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Kelvin DJ, Cameron MJ, Rowe T. Possible Link between the Severe Respiratory Illness Outbreak in Mexico and Swine Flu in Southwestern United States? J Infect Dev Ctries 2009. [DOI: 10.3855/jidc.3.157-158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
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102
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Kelvin DJ, Cameron MJ, Rowe T. Possible Link between the Severe Respiratory Illness Outbreak in Mexico and Swine Flu in Southwestern United States? J Infect Dev Ctries 2009. [DOI: 10.3855/jidc.17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
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103
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Pak JE, Sharon C, Satkunarajah M, Auperin TC, Cameron CM, Kelvin DJ, Seetharaman J, Cochrane A, Plummer FA, Berry JD, Rini JM. Structural insights into immune recognition of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus S protein receptor binding domain. J Mol Biol 2009; 388:815-23. [PMID: 19324051 PMCID: PMC7094495 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2009.03.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2008] [Revised: 03/16/2009] [Accepted: 03/16/2009] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
The spike (S) protein of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) is responsible for host cell attachment and fusion of the viral and host cell membranes. Within S the receptor binding domain (RBD) mediates the interaction with angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), the SARS-CoV host cell receptor. Both S and the RBD are highly immunogenic and both have been found to elicit neutralizing antibodies. Reported here is the X-ray crystal structure of the RBD in complex with the Fab of a neutralizing mouse monoclonal antibody, F26G19, elicited by immunization with chemically inactivated SARS-CoV. The RBD-F26G19 Fab complex represents the first example of the structural characterization of an antibody elicited by an immune response to SARS-CoV or any fragment of it. The structure reveals that the RBD surface recognized by F26G19 overlaps significantly with the surface recognized by ACE2 and, as such, suggests that F26G19 likely neutralizes SARS-CoV by blocking the virus-host cell interaction.
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Cameron CM, Cameron MJ, Bermejo-Martin JF, Ran L, Xu L, Turner PV, Ran R, Danesh A, Fang Y, Chan PKM, Mytle N, Sullivan TJ, Collins TL, Johnson MG, Medina JC, Rowe T, Kelvin DJ. Gene expression analysis of host innate immune responses during Lethal H5N1 infection in ferrets. J Virol 2008; 82:11308-17. [PMID: 18684821 PMCID: PMC2573250 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00691-08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2008] [Accepted: 07/21/2008] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
How viral and host factors contribute to the severe pathogenicity of the H5N1 subtype of avian influenza virus infection in humans is poorly understood. We identified three clusters of differentially expressed innate immune response genes in lungs from H5N1 (A/Vietnam/1203/04) influenza virus-infected ferrets by oligonucleotide microarray analysis. Interferon response genes were more strongly expressed in H5N1-infected ferret lungs than in lungs from ferrets infected with the less pathogenic H3N2 subtype. In particular, robust CXCL10 gene expression in H5N1-infected ferrets led us to test the pathogenic role of signaling via CXCL10's cognate receptor, CXCR3, during H5N1 influenza virus infection. Treatment of H5N1-infected ferrets with the drug AMG487, a CXCR3 antagonist, resulted in a reduction of symptom severity and delayed mortality compared to vehicle treatment. We contend that unregulated host interferon responses are at least partially responsible for the severity of H5N1 infection and provide evidence that attenuating the CXCR3 signaling pathway improves the clinical course of H5N1 infection in ferrets.
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105
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Tobler LH, Cameron MJ, Lanteri MC, Prince HE, Danesh A, Persad D, Lanciotti RS, Norris PJ, Kelvin DJ, Busch MP. Interferon and interferon-induced chemokine expression is associated with control of acute viremia in West Nile virus-infected blood donors. J Infect Dis 2008; 198:979-83. [PMID: 18729779 PMCID: PMC7202400 DOI: 10.1086/591466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
To understand early host responses controlling West Nile virus (WNV) infection, acutely viremic blood donors, identified by nucleic acid amplification testing, were enrolled and monitored for RNA-clearance and WNV-specific IgM and IgG antibodies. Viral load and chemokine and cytokine assays were performed on serial samples from donors whose index and first follow-up samples tested negative for IgM. A total of 84% of the specimens obtained from viremic donors before IgM/IgG seroconversion demonstrated a decreasing viral load. Levels of interferon (IFN)-α ere significantly increased before IgM seroconversion, relative to those in control specimens. CXCL10 and CCL2 were significantly elevated in donor specimens obtained before IgM seroconversion, compared with those obtained after IgM seroconversion. These findings suggest that IFN-mediated innate immunity plays a key role in initial control of WNV replication.
