SAFB1 resulted in a high degree of embryonic and perinatal lethality. Surviving SAFB1 KO mice displayed severe growth retardation associated with low serum IGF-I levels, male infertility and female subfertility. In contrast, SAFB2 KO mice were born at the expected Mendelian ratio and did not show any obvious defects in growth or fertility. Initial gross pathology analysis has not yet revealed any significant defects.Since the SAFB proteins are known to play a role in estrogen response, we analyzed mammary gland development in the two mouse models. Young virgin SAFB1 KO mice showed delayed mammary gland development with a significantly reduced number of terminal end buds and decreased outgrowth compared to wild type (WT) controls. This was likely a result of delayed puberty, due to low IGF-I levels, since at the four month time point, mammary gland growth was restored in the virgin SAFB1 KO mice to that seen in WT controls. Interestingly, the KO glands exhibited increased alveolar development and side branching. To measure proliferation directly, we performed mammary gland transplantation experiments, thereby excluding secondary effects due to systemic defects. These studies showed a significant increase in proliferation in SAFB1 KO glands compared to WT control glands. In contrast to the SAFB1-null mice, we did not observe any obvious mammary gland defects in pubertal or adult SAFB2-null mice. However, mammary glands from aged virgin SAFB2 mice (1.5 years old) showed extensive side branching and precocious development of alveolar buds resembling glands of late pregnant mice. This was associated with increased proliferation of alveolar cells in the SAFB2 KO glands.In summary, genetic ablation of the ER co-repressors SAFB1 and SAFB2 results in defects in mammary gland development. In general, the two mouse models have very different phenotypes, revealing diverse and non-redundant functions of SAFB1 and SAFB2, findings that were unexpected based on their high sequence similarity. We are currently performing additional studies to finalize characterization of the in vivo phenotypes, focusing on hormone responsive tissues, and also to understand the mechanism underlying the observed phenotypes.
Citation Information: Cancer Res 2009;69(24 Suppl):Abstract nr 2162.
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480
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Wang Q, Geng J, Luo T, Jiang S. Mode-locked 2 mum laser with highly thulium-doped silicate fiber. OPTICS LETTERS 2009; 34:3616-3618. [PMID: 19953138 DOI: 10.1364/ol.34.003616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
We report self-starting passively mode-locked fiber lasers with a saturable absorber mirror using a piece of 30-cm-long newly developed highly thulium (Tm)-doped silicate glass fibers. The mode-locked pulses operate at 1980 nm with duration of 1.5 ps and energy of 0.76 nJ. This newly developed Tm-doped silicate fiber exhibits a slope efficiency of 68.3%, an amplified spontaneous emission spectrum bandwidth (FWHM) of 92 nm, and a gain per unit length of greater than 2 dB/cm. To the best of our knowledge, it is the first demonstration of mode-locked 2 mum fiber laser using shorter than 1-m-long active fiber, which paves the way for the demonstration of mode-locked fiber laser at 2 mum with gigahertz fundamental repetition rate.
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481
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Hong H, Gu Y, Zhang H, Simon AK, Chen X, Wu C, Xu XN, Jiang S. Depletion of CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells enhances natural killer T cell-mediated anti-tumour immunity in a murine mammary breast cancer model. Clin Exp Immunol 2009; 159:93-9. [PMID: 19817769 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2249.2009.04018.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Both invariant natural killer T (NK T) cells and CD4(+)CD25(+) T regulatory cells (T(regs)) regulate the immune system to maintain homeostasis. In a tumour setting, NK T cells activated by alpha-galactosylceramide (alpha-GalCer) execute anti-tumour activity by secreting cytokines. By contrast, T(regs) intrinsically suppress antigen-specific immune responses and are often found to be elevated in tumour patients. In this study, we have shown that T(regs) regulate NK T cell function negatively in vitro, suggesting a direct interaction between these cell types. In a murine mammary tumour model, we demonstrated that administration of either alpha-GalCer or anti-CD25 antibody alone markedly suppressed tumour formation and pulmonary metastasis, and resulted in an increase in the survival rate up to 44% (from a baseline of 0%). When treatments were combined, depletion of T(regs) boosted the anti-tumour effect of alpha-GalCer, and the survival rate jumped to 85%. Our results imply a potential application of combining T(reg) cell depletion with alpha-GalCer to stimulate NK T cells for cancer therapy.
