What a patient with refractory idiopathic detrusor overactivity should know about botulinum neurotoxin type a injection

PURPOSE

We documented the effects of intradetrusor injections of botulinum neurotoxin type A (Botox(R)) for refractory idiopathic detrusor overactivity so that prospective patients maybe properly informed about possible improvement in quality of life, the duration of interinjection intervals and the risk of clean intermittent self-catheterization.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

A total of 81 consecutive patients with refractory idiopathic detrusor overactivity treated with intradetrusor injections of 200 U botulinum neurotoxin type A at 20 sites per injection course were evaluated in this prospective, nonrandomized, open label cohort study. The primary outcome was changes in quality of life, as assessed by the short form of the Urogenital Distress Inventory and the Incontinence Impact Questionnaire before and after treatment. Secondary outcomes were the interinjection interval and the need for clean intermittent self-catheterization.

RESULTS

After intradetrusor botulinum neurotoxin type A injections there was significant improvement in quality of life, which was sustained after repeat injections. Mean Urogenital Distress Inventory and Incontinence Impact Questionnaire scores decreased from 56 to 26 and 59 to 21 after injection 1 in 81 patients, from 52 to 30 and 51 to 24 after injection 2 in 24, from 40 to 19 and 43 to 17 after injection 3 in 13, from 44 to 17 and 61 to 15 after injection 4 in 6 and from 51 to 17 and 63 to 14 after injection 5 in 4, respectively. The median interinjection interval was 15, 12, 14 and 13 months between injections 1 and 2, 2 and 3, 3 and 4, and 4 and 5, respectively. Considering a post-void residual urine of greater than 100 ml with lower urinary tract symptoms as the indication for clean intermittent self-catheterization, the overall clean intermittent self-catheterization rate after treatment was 43%.

CONCLUSIONS

Intradetrusor botulinum neurotoxin type A injections for refractory idiopathic detrusor overactivity significantly improved quality of life. This effect was sustained after repeat injection. More than 2 of 5 patients with refractory idiopathic detrusor overactivity required clean intermittent self-catheterization after botulinum neurotoxin type A injections and all prospective patients should be informed about this.

Combined magnetic resonance imaging and magnetic resonance spectroscopy imaging in the diagnosis of prostate cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis

CONTEXT

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) combined with magnetic resonance spectroscopy imaging (MRSI) emerged as a promising test in the diagnosis of prostate cancer and showed encouraging results.

OBJECTIVE

The aim of this systematic review is to meta-analyse the diagnostic accuracy of combined MRI/MRSI in prostate cancer and to explore risk profiles with highest benefit.

EVIDENCE ACQUISITION

The authors searched the MEDLINE and EMBASE databases and the Cochrane Library, and the authors screened reference lists and contacted experts. There were no language restrictions. The last search was performed in August 2008.

EVIDENCE SYNTHESIS

We identified 31 test-accuracy studies (1765 patients); 16 studies (17 populations) with a total of 581 patients were suitable for meta-analysis. Nine combined MRI/MRSI studies (10 populations) examining men with pathologically confirmed prostate cancer (297 patients; 1518 specimens) had a pooled sensitivity and specificity on prostate subpart level of 68% (95% CI, 56-78%) and 85% (95% CI, 78-90%), respectively. Compared with patients at high risk for clinically relevant cancer (six studies), sensitivity was lower in low-risk patients (four studies) (58% [46-69%] vs 74% [58-85%]; p>0.05) but higher for specificity (91% [86-94%] vs 78% [70-84%]; p<0.01). Seven studies examining patients with suspected prostate cancer at combined MRI/MRSI (284 patients) had an overall pooled sensitivity and specificity on patients level of 82% (59-94%) and 88% (80-95%). In the low-risk group (five studies) these values were 75% (39-93%) and 91% (77-97%), respectively.