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Panju AH, Danesh A, Minden MD, Kelvin DJ, Alibhai SMH. Associations between quality of life, fatigue, and cytokine levels in patients aged 50+ with acute myeloid leukemia. Support Care Cancer 2008; 17:539-46. [DOI: 10.1007/s00520-008-0512-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2008] [Accepted: 09/18/2008] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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107
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Anraku M, Cameron MJ, Waddell TK, Liu M, Arenovich T, Sato M, Cypel M, Pierre AF, de Perrot M, Kelvin DJ, Keshavjee S. Impact of human donor lung gene expression profiles on survival after lung transplantation: a case-control study. Am J Transplant 2008; 8:2140-8. [PMID: 18727701 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-6143.2008.02354.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Primary graft dysfunction (PGD) continues to be a major cause of early death after lung transplantation. Moreover, there remains a lack of accurate pretransplant molecular markers for predicting PGD. To identify distinctive donor lung gene expression signatures associated with PGD, we profiled human donor lungs using microarray technology prior to implantation. The genomic profiles of 10 donor lung samples from patients who subsequently developed clinically defined severe PGD were compared with 16 case-matched donor lung samples from those who had a favorable outcome without PGD (development set, n = 26). Selected PCR validated predictive genes were tested by quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction in an independent test set (n = 81). Our microarray analyses of the development set identified four significantly upregulated genes (ATP11B, FGFR2, EGLN1 and MCPH1) in the PGD samples. These genes were also significantly upregulated in donor samples of the test set of patients with poor outcomes when compared to those of patients with good outcomes after lung transplantation. This type of biological donor lung assessment shows significant promise for development of a more accurate diagnostic strategy to assess donor lungs prior to implantation.
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Ochi A, Danesh A, Seneviratne C, Banner D, Devries ME, Rowe T, Xu L, Ran L, Czub M, Bosinger SE, Cameron MJ, Cameron CM, Kelvin DJ. Cloning, expression and immunoassay detection of ferret IFN-gamma. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2008; 32:890-897. [PMID: 18262264 PMCID: PMC7103222 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2007.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2007] [Revised: 12/21/2007] [Accepted: 12/23/2007] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Ferrets (Mustela putorius furo) develop symptoms upon influenza infection that resemble those of humans, including sneezing, body temperature variation and weight loss. Highly pathogenic strains of influenza A, such as H5N1, have the capacity to cause severe illness or death in ferrets. The use of ferrets as a model of influenza infection is currently limited by a lack of species-specific immunological reagents. Interferon gamma (IFN-gamma) plays a key role in the development of innate and adaptive immunity and the regulation of Th1-type immune responses. Here we describe the cloning of the full-length cDNA for ferret IFN-gamma. Multiple sequence alignment of the predicted amino acid sequence with those of other species indicates that the predicted ferret protein shares the highest identity with Eurasian badger IFN-gamma. We raised two hybridoma clones expressing monoclonal antibodies against recombinant ferret IFN-gamma capable of detecting IFN-gamma protein derived from mitogen-stimulated ferret PBMCs by immunoblotting, ELISA and ELISPOT assay. Finally, an ELISA utilizing the ferret-specific antibodies detected elevated levels of IFN-gamma in serum samples from H3N2 influenza A-infected ferrets.
