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Malka S, Biswas P, Berry AM, Sangermano R, Ullah M, Lin S, D'Antonio M, Jestin A, Jiao X, Quinodoz M, Sullivan L, Gardner JC, Place EM, Michaelides M, Kaminska K, Mahroo OA, Schiff E, Wright G, Cancellieri F, Vaclavik V, Santos C, Rehman AU, Mehrotra S, Azhar Baig HM, Iqbal M, Ansar M, Santos LC, Sousa AB, Tran VH, Matsui H, Bhatia A, Naeem MA, Akram SJ, Akram J, Riazuddin S, Ayuso C, Pierce EA, Hardcastle AJ, Riazuddin SA, Frazer KA, Hejtmancik JF, Rivolta C, Bujakowska KM, Arno G, Webster AR, Ayyagari R. Substitution of a single non-coding nucleotide upstream of TMEM216 causes non-syndromic retinitis pigmentosa and is associated with reduced TMEM216 expression. Am J Hum Genet 2024; 111:2012-2030. [PMID: 39191256 PMCID: PMC11393691 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2024.07.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2024] [Revised: 07/26/2024] [Accepted: 07/29/2024] [Indexed: 08/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Genome analysis of individuals affected by retinitis pigmentosa (RP) identified two rare nucleotide substitutions at the same genomic location on chromosome 11 (g.61392563 [GRCh38]), 69 base pairs upstream of the start codon of the ciliopathy gene TMEM216 (c.-69G>A, c.-69G>T [GenBank: NM_001173991.3]), in individuals of South Asian and African ancestry, respectively. Genotypes included 71 homozygotes and 3 mixed heterozygotes in trans with a predicted loss-of-function allele. Haplotype analysis showed single-nucleotide variants (SNVs) common across families, suggesting ancestral alleles within the two distinct ethnic populations. Clinical phenotype analysis of 62 available individuals from 49 families indicated a similar clinical presentation with night blindness in the first decade and progressive peripheral field loss thereafter. No evident systemic ciliopathy features were noted. Functional characterization of these variants by luciferase reporter gene assay showed reduced promotor activity. Nanopore sequencing confirmed the lower transcription of the TMEM216 c.-69G>T allele in blood-derived RNA from a heterozygous carrier, and reduced expression was further recapitulated by qPCR, using both leukocytes-derived RNA of c.-69G>T homozygotes and total RNA from genome-edited hTERT-RPE1 cells carrying homozygous TMEM216 c.-69G>A. In conclusion, these variants explain a significant proportion of unsolved cases, specifically in individuals of African ancestry, suggesting that reduced TMEM216 expression might lead to abnormal ciliogenesis and photoreceptor degeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha Malka
- Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Trust, London, UK; UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Pooja Biswas
- Shiley Eye Institute, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Anne-Marie Berry
- Shiley Eye Institute, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Riccardo Sangermano
- Ocular Genomics Institute, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Mukhtar Ullah
- Institute of Molecular and Clinical Ophthalmology Basel (IOB), Basel, Switzerland; Department of Ophthalmology, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Siying Lin
- Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Trust, London, UK; UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Matteo D'Antonio
- Department of Medicine, Division of Biomedical Informatics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Aleksandr Jestin
- UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Xiaodong Jiao
- Ophthalmic Genetics and Visual Function Branch, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Mathieu Quinodoz
- Institute of Molecular and Clinical Ophthalmology Basel (IOB), Basel, Switzerland; Department of Ophthalmology, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland; Department of Genetics and Genome Biology, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - Lori Sullivan
- Human Genetics Center, School of Public Health, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Jessica C Gardner
- UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Emily M Place
- Ocular Genomics Institute, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Michel Michaelides
- Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Trust, London, UK; UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Karolina Kaminska
- Institute of Molecular and Clinical Ophthalmology Basel (IOB), Basel, Switzerland; Department of Ophthalmology, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Omar A Mahroo
- Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Trust, London, UK; UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London, UK; Department of Ophthalmology, St Thomas' Hospital, London, UK; Section of Ophthalmology, King's College London, St Thomas' Hospital Campus, London, UK
| | - Elena Schiff
- Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Trust, London, UK; UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Genevieve Wright
- Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Trust, London, UK; UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Francesca Cancellieri
- Institute of Molecular and Clinical Ophthalmology Basel (IOB), Basel, Switzerland; Department of Ophthalmology, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | | | - Cristina Santos
- Instituto de Oftalmologia Dr. Gama Pinto (IOGP), Lisboa, Portugal; Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, NMS, FCM, NOVA Medical School, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 7 iNOVA4Health, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Atta Ur Rehman
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Biological and Health Sciences, Hazara University, Mansehra 21300, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
| | - Sudeep Mehrotra
- Ocular Genomics Institute, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Hafiz Muhammad Azhar Baig
- Ocular Genomics Institute, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Muhammad Iqbal
- Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Biochemistry, Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur 63100, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Ansar
- Hôpital Ophtalmique Jules-Gonin, Lausanne, Switzerland; Advanced Molecular Genetics and Genomics Disease Research and Treatment Centre, Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi 74200, Pakistan
| | | | - Ana Berta Sousa
- Medical Genetics Unit, Hospital Pediátrico, Centro Hospitalar e Universitário de Lisboa Norte (CHULN), Lisboa, Portugal; Serviço de Genética Médica, Departamento de Pediatria, Hospital de Santa Maria, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Viet H Tran
- Hôpital Ophtalmique Jules-Gonin, Lausanne, Switzerland; Centre for Gene Therapy and Regenerative Medicine, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Hiroko Matsui
- Shiley Eye Institute, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Anjana Bhatia
- Shiley Eye Institute, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Muhammad Asif Naeem
- National Centre of Excellence in Molecular Biology, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | | | - Javed Akram
- Allama Iqbal Medical Research Center, Lahore, Pakistan; Jinnah Burn and Reconstructive Surgery Center, Jinnah Hospital, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Sheikh Riazuddin
- Jinnah Burn and Reconstructive Surgery Center, Jinnah Hospital, Lahore, Pakistan; Department of Genetics, Health Research Institute-Fundación Jiménez Díaz University Hospital, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (IIS-FJD, UAM), 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Carmen Ayuso
- Department of Genetics, Health Research Institute-Fundación Jiménez Díaz University Hospital, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (IIS-FJD, UAM), 28049 Madrid, Spain; Center for Biomedical Network Research on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Eric A Pierce
- Ocular Genomics Institute, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - S Amer Riazuddin
- The Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Kelly A Frazer
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA; Institute of Genomic Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - J Fielding Hejtmancik
- Ophthalmic Genetics and Visual Function Branch, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Carlo Rivolta
- Institute of Molecular and Clinical Ophthalmology Basel (IOB), Basel, Switzerland; Department of Ophthalmology, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland; Department of Genetics and Genome Biology, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - Kinga M Bujakowska
- Ocular Genomics Institute, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Gavin Arno
- Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Trust, London, UK; UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London, UK; Greenwood Genetic Center, Greenwood, SC, USA
| | - Andrew R Webster
- Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Trust, London, UK; UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London, UK.
| | - Radha Ayyagari
- Shiley Eye Institute, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA.
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2
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Wang P, Shi W, Liu S, Shi Y, Jiang X, Li F, Chen S, Sun K, Xu R. ccdc141 is required for left-right axis development by regulating cilia formation in the Kupffer's vesicle of zebrafish. J Genet Genomics 2024; 51:934-946. [PMID: 39047937 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgg.2024.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2024] [Revised: 07/16/2024] [Accepted: 07/17/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024]
Abstract
Laterality is a crucial physiological process intricately linked to the cilium-centrosome complex during embryo development. Defects in the process can result in severe organ mispositioning. Coiled-coil domain containing 141 (CCDC141) has been previously known as a centrosome-related gene, but its role in left-right (LR) asymmetry has not been characterized. In this study, we utilize the zebrafish model and human exome analysis to elucidate the function of ccdc141 in laterality defects. The knockdown of ccdc141 in zebrafish disrupts early LR signaling pathways, cilia function, and Kupffer's vesicle formation. Unlike ccdc141-knockdown embryos exhibiting aberrant LR patterns, ccdc141-null mutants show no apparent abnormality, suggesting a genetic compensation response effect. In parallel, we observe a marked reduction in α-tubulin acetylation levels in the ccdc141 crispants. The treatment with histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors, particularly the HDAC6 inhibitor, rescues the ccdc141 crispant phenotypes. Furthermore, exome analysis of 70 patients with laterality defects reveals an increased burden of CCDC141 mutations, with in-vivo studies verifying the pathogenicity of the patient mutation CCDC141-R123G. Our findings highlight the critical role of ccdc141 in ciliogenesis and demonstrate that CCDC141 mutations lead to abnormal LR patterns, identifying it as a candidate gene for laterality defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengcheng Wang
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Wenxiang Shi
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Sijie Liu
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Yunjing Shi
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Heart Failure Center, Ruijin Hospital, Ruijin Hospital Lu Wan Branch, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Xuechao Jiang
- Scientific Research Center, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Fen Li
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200127, China
| | - Sun Chen
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Kun Sun
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Rang Xu
- Scientific Research Center, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, China.
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3
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Mercey O, Mukherjee S, Guichard P, Hamel V. The molecular architecture of the ciliary transition zones. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2024; 88:102361. [PMID: 38648677 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2024.102361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Revised: 03/28/2024] [Accepted: 03/30/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
Cilia and flagella are specialized eukaryotic organelles projecting from the surface of eukaryotic cells that play a central role in various physiological processes, including cell motility, sensory perception, and signal transduction. At the base of these structures lies the ciliary transition zone, a pivotal region that functions as a gatekeeper and communication hub for ciliary activities. Despite its crucial role, the intricacies of its architecture remain poorly understood, especially given the variations in its organization across different cell types and species. In this review, we explore the molecular architecture of the ciliary transition zone, with a particular focus on recent findings obtained using cryotomography and super-resolution imaging techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Mercey
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Souradip Mukherjee
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Paul Guichard
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.
| | - Virginie Hamel
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.
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4
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Patel MM, Gerakopoulos V, Petsouki E, Zimmerman KA, Tsiokas L. Nephronophthisis-associated FBW7 mediates cyst-dependent decline of renal function in ADPKD. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.02.29.582788. [PMID: 38464230 PMCID: PMC10925305 DOI: 10.1101/2024.02.29.582788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/12/2024]
Abstract
Nephronophthisis (NPHP) and autosomal dominant Polycystic Kidney Disease (ADPKD) are two genetically distinct forms of Polycystic Kidney Disease (PKD), yet both diseases present with kidney cysts and a gradual decline in renal function. Prevailing dogma in PKD is that changes in kidney architecture account for the decline in kidney function, but the molecular/cellular basis of such coupling is unknown. To address this question, we induced a form of proteome reprogramming by deleting Fbxw7 encoding FBW7, the recognition receptor of the SCF FBW7 E3 ubiquitin ligase in different segments of the kidney tubular system. Deletion of Fbxw7 in the medulla led to a juvenile-adult NPHP-like phenotype, where the decline in renal function was due to SOX9-mediated interstitial fibrosis rather than cystogenesis. In contrast, the decline of renal function in ADPKD is coupled to cystic expansion via the abnormal accumulation of FBW7 in the proximal tubules and other cell types in the renal cortex. We propose that FBW7 functions at the apex of a protein network that determines renal function in ADPKD by sensing architectural changes induced by cystic expansion.
