Crystal structure of (E)-amino(2-(4-(dimethylamino)benzylidene)hydrazineyl)methaniminium nitrate, C10H16N6O3

C10H16N6O3, monoclinic, P 2 1 / c $P{2}_{1}/c$ (no. 14), a = 7.2312(1) Å, b = 17.7721(3) Å, c = 11.0146(2) Å, β = 104.557°, V = 1370.08(4) Å3, Z = 4, R gt (F) = 0.0532, wR ref (F 2) = 0.1537, T = 170.0 K.

Crystal structure of (E)-(2-((1H-pyrrol-2-yl)methylene)hydrazineyl)(amino)methaniminium nitrate monohydrate, C6H12N6O4

C6H12N6O4, monoclinic, P21/n (no. 14), a = 7.3652(3) Å, b = 16.8683(7) Å, c = 8.3779(3) Å, β = 101.525(4)°, V = 1019.87(7) Å3, Z = 4, R gt (F) = 0.0349, wR ref (F 2) = 0.1018, T = 170 K.

The Involvement of Aquaporin-4 in the Interstitial Fluid Drainage Impairment Following Subarachnoid Hemorrhage

The mechanism of brain injury following subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) has not yet been clarified. The glymphatic system (GS), a glia-dependent waste clearance pathway, drains away soluble waste proteins and metabolic products, even some toxic factors from the brain. Aquaporin-4 (Aqp4) is highly expressed on the astrocyte foot processes and facilitates the interstitial fluid (ISF) transportation in the GS system. In this study, the role of Aqp4 in the GS injury after SAH was explored using Aqp4 gene knockout (Aqp4^−/−) Sprague Dawley rats. The results of MRI, fluorescent imaging, and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) indicated that, after SAH, the inflow of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) into the brain and the clearance of ISF from the brain were both significantly decreased. Meanwhile, the expression level of Aqp4 around the artery was markedly higher than that around the vein following SAH. Aqp4 knockout exacerbated the GS damage after SAH. In summary, after SAH, there was an apparent GS impairment, and Aqp4 played key roles in modulating the function of GS in the brain.

The use of 2-, 5-, and 10-year probabilities to characterize fracture risk after a recent sentinel fracture

The increase in fracture risk associated with a recent fragility fracture is more appropriately captured using a 10-year fracture probability than 2- or 5-year probabilities.

INTRODUCTION

The recency of prior fractures affects subsequent fracture risk. The aim of this study was to quantify the effect of a recent sentinel fracture, by site, on the 2-, 5-, and 10-year probability of fracture.

METHODS

The study used data from the Reykjavik Study fracture register that documented prospectively all fractures at all skeletal sites in a large sample of the population of Iceland. Fracture probabilities were determined after a sentinel fracture (humeral, clinical vertebral, forearm and hip fracture) occurring within the previous 2 years and probabilities for a prior osteoporotic fracture irrespective of recency. The probability ratios were used to adjust fracture probabilities over a 2-, 5-, and 10-year time horizon.

RESULTS

As expected, probabilities decreased with decreasing time horizon. Probability ratios varied according to age and the site of sentinel fracture. Probability ratios to adjust for a prior fracture within the previous 2 years were higher the shorter the time horizon, but the absolute increases in fracture probabilities were much reduced. Thus, fracture probabilities were substantially lower with time horizons less than 10 years.

CONCLUSION

The 10-year probability of fractures is the appropriate metric to capture the impact of the recency of sentinel fractures. The probability ratios provide adjustments to conventional FRAX estimates of fracture probability for recent sentinel fractures, adjustments which can readily inform clinical decision-making.

Global impact of COVID-19 on non-communicable disease management: descriptive analysis of access to FRAX fracture risk online tool for prevention of osteoporotic fractures

The COVID-19 pandemic, and its management, is markedly impacting the management of osteoporosis as judged by access to online FRAX fracture risk assessments. Globally, access was 58% lower in April than in February 2020. Strategies to improve osteoporosis care, with greater use of fracture risk assessments, offer a partial solution.

