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Liu Q, Liu C, He Q, Wang L, Song L. The involvement of CgRHIM-containing protein in regulating haemocyte apoptosis after high temperature stress in Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2024; 159:105226. [PMID: 38992733 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2024.105226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2024] [Revised: 07/05/2024] [Accepted: 07/07/2024] [Indexed: 07/13/2024]
Abstract
The interactions induced by RIP homotypic interaction motif (RHIM) are essential for the activation of inflammatory signaling and certain cell death pathways. In the present study, a RHIM-containing protein was identified from Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas, which harbored a RHIM domain and a Death domain (designated CgRHIM-containing protein). The mRNA transcripts of CgRHIM-containing protein were constitutively expressed in all the examined tissues of oysters, with the highest expression level in mantle. The CgRHIM-containing protein was mainly distributed in the cytoplasm of oyster haemocytes. After high temperature stress, the expression levels of CgRel and CgBcl-2 increased significantly, and reached the peak level at 12 h, then decreased gradually. The transcripts of CgRHIM-containing protein, Cgcaspase-8 and Cgcaspase-3 in haemocytes up-regulated at 12 h after high temperature stress. Moreover, the protein abundance of CgRHIM-containing protein increased significantly, and the ubiquitination level of CgRHIM-containing protein in haemocytes showed an increasing trend at first and then decreased. After the expression of CgRHIM-containing protein was knocked down by siRNA, the mRNA expression levels of CgRel and CgBcl-2 decreased significantly at 6 h after high temperature stress, and those of CgFADD-like, Cgcaspase-8 and Cgcaspase-3, as well as the apoptosis rate of haemocytes also decreased significantly at 24 h. These results indicated that CgRHIM-containing protein might regulate haemocyte apoptosis in oysters upon high temperature stress via mediating the expression of Rel, Bcl-2 and caspase-8/3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Liu
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, China; Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology and Disease Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, China; Dalian Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Disease Prevention and Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, China
| | - Chang Liu
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, China; Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology and Disease Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, China; Dalian Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Disease Prevention and Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, China.
| | - Qianqian He
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, China; Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology and Disease Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, China; Dalian Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Disease Prevention and Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, China
| | - Lingling Wang
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, China; Southern Laboratory of Ocean Science and Engineering (Guangdong, Zhuhai), Zhuhai, China; Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology and Disease Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, China; Dalian Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Disease Prevention and Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, China.
| | - Linsheng Song
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, China; Southern Laboratory of Ocean Science and Engineering (Guangdong, Zhuhai), Zhuhai, China; Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology and Disease Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, China; Dalian Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Disease Prevention and Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, China
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2
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Chen KQ, Wang SZ, Lei HB, Liu X. Necrostatin-1: a promising compound for neurological disorders. Front Cell Neurosci 2024; 18:1408364. [PMID: 38994325 PMCID: PMC11236683 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2024.1408364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2024] [Accepted: 06/17/2024] [Indexed: 07/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Necrostatin-1, a small molecular alkaloid, was identified as an inhibitor of necroptosis in 2005. Investigating the fundamental mechanism of Necrostatin-1 and its role in various diseases is of great significance for scientific and clinical research. Accumulating evidence suggests that Necrostatin-1 plays a crucial role in numerous neurological disorders. This review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the potential functions of Necrostatin-1 in various neurological disorders, offering valuable insights for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke-Qian Chen
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Xiangtan Central Hospital, Xiangtan, China
| | - Shu-Zhi Wang
- Institute of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Hai-Bo Lei
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Xiangtan Central Hospital, Xiangtan, China
| | - Xiang Liu
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Xiangtan Central Hospital, Xiangtan, China
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3
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Zhang C, Liu R, Chen M, Xu Y, Jin X, Shen B, Wang J. Autophagy inhibitors 3-MA and BAF may attenuate hippocampal neuronal necroptosis after global cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury in male rats by inhibiting the interaction of the RIP3/AIF/CypA complex. J Neurosci Res 2024; 102:e25301. [PMID: 38361405 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.25301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2023] [Revised: 10/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 02/17/2024]
Abstract