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Kooshavar D, Amor DJ, Boggs K, Baker N, Barnett C, de Silva MG, Edwards S, Fahey MC, Marum JE, Snell P, Bozaoglu K, Pope K, Mohammad SS, Riney K, Sachdev R, Scheffer IE, Schenscher S, Silberstein J, Smith N, Tom M, Ware TL, Lockhart PJ, Leventer RJ. Diagnostic utility of exome sequencing followed by research reanalysis in human brain malformations. Brain Commun 2024; 6:fcae056. [PMID: 38444904 PMCID: PMC10914449 DOI: 10.1093/braincomms/fcae056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2023] [Revised: 12/13/2023] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 03/07/2024] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to determine the diagnostic yield of singleton exome sequencing and subsequent research-based trio exome analysis in children with a spectrum of brain malformations seen commonly in clinical practice. We recruited children ≤ 18 years old with a brain malformation diagnosed by magnetic resonance imaging and consistent with an established list of known genetic causes. Patients were ascertained nationally from eight tertiary paediatric centres as part of the Australian Genomics Brain Malformation Flagship. Chromosome microarray was required for all children, and those with pathogenic copy number changes were excluded. Cytomegalovirus polymerase chain reaction on neonatal blood spots was performed on all children with polymicrogyria with positive patients excluded. Singleton exome sequencing was performed through a diagnostic laboratory and analysed using a clinical exome sequencing pipeline. Undiagnosed patients were followed up in a research setting, including reanalysis of the singleton exome data and subsequent trio exome sequencing. A total of 102 children were recruited. Ten malformation subtypes were identified with the commonest being polymicrogyria (36%), pontocerebellar hypoplasia (14%), periventricular nodular heterotopia (11%), tubulinopathy (10%), lissencephaly (10%) and cortical dysplasia (9%). The overall diagnostic yield for the clinical singleton exome sequencing was 36%, which increased to 43% after research follow-up. The main source of increased diagnostic yield was the reanalysis of the singleton exome data to include newly discovered gene-disease associations. One additional diagnosis was made by trio exome sequencing. The highest phenotype-based diagnostic yields were for cobblestone malformation, tubulinopathy and lissencephaly and the lowest for cortical dysplasia and polymicrogyria. Pathogenic variants were identified in 32 genes, with variants in 6/32 genes occurring in more than one patient. The most frequent genetic diagnosis was pathogenic variants in TUBA1A. This study shows that over 40% of patients with common brain malformations have a genetic aetiology identified by exome sequencing. Periodic reanalysis of exome data to include newly identified genes was of greater value in increasing diagnostic yield than the expansion to trio exome. This study highlights the genetic and phenotypic heterogeneity of brain malformations, the importance of a multidisciplinary approach to diagnosis and the large number of patients that remain without a genetic diagnosis despite clinical exome sequencing and research reanalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniz Kooshavar
- Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
- Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - David J Amor
- Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
- Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Kirsten Boggs
- Centre for Clinical Genetics, Sydney Children’s Hospital, Randwick, NSW 2031, Australia
- Department of Clinical Genetics, The Children’s Hospital Westmead, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia
- Australian Genomics, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Naomi Baker
- Victorian Clinical Genetics Services, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Christopher Barnett
- SA Clinical Genetics Service, Women's and Children's Hospital, North Adelaide, SA 5006, Australia
| | - Michelle G de Silva
- Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
- Australian Genomics, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Samantha Edwards
- Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Michael C Fahey
- Department of Paediatrics, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3168, Australia
| | | | - Penny Snell
- Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Kiymet Bozaoglu
- Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
- Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Kate Pope
- Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Shekeeb S Mohammad
- Department of Neurology, Westmead Hospital, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia
| | - Kate Riney
- Neurosciences Unit, Queensland Children’s Hospital, South Brisbane, QLD 4101, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Rani Sachdev
- Centre for Clinical Genetics, Sydney Children’s Hospital, Randwick, NSW 2031, Australia
| | - Ingrid E Scheffer
- Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
- Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
- Department of Medicine, Epilepsy Research Centre, University of Melbourne, Austin Health and Florey Institute, Heidelberg, VIC 3084, Australia
- Department of Neurology, The Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Sarah Schenscher
- Paediatric and Reproductive Genetics Unit, Women’s and Children’s Hospital, Adelaide, SA 5006Australia
| | - John Silberstein
- Department of Neurology, Princess Margaret Hospital, Nedlands, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Nicholas Smith
- Department of Neurology and Clinical Neurophysiology, Women’s and Children’s Hospital, North Adelaide, SA 5006, Australia
| | - Melanie Tom
- Genetic Health Queensland, Royal Brisbane and Women’s Hospital, Herston, QLD 4029Australia
| | - Tyson L Ware
- Department of Paediatrics, Royal Hobart Hospital, Hobart, TAS 7000, Australia
| | - Paul J Lockhart
- Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
- Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Richard J Leventer
- Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
- Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
- Department of Neurology, The Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
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Kalot R, Sentell Z, Kitzler TM, Torban E. Primary cilia and actin regulatory pathways in renal ciliopathies. FRONTIERS IN NEPHROLOGY 2024; 3:1331847. [PMID: 38292052 PMCID: PMC10824913 DOI: 10.3389/fneph.2023.1331847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 02/01/2024]
Abstract
Ciliopathies are a group of rare genetic disorders caused by defects to the structure or function of the primary cilium. They often affect multiple organs, leading to brain malformations, congenital heart defects, and anomalies of the retina or skeletal system. Kidney abnormalities are among the most frequent ciliopathic phenotypes manifesting as smaller, dysplastic, and cystic kidneys that are often accompanied by renal fibrosis. Many renal ciliopathies cause chronic kidney disease and often progress to end-stage renal disease, necessitating replacing therapies. There are more than 35 known ciliopathies; each is a rare hereditary condition, yet collectively they account for a significant proportion of chronic kidney disease worldwide. The primary cilium is a tiny microtubule-based organelle at the apex of almost all vertebrate cells. It serves as a "cellular antenna" surveying environment outside the cell and transducing this information inside the cell to trigger multiple signaling responses crucial for tissue morphogenesis and homeostasis. Hundreds of proteins and unique cellular mechanisms are involved in cilia formation. Recent evidence suggests that actin remodeling and regulation at the base of the primary cilium strongly impacts ciliogenesis. In this review, we provide an overview of the structure and function of the primary cilium, focusing on the role of actin cytoskeleton and its regulators in ciliogenesis. We then describe the key clinical, genetic, and molecular aspects of renal ciliopathies. We highlight what is known about actin regulation in the pathogenesis of these diseases with the aim to consider these recent molecular findings as potential therapeutic targets for renal ciliopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita Kalot
- Department of Medicine and Department of Physiology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
- The Research Institute of the McGill University Health Center, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Zachary Sentell
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Thomas M. Kitzler
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
- McGill University Health Center, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Elena Torban
- Department of Medicine and Department of Physiology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
- The Research Institute of the McGill University Health Center, Montreal, QC, Canada
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7
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Syu JJ, Chang CH, Chang PY, Liu CH, Yu CJ, Jou TS. Lipid raft interacting galectin 8 regulates primary ciliogenesis. FASEB J 2023; 37:e23300. [PMID: 37997673 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202301943r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2023] [Revised: 10/23/2023] [Accepted: 10/26/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023]
Abstract
Primary cilium is a specialized sensory organelle that transmits environmental information into cells. Its length is tightly controlled by various mechanisms such as the frequency or the cargo size of the intraflagellar transport trains which deliver the building materials such as tubulin subunits essential for the growing cilia. Here, we show the sialoglycan interacting galectin 8 regulates the process of primary ciliogenesis. As the epithelia become polarized, there are more galectin 8 being apically secreted and these extracellular galectin 8 molecules apparently bind to a lipid raft enriched domain at the base of the primary cilia through interacting with lipid raft components, such as GD3 ganglioside and scaffold protein caveolin 1. Furthermore, the binding of galectin 8 at this critical region triggers rapid growth of primary cilia by perturbing the barrier function of the transition zone (TZ). Our study also demonstrates the functionality of this barrier depends on intact organization of lipid rafts at the cilia as genetically knockout of Cav1 and pharmacologically inhibition of lipid raft both phenocopy the effect of apical addition of recombinant galectin 8; that is, rapid elongation of primary cilia and redistribution of cilia proteins from TZ to the growing axoneme. Indeed, as cilia elongated, endogenous galectin 8, caveolin 1, and TZ component, TMEM231, also transited from the TZ to the growing axoneme. We also noted that the interaction between caveolin 1 and TMEM231 could be perturbed by exogenous galectin 8. Taken together, we proposed that galectin 8 promoted primary cilia elongation through impeding the barrier function of the TZ by interfering with the interaction between caveolin 1 and TMEM231.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jhan-Jhang Syu
- Graduate Institute of Molecular Medicine, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chieh-Hsiang Chang
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Yu Chang
- Graduate Institute of Molecular Medicine, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Hsiung Liu
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Jung Yu
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- Department of Thoracic Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Tzuu-Shuh Jou
- Graduate Institute of Molecular Medicine, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Center of Precision Medicine, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
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8
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Jung HJ, Dixon EE, Coleman R, Watnick T, Reiter JF, Outeda P, Cebotaru V, Woodward OM, Welling PA. Polycystin-2-dependent transcriptome reveals early response of autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease. Physiol Genomics 2023; 55:565-577. [PMID: 37720991 PMCID: PMC11178268 DOI: 10.1152/physiolgenomics.00040.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Revised: 09/12/2023] [Accepted: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 09/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) is caused by mutations in polycystin genes, Pkd1 and Pkd2, but the underlying pathogenic mechanisms are poorly understood. To identify genes and pathways that operate downstream of polycystin-2 (PC2), a comprehensive gene expression database was created, cataloging changes in the transcriptome immediately following PC2 protein depletion. To explore cyst initiation processes, an immortalized mouse inner medullary collecting duct line was developed with the ability to knock out the Pkd2 gene conditionally. Genome-wide transcriptome profiling was performed using RNA sequencing in the cells immediately after PC2 was depleted and compared with isogenic control cells. Differentially expressed genes were identified, and a bioinformatic analysis pipeline was implemented. Altered expression of candidate cystogenic genes was validated in Pkd2 knockout mice. The expression of nearly 900 genes changed upon PC2 depletion. Differentially expressed genes were enriched for genes encoding components of the primary cilia, the canonical Wnt pathway, and MAPK signaling. Among the PC2-dependent ciliary genes, the transcription factor Glis3 was significantly downregulated. MAPK signaling formed a key node at the epicenter of PC2-dependent signaling networks. Activation of Wnt and MAPK signaling, concomitant with the downregulation of Glis3, was corroborated in Pkd2 knockout mice. The data identify a PC2 cilia-to-nucleus signaling axis and dysregulation of the Gli-similar subfamily of transcription factors as a potential initiator of cyst formation in ADPKD. The catalog of PC2-regulated genes should provide a valuable resource for future ADPKD research and new opportunities for drug development.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) is the most common inherited kidney disease. Mutations in polycystin genes cause the disease, but the underlying mechanisms of cystogenesis are unknown. To help fill this knowledge gap, we created an inducible cell model of ADPKD and assembled a catalog of genes that respond in immediate proximity to polycystin-2 depletion using transcriptomic profiling. The catalog unveils a ciliary signaling-to-nucleus axis proximal to polycystin-2 dysfunction, highlighting Glis, Wnt, and MAPK signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun Jun Jung
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States
| | - Eryn E Dixon
- Department of Physiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States
| | - Richard Coleman
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States
| | - Terry Watnick
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States
| | - Jeremy F Reiter
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, California, United States
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, California, United States
| | - Patricia Outeda
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States
| | - Valeriu Cebotaru
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States
| | - Owen M Woodward
- Department of Physiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States
| | - Paul A Welling
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States
- Department of Physiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States
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9
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Garfa Traoré M, Roccio F, Miceli C, Ferri G, Parisot M, Cagnard N, Lhomme M, Dupont N, Benmerah A, Saunier S, Delous M. Fluid shear stress triggers cholesterol biosynthesis and uptake in inner medullary collecting duct cells, independently of nephrocystin-1 and nephrocystin-4. Front Mol Biosci 2023; 10:1254691. [PMID: 37916190 PMCID: PMC10616263 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2023.1254691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Accepted: 09/15/2023] [Indexed: 11/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Renal epithelial cells are subjected to fluid shear stress of urine flow. Several cellular structures act as mechanosensors-the primary cilium, microvilli and cell adhesion complexes-that directly relay signals to the cytoskeleton to regulate various processes including cell differentiation and renal cell functions. Nephronophthisis (NPH) is an autosomal recessive tubulointerstitial nephropathy leading to end-stage kidney failure before adulthood. NPHP1 and NPHP4 are the major genes which code for proteins that form a complex at the transition zone of the primary cilium, a crucial region required for the maintenance of the ciliary composition integrity. These two proteins also interact with signaling components and proteins associated with the actin cytoskeleton at cell junctions. Due to their specific subcellular localization, we wondered whether NPHP1 and NPHP4 could ensure mechanosensory functions. Using a microfluidic set up, we showed that murine inner medullary collecting ductal cells invalidated for Nphp1 or Nphp4 are more responsive to immediate shear exposure with a fast calcium influx, and upon a prolonged shear condition, an inability to properly regulate cilium length and actin cytoskeleton remodeling. Following a transcriptomic study highlighting shear stress-induced gene expression changes, we showed that prolonged shear triggers both cholesterol biosynthesis pathway and uptake, processes that do not seem to involve neither NPHP1 nor NPHP4. To conclude, our study allowed us to determine a moderate role of NPHP1 and NPHP4 in flow sensation, and to highlight a new signaling pathway induced by shear stress, the cholesterol biosynthesis and uptake pathways, which would allow cells to cope with mechanical stress by strengthening their plasma membrane through the supply of cholesterol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meriem Garfa Traoré
- Laboratory of Hereditary Kidney Disease, INSERM UMR 1163, Imagine Institute, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
- Cell Imaging Platform, Structure Fédérative de Recherche Necker, INSERM US24/CNRS UMS3633, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Federica Roccio
- Institut Necker Enfants-Malades (INEM), INSERM U1151/CNRS UMR 8253, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Caterina Miceli
- Institut Necker Enfants-Malades (INEM), INSERM U1151/CNRS UMR 8253, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Giulia Ferri
- Laboratory of Hereditary Kidney Disease, INSERM UMR 1163, Imagine Institute, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Mélanie Parisot
- Genomics Core Facility, Institut Imagine-Structure Fédérative de Recherche Necker, INSERM U1163 et INSERM US24/CNRS UMS3633, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Nicolas Cagnard
- Bioinformatic Platform, Institut Imagine-Structure Fédérative de Recherche Necker, INSERM U1163 et INSERM US24/CNRS UMS3633, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Marie Lhomme
- ICAN Omics, IHU ICAN Foundation for Innovation in Cardiometabolism and Nutrition, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Nicolas Dupont
- Institut Necker Enfants-Malades (INEM), INSERM U1151/CNRS UMR 8253, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Alexandre Benmerah
- Laboratory of Hereditary Kidney Disease, INSERM UMR 1163, Imagine Institute, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Sophie Saunier
- Laboratory of Hereditary Kidney Disease, INSERM UMR 1163, Imagine Institute, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Marion Delous
- Laboratory of Hereditary Kidney Disease, INSERM UMR 1163, Imagine Institute, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
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10
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Truong HM, Cruz-Colón KO, Martínez-Márquez JY, Willer JR, Travis AM, Biswas SK, Lo WK, Bolz HJ, Pearring JN. The tectonic complex regulates membrane protein composition in the photoreceptor cilium. Nat Commun 2023; 14:5671. [PMID: 37704658 PMCID: PMC10500017 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-41450-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 09/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The primary cilium is a signaling organelle with a unique membrane composition maintained by a diffusional barrier residing at the transition zone. Many transition zone proteins, such as the tectonic complex, are linked to preserving ciliary composition but the mechanism remains unknown. To understand tectonic's role, we generate a photoreceptor-specific Tctn1 knockout mouse. Loss of Tctn1 results in the absence of the entire tectonic complex and associated MKS proteins yet has minimal effects on the transition zone structure of rod photoreceptors. We find that the protein composition of the photoreceptor cilium is disrupted as non-resident membrane proteins accumulate in the cilium over time, ultimately resulting in photoreceptor degeneration. We further show that fluorescent rhodopsin moves faster through the transition zone in photoreceptors lacking tectonic, which suggests that the tectonic complex acts as a physical barrier to slow down membrane protein diffusion in the photoreceptor transition zone to ensure proper removal of non-resident membrane proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanh M Truong
- Cellular and Molecular Biology Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Kevin O Cruz-Colón
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | | | - Jason R Willer
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Amanda M Travis
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Sondip K Biswas
- Department of Neurobiology, Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Woo-Kuen Lo
- Department of Neurobiology, Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Hanno J Bolz
- Senckenberg Centre for Human Genetics, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Jillian N Pearring
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
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11
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Sreedevi N, Swapna N, Maruthy S, Jayakumar T, Sylvester C. Molecular Evaluation of Joubert Syndrome and Hearing Impairment in a Patient with Ataxic Cerebral Palsy. Glob Med Genet 2023; 10:190-193. [PMID: 37501760 PMCID: PMC10370468 DOI: 10.1055/s-0043-1771184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Joubert syndrome (JBTS) is a rare autosomal recessive or X-linked congenital brain malformation with strong genetic heterogeneity. Other neurological features of JBTS include hypotonia, ataxia, developmental delay, and cognitive impairment. Hearing loss with JBTS has been reported in the literature. We present the case of a 3.5-year-old boy born to a healthy consanguineous South Indian couple who was presented with ataxic cerebral palsy (CP) and hearing impairment; medical reports confirmed typical brain malformations of JBTS. Hearing impairment was screened by audiological assessment, which confirmed the presence of severe-profound hearing loss with outer hair cell dysfunction. Whole-exome sequencing (WES) was performed to know the molecular aspects of the condition and to detect any novel mutations. The homozygous mutation AHI1 c.2023G > A associated with JBTS type 3 and GJB2 c.71G > A mutation associated with hearing impairment were identified. Sanger sequencing was performed to validate the result and it identified heterozygous AHI1 c.2023G > A and GJB2 c.71G > A in the patient's parents. This study confirms the diagnosis of JBTS by WES helps identify the genetic causes of hereditary disorders that accelerate genetic evaluation and counseling for at-risk families.
