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Deltito JA, Argyle N, Buller R, Nutzinger D, Ottosson JO, Brandon S, Mellergard M, Shera D. The sequence of improvement of the symptoms encountered in patients with panic disorder. Compr Psychiatry 1991; 32:120-9. [PMID: 2022110 DOI: 10.1016/0010-440x(91)90003-u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Patients who meet DSM-III-R criteria for a diagnosis of panic disorder often show a complex mixture of psychopathological symptoms, including panic attacks (spontaneous and situational), anxiety (anticipatory and generalized), phobias (fear and avoidance), depression/dysphoria, and social and occupational disability. Various theories about the pathogenesis of these symptoms have been advanced that focus on a given symptom (e.g., panic, phobia) being primary in these disorders, with concurrent symptoms seen as epiphenomena or as secondary and reactive to a core symptom. This study, conducted on a large sample of panic disorder patients (N = 1,168), examines the temporal sequential pattern of symptom improvement in these patients, and explores how these relationships relate to various pathogenic theories. Our multiple analyses, when considered together, tend not to support any pathogenic theory that views a given symptom as being central to the overall disorder; our findings have obvious implications for theoreticians and clinicians interested in the study and treatment of panic and anxiety disorders.
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Brandon S. The psychological aftermath of war. BMJ (CLINICAL RESEARCH ED.) 1991; 302:305-6. [PMID: 2001505 PMCID: PMC1669004 DOI: 10.1136/bmj.302.6772.305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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Roberts JB, Anderson J, Bayley TJ, Berrington RM, Boyd RV, Brandon S, Crawford IP, Curzen P, Houston IB, Hudson G. Educational benefits of audit. BMJ (CLINICAL RESEARCH ED.) 1991; 302:174. [PMID: 1995142 PMCID: PMC1668788 DOI: 10.1136/bmj.302.6769.174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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Maier W, Rosenberg R, Argyle N, Buller R, Roth M, Brandon S, Benkert O. Subtyping panic disorder by major depression and avoidance behaviour and the response to active treatment. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 1991; 241:22-30. [PMID: 1832302 DOI: 10.1007/bf02193750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
In order to establish the clinical validity of currently used ways of subtyping panic disorder the predictive power of associated current avoidance behaviour and (secondary) major depression for the response to active treatment (alprazolam, imipramine) was tested. The analysis was based on the data from the Cross-National-Collaborative-Panic-Study. Limited support for validity evidenced by predicting drug response was found for grading panic disorder by the severity of avoidance behaviour; patients with panic attacks and agoraphobia are more responsive to imipramine (compared with alprazolam) when using the reduction of the total number of panic attacks (or of spontaneous panic attacks) as the outcome criterion; patients without any avoidance behaviour did better with alprazolam (compared with imipramine).
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Maier W, Roth SM, Argyle N, Buller R, Lavori P, Brandon S, Benkert O. Avoidance behaviour: a predictor of the efficacy of pharmacotherapy in panic disorder? Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 1991; 241:151-8. [PMID: 1790160 DOI: 10.1007/bf02219714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The impact of the avoidance behaviour on the psychopharmacological treatment of panic disorder was explored in the Cross National Collaborative Panic Study (n = 1134 patients); in this double blind randomized trial alprazolam, imipramine and placebo were compared during an 8-week treatment period. Patients with extensive avoidance behaviour (agoraphobia) had the most profit from the active drugs. Counter expectancy these specific drug effects were most pronounced in avoidance behaviour. Active drugs (in particular imipramine) were especially more effective than placebo if the patients presented with associated avoidance behaviour. The results suggest that agoraphobia defines more a particular type of anxiety disorder overlapping with panic disorder than merely a severe state of panic disorder.
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Horstman DA, Brandon S, Wilson AL, Guyer CA, Cragoe EJ, Limbird LE. An aspartate conserved among G-protein receptors confers allosteric regulation of alpha 2-adrenergic receptors by sodium. J Biol Chem 1990; 265:21590-5. [PMID: 2174879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The residue involved in sodium regulation of G-protein-coupled receptors has been identified by site-directed mutagenesis of the alpha 2-adrenergic receptor gene. Mutation of Asp-79 to Asn-79 entirely eliminates allosteric regulation of ligand binding by monovalent cations without perturbing the selectivity of adrenergic binding or allosteric modulation of that binding by amiloride analogs. The high degree of conservation of this aspartate residue in all G-protein-coupled receptors, without even a conservative change to glutamate, underscores the probable importance of this allosteric regulation.