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482
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Ma L, Guo Y, Sun J, Yuan L, Huang Y, Qu S, Yu X, Meng Z, He X, Jiang S, Shao Y. P20-02. Characterization of phenotypic, genotypic and neutralization sensitivity of the HIV-1 CRF07_B'C Strains circulating in the Xinjiang Province of China. Retrovirology 2009. [PMCID: PMC2767884 DOI: 10.1186/1742-4690-6-s3-p372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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483
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Zhou L, Luo L, Xu J, Li Q, Chen J, Jiang S, Cai B, You C. Craniopharyngiomas in the posterior fossa: a rare subgroup, diagnosis, management and outcomes. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2009; 80:1150-4. [PMID: 19762904 DOI: 10.1136/jnnp.2008.149088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Craniopharyngiomas with predominant pars in the posterior fossa are very rare and extremely overlooked. The clinical features, diagnosis and management are different from their sellar/suprasellar counterparts. The purpose of this study was to explore the differing characteristics of posterior fossa craniopharyngiomas. METHODS Seven patients with pathologically proven craniopharyngiomas located in the posterior fossa were retrospectively investigated. The clinical data and radiographic findings were presented and analysed. RESULTS The primary presentations included headache, diplopia, ataxia and hearing loss. All tumours were located in the retrochiasmatic area, and five of seven displayed a retroinfundibulum growth pattern. The predominant components of the tumours were located in the unilateral cerebellopontine angle (CPA) in six cases, and the bilateral CPA in one case. Total tumour resection was accomplished in five patients. There were transient cranial nerve deficits in three patients, and CSF leakage in one patient. Six patients fully recovered to normal conditions, but one patient had tumour regrowth and had to undergo a secondary resection. CONCLUSIONS Posterior fossa craniopharyngiomas are rare and may be considered an independent subgroup of classifications. Tumours arising from the sellar region and extending to the posterior fossa present with their own unusual set of characteristics. These tumours can be radically and safely removed with a combined supra- and intratentorial approach.
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484
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Xia Q, Jiang S, Zhao Y, Sun P, Jin X, Wei C, Zhang Q. MP-04.15: Laparoscopic Cyst Decortication with Capsule Exfoliation in Polycystic Kidney Disease. Urology 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.urology.2009.07.1037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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485
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Yang Y, Bai LG, Zhu K, Liu YL, Jiang S, Liu J, Chen J, Xing XR. High pressure Raman investigations of multiferroic BiFeO(3). JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2009; 21:385901. [PMID: 21832378 DOI: 10.1088/0953-8984/21/38/385901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
We have reported a Raman scattering investigation of bismuth ferrite (BiFeO(3)) under high pressure up to 50 GPa. Distinct changes in the Raman spectra show evidence for three pressure-induced structural transitions. The abrupt frequency redshifts of the Raman modes near 300 cm(-1) at around 3 GPa are attributed to the modulation of the FeO(6) octahedral tilts. The disappearance of the modes below 250 cm(-1) at 8.6 GPa, together with the enhancement of the two modes in the range of 300-400 cm(-1), indicate the phase transition from the rhombohedral to orthorhombic symmetry. Afterward, the E-3 and E-4 modes disappear at 44.6 GPa, pointing to the occurrence of the orthorhombic-cubic phase transition, which is consistent with the previous postulate that an orthorhombic-cubic transition takes place across the metal-insulator transition at high pressures.
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486
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Wu X, Jiang S. Production of l-lactic acid by Rhizopus oryzae using semi-continuous fermentation. N Biotechnol 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nbt.2009.06.120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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487
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Scanderbeg D, Barna P, Jiang S, Pawlicki T, Yashar C. SU-FF-T-72: Dosimetric Comparison of SAVI, MammoSite, Contura and Clearpath for Accelerated Partial Breast Irradiation. Med Phys 2009. [DOI: 10.1118/1.3181545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
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488
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Jiang S. TU-E-BRD-01: Fluoroscopic Lung Tumor Tracking Without Implanted Fiducial Markers. Med Phys 2009. [DOI: 10.1118/1.3182408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
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489
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Li R, Lewis J, Cervino L, Lawson J, Jiang S. TH-C-303A-09: 4D CT Sorting Based On Patient Internal Anatomy. Med Phys 2009. [DOI: 10.1118/1.3182634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
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490
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Tang X, Lin T, Jiang S, Sandhu A, Chang S, Lian J, Chaney E. SU-FF-J-52: Towards On-Line Treatment Verification Using Cine EPID Images for Hypofractionated Lung IMRT. Med Phys 2009. [DOI: 10.1118/1.3181344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
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491
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Jiang Y, Cerviño L, Li R, Lewis J, Jiang S. SU-FF-J-66: Deriving Correlation of External Surface and Internal Tumor Motion Using 4D-CT Images. Med Phys 2009. [DOI: 10.1118/1.3181358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
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492
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Lewis J, Li R, Watkins T, Cerviño L, Lawson J, Song W, Jiang S. SU-FF-J-79: Markerless Lung Tumor Tracking in Rotational Radiotherapy. Med Phys 2009. [DOI: 10.1118/1.3181371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
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493
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Sun L, Jiang S, Zuegel JD, Marciante JR. Effective Verdet constant in a terbium-doped-core phosphate fiber. OPTICS LETTERS 2009; 34:1699-1701. [PMID: 19488153 DOI: 10.1364/ol.34.001699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The concept of an effective Verdet constant is proposed and experimentally validated. The effective Verdet constant of light propagation in a fiber includes contributions from the materials in both the core and the cladding. It is measured in a 25 wt.% terbium-doped-core phosphate fiber to be -6.2+/-0.4 rad/(Tm) at 1,053 nm, which is six times larger than silica fiber. The result agrees well with Faraday rotation theory in optical fiber.