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Affiliation(s)
- N. Sreedevi
- Department of Speech-Language Sciences, All India Institute of Speech and Hearing, Mysore, India
| | - N. Swapna
- Department of Speech-Language Pathology, All India Institute of Speech and Hearing, Mysore, India
| | - Santosh Maruthy
- Department of Speech-Language Sciences, All India Institute of Speech and Hearing, Mysore, India
| | - T. Jayakumar
- Department of Speech-Language Sciences, All India Institute of Speech and Hearing, Mysore, India
| | - Charles Sylvester
- Unit for Human Genetics, All India Institute of Speech and Hearing, Mysore, India
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12
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Serpieri V, Mortarini G, Loucks H, Biagini T, Micalizzi A, Palmieri I, Dempsey JC, D'Abrusco F, Mazzotta C, Battini R, Bertini ES, Boltshauser E, Borgatti R, Brockmann K, D'Arrigo S, Nardocci N, Fischetto R, Agolini E, Novelli A, Romano A, Romaniello R, Stanzial F, Signorini S, Strisciuglio P, Gana S, Mazza T, Doherty D, Valente EM. Recurrent, founder and hypomorphic variants contribute to the genetic landscape of Joubert syndrome. J Med Genet 2023; 60:885-893. [PMID: 36788019 PMCID: PMC10447400 DOI: 10.1136/jmg-2022-108725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 01/08/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Joubert syndrome (JS) is a neurodevelopmental ciliopathy characterised by a distinctive mid-hindbrain malformation, the 'molar tooth sign'. Over 40 JS-associated genes are known, accounting for two-thirds of cases. METHODS While most variants are novel or extremely rare, we report on 11 recurring variants in seven genes, including three known 'founder variants' in the Ashkenazi Jewish, Hutterite and Finnish populations. We evaluated variant frequencies in ~550 European patients with JS and compared them with controls (>15 000 Italian plus gnomAD), and with an independent cohort of ~600 JS probands from the USA. RESULTS All variants were markedly enriched in the European JS cohort compared with controls. When comparing allele frequencies in the two JS cohorts, the Ashkenazim founder variant (TMEM216 c.218G>T) was significantly enriched in American compared with European patients with JS, while MKS1 c.1476T>G was about 10 times more frequent among European JS. Frequencies of other variants were comparable in the two cohorts. Genotyping of several markers identified four novel European founder haplotypes.Two recurrent variants (MKS1 c.1476T>G and KIAA0586 c.428delG), have been detected in homozygosity in unaffected individuals, suggesting they could act as hypomorphic variants. However, while fibroblasts from a MKS1 c.1476T>G healthy homozygote showed impaired ability to form primary cilia and mildly reduced ciliary length, ciliary parameters were normal in cells from a KIAA0586 c.428delG healthy homozygote. CONCLUSION This study contributes to understand the complex genetic landscape of JS, explain its variable prevalence in distinct geographical areas and characterise two recurrent hypomorphic variants.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Giulia Mortarini
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Hailey Loucks
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Tommaso Biagini
- Bioinformatics Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, S. Giovanni Rotondo, Foggia, Italy
| | - Alessia Micalizzi
- Laboratory of Medical Genetics, IRCCS Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Ilaria Palmieri
- Neurogenetics Research Centre, IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia, Italy
| | - Jennifer C Dempsey
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Fulvio D'Abrusco
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | | | - Roberta Battini
- Department of Neuroscience, IRCCS Stella Maris Foundation, Pisa, Italy
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Enrico Silvio Bertini
- Unit of Neuromuscular and Neurodegenerative Disorders, IRCCS Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesù, Rome, Italy
| | - Eugen Boltshauser
- Departement of Pediatric Neurology, University Children's Hospital Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Renato Borgatti
- Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
- Child Neurology and Psychiatry Unit, IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia, Italy
| | - Knut Brockmann
- Interdisciplinary Pediatric Centre for Children with Developmental Disabilities and Severe Chronic Disorders, University Medical Centre, Georg August University, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Stefano D'Arrigo
- Department of Pediatric Neuroscience, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico "C Besta", Milan, Italy
| | - Nardo Nardocci
- Department of Pediatric Neuroscience, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico "C Besta", Milan, Italy
| | - Rita Fischetto
- Clinical Genetics Unit, Department of Pediatric Medicine, Giovanni XXIII Children's Hospital, Bari, Italy
| | - Emanuele Agolini
- Laboratory of Medical Genetics, IRCCS Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Antonio Novelli
- Laboratory of Medical Genetics, IRCCS Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Alfonso Romano
- Section of Pediatrics, Department of Medical Translational Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Romina Romaniello
- Child Neurology and Psychiatry Unit, IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia, Italy
| | - Franco Stanzial
- Genetic Counseling Service, Department of Pediatrics, Regional Hospital of Bozen, Bozen, Italy
| | - Sabrina Signorini
- Child Neurology and Psychiatry Unit, IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia, Italy
| | - Pietro Strisciuglio
- Section of Pediatrics, Department of Medical Translational Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Simone Gana
- Neurogenetics Research Centre, IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia, Italy
| | - Tommaso Mazza
- Bioinformatics Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, S. Giovanni Rotondo, Foggia, Italy
| | - Dan Doherty
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Enza Maria Valente
- Neurogenetics Research Centre, IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia, Italy
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
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13
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Leggatt GP, Seaby EG, Veighey K, Gast C, Gilbert RD, Ennis S. A Role for Genetic Modifiers in Tubulointerstitial Kidney Diseases. Genes (Basel) 2023; 14:1582. [PMID: 37628633 PMCID: PMC10454709 DOI: 10.3390/genes14081582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Revised: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
With the increased availability of genomic sequencing technologies, the molecular bases for kidney diseases such as nephronophthisis and mitochondrially inherited and autosomal-dominant tubulointerstitial kidney diseases (ADTKD) has become increasingly apparent. These tubulointerstitial kidney diseases (TKD) are monogenic diseases of the tubulointerstitium and result in interstitial fibrosis and tubular atrophy (IF/TA). However, monogenic inheritance alone does not adequately explain the highly variable onset of kidney failure and extra-renal manifestations. Phenotypes vary considerably between individuals harbouring the same pathogenic variant in the same putative monogenic gene, even within families sharing common environmental factors. While the extreme end of the disease spectrum may have dramatic syndromic manifestations typically diagnosed in childhood, many patients present a more subtle phenotype with little to differentiate them from many other common forms of non-proteinuric chronic kidney disease (CKD). This review summarises the expanding repertoire of genes underpinning TKD and their known phenotypic manifestations. Furthermore, we collate the growing evidence for a role of modifier genes and discuss the extent to which these data bridge the historical gap between apparently rare monogenic TKD and polygenic non-proteinuric CKD (excluding polycystic kidney disease).
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Affiliation(s)
- Gary P. Leggatt
- Human Genetics & Genomic Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK; (E.G.S.); (K.V.); (C.G.); (R.D.G.); (S.E.)
- Wessex Kidney Centre, Queen Alexandra Hospital, Portsmouth Hospitals NHS Trust, Portsmouth PO6 3LY, UK
- Renal Department, University Hospital Southampton, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Eleanor G. Seaby
- Human Genetics & Genomic Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK; (E.G.S.); (K.V.); (C.G.); (R.D.G.); (S.E.)
| | - Kristin Veighey
- Human Genetics & Genomic Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK; (E.G.S.); (K.V.); (C.G.); (R.D.G.); (S.E.)
- Renal Department, University Hospital Southampton, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Christine Gast
- Human Genetics & Genomic Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK; (E.G.S.); (K.V.); (C.G.); (R.D.G.); (S.E.)
- Wessex Kidney Centre, Queen Alexandra Hospital, Portsmouth Hospitals NHS Trust, Portsmouth PO6 3LY, UK
| | - Rodney D. Gilbert
- Human Genetics & Genomic Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK; (E.G.S.); (K.V.); (C.G.); (R.D.G.); (S.E.)
- Department of Paediatric Nephrology, Southampton Children’s Hospital, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Sarah Ennis
- Human Genetics & Genomic Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK; (E.G.S.); (K.V.); (C.G.); (R.D.G.); (S.E.)
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14
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Chen T, Wang L, Chen C, Li R, Zhu N, Liu R, Niu Y, Xiao Z, Liu H, Liu Q, Tu K. HIF-1α-activated TMEM237 promotes hepatocellular carcinoma progression via the NPHP1/Pyk2/ERK pathway. Cell Mol Life Sci 2023; 80:120. [PMID: 37041420 PMCID: PMC11072547 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-023-04767-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Revised: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 04/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hypoxia-inducible factors (HIFs) are the most essential endogenous transcription factors in the hypoxic microenvironment and regulate multiple genes involved in the proliferation, migration, invasion, and EMT of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cells. However, the regulatory mechanism of HIFs in driving HCC progression remains poorly understood. METHODS Gain- and loss-of-function experiments were carried out to investigate the role of TMEM237 in vitro and in vivo. The molecular mechanisms involved in HIF-1α-induced TMEM237 expression and TMEM237-mediated enhancement of HCC progression were confirmed by luciferase reporter, ChIP, IP-MS and Co-IP assays. RESULTS TMEM237 was identified as a novel hypoxia-responsive gene in HCC. HIF-1α directly bound to the promoter of TMEM237 to transactivate its expression. The overexpression of TMEM237 was frequently detected in HCC and associated with poor clinical outcomes in patients. TMEM237 facilitated the proliferation, migration, invasion, and EMT of HCC cells and promoted tumor growth and metastasis in mice. TMEM237 interacted with NPHP1 and strengthened the interaction between NPHP1 and Pyk2 to trigger the phosphorylation of Pyk2 and ERK1/2, thereby contributing to HCC progression. The TMEM237/NPHP1 axis mediates hypoxia-induced activation of the Pyk2/ERK1/2 pathway in HCC cells. CONCLUSIONS Our study demonstrated that HIF-1α-activated TMEM237 interacted with NPHP1 to activate the Pyk2/ERK pathway, thereby promoting HCC progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianxiang Chen
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, China
| | - Liang Wang
- Department of Burn and Plastic Surgery, Shaanxi Provincial People's Hospital, Xi'an, 710068, China
| | - Chao Chen
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an, 710077, China
| | - Runtian Li
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, China
| | - Ning Zhu
- The Key Laboratory of Tumor Molecular Diagnosis and Individualized Medicine of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Affiliated People's Hospital, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, 310014, China
| | - Runkun Liu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, China
| | - Yongshen Niu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, China
| | - Zhengtao Xiao
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Science, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, 710061, China
| | - Hui Liu
- Department of Medical Equipment, Shaanxi Provincial People's Hospital, Xi'an, 710068, China
| | - Qingguang Liu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, China.
| | - Kangsheng Tu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, China.