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Brandon S. NHS indemnity. BMJ (CLINICAL RESEARCH ED.) 1989; 299:1523. [PMID: 2514871 PMCID: PMC1838391 DOI: 10.1136/bmj.299.6714.1523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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Brandon S. Panic disorder: a new entity? Br J Hosp Med (Lond) 1989; 41:319. [PMID: 2720273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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Serafin WE, Dement SH, Brandon S, Hill EJ, Park CR, Park JH. Interactions of vitamin E and penicillamine in the treatment of hereditary avian muscular dystrophy. Muscle Nerve 1987; 10:685-97. [PMID: 3683444 DOI: 10.1002/mus.880100804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Our prior work demonstrated that penicillamine treatment of dystrophic chickens delayed the onset of symptoms, partially alleviated contractures, improved muscle function, and lowered serum creatine kinase. Penicillamine, a sulfhydryl compound with reducing properties, also prevented inactivation of glycolytic enzymes by protecting thiol groups. The present study shows that vitamin E enhances the therapeutic effects of penicillamine. Interaction of these two reductants is dose related. With vitamin E as adjunct therapy, the dosage level of penicillamine could be lowered by 50%, thereby minimizing side effects. The therapeutic rationale for two antioxidants is that penicillamine may act primarily in the cytoplasm to prevent oxidative damage, whereas the more hydrophobic vitamin E may protect membrane bilayers. Additionally, penicillamine may prevent collagen cross-linking and, deposition of insoluble collagen in muscle and thus decrease contracture formation. General applications of combined penicillamine and vitamin E therapy are discussed regarding prevention of free radical and oxidative damage in Duchenne dystrophy and a wide range of human diseases.
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Nunnari JM, Repaske MG, Brandon S, Cragoe EJ, Limbird LE. Regulation of porcine brain alpha 2-adrenergic receptors by Na+,H+ and inhibitors of Na+/H+ exchange. J Biol Chem 1987; 262:12387-92. [PMID: 3040742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Previous reports from this laboratory have demonstrated that alpha 2-adrenergic receptors accelerate Na+/H+ exchange in NG108-15 neuroblastoma X glioma cells and evoke platelet secretion via a pathway involving Na+/H+ exchange. The present studies were designed to examine whether agents that interact with Na+/H+ antiporters also might influence alpha 2-adrenergic receptor-ligand interactions. We observed that Na+ decreases receptor affinity for the agonists epinephrine, norepinephrine, and UK14304 and slightly increases receptor affinity for the antagonists yohimbine and idazoxan in digitonin-solubilized preparations from porcine brain cortex. Increases in [H+] also decrease receptor affinity for agonists and cause either a slight increase or no change in receptor affinity for antagonists. Amiloride analogs accelerate the rate of [3H] yohimbine dissociation from digitonin-solubilized receptors with a relative effectiveness that parallels their ability to block Na+/H+ exchange in other systems. Interestingly, these modulatory effects of Na+,H+ and 5-amino-substituted analogs of amiloride are retained in homogeneous preparations of the alpha 2-adrenergic receptor, suggesting that the allosteric-binding sites for these agents are on the receptor-binding protein itself.
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Brandon S, Earp J. Regional secure units: arriving but under threat. West J Med 1987. [DOI: 10.1136/bmj.295.6590.120-b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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Kirchner KA, Brandon S, Mueller RA, Smith MJ, Bower JD. Mechanism of attenuated hydrochlorothiazide response during indomethacin administration. Kidney Int 1987; 31:1097-103. [PMID: 3599650 DOI: 10.1038/ki.1987.114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Indomethacin antagonizes the natriuretic and chloruretic response to hydrochlorothiazide in most studies. Neither the mechanism nor nephron site of this antagonism has been determined. To identify sites and potential mechanisms, cortical micropuncture was performed during hydrochlorothiazide treatment in control and indomethacin rats. Indomethacin reduced (P less than 0.005) FeCl from 5.20 +/- 0.49% to 2.26 +/- 0.49% (mean +/- SE). MAP, CIn, and plasma volume were not different between groups. SNGFR and fractional proximal fluid and chloride delivery were not different between groups. Fractional chloride delivery to early distal tubules was 10.8 +/- 0.4% in control but 6.2 +/- 0.3% in indomethacin rats (P less than 0.001). Calculated loop chloride reabsorption was greater in indomethacin than control rats during hydrochlorothiazide administration (41.0 +/- 1.6% vs. 34.3 +/- 2.3%; P less than 0.05). Fractional chloride delivery to late distal tubules was 7.8 +/- 0.7% in control and 4.6 +/- 0.3% in indomethacin rats (P less than 0.005), but distal tubule chloride reabsorption was not different between groups. Papillary tissue chloride was less in control than indomethacin rats during hydrochlorothiazide (P less than 0.05). Urinary PGE2 excretion was reduced (P less than 0.001) by indomethacin during hydrochlorothiazide. Thus indomethacin induced reductions in hydrochlorothiazide response result in part from increased chloride reabsorption in the loop segment. This suggests indomethacin antagonizes hydrochlorothiazide by reducing chloride delivery to hydrochlorothiazide's site of action in the distal tubule rather than by effects of indomethacin on hydrochlorothiazide pharmacokinetics.