Our previous study found that receptor interacting protein 3 (RIP3) and apoptosis-inducing factor (AIF) were involved in neuronal programmed necrosis during global cerebral ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury. Here, we further studied its downstream mechanisms and the role of the autophagy inhibitors 3-methyladenine (3-MA) and bafilomycin A1 (BAF). A 20-min global cerebral I/R injury model was constructed using the 4-vessel occlusion (4-VO) method in male rats. 3-MA and BAF were injected into the lateral ventricle 1 h before ischemia. Spatial and activation changes of proteins were detected by immunofluorescence (IF), and protein interaction was determined by immunoprecipitation (IP). The phosphorylation of H2AX (γ-H2AX) and activation of mixed lineage kinase domain-like protein (p-MLKL) occurred as early as 6 h after reperfusion. RIP3, AIF, and cyclophilin A (CypA) in the neurons after I/R injury were spatially overlapped around and within the nucleus and combined with each other after reperfusion. The survival rate of CA1 neurons in the 3-MA and BAF groups was significantly higher than that in the I/R group. Autophagy was activated significantly after I/R injury, which was partially inhibited by 3-MA and BAF. Pretreatment with both 3-MA and BAF almost completely inhibited nuclear translocation, spatial overlap, and combination of RIP3, AIF, and CypA proteins. These findings suggest that after global cerebral I/R injury, RIP3, AIF, and CypA translocated into the nuclei and formed the DNA degradation complex RIP3/AIF/CypA in hippocampal CA1 neurons. Pretreatment with autophagy inhibitors could reduce neuronal necroptosis by preventing the formation of the RIP3/AIF/CypA complex and its nuclear translocation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Zhang
- Department of Neurology, First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Renhui Liu
- Department of Neurology, First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Mengmeng Chen
- Department of Neurology, First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Yang Xu
- Key Laboratory of Non-coding RNA Transformation Research of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, First Affiliated Hospital of Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, China
- Department of Neurology, First Affiliated Hospital of Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, China
| | - Xiaoqin Jin
- Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Bing Shen
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
- Dr. Neher's Biophysics Laboratory for Innovative Drug Discovery, State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, China
| | - Jingye Wang
- Department of Neurology, First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
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4
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Zhang J, Li X, Zhang Z, Zhang J, Ma L, Wang S, Guo X, Li H, Pan B, Niu Q. Role of the RIP3-PGAM5-Drp1 pathway in aluminum-induced PC12 cells necroptosis. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2024; 270:115860. [PMID: 38142589 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2023.115860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2023] [Revised: 12/10/2023] [Accepted: 12/17/2023] [Indexed: 12/26/2023]
Abstract
Epidemiological studies from diverse global regions suggest a correlation between the accumulation of aluminum in the brain and the onset of various neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer's disease, of which, neuronal cells death happen. Our previous research has found the potential of aluminum to induce neuronal cell death. A comprehensive exploration of the regulatory pathways influenced by aluminum in neuronal cell death could contribute to the development of strategies aimed at preventing the detrimental impact of aluminum on neuronal cells. This study is dedicated to exploring the impact of aluminum on mitochondrial homeostasis through the RIP3-PGAM5-Drp1 pathway, with a specific focus on its potential role in necroptosis. We observed that the inhibition of RIP3 function and the reduction in PGAM5 protein expression both mitigate aluminum-induced necroptosis in PC12 cells and enhance mitochondrial function. However, the inhibition of PGAM5 protein expression does not exert an impact on the expression of RIP3 and MLKL proteins. In summary, our study posits that aluminum can induce necroptosis in PC12 cells through the RIP3-PGAM5-Drp1 pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingsi Zhang
- Section of Occupational Medicine, Department of Special Medicine, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030001, China
| | - Xiaoyan Li
- Department of Occupational Health, School of Public Health, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030001, China
| | - Zhuoran Zhang
- Department of Occupational Health, School of Public Health, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030001, China
| | - Jintao Zhang
- Department of Occupational Health, School of Public Health, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030001, China
| | - Limin Ma
- Department of Occupational Health, School of Public Health, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030001, China
| | - Shanshan Wang
- Section of Occupational Medicine, Department of Special Medicine, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030001, China
| | - Xin Guo
- Section of Occupational Medicine, Department of Special Medicine, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030001, China; Sixth Hospital of Shanxi Medical University (General Hospital of Tisco), Taiyuan, Shanxi 030001, China
| | - Huan Li
- Department of Occupational Health, School of Public Health, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030001, China; Department of Occupational Health, School of Public Health, Jining Medical University, Jining, Shandong 272000, China
| | - Baolong Pan
- Department of Occupational Health, School of Public Health, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030001, China; Sixth Hospital of Shanxi Medical University (General Hospital of Tisco), Taiyuan, Shanxi 030001, China
| | - Qiao Niu
- Department of Occupational Health, School of Public Health, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030001, China.