INTRODUCTION

The COVID-19 pandemic is having a significant detrimental impact on the management of chronic diseases including osteoporosis. We have quantified the global impact by examining changes in the usage of online FRAX fracture risk assessments before and after the declaration of the pandemic (11 March 2020).

METHODS

The study comprised a retrospective analysis using GoogleAnalytics data on daily sessions on the FRAX® website ( www.sheffield.ac.uk/FRAX ) from November 2019 to April 2020 (main analysis period February-April 2020), and the geographical source of that activity.

RESULTS

Over February-April 2020, the FRAX website recorded 460,495 sessions from 184 countries, with 210,656 sessions in February alone. In March and April, the number of sessions fell by 23.1% and 58.3% respectively, a pattern not observed over the same period in 2019. There were smaller reductions in Asia than elsewhere, partly related to earlier and less-marked nadirs in some countries (China, Taiwan, Hong Kong, South Korea and Vietnam). In Europe, the majority of countries (24/31, 77.4%) reduced usage by at least 50% in April. Seven countries showed smaller reductions (range - 2.85 to - 44.1%) including Poland, Slovakia, Czech Republic, Germany, Norway, Sweden and Finland. There was no significant relationship between the reduction in FRAX usage and measures of disease burden such as COVID-attributed deaths per million of the population.

CONCLUSION

This study documents a marked global impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the management of osteoporosis as reflected by FRAX online fracture risk assessments. The analysis suggests that impact may relate to the societal and healthcare measures taken to ameliorate the pandemic.

Combining fracture outcomes in phase 3 trials of osteoporosis: an analysis of the effects of denosumab in postmenopausal women

This paper explores use of metrics that combine fracture outcomes that add power to phase 3 studies and provide a surrogate outcome for regulatory agencies.

INTRODUCTION

The aim of this study was to develop an analytic framework that would combine information from all fracture outcomes (including radiographic vertebral fractures) in phase 3 studies to provide a metric for the assessment of treatment efficacy.

METHODS

Data from the phase 3 study of denosumab were used as an exemplar comparing the effects of active intervention with placebo on the risk of all fractures associated with osteoporosis. Fracture outcomes were assigned utility weights drawn from the published literature and applied to age-specific health state values of the general population. For each fracture outcome in each arm of the study, cumulative disutility was computed to serve as the principal end point. The hypothesis tested was that treatment with denosumab results in a significant reduction in mean fracture-related disutility.

RESULTS

Treatment with denosumab was associated with significantly lower utility loss compared with placebo. For patients treated with denosumab, mean utility loss was 42% less than with placebo (4.5 vs. 7.5 QALYs/1000 patient years, respectively, p < 0.001).

CONCLUSIONS

Denosumab significantly decreased utility loss. The use of metrics that combine fracture outcomes may provide added power to phase 3 studies and provide a surrogate outcome for regulatory agencies.

The timed up and go test predicts fracture risk in older women independently of clinical risk factors and bone mineral density

The timed up and go (TUG) test measures physical performance and predicts falls in the elderly. In older women, TUG time predicts the risk of major osteoporotic fracture and hip fracture independently of clinical risk factors and bone mineral density, and has a substantial impact on fracture probabilities.

INTRODUCTION

The timed up and go (TUG) test measures physical performance and predicts falls in the elderly. A slow TUG has been associated with an increased fracture risk, but it is unclear whether the association is independent of clinical risk factors and bone mineral density (BMD). The aim of this study was to investigate if TUG time was associated with fracture risk independently of clinical risk factors and BMD and to determine its impact on fracture probabilities in older women.

METHODS

A standardized questionnaire was used to assess information regarding clinical risk factors in the large population-based SUPERB study of 3028 older women (75-80 years). At baseline, the TUG test was performed and BMD measured with DXA. The association between TUG time and the risk of hip fracture and major osteoporotic fracture (MOF) was examined using an extension of Poisson regression.