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Moraes TJ, Martin R, Plumb JD, Vachon E, Cameron CM, Danesh A, Kelvin DJ, Ruf W, Downey GP. Role of PAR2 in murine pulmonary pseudomonal infection. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2007; 294:L368-77. [PMID: 18083764 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00036.2007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Proteinases can influence lung inflammation by various mechanisms, including via cleavage and activation of protease-activated receptors (PAR) such as PAR2. In addition, proteinases such as neutrophil and/or Pseudomonas-derived elastase can disarm PAR2 resulting in loss of PAR2 signaling. Currently, the role of PAR2 in host defense against bacterial infection is not known. Using a murine model of acute Pseudomonas aeruginosa pneumonia, we examined differences in the pulmonary inflammatory response between wild-type and PAR2(-/-) mice. Compared with wild-type mice, PAR2(-/-) mice displayed more severe lung inflammation and injury in response to P. aeruginosa infection as indicated by higher bronchoalveolar lavage fluid neutrophil numbers, protein concentration, and TNF-alpha levels. By contrast, IFN-gamma levels were markedly reduced in PAR2(-/-) compared with wild-type mice. Importantly, clearance of P. aeruginosa was diminished in PAR2(-/-) mice. In vitro testing revealed that PAR2(-/-) neutrophils killed significantly less bacteria than wild-type murine neutrophils. Further, both neutrophils and macrophages from PAR2(-/-) mice displayed significantly reduced phagocytic efficiency compared with wild-type phagocytes. Stimulation of PAR2 on macrophages using a PAR2-activating peptide resulted in enhanced phagocytosis directly implicating PAR2 signaling in the phagocytic process. We conclude that genetic deletion of PAR2 is associated with decreased clearance of P. aeruginosa. Our data suggest that a deficiency in IFN-gamma production and impaired bacterial phagocytosis are two potential mechanisms responsible for this defect.
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Danesh A, Seneviratne C, Cameron CM, Banner D, Devries ME, Kelvin AA, Xu L, Ran L, Bosinger SE, Rowe T, Czub M, Jonsson CB, Cameron MJ, Kelvin DJ. Cloning, expression and characterization of ferret CXCL10. Mol Immunol 2007; 45:1288-97. [PMID: 18006061 PMCID: PMC5653245 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2007.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2007] [Revised: 09/12/2007] [Accepted: 09/13/2007] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Chemokines and their receptors function in the recruitment and activation of cells of the immune system to sites of inflammation. As such, chemokines play an important role in mediating pathophysiological events during microbial infection. In particular, CXCL9, CXCL10 and CXCL11 and their cognate receptor CXCR3 have been associated with the clinical course of several infectious diseases, including severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) and influenza. While CXCL9, CXCL10 and CXCL11 share the same receptor and have overlapping functions, each can also have unique activity in host defense. The lack of a preferred characterized animal model for SARS has brought our attention to ferrets, which have been used for years in influenza studies. The lack of immunological reagents for ferrets prompted us to clone CXCL9, CXCL10, CXCL11 and CXCR3 and, in the case of CXCL10, to express the gene as a recombinant protein. In this study we demonstrate that endogenous ferret CXCL10 exhibits similar mRNA expression patterns in the lungs of deceased SARS patients and ferrets experimentally infected with SARS coronavirus. This study therefore represents an important step towards development of the ferret as a model for the role of CXCL9, CXCL10 and CXCL11:CXCR3 axis in severe viral infections.