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15
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Safavian D, Kim MS, Xie H, El-Zeiry M, Palander O, Dai L, Collins RF, Froese C, Shannon R, Nagata KI, Trimble WS. Septin-mediated RhoA activation engages the exocyst complex to recruit the cilium transition zone. J Cell Biol 2023; 222:e201911062. [PMID: 36912772 PMCID: PMC10039714 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201911062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2019] [Revised: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 01/05/2023] [Indexed: 03/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Septins are filamentous GTPases that play important but poorly characterized roles in ciliogenesis. Here, we show that SEPTIN9 regulates RhoA signaling at the base of cilia by binding and activating the RhoA guanine nucleotide exchange factor, ARHGEF18. GTP-RhoA is known to activate the membrane targeting exocyst complex, and suppression of SEPTIN9 causes disruption of ciliogenesis and mislocalization of an exocyst subunit, SEC8. Using basal body-targeted proteins, we show that upregulating RhoA signaling at the cilium can rescue ciliary defects and mislocalization of SEC8 caused by global SEPTIN9 depletion. Moreover, we demonstrate that the transition zone components, RPGRIP1L and TCTN2, fail to accumulate at the transition zone in cells lacking SEPTIN9 or depleted of the exocyst complex. Thus, SEPTIN9 regulates the recruitment of transition zone proteins on Golgi-derived vesicles by activating the exocyst via RhoA to allow the formation of primary cilia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darya Safavian
- Cell Biology Program, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Moshe S. Kim
- Cell Biology Program, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Hong Xie
- Cell Biology Program, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Maha El-Zeiry
- Cell Biology Program, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Oliva Palander
- Cell Biology Program, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Lu Dai
- Cell Biology Program, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Richard F. Collins
- Cell Biology Program, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Carol Froese
- Cell Biology Program, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Rachel Shannon
- Cell Biology Program, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Koh-ichi Nagata
- Department of Molecular Neurobiology, Institute for Developmental Research, Aichi Human Service Center, Kasugai, Aichi, Japan
| | - William S. Trimble
- Cell Biology Program, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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16
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Structure of the N-terminal coiled-coil domains of the ciliary protein Rpgrip1l. iScience 2023; 26:106249. [PMID: 36915689 PMCID: PMC10006689 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.106249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Revised: 12/30/2022] [Accepted: 02/16/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Rpgrip1l is one of the key ciliary proteins located at the transition zone of the primary cilium, an important organelle for cells to sense the outer environment. Mutations in the RPGRIP1L gene are associated with various ciliopathies. Here, we focused on the N-terminal coiled-coil of Rpgrip1l. By comprehensive biochemical and structural characterizations, we demonstrated that the two predicted coiled-coil regions (CC12) located at Rpgrip1l N-terminus each can form a stable parallel dimer. We further showed that overexpression of Rpgrip1l CC12 in NIH/3T3 cells significantly shortened the length of primary cilia, and this effect depended on the dimer formation. In addition, we found that CC12 of the homolog protein Rpgrip1 in mouse and human were significantly different from Rpgrip1l. Finally, we confirmed that some disease-related mutations can alter the dimeric states of CC12 of Rpgrip1l or Rpgrip1, which might explain the pathogenic mechanisms.
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17
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Amorini M, Iapadre G, Mancuso A, Ceravolo I, Farello G, Scardamaglia A, Gramaglia S, Ceravolo A, Salpietro A, Cuppari C. An Overview of Genes Involved in the Pure Joubert Syndrome and in Joubert Syndrome-Related Disorders (JSRD). JOURNAL OF PEDIATRIC NEUROLOGY 2023. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0042-1760242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
AbstractJoubert syndrome (JS) is a rare autosomal recessive disease characterized by a peculiar brain malformation, hypotonia, ataxia, developmental delay, abnormal eye movements, and neonatal breathing abnormalities. This picture is often associated with variable multiorgan involvement, mainly of the retina, kidneys and liver, defining a group of conditions termed syndrome and Joubert syndrome-related disorders (JSRD). Currently, more than 30 causative genes have been identified, involved in the development and stability of the primary cilium. Correlations genotype–phenotype are emerging between clinical presentations and mutations in JSRD genes, with implications in terms of molecular diagnosis, prenatal diagnosis, follow-up, and management of mutated patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Amorini
- Unit of Pediatric Emergency, Department of Human Pathology of the Adult and Developmental Age “Gaetano Barresi,” University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Giulia Iapadre
- Department of Pediatrics, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Alessio Mancuso
- Unit of Pediatric Emergency, Department of Human Pathology of the Adult and Developmental Age “Gaetano Barresi,” University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Ida Ceravolo
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Giovanni Farello
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, Pediatric Clinic, Coppito (AQ), Italy
| | - Annarita Scardamaglia
- Department of Neuromuscular Diseases, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Simone Gramaglia
- Unit of Pediatric Emergency, Department of Human Pathology of the Adult and Developmental Age “Gaetano Barresi,” University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | | | | | - Caterina Cuppari
- Unit of Pediatric Emergency, Department of Human Pathology of the Adult and Developmental Age “Gaetano Barresi,” University of Messina, Messina, Italy
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18
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Park K, Leroux MR. Composition, organization and mechanisms of the transition zone, a gate for the cilium. EMBO Rep 2022; 23:e55420. [PMID: 36408840 PMCID: PMC9724682 DOI: 10.15252/embr.202255420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Revised: 08/08/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The cilium evolved to provide the ancestral eukaryote with the ability to move and sense its environment. Acquiring these functions required the compartmentalization of a dynein-based motility apparatus and signaling proteins within a discrete subcellular organelle contiguous with the cytosol. Here, we explore the potential molecular mechanisms for how the proximal-most region of the cilium, termed transition zone (TZ), acts as a diffusion barrier for both membrane and soluble proteins and helps to ensure ciliary autonomy and homeostasis. These include a unique complement and spatial organization of proteins that span from the microtubule-based axoneme to the ciliary membrane; a protein picket fence; a specialized lipid microdomain; differential membrane curvature and thickness; and lastly, a size-selective molecular sieve. In addition, the TZ must be permissive for, and functionally integrates with, ciliary trafficking systems (including intraflagellar transport) that cross the barrier and make the ciliary compartment dynamic. The quest to understand the TZ continues and promises to not only illuminate essential aspects of human cell signaling, physiology, and development, but also to unravel how TZ dysfunction contributes to ciliopathies that affect multiple organ systems, including eyes, kidney, and brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kwangjin Park
- Department of Molecular Biology and BiochemistrySimon Fraser UniversityBurnabyBCCanada
- Centre for Cell Biology, Development, and DiseaseSimon Fraser UniversityBurnabyBCCanada
- Present address:
Terry Fox LaboratoryBC CancerVancouverBCCanada
- Present address:
Department of Medical GeneticsUniversity of British ColumbiaVancouverBCCanada
| | - Michel R Leroux
- Department of Molecular Biology and BiochemistrySimon Fraser UniversityBurnabyBCCanada
- Centre for Cell Biology, Development, and DiseaseSimon Fraser UniversityBurnabyBCCanada
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19
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Wang J, Thomas HR, Thompson RG, Waldrep SC, Fogerty J, Song P, Li Z, Ma Y, Santra P, Hoover JD, Yeo NC, Drummond IA, Yoder BK, Amack JD, Perkins B, Parant JM. Variable phenotypes and penetrance between and within different zebrafish ciliary transition zone mutants. Dis Model Mech 2022; 15:dmm049568. [PMID: 36533556 PMCID: PMC9844136 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.049568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 11/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Meckel syndrome, nephronophthisis, Joubert syndrome and Bardet-Biedl syndrome are caused by mutations in proteins that localize to the ciliary transition zone (TZ). The phenotypically distinct syndromes suggest that these TZ proteins have differing functions. However, mutations in a single TZ gene can result in multiple syndromes, suggesting that the phenotype is influenced by modifier genes. We performed a comprehensive analysis of ten zebrafish TZ mutants, including mks1, tmem216, tmem67, rpgrip1l, cc2d2a, b9d2, cep290, tctn1, nphp1 and nphp4, as well as mutants in ift88 and ift172. Our data indicate that variations in phenotypes exist between different TZ mutants, supporting different tissue-specific functions of these TZ genes. Further, we observed phenotypic variations within progeny of a single TZ mutant, reminiscent of multiple disease syndromes being associated with mutations in one gene. In some mutants, the dynamics of the phenotype became complex with transitory phenotypes that are corrected over time. We also demonstrated that multiple-guide-derived CRISPR/Cas9 F0 'crispant' embryos recapitulate zygotic null phenotypes, and rapidly identified ciliary phenotypes in 11 cilia-associated gene candidates (ankfn1, ccdc65, cfap57, fhad1, nme7, pacrg, saxo2, c1orf194, ttc26, zmynd12 and cfap52).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Wang
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Alabama at Birmingham School of Medicine, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Holly R. Thomas
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Alabama at Birmingham School of Medicine, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Robert G. Thompson
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Alabama at Birmingham School of Medicine, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Stephanie C. Waldrep
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Alabama at Birmingham School of Medicine, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Joseph Fogerty
- Department of Ophthalmic Research, Cole Eye Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Ping Song
- Department of Ophthalmic Research, Cole Eye Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Zhang Li
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Yongjie Ma
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Alabama at Birmingham School of Medicine, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Peu Santra
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA
| | - Jonathan D. Hoover
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Alabama at Birmingham School of Medicine, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Nan Cher Yeo
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Alabama at Birmingham School of Medicine, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Iain A. Drummond
- Davis Center for Aging and Regeneration, Mount Desert Island Biological Laboratory, 159 Old Bar Harbor Road, Bar Harbor, ME 04609, USA
| | - Bradley K. Yoder
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Jeffrey D. Amack
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA
| | - Brian Perkins
- Department of Ophthalmic Research, Cole Eye Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - John M. Parant
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Alabama at Birmingham School of Medicine, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
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20
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Chang KJ, Wu HY, Yarmishyn AA, Li CY, Hsiao YJ, Chi YC, Lo TC, Dai HJ, Yang YC, Liu DH, Hwang DK, Chen SJ, Hsu CC, Kao CL. Genetics behind Cerebral Disease with Ocular Comorbidity: Finding Parallels between the Brain and Eye Molecular Pathology. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:9707. [PMID: 36077104 PMCID: PMC9456058 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23179707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2022] [Revised: 08/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Cerebral visual impairments (CVIs) is an umbrella term that categorizes miscellaneous visual defects with parallel genetic brain disorders. While the manifestations of CVIs are diverse and ambiguous, molecular diagnostics stand out as a powerful approach for understanding pathomechanisms in CVIs. Nevertheless, the characterization of CVI disease cohorts has been fragmented and lacks integration. By revisiting the genome-wide and phenome-wide association studies (GWAS and PheWAS), we clustered a handful of renowned CVIs into five ontology groups, namely ciliopathies (Joubert syndrome, Bardet-Biedl syndrome, Alstrom syndrome), demyelination diseases (multiple sclerosis, Alexander disease, Pelizaeus-Merzbacher disease), transcriptional deregulation diseases (Mowat-Wilson disease, Pitt-Hopkins disease, Rett syndrome, Cockayne syndrome, X-linked alpha-thalassaemia mental retardation), compromised peroxisome disorders (Zellweger spectrum disorder, Refsum disease), and channelopathies (neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder), and reviewed several mutation hotspots currently found to be associated with the CVIs. Moreover, we discussed the common manifestations in the brain and the eye, and collated animal study findings to discuss plausible gene editing strategies for future CVI correction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kao-Jung Chang
- School of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 112304, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Research, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei 11217, Taiwan
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 112304, Taiwan
| | - Hsin-Yu Wu
- School of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 112304, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Research, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei 11217, Taiwan
| | | | - Cheng-Yi Li
- School of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 112304, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Research, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei 11217, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Jer Hsiao
- School of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 112304, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Research, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei 11217, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Chun Chi
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
| | - Tzu-Chen Lo
- School of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 112304, Taiwan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei 11217, Taiwan
| | - He-Jhen Dai
- School of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 112304, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Research, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei 11217, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Chiang Yang
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei 11217, Taiwan
| | - Ding-Hao Liu
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 112304, Taiwan
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei 11217, Taiwan
| | - De-Kuang Hwang
- School of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 112304, Taiwan
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 112304, Taiwan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Jen Chen
- Department of Ophthalmology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei 11217, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Chien Hsu
- School of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 112304, Taiwan
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 112304, Taiwan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
| | - Chung-Lan Kao
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 112304, Taiwan
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei 11217, Taiwan
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, School of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 112304, Taiwan
- Center for Intelligent Drug Systems and Smart Bio-Devices (IDS2B), National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 300093, Taiwan
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21