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5
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Zhou XY, Lin B, Chen W, Cao RQ, Guo Y, Said A, Khan T, Zhang HL, Zhu YM. The brain protection of MLKL inhibitor necrosulfonamide against focal ischemia/reperfusion injury associating with blocking the nucleus and nuclear envelope translocation of MLKL and RIP3K. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1157054. [PMID: 37964865 PMCID: PMC10642205 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1157054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2023] [Accepted: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 11/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Mixed lineage kinase like protein (MLKL) is a key mediator of necroptosis. While previous studies highlighted the important role of MLKL as one of the central regulators of brain damage against acute ischemic neuronal injury, how the activation of MLKL mediates brain injuries and cell death remains unclear, especially in astrocytes. In a transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (tMCAO) rat model in vivo, and an oxygen-glucose deprivation and reoxygenation (OGD/Re) injury model in both primary cultured astrocytes and human astrocytes, we show that necrosulfonamide (NSA), a MLKL specific inhibitor, reduces infarction volume and improves neurological deficits in tMCAO-treated rats. In addition, NSA treatment, as well as RIP1K inhibitor Nec-1 or RIP3K inhibitor GSK-872 treatment, decreases the OGD/Re-induced leakage of LDH in both primary cultured astrocytes and human astrocytes. NSA treatment also reduces the number of propidium iodide (PI)-positive cells, and prevents the upregulation of necroptotic biomarkers such as MLKL/p-MLKL, RIP3K/p-RIP3K, and RIP1K/p-RIP1K in ischemic penumbra of cerebral cortex in tMCAO-treated rats or in OGD/Re-treated human astrocytes. Importantly, NSA treatment blocks both the nucleus and nuclear envelope localization of MLKL/p-MLKL and RIP3K/p-RIP3K in ischemic cerebral cortex induced by tMCAO. Similarly, Co-immunoprecipitation assay shows that NSA treatment decreases tMCAO- or OGD/Re- induced increased combination of MLKL and RIP3K in nuclear envelope of ischemic penumbra of cerebral cortex or of primary cultured astrocytes, respectively. RIP3K inhibitor GSK-872 also reduces tMCAO-induced increased combination of MLKL and RIP3K in nuclear envelope of ischemic penumbra of cerebral cortex. These data suggest NSA exerts protective effects against focal ischemia/reperfusion injury via inhibiting astrocytic necroptosis through preventing the upregulation of necroptotic kinases as well as blocking both the nucleus and nuclear envelope co-localization of p-MLKL and p-RIP3K. The translocation of p-MLKL, along with p-RIP3K, to the nuclear envelope and the nucleus may play a crucial role in MLKL-mediated necroptosis under ischemic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xian-Yong Zhou
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases and College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Suzhou Key Laboratory of Drug Research for Prevention and Treatment of Hyperlipidemic Diseases, Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmaceutical Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Bo Lin
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases and College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Suzhou Key Laboratory of Drug Research for Prevention and Treatment of Hyperlipidemic Diseases, Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmaceutical Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Wei Chen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases and College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Suzhou Key Laboratory of Drug Research for Prevention and Treatment of Hyperlipidemic Diseases, Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmaceutical Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Rui-Qi Cao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases and College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Suzhou Key Laboratory of Drug Research for Prevention and Treatment of Hyperlipidemic Diseases, Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmaceutical Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yi Guo
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases and College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Suzhou Key Laboratory of Drug Research for Prevention and Treatment of Hyperlipidemic Diseases, Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmaceutical Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ali Said
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases and College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Suzhou Key Laboratory of Drug Research for Prevention and Treatment of Hyperlipidemic Diseases, Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmaceutical Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Taous Khan