RESULTS

Fracture incidence increased steeply with increasing TUG time up to 12 s and subsequently started to level off. A slow TUG time was therefore defined as TUG > 12 s, a cutoff level then used in Cox models to study the association between slow TUG and fracture risk. A slow TUG time was associated with an increased risk of fracture (MOF 2.39 [1.80-3.18] and hip fracture 2.96 [1.62-5.40]). These associations were slightly attenuated but remained significant after adjustment for clinical risk factors and femoral neck BMD. Depending on BMD, the 4-year fracture probability of MOF increased by a factor of 1.5-1.9 in a 75-year-old woman with slow TUG (> 12 s).

CONCLUSION

The TUG time predicts the risk of MOF and hip fracture independently of clinical risk factors and BMD and has a substantial impact on fracture probabilities, indicating that inclusion of the TUG test in patient evaluation should be considered in order to improve fracture prediction in older women.

Crystal structure of dichlorido-bis(1-hexyl-1H-benzotriazole-k1 N)zinc(II), C24H34N6Cl2Zn

C24H34N6Cl2Zn, monoclinic, P21/c (no. 14), a = 9.513(3) Å, b = 9.546(3) Å, c = 30.956(10) Å, β = 101.228(9)°, V = 2757.3(15) Å3, Z = 4, R gt (F) = 0.0452, wR ref (F 2) = 0.1299, T = 293 K.

Crystal structure of 1,3-bis(octyl)benzimidazolium perchlorate C23H39ClN2O4

C23H39ClN2O4, triclinic, P 1 ‾ $P&#x203e;{1}$ (no. 2), a = 9.0752(19) Å, b = 9.542(2) Å, c = 16.049(3) Å, α = 99.088(4)°, β = 94.422(4)°, γ = 107.146(4)°, V = 1300.0(5) Å3, Z = 2, R gt(F) = 0.0646, wR ref(F 2) = 0.2298, T = 293.0 K.

Low dietary protein resilience is an indicator of the relative protein efficiency of individual dairy cows

Our objectives were to determine (1) the sources of variation in cow responses to dietary protein reduction, and (2) the association of low dietary protein resilience (LPR) with protein efficiency. Lactating Holstein cows in peak lactation (n = 166; 92 primiparous, 77 multiparous) with initial milk yield 41 ± 9.8 kg/d were fed high-protein (HP) or low-protein (LP) diets in 4-wk periods in a crossover design with half the cows fed LP first and half fed HP first. The study was repeated for 69 of these cows (42 primiparous, 27 multiparous) in late lactation. Low-protein diets were 14% crude protein (CP) in peak lactation and 13% CP in late lactation and were formulated to contain adequate rumen-degradable protein to maintain rumen function but inadequate rumen-undegradable protein for cows with average production in this study to maintain their production. High-protein diets were 18% CP in peak lactation and 16% CP in late lactation and contained extra expeller soybean meal to meet metabolizable protein requirements. Protein efficiency was defined as the protein captured in milk or in both milk and body tissues per unit of consumed protein. Low dietary protein resilience was calculated for each cow in peak and late lactation based on actual intake, production, and body weight measures. The ability of a cow to maintain total protein captured in milk and body gain when fed less protein varied considerably and the variation was mostly explained by a cow's captured protein per kilogram of metabolic body weight when fed HP, her parity, treatment sequence, and experiment. Protein efficiency was moderately repeatable across diets within lactation stage. Milk urea nitrogen was not associated with protein efficiency in individual cows within a diet and lactation stage. Cows with greater dietary protein resiliency (higher LPR) had similar protein efficiency on the HP diet as cows with lower LPR, but higher protein efficiency on the LP diet. In conclusion, cows generally maintained their protein efficiency rankings when switching diets between sufficient or insufficient protein; however, some high-producing cows are better able to maintain high production when fed less protein. We define this ability as LPR and suggest it might be useful for identifying cows that use protein more efficiently to enhance dairy sustainability.