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Rusterholz TDS, Hofmann C, Bachmann-Gagescu R. Insights Gained From Zebrafish Models for the Ciliopathy Joubert Syndrome. Front Genet 2022; 13:939527. [PMID: 35846153 PMCID: PMC9280682 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2022.939527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Accepted: 05/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Cilia are quasi-ubiquitous microtubule-based sensory organelles, which play vital roles in signal transduction during development and cell homeostasis. Dysfunction of cilia leads to a group of Mendelian disorders called ciliopathies, divided into different diagnoses according to clinical phenotype constellation and genetic causes. Joubert syndrome (JBTS) is a prototypical ciliopathy defined by a diagnostic cerebellar and brain stem malformation termed the “Molar Tooth Sign” (MTS), in addition to which patients display variable combinations of typical ciliopathy phenotypes such as retinal dystrophy, fibrocystic renal disease, polydactyly or skeletal dystrophy. Like most ciliopathies, JBTS is genetically highly heterogeneous with ∼40 associated genes. Zebrafish are widely used to model ciliopathies given the high conservation of ciliary genes and the variety of specialized cilia types similar to humans. In this review, we compare different existing JBTS zebrafish models with each other and describe their contributions to our understanding of JBTS pathomechanism. We find that retinal dystrophy, which is the most investigated ciliopathy phenotype in zebrafish ciliopathy models, is caused by distinct mechanisms according to the affected gene. Beyond this, differences in phenotypes in other organs observed between different JBTS-mutant models suggest tissue-specific roles for proteins implicated in JBTS. Unfortunately, the lack of systematic assessment of ciliopathy phenotypes in the mutants described in the literature currently limits the conclusions that can be drawn from these comparisons. In the future, the numerous existing JBTS zebrafish models represent a valuable resource that can be leveraged in order to gain further insights into ciliary function, pathomechanisms underlying ciliopathy phenotypes and to develop treatment strategies using small molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamara D. S. Rusterholz
- Institute of Medical Genetics, University of Zurich, Schlieren, Switzerland
- Department of Molecular Life Sciences, University of Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Claudia Hofmann
- Institute of Medical Genetics, University of Zurich, Schlieren, Switzerland
- Department of Molecular Life Sciences, University of Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Ruxandra Bachmann-Gagescu
- Institute of Medical Genetics, University of Zurich, Schlieren, Switzerland
- Department of Molecular Life Sciences, University of Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland
- *Correspondence: Ruxandra Bachmann-Gagescu,
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22
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Van De Weghe JC, Gomez A, Doherty D. The Joubert-Meckel-Nephronophthisis Spectrum of Ciliopathies. Annu Rev Genomics Hum Genet 2022; 23:301-329. [PMID: 35655331 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-genom-121321-093528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The Joubert syndrome (JS), Meckel syndrome (MKS), and nephronophthisis (NPH) ciliopathy spectrum could be the poster child for advances and challenges in Mendelian human genetics over the past half century. Progress in understanding these conditions illustrates many core concepts of human genetics. The JS phenotype alone is caused by pathogenic variants in more than 40 genes; remarkably, all of the associated proteins function in and around the primary cilium. Primary cilia are near-ubiquitous, microtubule-based organelles that play crucial roles in development and homeostasis. Protruding from the cell, these cellular antennae sense diverse signals and mediate Hedgehog and other critical signaling pathways. Ciliary dysfunction causes many human conditions termed ciliopathies, which range from multiple congenital malformations to adult-onset single-organ failure. Research on the genetics of the JS-MKS-NPH spectrum has spurred extensive functional work exploring the broadly important role of primary cilia in health and disease. This functional work promises to illuminate the mechanisms underlying JS-MKS-NPH in humans, identify therapeutic targets across genetic causes, and generate future precision treatments. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Genomics and Human Genetics, Volume 23 is October 2022. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Arianna Gomez
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA; .,Molecular Medicine and Mechanisms of Disease Program, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA;
| | - Dan Doherty
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA; .,Center for Integrative Brain Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, USA;
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23
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Tmem138 is localized to the connecting cilium essential for rhodopsin localization and outer segment biogenesis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2109934119. [PMID: 35394880 PMCID: PMC9169668 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2109934119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The connecting cilium (CC) of the photoreceptor provides the only route for the trafficking of the outer segment (OS) proteins. Failure of OS protein transport causes degenerative photoreceptor diseases, including retinitis pigmentosa. We demonstrate that Tmem138, a protein linked to ciliopathy, is localized to the photoreceptor CC. Germline deletion of Tmem138 abolished OS morphogenesis, followed by rapid photoreceptor degeneration. Tmem138 interacts with rhodopsin and two additional CC compartment proteins, Ahi1 and Tmem231, likely forming a membrane complex to facilitate trafficking of rhodopsin and other OS-bound proteins across the CC. The study thus implicates a new line of regulation on the delivery of OS proteins through interactions with CC membrane complex(es) and provides insights into photoreceptor ciliopathy diseases. Photoreceptor connecting cilium (CC) is structurally analogous to the transition zone (TZ) of primary cilia and gates the molecular trafficking between the inner and the outer segment (OS). Retinal dystrophies with underlying CC defects are manifested in a broad array of syndromic conditions known as ciliopathies as well as nonsyndromic retinal degenerations. Despite extensive studies, many questions remain in the mechanism of protein trafficking across the photoreceptor CC. Here, we genetically inactivated mouse Tmem138, a gene encoding a putative transmembrane protein localized to the ciliary TZ and linked to ciliopathies. Germline deletion of Tmem138 abolished OS morphogenesis, followed by rapid photoreceptor degeneration. Tmem138 was found localized to the photoreceptor CC and was required for localization of Ahi1 to the distal subdomain of the CC. Among the examined set of OS proteins, rhodopsin was mislocalized throughout the mutant cell body prior to OS morphogenesis. Ablation of Tmem138 in mature rods recapitulated the molecular changes in the germline mutants, causing failure of disc renewal and disintegration of the OS. Furthermore, Tmem138 interacts reciprocally with rhodopsin and a related protein Tmem231, and the ciliary localization of the latter was also altered in the mutant photoreceptors. Taken together, these results suggest a crucial role of Tmem138 in the functional organization of the CC, which is essential for rhodopsin localization and OS biogenesis.
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24
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Djenoune L, Berg K, Brueckner M, Yuan S. A change of heart: new roles for cilia in cardiac development and disease. Nat Rev Cardiol 2022; 19:211-227. [PMID: 34862511 PMCID: PMC10161238 DOI: 10.1038/s41569-021-00635-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Although cardiac abnormalities have been observed in a growing class of human disorders caused by defective primary cilia, the function of cilia in the heart remains an underexplored area. The primary function of cilia in the heart was long thought to be restricted to left-right axis patterning during embryogenesis. However, new findings have revealed broad roles for cilia in congenital heart disease, valvulogenesis, myocardial fibrosis and regeneration, and mechanosensation. In this Review, we describe advances in our understanding of the mechanisms by which cilia function contributes to cardiac left-right axis development and discuss the latest findings that highlight a broader role for cilia in cardiac development. Specifically, we examine the growing line of evidence connecting cilia function to the pathogenesis of congenital heart disease. Furthermore, we also highlight research from the past 10 years demonstrating the role of cilia function in common cardiac valve disorders, including mitral valve prolapse and aortic valve disease, and describe findings that implicate cardiac cilia in mechanosensation potentially linking haemodynamic and contractile forces with genetic regulation of cardiac development and function. Finally, given the presence of cilia on cardiac fibroblasts, we also explore the potential role of cilia in fibrotic growth and summarize the evidence implicating cardiac cilia in heart regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lydia Djenoune
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Kathryn Berg
- Department of Paediatrics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Martina Brueckner
- Department of Paediatrics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.
- Department of Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.
| | - Shiaulou Yuan
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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25
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Spahiu L, Behluli E, Grajçevci-Uka V, Liehr T, Temaj G. Joubert syndrome: Molecular basis and treatment. JOURNAL OF MOTHER AND CHILD 2022; 26:118-123. [PMID: 36803942 PMCID: PMC10032320 DOI: 10.34763/jmotherandchild.20222601.d-22-00034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2022] [Accepted: 09/30/2022] [Indexed: 02/23/2023]
Abstract
Joubert syndrome (JS; MIM PS213300) is a rare genetic autosomal recessive disease characterized by cerebellar vermis hypoplasia, a distinctive malformation of the cerebellum and the so-called "molar tooth sign." Other characteristic features are hypotonia with lateral ataxia, intellectual disability/mental retardation, oculomotor apraxia, retinal dystrophy, abnormalities in the respiratory system, renal cysts, hepatic fibrosis, and skeletal changes. Such pleiotropic characteristics are typical of many disorders involving primary cilium aberrations, providing a significant overlap between JS and other ciliopathies such as nephronophthisis, Meckel syndrome, and Bardet-Biedl syndrome. This review will describe some characteristics of JS associated with changes in 35 genes, and will also address subtypes of JS, clinical diagnosis, and the future of therapeutic developments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lidvana Spahiu
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Prishtina, Prishtina, Kosovo
| | - Emir Behluli
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Prishtina, Prishtina, Kosovo
| | | | - Thomas Liehr
- Institut für Humangenetik, Universitätsklinikum Jena, Friedrich Schiller Universität, Jena, Germany
| | - Gazmend Temaj
- Human Genetics, College UBT, Faculty of Pharmacy Prishtina, PrishtinaKosovo
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26
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Gana S, Serpieri V, Valente EM. Genotype-phenotype correlates in Joubert syndrome: A review. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL GENETICS. PART C, SEMINARS IN MEDICAL GENETICS 2022; 190:72-88. [PMID: 35238134 PMCID: PMC9314610 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.c.31963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2022] [Revised: 02/04/2022] [Accepted: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Joubert syndrome (JS) is a genetically heterogeneous primary ciliopathy characterized by a pathognomonic cerebellar and brainstem malformation, the “molar tooth sign,” and variable organ involvement. Over 40 causative genes have been identified to date, explaining up to 94% of cases. To date, gene‐phenotype correlates have been delineated only for a handful of genes, directly translating into improved counseling and clinical care. For instance, JS individuals harboring pathogenic variants in TMEM67 have a significantly higher risk of liver fibrosis, while pathogenic variants in NPHP1, RPGRIP1L, and TMEM237 are frequently associated to JS with renal involvement, requiring a closer monitoring of liver parameters, or renal functioning. On the other hand, individuals with causal variants in the CEP290 or AHI1 need a closer surveillance for retinal dystrophy and, in case of CEP290, also for chronic kidney disease. These examples highlight how an accurate description of the range of clinical symptoms associated with defects in each causative gene, including the rare ones, would better address prognosis and help guiding a personalized management. This review proposes to address this issue by assessing the available literature, to confirm known, as well as to propose rare gene‐phenotype correlates in JS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Gana
- Neurogenetics Research Center, IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia, Italy
| | | | - Enza Maria Valente
- Neurogenetics Research Center, IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia, Italy.,Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
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27
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Szymanska K, Boldt K, Logan CV, Adams M, Robinson PA, Ueffing M, Zeqiraj E, Wheway G, Johnson CA. Regulation of canonical Wnt signalling by the ciliopathy protein MKS1 and the E2 ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme UBE2E1. eLife 2022; 11:57593. [PMID: 35170427 PMCID: PMC8880992 DOI: 10.7554/elife.57593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2020] [Accepted: 02/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Primary ciliary defects cause a group of developmental conditions known as ciliopathies. Here, we provide mechanistic insight into ciliary ubiquitin processing in cells and for mouse model lacking the ciliary protein Mks1. In vivo loss of Mks1 sensitises cells to proteasomal disruption, leading to abnormal accumulation of ubiquitinated proteins. We identified UBE2E1, an E2 ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme that polyubiquitinates β-catenin, and RNF34, an E3 ligase, as novel interactants of MKS1. UBE2E1 and MKS1 colocalised, and loss of UBE2E1 recapitulates the ciliary and Wnt signalling phenotypes observed during loss of MKS1. Levels of UBE2E1 and MKS1 are co-dependent and UBE2E1 mediates both regulatory and degradative ubiquitination of MKS1. We demonstrate that processing of phosphorylated β-catenin occurs at the ciliary base through the functional interaction between UBE2E1 and MKS1. These observations suggest that correct β-catenin levels are tightly regulated at the primary cilium by a ciliary-specific E2 (UBE2E1) and a regulatory substrate-adaptor (MKS1).
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Szymanska
- Leeds Institute of Medical Research, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Karsten Boldt
- Institute of Ophthalmic Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | | | - Matthew Adams
- Leeds Institute of Medical Research, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | | | - Marius Ueffing
- Institute for Ophthalmic Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Elton Zeqiraj
- Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Gabrielle Wheway
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Colin A Johnson
- Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
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OUP accepted manuscript. Hum Mol Genet 2022; 31:2295-2306. [DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddac027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2021] [Revised: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Stembalska A, Rydzanicz M, Pollak A, Kostrzewa G, Stawinski P, Biela M, Ploski R, Smigiel R. Prenatal Versus Postnatal Diagnosis of Meckel-Gruber and Joubert Syndrome in Patients with TMEM67 Mutations. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:genes12071078. [PMID: 34356094 PMCID: PMC8304314 DOI: 10.3390/genes12071078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Revised: 06/23/2021] [Accepted: 07/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Renal cystic diseases are characterized by genetic and phenotypic heterogeneity. Congenital renal cysts can be classified as developmental disorders and are commonly diagnosed prenatally using ultrasonography and magnetic resonance imaging. Progress in molecular diagnostics and availability of exome sequencing procedures allows diagnosis of single-gene disorders in the prenatal period. Two patients with a prenatal diagnosis of polycystic kidney disease are presented in this article. TMEM67 mutations were identified in both fetuses using a whole-exome sequencing (WES) study. In one of them, the phenotypic syndrome diagnosed prenatally was different from that diagnosed in the postnatal period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Stembalska
- Department of Genetics, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-368 Wroclaw, Poland
- Correspondence: (A.S.); (R.S.)
| | - Małgorzata Rydzanicz
- Department of Medical Genetics, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland; (M.R.); (A.P.); (G.K.); (P.S.); (R.P.)
| | - Agnieszka Pollak
- Department of Medical Genetics, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland; (M.R.); (A.P.); (G.K.); (P.S.); (R.P.)
| | - Grazyna Kostrzewa
- Department of Medical Genetics, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland; (M.R.); (A.P.); (G.K.); (P.S.); (R.P.)
| | - Piotr Stawinski
- Department of Medical Genetics, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland; (M.R.); (A.P.); (G.K.); (P.S.); (R.P.)
| | - Mateusz Biela
- Department of Paediatrics, Division of Paediatric Propedeutics and Rare Disorders, Wroclaw Medical University, 51-618 Wroclaw, Poland;
| | - Rafal Ploski
- Department of Medical Genetics, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland; (M.R.); (A.P.); (G.K.); (P.S.); (R.P.)
| | - Robert Smigiel
- Department of Paediatrics, Division of Paediatric Propedeutics and Rare Disorders, Wroclaw Medical University, 51-618 Wroclaw, Poland;
- Correspondence: (A.S.); (R.S.)