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Likos AM, Kelvin DJ, Cameron CM, Rowe T, Kuehnert MJ, Norris PJ. Influenza viremia and the potential for blood-borne transmission. Transfusion 2007; 47:1080-8. [PMID: 17524100 DOI: 10.1111/j.1537-2995.2007.01264.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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112
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Bermejo-Martin JF, Kelvin DJ, Guan Y, Chen H, Perez-Breña P, Casas I, Arranz E, de Lejarazu RO. Neuraminidase antibodies and H5N1: geographic-dependent influenza epidemiology could determine cross-protection against emerging strains. PLoS Med 2007; 4:e212. [PMID: 17593897 PMCID: PMC1896207 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pmed.0040212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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113
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Cameron MJ, Ran L, Xu L, Danesh A, Bermejo-Martin JF, Cameron CM, Muller MP, Gold WL, Richardson SE, Poutanen SM, Willey BM, DeVries ME, Fang Y, Seneviratne C, Bosinger SE, Persad D, Wilkinson P, Greller LD, Somogyi R, Humar A, Keshavjee S, Louie M, Loeb MB, Brunton J, McGeer AJ, Kelvin DJ. Interferon-mediated immunopathological events are associated with atypical innate and adaptive immune responses in patients with severe acute respiratory syndrome. J Virol 2007; 81:8692-706. [PMID: 17537853 PMCID: PMC1951379 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00527-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 314] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
It is not understood how immune inflammation influences the pathogenesis of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS). One area of strong controversy is the role of interferon (IFN) responses in the natural history of SARS. The fact that the majority of SARS patients recover after relatively moderate illness suggests that the prevailing notion of deficient type I IFN-mediated immunity, with hypercytokinemia driving a poor clinical course, is oversimplified. We used proteomic and genomic technology to systematically analyze host innate and adaptive immune responses of 40 clinically well-described patients with SARS during discrete phases of illness from the onset of symptoms to discharge or a fatal outcome. A novel signature of high IFN-alpha, IFN-gamma, and IFN-stimulated chemokine levels, plus robust antiviral IFN-stimulated gene (ISG) expression, accompanied early SARS sequelae. As acute illness progressed, SARS patients entered a crisis phase linked to oxygen saturation profiles. The majority of SARS patients resolved IFN responses at crisis and expressed adaptive immune genes. In contrast, patients with poor outcomes showed deviated ISG and immunoglobulin gene expression levels, persistent chemokine levels, and deficient anti-SARS spike antibody production. We contend that unregulated IFN responses during acute-phase SARS may culminate in a malfunction of the switch from innate immunity to adaptive immunity. The potential for the use of the gene signatures we describe in this study to better assess the immunopathology and clinical management of severe viral infections, such as SARS and avian influenza (H5N1), is therefore worth careful examination.
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Bermejo-Martin JF, Garcia-Arevalo MC, Alonso A, De Lejarazu RO, Pino M, Resino S, Tenorio A, Bernardo D, Leon AJ, Garrote JA, Ardura J, Dominguez-Gil M, Eiros JM, Blanco-Quiros A, Munoz-Fernandez MA, Kelvin DJ, Arranz E. Persistence of proinflammatory response after severe respiratory syncytial virus disease in children. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2007; 119:1547-50. [PMID: 17451801 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2007.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2006] [Revised: 03/06/2007] [Accepted: 03/07/2007] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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115
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Cameron MJ, Bermejo-Martin JF, Danesh A, Muller MP, Kelvin DJ. Human immunopathogenesis of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS). Virus Res 2007; 133:13-9. [PMID: 17374415 PMCID: PMC7114310 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2007.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 263] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2006] [Revised: 02/12/2007] [Accepted: 02/19/2007] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Progressive immune-associated injury is a hallmark of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS). Viral evasion of innate immunity, hypercytokinemia and systemic immunopathology in the SARS coronavirus (SARS CoV) infected host have been suggested as possible mechanisms for the cause of severe pathology and morbidity in SARS patients. The molecular and cellular basis for how SARS CoV impacts the host immune system resulting in severe SARS, however, has not been elucidated. The variable clinical course of SARS may be the result of complex programs of host responses against the infectious agent. Therefore, the systematic analysis of innate and adaptive immune responses to SARS CoV is imperative in building as complete an immunological model as possible of host immunity and inflammatory responses during illness. Here we review recent advances in SARS immunopathogenesis research and present a summary of our findings regarding host responses in SARS patients. We contend that dysregulated type I and II interferon (IFN) responses during SARS may culminate in a failure of the switch from hyper-innate immunity to protective adaptive immune responses in the human host.