Examining the effect of land transfer on landlords' income in China: An application of the endogenous switching model

The paper looks at factors that influence landlords' decision to transfer their farmlands and how farmland transfer has impacted on landlords' income. The essence of farmland transfer policy is to promote efficiency in agricultural land use. Endogenous regression model was adopted for the study because of its ability to handle the transfer decisions and impact of transfer decision on outcome simultaneously. The data were obtained from selected communities in Yunnan province, China. A total of 260 landlords were randomly selected for the study. The result shows that out-migration, off-farm income, agesq, public infrastructure and skill training influence transfer decision positively. The results further show that famine experience, access to credit, education and age negatively influence farmland transfer decision. The results show that farmland transfer leads to a significant increase in landlords' income.

Adjusting conventional FRAX estimates of fracture probability according to the recency of sentinel fractures

The risk of a recurrent fragility fracture is particularly high immediately following the fracture. This study provides adjustments to FRAX-based fracture probabilities accounting for the site of a recent fracture.

INTRODUCTION

The recency of prior fractures affects subsequent fracture risk. The aim of this study was to quantify the effect of a recent sentinel fracture, by site, on the 10-year probability of fracture determined with FRAX.

METHODS

The study used data from the Reykjavik Study fracture register that documented prospectively all fractures at all skeletal sites in a large sample of the population of Iceland. Fracture probabilities were determined after a sentinel fracture (humeral, clinical vertebral, forearm and hip fracture) from the hazards of death and fracture. Fracture probabilities were computed on the one hand for sentinel fractures occurring within the previous 2 years and on the other hand, probabilities for a prior osteoporotic fracture irrespective of recency. The probability ratios provided adjustments to conventional FRAX estimates of fracture probability for recent sentinel fractures.

RESULTS

Probability ratios to adjust 10-year FRAX probabilities of a major osteoporotic fracture for recent sentinel fractures were age dependent, decreasing with age in both men and women. Probability ratios varied according to the site of sentinel fracture with higher ratios for hip and vertebral fracture than for humerus or forearm fracture. Probability ratios to adjust 10-year FRAX probabilities of a hip fracture for recent sentinel fractures were also age dependent, decreasing with age in both men and women with the exception of forearm fractures.

CONCLUSION

The probability ratios provide adjustments to conventional FRAX estimates of fracture probability for recent sentinel fractures.

How has formal institutions influenced opportunity and necessity entrepreneurship? The case of brics economies

Using a panel data of BRICS economies, this study looks at how formal institutions have influenced various types of entrepreneurship. The study concentrated mainly on the following formal institutional factors: fiscal freedom, business freedom, property rights, financial freedom, labour freedom, and investment freedom. For the opportunity entrepreneurship, the result is not statistically significant. With the exception of business freedom, the remaining institutional factors have negative relationship with opportunity entrepreneurship. Fiscal freedom and business freedom show negative significant relationship with necessity entrepreneurship. The result also shows that business freedom has a negative significant effect on female opportunity entrepreneurship. The study further reveals that fiscal freedom, business freedom and financial freedom have a negative significant effect on men necessity entrepreneurship. Population growth has a positive effect on all categories of entrepreneurship whiles unemployment contributes negatively to all categories of entrepreneurship.

Effects of supplementing Holstein cows with soybean oil compared with palmitic acid-enriched triglycerides on milk production and nutrient partitioning