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Conduit SE, Davies EM, Fulcher AJ, Oorschot V, Mitchell CA. Superresolution Microscopy Reveals Distinct Phosphoinositide Subdomains Within the Cilia Transition Zone. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:634649. [PMID: 33996795 PMCID: PMC8120242 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.634649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2020] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Primary cilia are evolutionary conserved microtubule-based organelles that protrude from the surface of most mammalian cells. Phosphoinositides (PI) are membrane-associated signaling lipids that regulate numerous cellular events via the recruitment of lipid-binding effectors. The temporal and spatial membrane distribution of phosphoinositides is regulated by phosphoinositide kinases and phosphatases. Recently phosphoinositide signaling and turnover has been observed at primary cilia. However, the precise localization of the phosphoinositides to specific ciliary subdomains remains undefined. Here we use superresolution microscopy (2D stimulated emission depletion microscopy) to map phosphoinositide distribution at the cilia transition zone. PI(3,4,5)P3 and PI(4,5)P2 localized to distinct subregions of the transition zone in a ring-shape at the inner transition zone membrane. Interestingly, the PI(3,4,5)P3 subdomain was more distal within the transition zone relative to PtdIns(4,5)P2. The phosphoinositide effector kinase pAKT(S473) localized in close proximity to these phosphoinositides. The inositol polyphosphate 5-phosphatase, INPP5E, degrades transition zone phosphoinositides, however, studies of fixed cells have reported recombinant INPP5E localizes to the ciliary axoneme, distant from its substrates. Notably, here using live cell imaging and optimized fixation/permeabilization protocols INPP5E was found concentrated at the cilia base, in a distribution characteristic of the transition zone in a ring-shaped domain of similar dimensions to the phosphoinositides. Collectively, this superresolution map places the phosphoinositides in situ with the transition zone proteins and reveals that INPP5E also likely localizes to a subdomain of the transition zone membrane, where it is optimally situated to control local phosphoinositide metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah E Conduit
- Cancer Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Elizabeth M Davies
- Cancer Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Alex J Fulcher
- Monash Micro Imaging, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Viola Oorschot
- Monash Ramaciotti Centre for Structural Cryo-Electron Microscopy, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Christina A Mitchell
- Cancer Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
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31
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Skiba NP, Cady MA, Molday L, Han JYS, Lewis TR, Spencer WJ, Thompson WJ, Hiles S, Philp NJ, Molday RS, Arshavsky VY. TMEM67, TMEM237, and Embigin in Complex With Monocarboxylate Transporter MCT1 Are Unique Components of the Photoreceptor Outer Segment Plasma Membrane. Mol Cell Proteomics 2021; 20:100088. [PMID: 33933680 PMCID: PMC8167285 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcpro.2021.100088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Revised: 03/25/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The outer segment (OS) organelle of vertebrate photoreceptors is a highly specialized cilium evolved to capture light and initiate light response. The plasma membrane which envelopes the OS plays vital and diverse roles in supporting photoreceptor function and health. However, little is known about the identity of its protein constituents, as this membrane cannot be purified to homogeneity. In this study, we used the technique of protein correlation profiling to identify unique OS plasma membrane proteins. To achieve this, we used label-free quantitative MS to compare relative protein abundances in an enriched preparation of the OS plasma membrane with a preparation of total OS membranes. We have found that only five proteins were enriched at the same level as previously validated OS plasma membrane markers. Two of these proteins, TMEM67 and TMEM237, had not been previously assigned to this membrane, and one, embigin, had not been identified in photoreceptors. We further showed that embigin associates with monocarboxylate transporter MCT1 in the OS plasma membrane, facilitating lactate transport through this cellular compartment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolai P Skiba
- Albert Eye Research Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA.
| | - Martha A Cady
- Albert Eye Research Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Laurie Molday
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - John Y S Han
- Department of Pathology, Anatomy, and Cell Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Tylor R Lewis
- Albert Eye Research Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - William J Spencer
- Albert Eye Research Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Will J Thompson
- Duke Proteomics and Metabolomics Shared Resource, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Sarah Hiles
- Duke Proteomics and Metabolomics Shared Resource, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Nancy J Philp
- Department of Pathology, Anatomy, and Cell Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Robert S Molday
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Vadim Y Arshavsky
- Albert Eye Research Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA.
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32
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Wiegering A, Dildrop R, Vesque C, Khanna H, Schneider-Maunoury S, Gerhardt C. Rpgrip1l controls ciliary gating by ensuring the proper amount of Cep290 at the vertebrate transition zone. Mol Biol Cell 2021; 32:675-689. [PMID: 33625872 PMCID: PMC8108517 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e20-03-0190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A range of severe human diseases called ciliopathies is caused by the dysfunction of primary cilia. Primary cilia are cytoplasmic protrusions consisting of the basal body (BB), the axoneme, and the transition zone (TZ). The BB is a modified mother centriole from which the axoneme, the microtubule-based ciliary scaffold, is formed. At the proximal end of the axoneme, the TZ functions as the ciliary gate governing ciliary protein entry and exit. Since ciliopathies often develop due to mutations in genes encoding proteins that localize to the TZ, the understanding of the mechanisms underlying TZ function is of eminent importance. Here, we show that the ciliopathy protein Rpgrip1l governs ciliary gating by ensuring the proper amount of Cep290 at the vertebrate TZ. Further, we identified the flavonoid eupatilin as a potential agent to tackle ciliopathies caused by mutations in RPGRIP1L as it rescues ciliary gating in the absence of Rpgrip1l.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonia Wiegering
- Institute for Animal Developmental and Molecular Biology, Heinrich Heine University, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany.,Sorbonne Université, CNRS UMR7622, INSERM U1156, Institut de Biologie Paris Seine (IBPS) - Developmental Biology Unit, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Renate Dildrop
- Institute for Animal Developmental and Molecular Biology, Heinrich Heine University, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Christine Vesque
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS UMR7622, INSERM U1156, Institut de Biologie Paris Seine (IBPS) - Developmental Biology Unit, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Hemant Khanna
- Department of Ophthalmology and Neurobiology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605
| | - Sylvie Schneider-Maunoury
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS UMR7622, INSERM U1156, Institut de Biologie Paris Seine (IBPS) - Developmental Biology Unit, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Christoph Gerhardt
- Institute for Animal Developmental and Molecular Biology, Heinrich Heine University, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
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Abstract
Ciliogenesis describes the assembly of cilia in interphase cells. Several hundred proteins have been linked to ciliogenesis, which proceeds through a highly coordinated multistage process at the distal end of centrioles requiring membranes. In this short review, we focus on recently reported insights into the biogenesis of the primary cilium membrane and its association with other ciliogenic processes in the intracellular ciliogenesis pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saurabh Shakya
- Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, Laboratory of Cellular and Developmental Signaling, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Christopher J Westlake
- Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, Laboratory of Cellular and Developmental Signaling, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
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Lange KI, Tsiropoulou S, Kucharska K, Blacque OE. Interpreting the pathogenicity of Joubert syndrome missense variants in Caenorhabditis elegans. Dis Model Mech 2021; 14:dmm.046631. [PMID: 33234550 PMCID: PMC7859701 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.046631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 11/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Ciliopathies are inherited disorders caused by defects in motile and non-motile (primary) cilia. Ciliopathy syndromes and associated gene variants are often highly pleiotropic and represent exemplars for interrogating genotype-phenotype correlations. Towards understanding disease mechanisms in the context of ciliopathy mutations, we have used a leading model organism for cilia and ciliopathy research, Caenorhabditis elegans, together with gene editing, to characterise two missense variants (P74S and G155S) in mksr-2/B9D2 associated with Joubert syndrome (JBTS). B9D2 functions within the Meckel syndrome (MKS) module at the ciliary base transition zone (TZ) compartment and regulates the molecular composition and sensory/signalling functions of the cilium. Quantitative assays of cilium/TZ structure and function, together with knock-in reporters, confirm that both variant alleles are pathogenic in worms. G155S causes a more severe overall phenotype and disrupts endogenous MKSR-2 organisation at the TZ. Recapitulation of the patient biallelic genotype shows that compound heterozygous worms phenocopy worms homozygous for P74S. The P74S and G155S alleles also reveal evidence of a very close functional association between the B9D2-associated B9 complex and MKS-2/TMEM216. Together, these data establish C. elegans as a model for interpreting JBTS mutations and provide further insight into MKS module organisation. This article has an associated First Person interview with the first author of the paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen I Lange
- School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Science, Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Sofia Tsiropoulou
- School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Science, Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Katarzyna Kucharska
- School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Science, Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Oliver E Blacque
- School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Science, Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland
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Smith CEL, Lake AVR, Johnson CA. Primary Cilia, Ciliogenesis and the Actin Cytoskeleton: A Little Less Resorption, A Little More Actin Please. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:622822. [PMID: 33392209 PMCID: PMC7773788 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.622822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Primary cilia are microtubule-based organelles that extend from the apical surface of most mammalian cells, forming when the basal body (derived from the mother centriole) docks at the apical cell membrane. They act as universal cellular "antennae" in vertebrates that receive and integrate mechanical and chemical signals from the extracellular environment, serving diverse roles in chemo-, mechano- and photo-sensation that control developmental signaling, cell polarity and cell proliferation. Mutations in ciliary genes cause a major group of inherited developmental disorders called ciliopathies. There are very few preventative treatments or new therapeutic interventions that modify disease progression or the long-term outlook of patients with these conditions. Recent work has identified at least four distinct but interrelated cellular processes that regulate cilia formation and maintenance, comprising the cell cycle, cellular proteostasis, signaling pathways and structural influences of the actin cytoskeleton. The actin cytoskeleton is composed of microfilaments that are formed from filamentous (F) polymers of globular G-actin subunits. Actin filaments are organized into bundles and networks, and are attached to the cell membrane, by diverse cross-linking proteins. During cell migration, actin filament bundles form either radially at the leading edge or as axial stress fibers. Early studies demonstrated that loss-of-function mutations in ciliopathy genes increased stress fiber formation and impaired ciliogenesis whereas pharmacological inhibition of actin polymerization promoted ciliogenesis. These studies suggest that polymerization of the actin cytoskeleton, F-actin branching and the formation of stress fibers all inhibit primary cilium formation, whereas depolymerization or depletion of actin enhance ciliogenesis. Here, we review the mechanistic basis for these effects on ciliogenesis, which comprise several cellular processes acting in concert at different timescales. Actin polymerization is both a physical barrier to both cilia-targeted vesicle transport and to the membrane remodeling required for ciliogenesis. In contrast, actin may cause cilia loss by localizing disassembly factors at the ciliary base, and F-actin branching may itself activate the YAP/TAZ pathway to promote cilia disassembly. The fundamental role of actin polymerization in the control of ciliogenesis may present potential new targets for disease-modifying therapeutic approaches in treating ciliopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Colin A. Johnson
- Leeds Institute of Medical Research at St. James’s, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
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Garbutt TA, Konganti K, Konneker T, Hillhouse A, Phelps D, Jones A, Aylor D, Threadgill DW. Derivation of stable embryonic stem cell-like, but transcriptionally heterogenous, induced pluripotent stem cells from non-permissive mouse strains. Mamm Genome 2020; 31:263-286. [PMID: 33015751 PMCID: PMC9113365 DOI: 10.1007/s00335-020-09849-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2019] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Genetic background is known to play a role in the ability to derive pluripotent, embryonic stem cells (ESC), a trait referred to as permissiveness. Previously we demonstrated that induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC) can be readily derived from non-permissive mouse strains by addition of serum-based media supplemented with GSK3B and MEK inhibitors, termed 2iS media, 3 days into reprogramming. Here, we describe the derivation of second type of iPSC colony from non-permissive mouse strains that can be stably maintained independently of 2iS media. The resulting cells display transcriptional heterogeneity similar to that observed in ESC from permissive genetic backgrounds derived in conventional serum containing media supplemented with leukemia inhibitor factor. However, unlike previous studies that report exclusive subpopulations, we observe both exclusive and simultaneous expression of naive and primed cell surface markers. Herein, we explore shifts in pluripotency in the presence of 2iS and characterize heterogenous subpopulations to determine their pluripotent state and role in heterogenous iPSCs derived from the non-permissive NOD/ShiLtJ strain. We conclude that heterogeneity is a naturally occurring, necessary quality of stem cells that allows for the maintenance of pluripotency. This study further demonstrates the efficacy of the 2iS reprogramming technique. It is also the first study to derive stable ESC-like stem cells from the non-permissive NOD/ShiLtJ and WSB/EiJ strains, enabling easier and broader research possibilities into pluripotency for these and similar non-permissive mouse strains and species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiffany A Garbutt
- Program in Genetics, Department of Biological Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA
| | - Kranti Konganti
- Texas A&M Institute for Genome Sciences and Society, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Thomas Konneker
- Program in Genetics, Department of Biological Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA
| | - Andrew Hillhouse
- Texas A&M Institute for Genome Sciences and Society, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Drake Phelps
- Program in Genetics, Department of Biological Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA
| | - Alexis Jones
- Program in Genetics, Department of Biological Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA
| | - David Aylor
- Program in Genetics, Department of Biological Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA
| | - David W Threadgill
- Texas A&M Institute for Genome Sciences and Society, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA.
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA.
- Department of Biochemistry & Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA.
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van der Burght SN, Rademakers S, Johnson JL, Li C, Kremers GJ, Houtsmuller AB, Leroux MR, Jansen G. Ciliary Tip Signaling Compartment Is Formed and Maintained by Intraflagellar Transport. Curr Biol 2020; 30:4299-4306.e5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2020.08.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2020] [Revised: 07/13/2020] [Accepted: 08/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Ran J, Zhou J. Targeting the photoreceptor cilium for the treatment of retinal diseases. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2020; 41:1410-1415. [PMID: 32753732 DOI: 10.1038/s41401-020-0486-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Accepted: 06/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Photoreceptors, as polarised sensory neurons, are essential for light sensation and phototransduction, which are highly dependent on the photoreceptor cilium. Structural defects and/or dysfunction of the photoreceptor cilium caused by mutations in photoreceptor-specific genes or common ciliary genes can lead to retinal diseases, including syndromic and nonsyndromic diseases. In this review, we describe the structure and function of the photoreceptor cilium. We also discuss recent findings that underscore the dysregulation of the photoreceptor cilium in various retinal diseases and the therapeutic potential of targeting ciliary genes in these diseases.