- Department of Pharmacy, COMSATS University Islamabad, Abbottabad Campus, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Hui-Ling Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases and College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Suzhou Key Laboratory of Drug Research for Prevention and Treatment of Hyperlipidemic Diseases, Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmaceutical Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yong-Ming Zhu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases and College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Suzhou Key Laboratory of Drug Research for Prevention and Treatment of Hyperlipidemic Diseases, Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmaceutical Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
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6
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Yamada H, Kase Y, Okano Y, Kim D, Goto M, Takahashi S, Okano H, Toda M. Subarachnoid hemorrhage triggers neuroinflammation of the entire cerebral cortex, leading to neuronal cell death. Inflamm Regen 2022; 42:61. [PMID: 36514181 DOI: 10.1186/s41232-022-00236-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2022] [Accepted: 11/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) is a fatal disease, with early brain injury (EBI) occurring within 72 h of SAH injury contributes to its poor prognosis. EBI is a complicated phenomenon involving multiple mechanisms. Although neuroinflammation has been shown to be important prognosis factor of EBI, whether neuroinflammation spreads throughout the cerebrum and the extent of its depth in the cerebral cortex remain unknown. Knowing how inflammation spreads throughout the cerebrum is also important to determine if anti-inflammatory agents are a future therapeutic strategy for EBI. METHODS In this study, we induced SAH in mice by injecting hematoma into prechiasmatic cistern and created models of mild to severe SAH. In sections of the mouse cerebrum, we investigated neuroinflammation and neuronal cell death in the cortex distal to the hematoma injection site, from anterior to posterior region 24 h after SAH injury. RESULTS Neuroinflammation caused by SAH spread to all layers of the cerebral cortex from the anterior to the posterior part of the cerebrum via the invasion of activated microglia, and neuronal cell death increased in correlation with neuroinflammation. This trend increased with the severity of the disease. CONCLUSIONS Neuroinflammation caused by SAH had spread throughout the cerebrum, causing neuronal cell death. Considering that the cerebral cortex is responsible for long-term memory and movement, suppressing neuroinflammation in all layers of the cerebral cortex may improve the prognosis of patients with SAH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroki Yamada
- Department of Neurosurgery, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
| | - Yoshitaka Kase
- Department of Physiology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
| | - Yuji Okano
- Department of Physiology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
| | - Doyoon Kim
- Department of Physiology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
| | - Maraku Goto
- Department of Physiology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan.,The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8655, Japan
| | - Satoshi Takahashi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
| | - Hideyuki Okano
- Department of Physiology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan.
| | - Masahiro Toda
- Department of Neurosurgery, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan.
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7
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Cell Death Mechanisms in Cerebral Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury. Neurochem Res 2022; 47:3525-3542. [PMID: 35976487 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-022-03697-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2022] [Revised: 07/11/2022] [Accepted: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Abstract
Ischemic stroke is one of the major causes of morbidity and mortality, affecting millions of people worldwide. Inevitably, the interruption of cerebral blood supply after ischemia may promote a cascade of pathophysiological processes. Moreover, the subsequent restoration of blood flow and reoxygenation may further aggravate brain tissue injury. Although recombinant tissue plasminogen activator (rt-PA) is the only approved therapy for restoring blood perfusion, the reperfusion injury and the narrow therapeutic time window restrict its application for most stroke patients. Increasing evidence indicates that multiple cell death mechanisms are relevant to cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury, including apoptosis, necrosis, necroptosis, autophagy, pyroptosis, ferroptosis, and so on. Therefore, it is crucial to comprehend various cell death mechanisms and their interactions. In this review, we summarize the various signaling pathways underlying cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury and elaborate on the crosstalk between the different mechanisms.