Both insulin and trans-10,cis-12 C18:2 (t10c12CLA) can be increased by high-starch diets; thus, it is difficult to determine whether insulin or t10c12CLA mediates nutrient partitioning toward body tissues during milk fat depression. To minimize insulin secretion while manipulating t10c12CLA levels, diets supplemented with palmitic acid-enriched triglycerides and soybean oil were fed to cows. Thirty-two Holstein cows (93 ± 35 d in milk) were included in the crossover experiment with each treatment period being 28 d. Treatment diets contained 25% neutral detergent fiber, 32% starch, 18% crude protein, and 4.6% fatty acids (dry matter basis). Treatment diets contained either palmitic acid-enriched triglycerides (2.5% dry matter, BergaFat T-300, Berg + Schmidt America LLC, Libertyville, IL; PAT) or soybean oil (2.5% dry matter; SBO). Cows were blocked by milk yield, body weight, and parity, and then randomly assigned to 1 of 2 treatment sequences (PAT-SBO or SBO-PAT). Cows fed PAT produced milk with only 3.1% fat, indicating milk fat depression; SBO decreased fat content further to only 2.4%. No effect of treatment was observed on dry matter intake, apparent net energy intake, milk yield, body condition score, or fat thickness over the rump and rib. However, compared with PAT, SBO decreased fat-corrected milk yield, energy-corrected milk yield, milk fat yield, de novo fatty acids, and 16-carbon fatty acid yield, whereas SBO increased body weight gain. Neutral detergent fiber digestibility tended to be lower in SBO, whereas fatty acid digestibility was higher. Additionally, the concentration of plasma insulin, nonesterified fatty acids, and triglycerides, and milk metabolites (trans-10 C18:1 and t10c12CLA) were all higher in SBO. In conclusion, with similar dietary starch content, the diet containing palmitic acid-enriched triglycerides partitioned more energy toward milk synthesis, whereas the diet containing soybean oil partitioned more energy toward body tissue gain.

Acetic Acid Promoted Direct Iodination of Terminal Alkynes with N-Iodosuccinimide: Efficient Preparation of 1-Iodoalkynes

An efficient and highly chemoselective approach for the direct iodination of terminal alkynes using acetic acid as N-iodosuccinimide activated reagent under metal-free conditions has been developed. This facile process tolerates a variety of terminal alkynes and provides the desired products in good to excellent yields (up to 99%).

Crystal structure of 1,1′-bis(diphenylphosphino)ferrocene-(1,1′-bis(diphenylphosphino)ferrocene-κ2 P,P′)-(O-isobutyl sulfurodithioito-κ2 S,S′)copper(I), C39H37CuFeOP2S2

C39H37CuFeOP2S2, triclinic, P1̄ (no. 2), a = 9.6132(10) Å, b = 11.5667(12) Å, c = 16.8739(18) Å, α = 99.732(2)°, β = 96.342(2)°, γ = 93.446(2)°, V = 1832.0(3) Å3, Z = 2, R gt(F) = 0.0455, wR ref(F 2) = 0.1212, T = 293.0 K.

Crystal structure of bis(2,3-diphenyltetrazolidine-5-thione-κ1 S)-(nitrato-κ1 O)-(nitrato-κ2 O,O′)lead(II), C26H20N10O6S2Pb

C26H20N10O6S2Pb, triclinic, P1̄ (no. 2), a = 9.3480(19) Å, b = 12.985(3) Å, c = 14.278(3) Å, α = 113.14(3)°, β = 92.05(3)°, γ = 102.75(3)°, V = 1539.8(7) Å3, Z = 2, R gt(F) = 0.0336, wR ref(F 2) = 0.0874, T = 293.0 K.

Crystal structure of dichloro-bis-(1-butyl-1H-benzo[d]imidazole)-nickel(II), C22H28Cl2N4Ni

C22H28Cl2N4Ni, monoclinic, P21/c (no. 14), a = 9.7332(19) Å, b = 14.886(3) Å, c = 18.623(5) Å, β = 117.45(2)°, V = 2394.5(10) Å3, Z = 4, R gt(F) = 0.0450, wR ref(F 2) = 0.1466, T = 293.0 K.

Crystal structure of bis(N,2-bis(4-ethoxybenzylidene)hydrazine-1-carbohydrazonothioato-κ2 N,S)nickel(II) — N,N-dimethylformamide (1/2), C44H56N10S2O6Ni

C44H56N10S2O6Ni, triclinic, P1̄ (no. 2), a = 9.3077(14) Å, b = 9.9624(14) Å, c = 14.0449(19) Å, α = 70.889(3)°, β = 75.532(2)°, γ = 87.544(3)°, V = 1190.5(3) Å3, Z = 1, R gt(F) = 0.0528, wR ref(F 2) = 0.1279, T = 293 K.