CONCLUSIONS

A limited number of small studies suggest that MRI combined with MRSI could be a rule-in test for low-risk patients. This finding needs further confirmation in larger studies and cost-effectiveness needs to be established.

Air charged and microtip catheters cannot be used interchangeably for urethral pressure measurement: a prospective, single-blind, randomized trial

PURPOSE

We determined and compared urethral pressure measurements using air charged and microtip catheters in a prospective, single-blind, randomized trial.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

A consecutive series of 64 women referred for urodynamic investigation underwent sequential urethral pressure measurements using an air charged and a microtip catheter in randomized order. Patients were blinded to the type and sequence of catheter used. Agreement between the 2 catheter systems was assessed using the Bland and Altman 95% limits of agreement method.

RESULTS

Intraclass correlation coefficients of air charged and microtip catheters for maximum urethral closure pressure at rest were 0.97 and 0.93, and for functional profile length they were 0.9 and 0.78, respectively. Pearson's correlation coefficients and Lin's concordance coefficients of air charged and microtip catheters were r = 0.82 and rho = 0.79 for maximum urethral closure pressure at rest, and r = 0.73 and rho = 0.7 for functional profile length, respectively. When applying the Bland and Altman method, air charged catheters gave higher readings than microtip catheters for maximum urethral closure pressure at rest (mean difference 7.5 cm H(2)O) and functional profile length (mean difference 1.8 mm). There were wide 95% limits of agreement for differences in maximum urethral closure pressure at rest (-24.1 to 39 cm H(2)O) and functional profile length (-7.7 to 11.3 mm).

CONCLUSIONS

For urethral pressure measurement the air charged catheter is at least as reliable as the microtip catheter and it generally gives higher readings. However, air charged and microtip catheters cannot be used interchangeably for clinical purposes because of insufficient agreement. Hence, clinicians should be aware that air charged and microtip catheters may yield completely different results, and these differences should be acknowledged during clinical decision making.

ProCOC: the prostate cancer outcomes cohort study

BACKGROUND

Despite intensive research over the last several decades on prostate cancer, many questions particularly those concerning early diagnosis and the choice of optimal treatment for each individual patient, still remain unanswered. The goal of treating patients with localized prostate cancer is a curative one and includes minimizing adverse effects to preserve an adequate quality of life. Better understanding on how the quality of life is affected depending on the treatment modality would assist patients in deciding which treatment to choose; furthermore, the development of prognostic biomarkers that indicate the future course of the illness is a promising approach with potential and the focus of much attention. These questions can be addressed in the context of a cohort study.

METHODS/DESIGN

This is a prospective, multi-center cohort study within the canton of Zurich, Switzerland. We will include patients with newly diagnosed localized prostate cancer independently of treatment finally chosen. We will acquire clinical data including quality of life and lifestyle, prostate tissue specimen as well as further biological samples (blood and urine) before, during and after treatment for setup of a bio-bank. Assessment of these data and samples in the follow up will be done during routine controls. Study duration will be at least ten years. Influence of treatment on morbidity and mortality, including changes in quality of life, will be identified and an evaluation of biomarkers will be performed. Further we intend to set up a bio-bank containing blood and urine samples providing research of various natures around prostate cancer in the future.

DISCUSSION

We presume that this study will provide answers to pertinent questions concerning prognosis and outcomes of men with localised prostate cancer.

Effect of Thalamic Deep Brain Stimulation on Lower Urinary Tract Function

OBJECTIVE

The precise mechanisms underlying cerebral regulation of lower urinary tract function are still poorly understood. In patients with disabling essential tremor (ET) refractory to pharmacotherapy, thalamic deep brain stimulation (DBS) is an effective treatment for tremor control. Here, we evaluated the effect of thalamic DBS on urodynamic parameters in patients with ET.

PATIENTS AND METHODS

We investigated seven patients (two females, five males) with ET 15-85 mo after implantation of DBS leads into the ventral intermediate nucleus of the thalamus. We compared urodynamic parameters during thalamic DBS (ON state) and 30 min after turning the stimulator off (OFF state).