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Nadolski NJ, Balay SD, Wong CXL, Waskiewicz AJ, Hocking JC. Abnormal Cone and Rod Photoreceptor Morphogenesis in gdf6a Mutant Zebrafish. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2020; 61:9. [PMID: 32293666 PMCID: PMC7401959 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.61.4.9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose Analysis of photoreceptor morphology and gene expression in mispatterned eyes of zebrafish growth differentiation factor 6a (gdf6a) mutants. Methods Rod and cone photoreceptors were compared between gdf6a mutant and control zebrafish from larval to late adult stages using transgenic labels, immunofluorescence, and confocal microscopy, as well as by transmission electron microscopy. To compare transcriptomes between larval gdf6a mutant and control zebrafish, RNA-Seq was performed on isolated eyes. Results Although rod and cone photoreceptors differentiate in gdf6a mutant zebrafish, the cells display aberrant growth and morphology. The cone outer segments, the light-detecting sensory endings, are reduced in size in the mutant larvae and fail to recover to control size at subsequent stages. In contrast, rods form temporarily expanded outer segments. The inner segments, which generate the required energy and proteins for the outer segments, are shortened in both rods and cones at all stages. RNA-Seq analysis provides a set of misregulated genes associated with the observed abnormal photoreceptor morphogenesis. Conclusions GDF6 mutations were previously identified in patients with Leber congenital amaurosis. Here, we reveal a unique photoreceptor phenotype in the gdf6a mutant zebrafish whereby rods and cones undergo abnormal maturation distinct for each cell type. Further, subsequent development shows partial recovery of cell morphology and maintenance of the photoreceptor layer. By conducting a transcriptomic analysis of the gdf6a larval eyes, we identified a collection of genes that are candidate regulators of photoreceptor size and morphology.
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40
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Zhu GJ, Gong S, Ma DB, Tao T, He WQ, Zhang L, Wang F, Qian XY, Zhou H, Fan C, Wang P, Chen X, Zhao W, Sun J, Chen H, Wang Y, Gao X, Zuo J, Zhu MS, Gao X, Wan G. Aldh inhibitor restores auditory function in a mouse model of human deafness. PLoS Genet 2020; 16:e1009040. [PMID: 32970669 PMCID: PMC7553308 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1009040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2020] [Revised: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Genetic hearing loss is a common health problem with no effective therapy currently available. DFNA15, caused by mutations of the transcription factor POU4F3, is one of the most common forms of autosomal dominant non-syndromic deafness. In this study, we established a novel mouse model of the human DFNA15 deafness, with a Pou4f3 gene mutation (Pou4f3Δ) identical to that found in a familial case of DFNA15. The Pou4f3(Δ/+) mice suffered progressive deafness in a similar manner to the DFNA15 patients. Hair cells in the Pou4f3(Δ/+) cochlea displayed significant stereociliary and mitochondrial pathologies, with apparent loss of outer hair cells. Progression of hearing and outer hair cell loss of the Pou4f3(Δ/+) mice was significantly modified by other genetic and environmental factors. Using Pou4f3(-/+) heterozygous knockout mice, we also showed that DFNA15 is likely caused by haploinsufficiency of the Pou4f3 gene. Importantly, inhibition of retinoic acid signaling by the aldehyde dehydrogenase (Aldh) and retinoic acid receptor inhibitors promoted Pou4f3 expression in the cochlear tissue and suppressed the progression of hearing loss in the mutant mice. These data demonstrate Pou4f3 haploinsufficiency as the main underlying cause of human DFNA15 deafness and highlight the therapeutic potential of Aldh inhibitors for treatment of progressive hearing loss. More than 50% of deafness cases are due to genetic defects with no treatment available. DFNA15, caused by mutations of the transcription factor POU4F3, is one of the most common types of autosomal dominant non-syndromic deafness. Here, we established a novel mouse model with the exact Pou4f3 mutation identified in human patients. The mutant mouse display similar auditory pathophysiology as human patients and exhibit multiple hair cell abnormalities. The onset and severity of hearing loss in the mouse model is highly modifiable to environmental factors, such as aging, noise exposure or genetic backgrounds. Using a new knockout mouse model, we found Pou4f3 haploinsufficiency as the underlying mechanism of human DFNA15. Importantly, we identified Aldh inhibitor as a potent small molecule for upregulation of Pou4f3 and treatment of hearing loss in the mutant mouse. The identification of Aldh inhibitor for treatment of DFNA15 deafness represents a major advance in the unmet medical need for this common form of progressive hearing loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guang-Jie Zhu
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Provincial Key Discipline of the affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University and Model Animal Research Center, MOE Key Laboratory of Model Animal for Disease Studies, School of Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Sihao Gong
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Provincial Key Discipline of the affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University and Model Animal Research Center, MOE Key Laboratory of Model Animal for Disease Studies, School of Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Deng-Bin Ma
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Provincial Key Discipline of the affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University and Model Animal Research Center, MOE Key Laboratory of Model Animal for Disease Studies, School of Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Tao Tao
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Provincial Key Discipline of the affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University and Model Animal Research Center, MOE Key Laboratory of Model Animal for Disease Studies, School of Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Wei-Qi He
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Provincial Key Discipline of the affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University and Model Animal Research Center, MOE Key Laboratory of Model Animal for Disease Studies, School of Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases and Cambridge-Suda (CAM-SU) Genomic Resource Center, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Linqing Zhang
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Provincial Key Discipline of the affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University and Model Animal Research Center, MOE Key Laboratory of Model Animal for Disease Studies, School of Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Fang Wang
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Provincial Key Discipline of the affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University and Model Animal Research Center, MOE Key Laboratory of Model Animal for Disease Studies, School of Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiao-Yun Qian
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Provincial Key Discipline of the affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University and Model Animal Research Center, MOE Key Laboratory of Model Animal for Disease Studies, School of Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Han Zhou
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Provincial Key Discipline of the affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University and Model Animal Research Center, MOE Key Laboratory of Model Animal for Disease Studies, School of Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Chi Fan
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Provincial Key Discipline of the affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University and Model Animal Research Center, MOE Key Laboratory of Model Animal for Disease Studies, School of Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Pei Wang
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Provincial Key Discipline of the affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University and Model Animal Research Center, MOE Key Laboratory of Model Animal for Disease Studies, School of Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xin Chen
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Provincial Key Discipline of the affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University and Model Animal Research Center, MOE Key Laboratory of Model Animal for Disease Studies, School of Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Wei Zhao
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Provincial Key Discipline of the affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University and Model Animal Research Center, MOE Key Laboratory of Model Animal for Disease Studies, School of Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jie Sun
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Provincial Key Discipline of the affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University and Model Animal Research Center, MOE Key Laboratory of Model Animal for Disease Studies, School of Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Huaqun Chen
- College of Life Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ye Wang
- Nanjing MuCyte Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Nanjing, China
| | - Xiang Gao
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Provincial Key Discipline of the affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University and Model Animal Research Center, MOE Key Laboratory of Model Animal for Disease Studies, School of Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jian Zuo
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, Creighton University, United States of America
| | - Min-Sheng Zhu
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Provincial Key Discipline of the affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University and Model Animal Research Center, MOE Key Laboratory of Model Animal for Disease Studies, School of Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
- Institute for Brain Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
- * E-mail: (MSZ); (XG); (GW)
| | - Xia Gao
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Provincial Key Discipline of the affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University and Model Animal Research Center, MOE Key Laboratory of Model Animal for Disease Studies, School of Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
- * E-mail: (MSZ); (XG); (GW)
| | - Guoqiang Wan
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Provincial Key Discipline of the affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University and Model Animal Research Center, MOE Key Laboratory of Model Animal for Disease Studies, School of Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
- Institute for Brain Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
- * E-mail: (MSZ); (XG); (GW)
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Hegele RA, Dron JS. 2019 George Lyman Duff Memorial Lecture: Three Decades of Examining DNA in Patients With Dyslipidemia. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2020; 40:1970-1981. [PMID: 32762461 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.120.313065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Dyslipidemias include both rare single gene disorders and common conditions that have a complex underlying basis. In London, ON, there is fortuitous close physical proximity between the Lipid Genetics Clinic and the London Regional Genomics Centre. For >30 years, we have applied DNA sequencing of clinical samples to help answer scientific questions. More than 2000 patients referred with dyslipidemias have participated in an ongoing translational research program. In 2013, we transitioned to next-generation sequencing; our targeted panel is designed to concurrently assess both monogenic and polygenic contributions to dyslipidemias. Patient DNA is screened for rare variants underlying 25 mendelian dyslipidemias, including familial hypercholesterolemia, hepatic lipase deficiency, abetalipoproteinemia, and familial chylomicronemia syndrome. Furthermore, polygenic scores for LDL (low-density lipoprotein) and HDL (high-density lipoprotein) cholesterol, and triglycerides are calculated for each patient. We thus simultaneously document both rare and common genetic variants, allowing for a broad view of genetic predisposition for both individual patients and cohorts. For instance, among patients referred with severe hypertriglyceridemia, defined as ≥10 mmol/L (≥885 mg/dL), <1% have a mendelian disorder (ie, autosomal recessive familial chylomicronemia syndrome), ≈15% have heterozygous rare variants (a >3-fold increase over normolipidemic individuals), and ≈35% have an extreme polygenic score (a >3-fold increase over normolipidemic individuals). Other dyslipidemias show a different mix of genetic determinants. Genetic results are discussed with patients and can support clinical decision-making. Integrating DNA testing into clinical care allows for a bidirectional flow of information, which facilitates scientific discoveries and clinical translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert A Hegele
- From the Department of Medicine (R.A.H.), Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, ON, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry (R.A.H., J.S.D.), Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, ON, Canada
- Robarts Research Institute (R.A.H., J.S.D.), Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, ON, Canada
| | - Jacqueline S Dron
- Department of Biochemistry (R.A.H., J.S.D.), Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, ON, Canada
- Robarts Research Institute (R.A.H., J.S.D.), Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, ON, Canada
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42
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Mohieldin AM, Pala R, Sherpa RT, Alanazi M, Alanazi A, Shamloo K, Ahsan A, AbouAlaiwi WA, Moresco JJ, Yates JR, Nauli SM. Proteomic Identification Reveals the Role of Ciliary Extracellular-Like Vesicle in Cardiovascular Function. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2020; 7:1903140. [PMID: 32832346 PMCID: PMC7435257 DOI: 10.1002/advs.201903140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2019] [Revised: 04/07/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Primary cilia are shown to have membrane swelling, also known as ciliary bulbs. However, the role of these structures and their physiological relevance remains unknown. Here, it is reported that a ciliary bulb has extracellular vesicle (EV)-like characteristics. The ciliary extracellular-like vesicle (cELV) has a unique dynamic movement and can be released by mechanical fluid force. To better identify the cELV, differential multidimensional proteomic analyses are performed on the cELV. A database of 172 cELV proteins is generated, and all that examined are confirmed to be in the cELV. Repressing the expression of these proteins in vitro and in vivo inhibits cELV formation. In addition to the randomized heart looping, hydrocephalus, and cystic kidney in fish, compensated heart contractility is observed in both fish and mouse models. Specifically, low circulation of cELV results in hypotension with compensated heart function, left ventricular hypertrophy, cardiac fibrosis, and arrhythmogenic characteristics, which result in a high mortality rate in mice. Furthermore, the overall ejection fraction, stroke volume, and cardiac output are significantly decreased in mice lacking cELV. It is thus proposed that the cELV as a nanocompartment within a primary cilium plays an important role in cardiovascular functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashraf M. Mohieldin
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical SciencesChapman UniversityIrvineCA92618USA
| | - Rajasekharreddy Pala
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical SciencesChapman UniversityIrvineCA92618USA
| | - Rinzhin T. Sherpa
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical SciencesChapman UniversityIrvineCA92618USA
| | - Madhawi Alanazi
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical SciencesChapman UniversityIrvineCA92618USA
| | - Ashwaq Alanazi
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical SciencesChapman UniversityIrvineCA92618USA
| | - Kiumars Shamloo
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical SciencesChapman UniversityIrvineCA92618USA
| | - Amir Ahsan
- Department of Physics, Computer Science and EngineeringChapman UniversityOrangeCA92866USA
| | - Wissam A. AbouAlaiwi
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental TherapeuticsUniversity of ToledoToledoOH43614USA
| | - James J. Moresco
- Department of Molecular MedicineThe Scripps Research InstituteLa JollaCA92037USA
| | - John R. Yates
- Department of Molecular MedicineThe Scripps Research InstituteLa JollaCA92037USA
| | - Surya M. Nauli
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical SciencesChapman UniversityIrvineCA92618USA
- Department of MedicineUniversity of California IrvineIrvineCA92868USA
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43
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Limonta D, Jovel J, Kumar A, Lu J, Hou S, Airo AM, Lopez-Orozco J, Wong CP, Saito L, Branton W, Wong GKS, Mason A, Power C, Hobman TC. Fibroblast Growth Factor 2 Enhances Zika Virus Infection in Human Fetal Brain. J Infect Dis 2020; 220:1377-1387. [PMID: 30799482 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiz073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2018] [Accepted: 02/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Zika virus (ZIKV) is an emerging pathogen that can cause microcephaly and other neurological defects in developing fetuses. The cellular response to ZIKV in the fetal brain is not well understood. Here, we show that ZIKV infection of human fetal astrocytes (HFAs), the most abundant cell type in the brain, results in elevated expression and secretion of fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF2). This cytokine was shown to enhance replication and spread of ZIKV in HFAs and human fetal brain explants. The proviral effect of FGF2 is likely mediated in part by suppression of the interferon response, which would represent a novel mechanism by which viruses antagonize host antiviral defenses. We posit that FGF2-enhanced virus replication in the fetal brain contributes to the neurodevelopmental disorders associated with in utero ZIKV infection. As such, targeting FGF2-dependent signaling should be explored further as a strategy to limit replication of ZIKV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Limonta
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Juan Jovel
- Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Anil Kumar
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Julia Lu
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Shangmei Hou
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Adriana M Airo
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | | | - Cheung Pang Wong
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Leina Saito
- Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - William Branton
- Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Gane Ka-Shu Wong
- Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada.,Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada.,BGI Group, Shenzhen, China
| | - Andrew Mason
- Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada.,Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada.,Women and Children's Health Research Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada.,Li Ka Shing Institute of Virology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Christopher Power
- Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada.,Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada.,Women and Children's Health Research Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Tom C Hobman
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada.,Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada.,Women and Children's Health Research Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada.,Li Ka Shing Institute of Virology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
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44
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Clinical and Molecular Diagnosis of Joubert Syndrome and Related Disorders. Pediatr Neurol 2020; 106:43-49. [PMID: 32139166 DOI: 10.1016/j.pediatrneurol.2020.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2019] [Revised: 01/16/2020] [Accepted: 01/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Joubert syndrome and related disorders are a group of ciliopathies characterized by mid-hindbrain malformation, developmental delay, hypotonia, oculomotor apraxia, and breathing abnormalities. Molar tooth sign in brain imaging is the hallmark for diagnosis. Joubert syndrome is a clinically and genetically heterogeneous disorder involving mutations in 35 ciliopathy-related genes. We present a large cohort of 59 patients with Joubert syndrome from 55 families. Molecular analysis was performed in 35 families (trio). METHODS Clinical exome analysis was performed to identify causal mutations, and genotype-phenotype correlations were evaluated. RESULTS All of the cases were stratified into pure Joubert syndrome (62.7%), Joubert syndrome with retinal disease (22.0%), polydactyly (8.5%), and liver (1.7%) and kidney (1.7%) involvement. Joubert syndrome-related disorders include Meckel-Gruber syndrome in 5.1% cases and Leber congenital amaurosis (1.7%). Of the 35 Joubert syndrome-related genes, 11 were identified in these patients, i.e., CEP290, C5ORF, TCTN1, CC2D2A, RPGRP1L, TCTN3, AHI1, INPP5E, TCTN2, NPHP1, and TMEM237. For the first time, we identified a ciliopathy gene, CCDC28B, as a causal gene in Joubert syndrome in one family. CEP290 accounted for 37.8% cases of pure Joubert syndrome, Joubert syndrome with retinal and renal disease, and Meckel-Gruber syndrome. The p.G1890∗ allele in CEP290 is highly recurrent. Of the six families with Joubert syndrome who had a prenatal diagnosis, one fetus was normal, two were carriers, and three were affected. CONCLUSIONS This is the largest study of Joubert syndrome from India. Although a high degree of locus and allelic heterogeneity was observed, CEP290 variants were the most common among these patients.