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Baron C, Meunier MC, Caron E, Côté C, Cameron MJ, Kelvin DJ, LeBlanc R, Rineau V, Perreault C. Asynchronous differentiation of CD8 T cells that recognize dominant and cryptic antigens. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2007; 177:8466-75. [PMID: 17142744 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.177.12.8466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Restriction of T cell responses to a few epitopes (immunodominance) is a central feature of immune responses. We analyzed the entire transcriptome of effector CD8 T cells specific for a dominant (H7(a)) and a cryptic (HY) mouse Ag and performed a longitudinal analysis of selected T cell differentiation markers. We found that Ag specificity had a relatively modest influence on the repertoire of genes that are transcriptionally modulated by the CD8 T cell differentiation program. Although the differentiation programs of anti-H7(a) and anti-HY T cells were similar, they did not progress simultaneously. The expansion peak of anti-H7(a) T cells was reached on day 10 while that of anti-HY T cells was attained on days 15-20. Between days 10 and 20, anti-H7(a) T cells were in the contraction phase and anti-HY T cells in the expansion phase. Furthermore, expansion and development of effector function were well-synchronized in anti-H7(a) T cells but were disconnected in anti-HY T cells. We propose that, by leading to selective expansion of the fittest CD8 T cells, immunodominance may be beneficial to the host. Inhibition of the T cell response to cryptic Ag would ensure that host resources (APC, cytokines) for which T cells compete are devoted to T cells with the best effector potential. One implication is that favoring expansion of the fittest effector T cells in general may be more important than increasing the diversity of the T cell repertoire.
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117
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Baron C, Somogyi R, Greller LD, Rineau V, Wilkinson P, Cho CR, Cameron MJ, Kelvin DJ, Chagnon P, Roy DC, Busque L, Sékaly RP, Perreault C. Prediction of graft-versus-host disease in humans by donor gene-expression profiling. PLoS Med 2007; 4:e23. [PMID: 17378698 PMCID: PMC1796639 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pmed.0040023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2006] [Accepted: 11/30/2006] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) results from recognition of host antigens by donor T cells following allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation (AHCT). Notably, histoincompatibility between donor and recipient is necessary but not sufficient to elicit GVHD. Therefore, we tested the hypothesis that some donors may be "stronger alloresponders" than others, and consequently more likely to elicit GVHD. METHODS AND FINDINGS To this end, we measured the gene-expression profiles of CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells from 50 AHCT donors with microarrays. We report that pre-AHCT gene-expression profiling segregates donors whose recipient suffered from GVHD or not. Using quantitative PCR, established statistical tests, and analysis of multiple independent training-test datasets, we found that for chronic GVHD the "dangerous donor" trait (occurrence of GVHD in the recipient) is under polygenic control and is shaped by the activity of genes that regulate transforming growth factor-beta signaling and cell proliferation. CONCLUSIONS These findings strongly suggest that the donor gene-expression profile has a dominant influence on the occurrence of GVHD in the recipient. The ability to discriminate strong and weak alloresponders using gene-expression profiling could pave the way to personalized transplantation medicine.
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Throsby M, Geuijen C, Goudsmit J, Bakker AQ, Korimbocus J, Kramer RA, Clijsters-van der Horst M, de Jong M, Jongeneelen M, Thijsse S, Smit R, Visser TJ, Bijl N, Marissen WE, Loeb M, Kelvin DJ, Preiser W, ter Meulen J, de Kruif J. Isolation and characterization of human monoclonal antibodies from individuals infected with West Nile Virus. J Virol 2006; 80:6982-92. [PMID: 16809304 PMCID: PMC1489037 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00551-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) neutralizing West Nile Virus (WNV) have been shown to protect against infection in animal models and have been identified as a correlate of protection in WNV vaccine studies. In the present study, antibody repertoires from three convalescent WNV-infected patients were cloned into an scFv phage library, and 138 human MAbs binding to WNV were identified. One hundred twenty-one MAbs specifically bound to the viral envelope (E) protein and four MAbs to the premembrane (prM) protein. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay-based competitive-binding assays with representative E protein-specific MAbs demonstrated that 24/51 (47%) bound to domain II while only 4/51 (8%) targeted domain III. In vitro neutralizing activity was demonstrated for 12 MAbs, and two of these, CR4374 and CR4353, protected mice from lethal WNV challenge at 50% protective doses of 12.9 and 357 mug/kg of body weight, respectively. Our data analyzing three infected individuals suggest that the human anti-WNV repertoire after natural infection is dominated by nonneutralizing or weakly neutralizing MAbs binding to domain II of the E protein, while domain III-binding MAbs able to potently neutralize WNV in vitro and in vivo are rare.