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Ashcroft GW, Beaumont G, Bonn J, Brandon S, Briggs A, Clark D, Davison K, Gelder MG, Goldberg D, Herrington R. Consensus statement: panic disorder. Br J Psychiatry 1987; 150:557-8. [PMID: 3664142 DOI: 10.1192/bjp.150.4.557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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Brandon S. Conference Report: A Subversive Foray into Private Practice. PSYCHIATRIC BULLETIN 1987. [DOI: 10.1192/pb.11.1.23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Brandon S. The National Health Service and the health care industry. COMMUNITY MEDICINE 1986; 8:124-30. [PMID: 3731749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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Levene LS, Donaldson LJ, Brandon S. How likely is it that a district health authority can close its large mental hospitals? Br J Psychiatry 1985; 147:150-5. [PMID: 3876130 DOI: 10.1192/bjp.147.2.150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
A cross-sectional survey assessed all 1,087 patients who were in psychiatric beds provided by a large district health authority. The elderly predominated in all length of stay categories, and a high proportion of them had levels of social and physical incapacity which made it unlikely that they could be cared for other than in residential care. A substantial minority of younger patients with a length of stay between one and two years had levels of incapacity which suggested the need for major treatment, rehabilitation, or training efforts. The findings have major implications for Government policy to replace large mental hospitals.
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Brandon S, Cowley P, McDonald C, Neville P, Palmer R, Wellstood-Eason S. Leicester ECT trial: results in schizophrenia. Br J Psychiatry 1985; 146:177-83. [PMID: 3884080 DOI: 10.1192/bjp.146.2.177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
As part of the Leicester electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) study, the role of ECT in schizophrenia was investigated in a double-blind trial. The Present State Examination criteria for schizophrenia were fulfilled by 22 patients, of whom 19 gave consent and entered the trial. Neuroleptic medication was restricted during the trial period. Patients were randomly allocated to eight real ECT or eight simulated ECT. At the end of the four-week trial period, patients receiving real ECT showed a significantly greater improvement when measured on the Montgomery-Asberg Schizophrenia Scale (MASS), the visual analogue global psychopathology scale, and the depression scale. The differences on the MASS and visual analogue global psychopathology scale were not due to improvement in depressive symptoms. The superiority of real ECT was not demonstrated at the 12- and 28-week follow-up, when treatment was not controlled.
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Dwivedi KN, Beaumont G, Brandon S. Electrophysiological responses in high and low aggressive young adolescent boys. ACTA PAEDOPSYCHIATRICA 1984; 50:179-90. [PMID: 6393696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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Brandon S. How informed are patients who have given informed consent? BMJ : BRITISH MEDICAL JOURNAL 1984. [DOI: 10.1136/bmj.289.6444.558-a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Brandon S. Electroconvulsive therapy: results from the Leicestershire trial. West J Med 1984. [DOI: 10.1136/bmj.288.6418.716-d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Marks I, Bicknell J, Bluglass KS, Bond M, Brandon S, Cawley RH, Eccleston D, Edwards G, Gibbons JL, Graham PJ, Hirsch SR, Kendell RE, Kolvin I, Lishman WA, Mindham RHS, Oswald I, Paykel ES, Rawnsley K, Roth M, Stone FH, Taylor D, Trethowan WH, Wakeling A, Watson JP. Persecution of academics in Turkey. West J Med 1984. [DOI: 10.1136/bmj.288.6412.241-c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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