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Gogendeau D, Lemullois M, Le Borgne P, Castelli M, Aubusson-Fleury A, Arnaiz O, Cohen J, Vesque C, Schneider-Maunoury S, Bouhouche K, Koll F, Tassin AM. MKS-NPHP module proteins control ciliary shedding at the transition zone. PLoS Biol 2020; 18:e3000640. [PMID: 32163404 PMCID: PMC7093003 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3000640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2019] [Revised: 03/24/2020] [Accepted: 02/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Ciliary shedding occurs from unicellular organisms to metazoans. Although required during the cell cycle and during neurogenesis, the process remains poorly understood. In all cellular models, this phenomenon occurs distal to the transition zone (TZ), suggesting conserved molecular mechanisms. The TZ module proteins (Meckel Gruber syndrome [MKS]/Nephronophtysis [NPHP]/Centrosomal protein of 290 kDa [CEP290]/Retinitis pigmentosa GTPase regulator-Interacting Protein 1-Like Protein [RPGRIP1L]) are known to cooperate to establish TZ formation and function. To determine whether they control deciliation, we studied the function of 5 of them (Transmembrane protein 107 [TMEM107], Transmembrane protein 216 [TMEM216], CEP290, RPGRIP1L, and NPHP4) in Paramecium. All proteins are recruited to the TZ of growing cilia and localize with 9-fold symmetry at the level of the most distal part of the TZ. We demonstrate that depletion of the MKS2/TMEM216 and TMEM107 proteins induces constant deciliation of some cilia, while depletion of either NPHP4, CEP290, or RPGRIP1L prevents Ca2+/EtOH deciliation. Our results constitute the first evidence for a role of conserved TZ proteins in deciliation and open new directions for understanding motile cilia physiology. Functional analysis and subcellular localisation of the conserved transition zone proteins in the ciliate Paramecium tetraurelia demonstrates their involvement in the ciliary shedding process, opening new avenues fir understanding the molecular mechanism of deciliation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Delphine Gogendeau
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Michel Lemullois
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Pierrick Le Borgne
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Manon Castelli
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Anne Aubusson-Fleury
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Olivier Arnaiz
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Jean Cohen
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Christine Vesque
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS UMR7622, INSERM U1156, Developmental Biology Laboratory-Institut de Biologie Paris-Seine (IBPS), Paris, France
| | - Sylvie Schneider-Maunoury
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS UMR7622, INSERM U1156, Developmental Biology Laboratory-Institut de Biologie Paris-Seine (IBPS), Paris, France
| | - Khaled Bouhouche
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - France Koll
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Anne-Marie Tassin
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), Gif-sur-Yvette, France
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46
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Bachmann-Gagescu R, Dempsey JC, Bulgheroni S, Chen ML, D'Arrigo S, Glass IA, Heller T, Héon E, Hildebrandt F, Joshi N, Knutzen D, Kroes HY, Mack SH, Nuovo S, Parisi MA, Snow J, Summers AC, Symons JM, Zein WM, Boltshauser E, Sayer JA, Gunay-Aygun M, Valente EM, Doherty D. Healthcare recommendations for Joubert syndrome. Am J Med Genet A 2019; 182:229-249. [PMID: 31710777 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.61399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2019] [Revised: 10/02/2019] [Accepted: 10/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Joubert syndrome (JS) is a recessive neurodevelopmental disorder defined by a characteristic cerebellar and brainstem malformation recognizable on axial brain magnetic resonance imaging as the "Molar Tooth Sign". Although defined by the neurological features, JS is associated with clinical features affecting many other organ systems, particularly progressive involvement of the retina, kidney, and liver. JS is a rare condition; therefore, many affected individuals may not have easy access to subspecialty providers familiar with JS (e.g., geneticists, neurologists, developmental pediatricians, ophthalmologists, nephrologists, hepatologists, psychiatrists, therapists, and educators). Expert recommendations can enable practitioners of all types to provide quality care to individuals with JS and know when to refer for subspecialty care. This need will only increase as precision treatments targeting specific genetic causes of JS emerge. The goal of these recommendations is to provide a resource for general practitioners, subspecialists, and families to maximize the health of individuals with JS throughout the lifespan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruxandra Bachmann-Gagescu
- Institute of Molecular Life Sciences, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Institute of Medical Genetics, University of Zurich, Schlieren, Switzerland
| | - Jennifer C Dempsey
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington
| | - Sara Bulgheroni
- Developmental Neurology Division, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy
| | - Maida L Chen
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington.,Division of Pulmonary and Sleep Medicine, Seattle Children's Hospital, Seattle, Washington
| | - Stefano D'Arrigo
- Developmental Neurology Division, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy
| | - Ian A Glass
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington
| | - Theo Heller
- Liver Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Elise Héon
- Department of Surgery, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Friedhelm Hildebrandt
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.,Division of Nephrology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Nirmal Joshi
- Department of Anesthesia, Deaconess Hospital, Evansville, Indiana.,Anesthesia Dynamics, LLC, Evansville, Indiana
| | - Dana Knutzen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas.,The Children's Hospital of San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas
| | - Hester Y Kroes
- Department of Medical Genetics, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Stephen H Mack
- Joubert Syndrome and Related Disorders Foundation, Petaluma, California
| | - Sara Nuovo
- Neurogenetics Lab, IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, Rome, Italy.,Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Salerno, Salerno, Italy
| | - Melissa A Parisi
- Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities Branch, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Joseph Snow
- Office of the Clinical Director, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Angela C Summers
- Office of the Clinical Director, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland.,Department of Psychology, Fordham University, Bronx, New York
| | - Jordan M Symons
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington.,Division of Nephrology, Seattle Children's Hospital, Seattle, Washington
| | - Wadih M Zein
- Ophthalmic Genetics and Visual Function Branch, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Eugen Boltshauser
- Department of Pediatric Neurology (emeritus), Children's University Hospital, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - John A Sayer
- Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.,Renal Services, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.,NIHR Newcastle Biomedical Research Centre, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Meral Gunay-Aygun
- Medical Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland.,Department of Pediatrics and McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Enza Maria Valente
- Neurogenetics Lab, IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, Rome, Italy.,Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Dan Doherty
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington.,Center for Integrative Brain Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, Washington
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Wheway G, Lord J, Baralle D. Splicing in the pathogenesis, diagnosis and treatment of ciliopathies. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-GENE REGULATORY MECHANISMS 2019; 1862:194433. [PMID: 31698098 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagrm.2019.194433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2019] [Revised: 09/12/2019] [Accepted: 09/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Primary cilia are essential signalling organelles found on the apical surface of epithelial cells, where they coordinate chemosensation, mechanosensation and light sensation. Motile cilia play a central role in establishing fluid flow in the respiratory tract, reproductive tract, brain ventricles and ear. Genetic defects affecting the structure or function of cilia can lead to a broad range of developmental and degenerative diseases known as ciliopathies. Splicing contributes to the pathogenesis, diagnosis and treatment of ciliopathies. Tissue-specific alternative splicing contributes to the tissue-specific manifestation of ciliopathy phenotypes, for example the retinal-specific effects of some genetic defects, due to specific transcript expression in the highly specialised ciliated cells of the retina, the photoreceptor cells. Ciliopathies can arise both as a result of genetic variants in spliceosomal proteins, or as a result of variants affecting splicing of specific cilia genes. Here we discuss the opportunities and challenges in diagnosing ciliopathies using RNA sequence analysis and the potential for treating ciliopathies in a relatively mutation-neutral way by targeting splicing. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: RNA structure and splicing regulation edited by Francisco Baralle, Ravindra Singh and Stefan Stamm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabrielle Wheway
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Human Development and Health, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland; University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
| | - Jenny Lord
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Human Development and Health, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland; University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
| | - Diana Baralle
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Human Development and Health, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland; University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.
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TMEM18 inhibits osteogenic differentiation of rat bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells by inactivating β-catenin. Exp Cell Res 2019; 383:111491. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2019.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2019] [Revised: 06/15/2019] [Accepted: 07/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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Parisi MA. The molecular genetics of Joubert syndrome and related ciliopathies: The challenges of genetic and phenotypic heterogeneity. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 4:25-49. [PMID: 31763177 PMCID: PMC6864416 DOI: 10.3233/trd-190041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Joubert syndrome (JS; MIM PS213300) is a rare, typically autosomal recessive disorder characterized by cerebellar vermis hypoplasia and a distinctive malformation of the cerebellum and brainstem identified as the “molar tooth sign” on brain MRI. Other universal features include hypotonia with later ataxia and intellectual disability/developmental delay, with additional features consisting of oculomotor apraxia and abnormal respiratory pattern. Notably, other, more variable features include renal cystic disease, typically nephronophthisis, retinal dystrophy, and congenital hepatic fibrosis; skeletal changes such as polydactyly and findings consistent with short-rib skeletal dysplasias are also seen in many subjects. These pleiotropic features are typical of a number of disorders of the primary cilium, and make the identification of causal genes challenging given the significant overlap between JS and other ciliopathy conditions such as nephronophthisis and Meckel, Bardet-Biedl, and COACH syndromes. This review will describe the features of JS, characterize the 35 known genes associated with the condition, and describe some of the genetic conundrums of JS, such as the heterogeneity of founder effects, lack of genotype-phenotype correlations, and role of genetic modifiers. Finally, aspects of JS and related ciliopathies that may pave the way for development of therapeutic interventions, including gene therapy, will be described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa A Parisi
- Chief, Intellectual & Developmental Disabilities Branch, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA
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CiliaCarta: An integrated and validated compendium of ciliary genes. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0216705. [PMID: 31095607 PMCID: PMC6522010 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0216705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2018] [Accepted: 04/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The cilium is an essential organelle at the surface of mammalian cells whose dysfunction causes a wide range of genetic diseases collectively called ciliopathies. The current rate at which new ciliopathy genes are identified suggests that many ciliary components remain undiscovered. We generated and rigorously analyzed genomic, proteomic, transcriptomic and evolutionary data and systematically integrated these using Bayesian statistics into a predictive score for ciliary function. This resulted in 285 candidate ciliary genes. We generated independent experimental evidence of ciliary associations for 24 out of 36 analyzed candidate proteins using multiple cell and animal model systems (mouse, zebrafish and nematode) and techniques. For example, we show that OSCP1, which has previously been implicated in two distinct non-ciliary processes, causes ciliogenic and ciliopathy-associated tissue phenotypes when depleted in zebrafish. The candidate list forms the basis of CiliaCarta, a comprehensive ciliary compendium covering 956 genes. The resource can be used to objectively prioritize candidate genes in whole exome or genome sequencing of ciliopathy patients and can be accessed at http://bioinformatics.bio.uu.nl/john/syscilia/ciliacarta/.
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