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119
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Zakhartchouk AN, Sharon C, Satkunarajah M, Auperin T, Viswanathan S, Mutwiri G, Petric M, See RH, Brunham RC, Finlay BB, Cameron C, Kelvin DJ, Cochrane A, Rini JM, Babiuk LA. Immunogenicity of a receptor-binding domain of SARS coronavirus spike protein in mice: implications for a subunit vaccine. Vaccine 2006; 25:136-43. [PMID: 16919855 PMCID: PMC7115608 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2006.06.084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2006] [Revised: 06/05/2006] [Accepted: 06/20/2006] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
We studied the immunogenicity of an anti-SARS subunit vaccine comprised of the fragment of the SARS coronavirus (SARS-CoV) spike protein amino acids 318-510 (S318-510) containing the receptor-binding domain. The S protein fragment was purified from the culture supernatant of stably transformed HEK293T cells secreting a tagged version of the protein. The vaccine was given subcutaneously to 129S6/SvEv mice in saline, with alum adjuvant or with alum plus CpG oligodeoxynucleotides (ODN). Mice immunized with the adjuvanted antigen elicited strong antibody and cellular immune responses; furthermore, adding the CpG ODN to the alum resulted in increased IgG2a antibody titers and a higher number of INF-gamma-secreting murine splenocytes. Mice vaccinated with S318-510 deglycosylated by PNGase F (dgS318-510) showed a lower neutralizing antibody response but had similar numbers of INF-gamma-producing cells in the spleen. This finding suggests that carbohydrate is important for the immunogenicity of the S318-510 protein fragment and provide useful information for designing an effective and safe SARS subunit vaccine.
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120
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DeVries ME, Kelvin AA, Xu L, Ran L, Robinson J, Kelvin DJ. Defining the origins and evolution of the chemokine/chemokine receptor system. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2006; 176:401-15. [PMID: 16365434 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.176.1.401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 189] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The chemokine system has a critical role in mammalian immunity, but the evolutionary history of chemokines and chemokine receptors are ill-defined. We used comparative whole genome analysis of fruit fly, sea urchin, sea squirt, pufferfish, zebrafish, frog, and chicken to identify chemokines and chemokine receptors in each species. We report 127 chemokine and 70 chemokine receptor genes in the 7 species, with zebrafish having the most chemokines, 63, and chemokine receptors, 24. Fruit fly, sea urchin, and sea squirt have no identifiable chemokines or chemokine receptors. This study represents the most comprehensive analysis of the chemokine system to date and the only complete characterization of chemokine systems outside of mouse and human. We establish a clear evolutionary model of the chemokine system and trace the origin of the chemokine system to approximately 650 million years ago, identifying critical steps in their evolution and demonstrating a more extensive chemokine system in fish than previously thought.
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Hosiawa KA, Wang H, DeVries ME, Garcia B, Jiang J, Zhou D, Cameron MJ, Zhong R, Kelvin DJ. Regulation of B- and T-cell Mediated Xenogeneic Transplant Rejection by Interleukin 12. Transplantation 2006; 81:265-72. [PMID: 16436971 DOI: 10.1097/01.tp.0000196725.53277.60] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Xenotransplantation may provide a solution to the increasing shortage of donor organs. Acute vascular rejection and cell-mediated rejection remain the primary barriers to successful xenotransplantation. In animal models where acute vascular rejection can be attenuated, xenografts succumb to cell-mediated rejection. The mechanisms of acute vascular rejection and cell-mediated rejection are poorly understood. METHODS Using a heterotopic rat-to-mouse cardiac transplantation model, we demonstrate that IL-12p40 attenuates both allogeneic and xenogeneic acute vascular rejection pathology by suppressing B-cell activation and anti-rat isotype switching. To study the mechanism of xenogeneic cell-mediated rejection, we use B-cell deficient mice that only develop cell-mediated rejection pathology. To elucidate the role of IL-12 in cell-mediated rejection, we generated B cell/ IL-12p40 double knockout mice. RESULTS We demonstrate that xenogeneic cell-mediated rejection is mediated by CD4+ T cells, and is accompanied by elevated FasL and granzyme mRNA expression. Strikingly, by generating B cell/IL-12p40 double knockout mice, we demonstrate that xenogeneic cell-mediated rejection is IL-12p40 dependent. In contrast, we demonstrate that allogeneic cellular rejection is IL-12p40 independent. CONCLUSIONS We conclude that IL-12 plays a dual role in xenotransplantation by driving xenogeneic CD4+ T cell responses but suppressing both allogeneic and xenogeneic B cell responses. Therefore, the mechanism of allogeneic and xenogeneic transplantation rejection is differentially regulated by IL-12.