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494
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Watkins W, Lewis J, Li R, Jiang S, Song W. SU-EE-A3-06: Uncertainty in GTV and ITV Delineation with 4DCT Imaging. Med Phys 2009. [DOI: 10.1118/1.3181110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
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495
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Li R, Lewis J, Cerviño L, Lawson J, Jiang S. SU-FF-J-72: Markerless Fluoroscopic Tracking of Lung Tumors Based On 4D CT. Med Phys 2009. [DOI: 10.1118/1.3181364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
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496
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Cerviño L, Song W, Wang J, Lawson J, Pawlicki T, Jiang S. SU-FF-T-538: Feasibility Study of Frame-Less Mask-Less Bite-Block-Less Stereotactic Radiosurgery Treatment with Real-Time Surface Imaging. Med Phys 2009. [DOI: 10.1118/1.3182036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
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497
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Jiang S. WE-A-BRD-03: Gated Radiotherapy for Lung Cancer. Med Phys 2009. [DOI: 10.1118/1.3182445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
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498
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Cerviño L, Jiang Y, Jiang S. SU-FF-J-47: Assessment of Diaphragm as An Internal Surrogate for Lung Tumor Motion Prediction. Med Phys 2009. [DOI: 10.1118/1.3181339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
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499
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Tyagi N, Mell L, Jiang S, Mundt A. TU-D-BRC-01: Repeated Measures Analysis of Variance of Patient Specific Daily Margins to Assess Interfraction Motion for Cervical Cancer Patients Undergoing IMRT Using Daily CBCT Imaging. Med Phys 2009. [DOI: 10.1118/1.3182376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
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500
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Cheang M, Chia SK, Tu D, Jiang S, Shepherd LE, Pritchard KI, Nielsen TO. Anthracyclines in basal breast cancer: The NCIC-CTG trial MA5 comparing adjuvant CMF to CEF. J Clin Oncol 2009. [DOI: 10.1200/jco.2009.27.15_suppl.519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
519 Background: MA5 randomized premenopausal women with node-positive early breast cancers to cyclophosphamide- methotrexate-fluorouracil (CMF) or cyclophosphamide-epirubicin-fluorouracil (CEF) adjuvant chemotherapy. This and other trials have shown that adjuvant regimens containing anthracyclines confer significant survival benefit to breast cancer patients. Meta-analyses have revealed most benefit in women with HER2(+) or TOPO2 (+) tumors. Population-based data suggest that patients with a core basal phenotype (negative for hormone receptors and HER2, positive for CK5/6 or EGFR) conversely have worse survival on anthracycline containing vs. CMF regimens. Here we test the hypothesis specified a priori that for basal breast cancers anthracyclines may be inferior, using data from MA5. Methods: From 710 patients in MA5, blocks suitable for tissue microarray construction were recovered for 549. Immunohistochemistry for ER, PR, HER2, Ki67, CK5/6 and EGFR was obtained, allowing stratification of 511 cases into intrinsic biological subtypes by published methods (Cheang MC et al. Clin Cancer Res 2008;14:1368–76). Prespecified analyses were conducted independently by the NCIC- CTG statistical centre. Results: In the CEF arm, patients with core basal tumors had a hazard ratio of 1.8 (log rank p=0.02) for overall survival (OS) relative to the other biological subtypes. In the CMF arm, there was no significant difference (HR 0.9, p = 0.7). The interaction between core basal status and treatment was borderline significant (p=0.06). Relapse free survival differences did not reach significance. Conclusions: Data from this randomized trial supports the hypothesis that anthracycline containing adjuvant chemotherapy regimens are inferior to adjuvant CMF in women with basal breast cancer. [Table: see text] No significant financial relationships to disclose.
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