RESULTS

In the ON compared with the OFF state, there was a significant decrease in bladder volume at first desire to void (median, 218 ml vs. 365 ml, p=0.031), at strong desire to void (median, 305 ml vs. 435 ml, p=0.031), and at maximum cystometric capacity (median, 345 ml vs. 460 ml, p=0.016). No significant differences between the ON and OFF state were detected for changes in detrusor pressure during filling cystometry, bladder compliance, maximum detrusor pressure, detrusor pressure at maximum flow rate, maximum flow rate, voided volume, and postvoid residual.

CONCLUSIONS

Thalamic deep brain stimulation resulted in an earlier desire to void and decreased bladder capacity, suggesting a regulatory role of the thalamus in lower urinary tract function. Therefore, the thalamus may be a promising target for the development of new therapies for lower urinary tract dysfunction.

Safety of prolonged sacral neuromodulation tined lead testing

OBJECTIVE

Prolonged sacral neuromodulation (SNM) testing is more reliable for accurate patient selection than the usual test period of 4-7 days. However, prolonged testing was suspected to result in a higher complication rate due to infection via the percutaneous passage of the extension wire. Therefore, we prospectively assessed the complications associated with prolonged tined lead testing.

PATIENTS AND METHODS

A consecutive series of 44 patients who underwent prolonged tined lead testing for at least 14 days between May 2002 and April 2007 were evaluated. Complications during prolonged tined lead testing, during and after tined lead explantation and during follow-up after implantation of the implantable pulse generator (IPG) were registered prospectively.

RESULTS

Four patients suffered from urgency-frequency syndrome, 13 from urge incontinence, 18 from non-obstructive chronic urinary retention and nine from chronic pelvic pain syndrome. The median test phase was 30 days (interquartile range [IQR] 21-36). Thirty-two of the 44 patients (73%) had successful prolonged tined lead testing and 31 of these (97%) underwent the implantation of the IPG. The median follow-up of the IPG implanted patients was 31 months (IQR 20-41). The complication rate was 5% (2/44) during prolonged tined lead testing and 16% (5/31) during follow-up of the IPG implanted patients, respectively. None of the complications could be attributed to prolonged testing. No infections were observed during the study period.

CONCLUSIONS

This prospective, observational non-randomised study suggests prolonged SNM tined lead testing is a safe procedure. Based on the low complication rate and the increased reliability for accurate patient selection, this method is proposed as a possible standard test procedure, subject to confirmation by further randomised, controlled clinical studies.

Diabetes mellitus: does it impair urinary continence after radical cystoprostatectomy and ileal orthotopic bladder substitution?

OBJECTIVE

To assess the effect of diabetes mellitus (DM) on urinary continence after radical cystoprostatectomy and ileal orthotopic bladder substitution.

METHODS

Patients with DM undergoing radical cystoprostatectomy and ileal orthotopic bladder substitution without prior radiotherapy and with a minimum follow-up of 12 mo were identified from our database. Twenty-two men met the inclusion criteria and were randomly matched to 22 nondiabetic controls for age, ileum length used for reservoir construction, attempted nerve-sparing surgery, pathologic tumour stage, and pathologic lymph node status to assess the effect of DM on urinary continence.

RESULTS

All 22 diabetic patients suffered from type 2 DM. Twelve were treated with oral antidiabetics and 10 required insulin. Daytime continence was significantly worse in the diabetic patients compared to nondiabetic controls 3 mo (odds ratio [OR] 21; 95% confidence interval [CI], 2.4-185; p=0.001) and 6 mo (OR 17.5; 95% CI, 2-154; p=0.002) postoperatively. Thereafter no significant difference was detectable. In diabetic patients nighttime continence was worse. The difference was statistically significant at 3 mo (OR 7.3; 95% CI, 1.9-28; p=0.002), 6 mo (OR 9.1; 95% CI, 2.3-36; p=0.001), 12 mo (OR 7.1; 95% CI, 1.9-27; p=0.003), and 24 mo (OR 5.7; 95% CI, 1.3-26; p=0.018) after surgery.