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Hosiawa KA, Wang H, DeVries ME, Garcia B, Liu W, Zhou D, Akram A, Jiang J, Sun H, Cameron MJ, Zhong R, Kelvin DJ. CD80/CD86 costimulation regulates acute vascular rejection. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2005; 175:6197-204. [PMID: 16237117 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.175.9.6197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Xenotransplantation may provide the only solution to the shortage of human donor organs. Although hyperacute rejection associated with xenotransplantation can now be overcome, acute vascular rejection (AVR) remains a primary barrier to xenotransplantation. To date, standard immunosuppressive agents fail to block AVR or prolong xenograft survival. The present study was undertaken to determine the role of CD80/CD86 costimulatory molecules in regulating AVR. Lewis rat hearts were transplanted heterotopically into wild-type or IL-12, CD80- or CD86-deficient C57BL/6 mice. Wild-type recipients were treated with CD80 or CD86 neutralizing Ab with and without daily cyclosporin A (CsA, 15 mg/kg). Transplanted hearts in untreated wild-type recipients were rejected on postoperative days (POD) 17-21 and showed cell-mediated rejection (CMR) and AVR pathologies. In contrast, transplanted hearts in IL-12 and CD80 recipients or wild-type recipients treated with CD80 neutralizing Ab were rapidly rejected on POD 5 and 6 with AVR pathology. Interestingly, hearts transplanted into CD86 knockout recipients or wild-type recipients treated with CD86 neutralizing Ab underwent CMR on POD 17. Finally, blockade of CD86 but not CD80 rendered xenograft recipients sensitive to daily CsA therapy, leading to indefinite xenograft survival. To conclude, we demonstrate that AVR can be overcome by blocking the CD86 costimulatory pathway. Furthermore, we demonstrate that CD80 and CD86 have opposing roles in regulation of xenotransplantation rejection, where CD80 drives CMR and attenuates AVR while CD86 drives AVR. Most strikingly, indefinite xenograft survival can be achieved by suppressing AVR with CD86 neutralization in combination of CsA therapy, which inhibits CMR.
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Ma BY, Mikolajczak SA, Danesh A, Hosiawa KA, Cameron CM, Takaori-Kondo A, Uchiyama T, Kelvin DJ, Ochi A. The expression and the regulatory role of OX40 and 4-1BB heterodimer in activated human T cells. Blood 2005; 106:2002-10. [PMID: 15941918 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2004-04-1622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
OX40 and 4-1BB are members of the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) family of costimulatory receptors whose signaling is important for differential immune responses mediated by CD4+ or CD8+ T cells. Although activated T cells may acquire OX40/4-1BB double-positive phenotype and signaling from each receptor is expected to influence cell functions, the relevance between OX40 and 4-1BB has never been investigated before. While we were investigating the expression of OX40 and 4-1BB on activated human T cells, we found that they colocalize. The study of receptor gene–transfected cells showed that both receptors coendocytose and the complex of OX40 and 4-1BB was detected by specific ligands or antibodies (Abs). The heterodimer of OX40 and 4-1BB was identified by sodium dodecyl sulfate–polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) under nonreduced conditions and was associated with the tumor receptor–associated factor (TRAF) family proteins in a unique manner. Furthermore, the stimulation of OX40/4-1BB rendered cells sensitive to apoptosis induced by TNF-α that accompanied reduced activation of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB). Finally, the OX40/4-1BB stimulation repressed the mitogen response in activated CD25+CD4+ T cells and preactivated CD8+ T cells. Thus, the OX40/4-1BB heterodimer appears to represent a unique regulatory receptor in activated T cells.