Crystal structure of diisopropyl 2,5-dihydroxycyclohexa-1,4-diene-1,4-dicarboxylate, C14H20O6

C14H20O6, triclinic, P1̄ (no. 2), a = 6.4270(13) Å, b = 8.3458(17) Å, c = 8.4120(17) Å, α = 107.08(3)°, β = 106.43(3)°, γ = 107.37(3)°, V = 376.2(2) Å3, Z = 1, R gt(F) = 0.0521, wR ref(F 2) = 0.1541, T = 294.0 K.

Crystal structure of diisobutyl 2,5-dihydroxycyclohexa-1,4-diene-1,4-dicarboxylate, C16H24O6

C16H24O6, triclinic, P1̄ (no. 2), a = 6.3410(13) Å, b = 7.3430(15) Å, c = 10.241(2) Å, α = 94.06(3)°, β = 103.89(3)°, γ = 113.13(3)°, V = 418.3(8) Å3, Z = 1, R gt(F) = 0.0546, wR ref(F 2) = 0.1691, T = 295(3) K.

Relationship of residual feed intake and protein efficiency in lactating cows fed high- or low-protein diets

Our objectives were to determine the repeatability of residual feed intake (RFI) across dietary protein levels and to determine the association between RFI and protein efficiency in lactating cows. Holstein cows (n = 166; 92 primiparous, 74 multiparous) with initial milk yield 41.3 ± 9.8 kg/d were fed diets with high or low protein in peak lactation. Experiments were conducted as crossovers with 2 treatment periods of 28 to 35 d. Production of 69 of the 166 cows (42 primiparous, 27 multiparous) was also measured in late lactation. Low-protein diets were 14% crude protein (CP) in peak lactation and 13% CP in late lactation and were formulated to contain adequate rumen-degradable protein to maintain rumen function. High-protein diets were 18% CP in peak lactation and 16% CP in late lactation and contained extra expeller soybean meal to increase absorbed protein. Cows were milked twice daily; DMI and milk yield were recorded daily. Milk composition was measured over 4 consecutive milkings weekly, and body weight (BW) was measured 3 times weekly. Fixed effects of diet, parity, and treatment period, interaction of parity and diet, and random effects of experiment and cow nested within experiment were included in the model to compare intake and production performance between cows fed different levels of CP. The RFI value was calculated for each cow on each treatment based on the actual intake, milk energy output, metabolic BW, and body energy (calculated from BW change and body condition score over the treatment period) change. Ranking of cows for RFI was moderately repeatable across dietary protein in peak lactation (r = 0.59) but less repeatable in late lactation (r = 0.41). Negative correlation was observed between RFI and protein efficiency values (dietary protein captured in milk) for cows in both peak lactation (r = -0.42) and late lactation (r = -0.24), which suggested that cows with higher energy efficiency had greater protein efficiency. In conclusion, RFI was repeatable across dietary protein levels within lactation stage, and cows with lower RFI values utilized protein more efficiently.

Correction to: Algorithm for the management of patients at low, high and very high risk of osteoporotic fractures

The article 'Algorithm for the management of patients at low, high and very high risk of osteoporotic fractures',written by J. A. Kanis, was originally published Online First without Open Access. After publication in volume [#], issue [#] and page [#-#], the author decided to opt for Open Choice and to make the article an Open Access publication.

Crystal structure of dipentyl 2,5-dihydroxycyclohexa-1,4-diene-1,4-dicarboxylate, C18H28O6

C18H28O6, monoclinic, C2/c (no. 15), a = 15.061(3) Å, b = 13.791(3) Å, c = 10.106(2) Å, β = 118.60(3)°, V = 1843.0(8) Å3, Z = 4, R gt(F) = 0.0462, wR ref(F 2) = 0.1315, T = 294.3 K.