CONCLUSIONS

Patients with DM take longer to regain daytime and, even more so, nighttime continence than nondiabetic patients. Diabetic patients undergoing radical cystoprostatectomy should be informed of the potential negative impact of DM on the recovery of urinary continence after an ileal orthotopic bladder substitution.

Nerve-Sparing Radical Cystectomy and Orthotopic Bladder Replacement in Female Patients

OBJECTIVES

Orthotopic diversion, initially performed solely in men, has now become a viable option in women. Approximately 15 yr ago, at several centres, urethra-sparing cystectomy and orthotopic diversion were initiated in women with bladder cancer. Several studies have since addressed both the oncologic and functional outcomes of this procedure.

METHODS

We describe our surgical technique of cystectomy and orthotopic urinary diversion in female patients, with an emphasis on how we preserve the neurovascular bundle.

RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS

An improved understanding of the anatomic neurovascular and fascial planes related to the rhabdosphincter has facilitated identification of elements needed for orthotopic diversion in female patients. The technique of en bloc anterior exenteration includes the anterior portion of the vagina; however, preservation of the rhabdosphincter and its autonomic nerve supply necessitates specific modifications of the standard operation. The video provides a detailed description of our surgical technique with attention to anatomic details necessary to avoid damage to the proximal urethra and to preserve the autonomic innervation of the rhabdosphincter.

Sacral Neuromodulation for Refractory Lower Urinary Tract Dysfunction: Results of a Nationwide Registry in Switzerland

OBJECTIVE

To assess the efficacy and safety of sacral neuromodulation (SNM) in patients with refractory lower urinary tract dysfunction in Switzerland based on a nationwide registry.

PATIENTS AND METHODS

A total of 209 patients (181 females, 28 males) underwent SNM testing between July 2000 and December 2005 in Switzerland. Subjective symptom improvement, bladder/pain diary variables, adverse events, and their management were prospectively registered.

RESULTS

SNM testing was successful (defined as improvement of more than 50% in bladder/pain diary variables) in 102 of 209 patients (49%). An implantable pulse generator (IPG) was placed in 91 patients (89% of all successfully tested and 44% of all tested patients). Of the IPG-implanted patients, 71 had urge incontinence, 13 nonobstructive chronic urinary retention, and 7 chronic pelvic pain syndrome. After a median follow-up of 24 mo, SNM was successful in 64 of the 91 IPG-implanted patients (70%) but failed in 27 patients. SNM was continued in 15 of the 27 patients considered failures, because following troubleshooting SNM response improved subjectively and the patients were satisfied. However, improvement in bladder/pain diary variables remained less than 50%. In the other 12 patients both the leads and the IPG were explanted. During the test phase and during/following IPG implantation, 6% (12 of 209) and 11% (10 of 91) adverse event rates and 1% (3 of 209) and 7% (6 of 91) surgical revision rates were reported, respectively.

CONCLUSIONS

SNM is an effective and safe treatment for refractory lower urinary tract dysfunction. Adverse events are usually transient and can be treated effectively.

Increased proximal urethral sensory threshold after radical pelvic surgery in women

AIM

To identify factors that potentially influence urethral sensitivity in women.

PATIENTS AND METHODS

The current perception threshold was measured by double ring electrodes in the proximal and distal urethra in 120 women. Univariate analysis using Kaplan-Meier models and multivariate analysis applying Cox regressions were performed to identify factors influencing urethral sensitivity in women.