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MESH Headings
- Antigens, CD/analysis
- Antigens, CD/metabolism
- Antigens, CD/physiology
- Apoptosis
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- Cells, Cultured
- Dimerization
- Endocytosis
- Humans
- Lymphocyte Activation
- NF-kappa B/metabolism
- Protein Binding
- Receptors, Nerve Growth Factor/analysis
- Receptors, Nerve Growth Factor/metabolism
- Receptors, Nerve Growth Factor/physiology
- Receptors, OX40
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor/analysis
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor/metabolism
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor/physiology
- T-Lymphocytes/chemistry
- T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- Transfection
- Tumor Necrosis Factor Receptor Superfamily, Member 9
- Tumor Necrosis Factor Receptor-Associated Peptides and Proteins
- Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/pharmacology
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Tyers M, Brown E, Andrews DW, Bergeron JJM, Boone C, Bremner R, Bussey HA, Cross JC, Davies JE, Desjardins M, Dick JE, Dumont DJ, Durocher D, Ellison MJ, Golding GB, Gray MW, Harrington LA, Hieter PA, Johnston G, Kelvin DJ, McCarry BE, Michnick SW, Ouellette F, Pearlman RE, Penn LJZ, Pelletier J, Rachubinski RA, Rennie PS, Rotin D, Rottapel R, Sadowski I, Sicheri F, Siminovitch L, Sonenberg N, Siu KWM, Tremblay ML, Winegarden N, Wozniak RW, Wright GD, Woodgett JR. Problems with Co-Funding in Canada. Science 2005; 308:1867. [PMID: 15976286 DOI: 10.1126/science.308.5730.1867b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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Lee BPL, Mansfield E, Hsieh SC, Hernandez-Boussard T, Chen W, Thomson CW, Ford MS, Bosinger SE, Der S, Zhang ZX, Zhang M, Kelvin DJ, Sarwal MM, Zhang L. Expression profiling of murine double-negative regulatory T cells suggest mechanisms for prolonged cardiac allograft survival. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2005; 174:4535-44. [PMID: 15814674 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.174.8.4535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies have demonstrated that both mouse and human alpha beta TCR(+)CD3(+)NK1.1(-)CD4(-)CD8- double-negative regulatory T (DN Treg) cells can suppress Ag-specific immune responses mediated by CD8+ and CD4+ T cells. To identify molecules involved in DN Treg cell function, we generated a panel of murine DN Treg clones, which specifically kill activated syngeneic CD8+ T cells. Through serial cultivation of DN Treg clones, mutant clones arose that lost regulatory capacity in vitro and in vivo. Although all allogeneic cardiac grafts in animals preinfused with tolerant CD4/CD8 negative 12 DN Treg clones survived over 100 days, allograft survival is unchanged following infusion of mutant clones (19.5 +/- 11.1 days) compared with untreated controls (22.8 +/- 10.5 days; p < 0.001). Global gene expression differences between functional DN Treg cells and nonfunctional mutants were compared. We found 1099 differentially expressed genes (q < 0.025%), suggesting increased cell proliferation and survival, immune regulation, and chemotaxis, together with decreased expression of genes for Ag presentation, apoptosis, and protein phosphatases involved in signal transduction. Expression of 33 overexpressed and 24 underexpressed genes were confirmed using quantitative real-time PCR. Protein expression of several genes, including Fc epsilon RI gamma subunit and CXCR5, which are >50-fold higher, was also confirmed using FACS. These findings shed light on the mechanisms by which DN Treg cells down-regulate immune responses and prolong cardiac allograft survival.
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