RESULTS

In univariate and multivariate analysis, women who had undergone radical pelvic surgery (radical cystectomy n = 12, radical rectal surgery n = 4) showed a significantly (log rank test P < 0.0001) increased proximal urethral sensory threshold compared to those without prior surgery (hazard ratio (HR) 4.17, 95% confidence interval (CI) 2.04-8.51), following vaginal hysterectomy (HR 4.95, 95% CI 2.07-11.85), abdominal hysterectomy (HR 5.96, 95% CI 2.68-13.23), or other non-pelvic surgery (HR 4.86, 95% CI 2.24-10.52). However, distal urethral sensitivity was unaffected by any form of prior surgery. Also other variables assessed, including age, concomitant diseases, urodynamic diagnoses, functional urethral length, and maximum urethral closure pressure at rest had no influence on urethral sensitivity in univariate as well as in multivariate analysis.

CONCLUSIONS

Increased proximal but unaffected distal urethral sensory threshold after radical pelvic surgery in women suggests that the afferent nerve fibers from the proximal urethra mainly pass through the pelvic plexus which is prone to damage during radical pelvic surgery, whereas the afferent innervation of the distal urethra is provided by the pudendal nerve. Better understanding the innervation of the proximal and distal urethra may help to improve surgical procedures, especially nerve sparing techniques.

Nerve-Sparing Open Radical Retropubic Prostatectomy

INTRODUCTION

In recent years, the surgical technique for open radical prostatectomy has evolved and increasing attention is paid to preserving anatomic structures and the impact on outcome and quality of life.

METHODS

Technical aspects of nerve-sparing open radical retropubic prostatectomy (RRP) are described. Patient selection criteria and functional results are discussed, focusing on postoperative urinary continence.

RESULTS

The video demonstrates the nerve-sparing open RRP and important steps are elucidated with schematic drawings. The value of nerve sparing, not only for preserving erectile function, but also for preserving urinary continence is discussed and results from our institution are presented. In our series, urinary incontinence was present in 1 of 71 patients (1%) with attempted bilateral nerve-sparing, 11 of 322 (3%) with attempted unilateral nerve-sparing, or 19 of 139 (14%) without attempted nerve-sparing surgery. In multiple logistic regression analysis, the only statistically significant factor influencing urinary continence after open RRP was attempted nerve sparing (odds ratio, 4.77; 95% confidence interval, 2.18-10.44; p=0.0001).

CONCLUSIONS

Nerve-sparing surgery has a significant impact on erectile function and urinary continence and should be performed in all patients provided radical tumour resection is not compromised. For successful nerve preservation we advocate a lateral approach to the prostate to improve visualisation and simplify separation of the neurovascular bundles from the dorsolateral prostatic capsule. Bunching, ligating, and incising Santorini's plexus over the prostate and not over the sphincter ensures a bloodless surgical field. Mucosa-to-mucosa adaptation of the reconstructed bladder neck and the urethra is another important factor to be observed.

The Effect of Terazosin on Functional Bladder Outlet Obstruction in Women: A Pilot Study

PURPOSE

We assessed the effect of terazosin (Hytrin(R)) on functional bladder outlet obstruction in women.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Functional bladder outlet obstruction was defined as a maximum flow rate of less than 12 ml per second combined with a detrusor pressure at maximum flow rate of more than 20 cm H2O in pressure flow studies in the absence of neurological disorders or mechanical causes. In a prospective pilot study 15 women with functional bladder outlet obstruction were treated with terazosin. Terazosin was initiated at 1 mg daily and gradually increased to the maintenance dose of 5 mg daily during 2 weeks. Symptoms and urodynamic parameters were assessed before and 3 to 4 weeks after the initiation of alpha-blocker therapy.

RESULTS

While on terazosin, voiding symptoms subjectively improved greater than 50% in 10 of the 15 women (p = 0.002). Median maximum urethral closure pressure at rest decreased significantly from 98 to 70 cm H2O (p = 0.001), median maximum detrusor pressure decreased from 45 to 35 cm H2O (p = 0.008), median detrusor pressure at maximum flow decreased from 34 to 27 ml per second and median post-void residual urine decreased from 120 to 40 ml (p = 0.006 and 0.002, respectively). There was a significant increase in the median maximum flow rate from 9 to 20 ml per second and in median voided volume from 300 to 340 ml (p = 0.0005 and 0.021, respectively). Storage symptoms, functional urethral length and maximum cystometric capacity did not change significantly with alpha-blocker therapy (p > 0.05). Overall terazosin resulted in a significant improvement in symptoms and urodynamic parameters in 10 of the 15 women (67%).

CONCLUSIONS

Terazosin had a significant symptomatic and urodynamic effect in two-thirds of our patients. These results suggest that terazosin may be an effective treatment option in women with voiding dysfunction due to functional bladder outlet obstruction.

Nerve sparing open radical retropubic prostatectomy--does it have an impact on urinary continence?

PURPOSE

We prospectively assessed the role of nerve sparing surgery on urinary continence after open radical retropubic prostatectomy.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

We evaluated a consecutive series of 536 patients who underwent open radical retropubic prostatectomy with attempted bilateral, unilateral or no nerve sparing, as defined by the surgeon, without prior radiotherapy at a minimum followup of 1 year with documented assessment of urinary continence status. Because outlet obstruction may influence continence rates, its incidence and management was also evaluated.

RESULTS

One year after surgery 505 of 536 patients (94.2%) were continent, 27 (5%) had grade I stress incontinence and 4 (0.8%) had grade II stress incontinence. Incontinence was found in 1 of 75 (1.3%), 11 of 322 (3.4%) and 19 of 139 patients (13.7%) with attempted bilateral, attempted unilateral and without attempted nerve sparing, respectively. The proportional differences were highly significant, favoring a nerve sparing technique (p <0.0001). On multiple logistic regression analysis attempted nerve sparing was the only statistically significant factor influencing urinary continence after open radical retropubic prostatectomy (OR 4.77, 95% CI 2.18 to 10.44, p = 0.0001). Outlet obstruction at the anastomotic site in 33 of the 536 men (6.2%) developed at a median of 8 weeks (IQR 4 to 12) and was managed by dilation or an endoscopic procedure.

CONCLUSIONS

The incidence of incontinence after open radical retropubic prostatectomy is low and continence is highly associated with a nerve sparing technique. Therefore, nerve sparing should be attempted in all patients if the principles of oncological surgery are not compromised.

Twenty Years Experience With an Ileal Orthotopic Low Pressure Bladder Substitute—Lessons to be Learned

PURPOSE

We present the long-term results of a large consecutive series of patients undergoing ileal orthotopic bladder substitution following radical cystectomy.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Between April 1985 and 2005 orthotopic bladder substitution with an ileal low pressure reservoir was performed in 482 patients (including 40 women) after radical and, if possible, nerve sparing cystectomy. In 447 cases the procedure was combined with an afferent ileal isoperistaltic tubular segment. The patients were followed prospectively.

RESULTS

In the 482 patients 61 early (less than 30 days) diversion related complications requiring prolonged hospital stay or readmission were noted and 115 late complications required treatment. At 1 year continence was good in 92% of patients during the day and in 79% at night. At last followup 93% of patients could void spontaneously. Of 442 evaluable men 99 (22.4%) reported having erections without and 68 (15.4%) with medical assistance. Ureteroileal stenosis was observed in 12 of 447 (2.7%) patients. Urethral recurrence was detected in 25 of 482 (5%) patients. A total of 15 (5%) patients received vitamin B12 substitution. Renal parenchyma decreased only in patients with preoperative or postoperative ureteral obstruction. After 10 years patients with normal renal function had no long-term acidosis and in 20 patients the incidence of osteoporosis resembled that of the normal population.

CONCLUSIONS

Ileal orthotopic bladder substitution combined with an afferent ileal tubular segment allows for good long-term functional results provided patients are restrictively selected, postoperative instructions are followed carefully, and typical complications such as outlet obstruction and hernias are treated early.

Ultrasound Assessment of Detrusor Thickness in Men—Can it Predict Bladder Outlet Obstruction and Replace Pressure Flow Study?

PURPOSE

We estimated the diagnostic accuracy of ultrasound detrusor thickness measurement for BOO and investigated whether this method can replace PFS for the diagnosis of BOO in some patients with lower urinary tract symptoms.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Detrusor thickness was measured by linear ultrasound (7.5 MHz) at a filling volume of greater than 50% of cystometric capacity in 102 men undergoing PFS for LUTS. All patients with prior treatment for bladder outlet obstruction and those with underlying neurological disorders were excluded from analysis. Detrusor thickness was correlated with PFS data. Obstruction was defined according to the Abrams-Griffiths nomogram.

RESULTS

Detrusor thickness was significantly higher (p <0.0001) in obstructed (61 cases, median detrusor thickness 2.7 mm, IQR 2.4 to 3.3) compared to unobstructed (18 cases, median detrusor thickness 1.7 mm, IQR 1.5 to 2) as well as equivocal (23 cases, median detrusor thickness 1.8 mm, IQR 1.5 to 2.2) cases. A weak to medium Spearman correlation was found between detrusor thickness and PFS parameters. For a diagnosis of BOO, detrusor thickness of 2.9 mm or greater had a positive predictive value of 100%, a negative predictive value of 54%, specificity of 100% and sensitivity of 43%. ROC analysis revealed that detrusor thickness had a high predictive value for BOO with an AUC of 0.88 (95% CI 0.81-0.94).

CONCLUSIONS

In men with LUTS without prior treatment and/or neurological disorders, ultrasonographically assessed detrusor thickness 2.9 mm or greater has a high predictive value for BOO and can replace PFS for the diagnosis of BOO. However, this cutoff value needs to be validated in a larger study population.

Early and Late Urodynamic Assessment of Ileal Orthotopic Bladder Substitutes Combined With an Afferent Tubular Segment

PURPOSE

Limited information is available concerning changes in the urodynamic characteristics of orthotopic bladder substitutes with time. Therefore, we compared early and late urodynamic results in patients with an ileal orthotopic bladder substitute combined with an afferent tubular segment.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Of 139 patients surviving at least 5 years after cystoprostatectomy and ileal orthotopic bladder substitution with an afferent tubular segment 119 underwent urodynamic assessment, including 66 at a median of 9 months (early) and 77 at a median of 62 months (late). Of these patients 24 were assessed at each time point. Simultaneously all patients were asked to complete a bladder diary and questionnaire regarding continence for at least 3 days in the week preceding the urodynamic study.

RESULTS

Urodynamic parameters were comparable in patients who were evaluated early and late postoperatively. In addition, median values at early and late urodynamic evaluation in the 24 patients with the 2 examinations showed no statistically significant differences for volume at first desire to void (300 vs 333 ml, p = 0.85), pressure at first desire to void (12 vs 13 cm H2O, p = 0.57), maximum cystometric capacity (450 vs 453 ml, p = 0.84), end filling pressure (19 vs 20 cm H2O, p = 0.17), reservoir compliance (25 vs 28 ml/cm H2O, p = 0.58) or post-void residual urine volume (5 vs 15 ml, p = 0.27).

CONCLUSIONS

Urodynamic results after 5 years of living with an ileal orthotopic bladder substitute with an afferent tubular segment show grossly unchanged urodynamic characteristics. Patients maintain a reservoir capacity and micturition pattern consistent with a normal life-style. Reservoir pressure remained low, thereby protecting and preserving upper tract function. To achieve these results patients must be regularly followed, and the causes of bacteriuria, increased post-void residual urine and bladder outlet obstruction must be recognized and dealt with accordingly.