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8
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Zhou Y, Feng Q, Li Y, Liu Q, Zhao X, Duan C, Zhang J, Niu Q. Aluminum Induced Necroptosis of PC12 Cells via TNFR1-RIP1/RIP3 Signalling Pathway. Neurochem Res 2022; 47:3037-3050. [PMID: 35796914 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-022-03653-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Revised: 06/04/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
In addition to apoptosis, it has also been reported that aluminum (Al) causes necroptosis, a new form of programmed necrosis, which has recently been discovered, in nerve cells, but its molecular mechanism is not elucidated. In order to explore the answer, in this study, we apply for this method that after PC12 cells were exposed to maltol aluminum [200 μM Al(mal)3], siRNA were used as interference technique to explore the role of Tumour necrosis factor receptor 1 (TNFR1), receptor interaction proteins 1 (RIP1) and receptor interaction proteins 3 (RIP3) in necroptosis caused by Al(mal)3. After the end of this research, we demonstrated that, initially, Al(mal)3 could trigger apoptosis and necroptosis in PC12 cells and up-regulate both mRNA and protein expressions of TNFR1, RIP1 and RIP3, also, up-regulate the phosphorylated mixed lineage kinase domain-like protein (MLKL) protein expression. Additionally, in PC12 cells treated with Al(mal)3, suppression of TNFR1 was found to enhance apoptosis and attenuate the expression of RIP1/RIP3 and phosphorylated MLKL. At last, deficiency of RIP1/RIP3 reduced the extent of necroptosis. Briefly, our results verify that the TNFR1-RIP1/RIP3 pathway could be involved in Al(mal)3 induced necroptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Zhou
- Department of Occupational Health, School of Public Health, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China.,Key Lab of Environmental Hazard and Health of Shanxi Province, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Qin Feng
- Department of Occupational Health, School of Public Health, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China.,Key Lab of Environmental Hazard and Health of Shanxi Province, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Yaqin Li
- Department of Occupational Health, School of Public Health, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China.,Key Lab of Environmental Hazard and Health of Shanxi Province, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Qun Liu
- Department of Occupational Health, School of Public Health, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China.,Key Lab of Environmental Hazard and Health of Shanxi Province, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Xiaoyan Zhao
- Department of Occupational Health, School of Public Health, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China.,Key Lab of Environmental Hazard and Health of Shanxi Province, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Chunmei Duan
- Department of Occupational Health, School of Public Health, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Jingsi Zhang
- Department of Occupational Health, School of Public Health, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China.,Key Lab of Environmental Hazard and Health of Shanxi Province, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Qiao Niu
- Department of Occupational Health, School of Public Health, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China. .,Key Lab of Environmental Hazard and Health of Shanxi Province, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China. .,Key Lab of Cellular Physiology of Education Ministry, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China. .,Department of Occupational Health, School of Public Health, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China.
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9
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Vissers MFJM, Heuberger JAAC, Groeneveld GJ, Oude Nijhuis J, De Deyn PP, Hadi S, Harris J, Tsai RM, Cruz-Herranz A, Huang F, Tong V, Erickson R, Zhu Y, Scearce-Levie K, Hsiao-Nakamoto J, Tang X, Chang M, Fox BM, Pomponio RJ, Alonso-Alonso M, Zilberstein M, Atassi N, Troyer MD, Ho C. Safety, pharmacokinetics and target engagement of novel RIPK1 inhibitor SAR443060 (DNL747) for neurodegenerative disorders: Randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind phase I/Ib studies in healthy subjects and patients. Clin Transl Sci 2022; 15:2010-2023. [PMID: 35649245 PMCID: PMC9372423 DOI: 10.1111/cts.13317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2022] [Revised: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
RIPK1 is a master regulator of inflammatory signaling and cell death and increased RIPK1 activity is observed in human diseases, including Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). RIPK1 inhibition has been shown to protect against cell death in a range of preclinical cellular and animal models of diseases. SAR443060 (previously DNL747) is a selective, orally bioavailable, central nervous system (CNS)–penetrant, small‐molecule, reversible inhibitor of RIPK1. In three early‐stage clinical trials in healthy subjects and patients with AD or ALS (NCT03757325 and NCT03757351), SAR443060 distributed into the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) after oral administration and demonstrated robust peripheral target engagement as measured by a reduction in phosphorylation of RIPK1 at serine 166 (pRIPK1) in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells compared to baseline. RIPK1 inhibition was generally safe and well‐tolerated in healthy volunteers and patients with AD or ALS. Taken together, the distribution into the CSF after oral administration, the peripheral proof‐of‐mechanism, and the safety profile of RIPK1 inhibition to date, suggest that therapeutic modulation of RIPK1 in the CNS is possible, conferring potential therapeutic promise for AD and ALS, as well as other neurodegenerative conditions. However, SAR443060 development was discontinued due to long‐term nonclinical toxicology findings, although these nonclinical toxicology signals were not observed in the short duration dosing in any of the three early‐stage clinical trials. The dose‐limiting toxicities observed for SAR443060 preclinically have not been reported for other RIPK1‐inhibitors, suggesting that these toxicities are compound‐specific (related to SAR443060) rather than RIPK1 pathway‐specific.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maurits F J M Vissers
- Centre for Human Drug Research, Leiden, The Netherlands.,Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | - Geert Jan Groeneveld
- Centre for Human Drug Research, Leiden, The Netherlands.,Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Jerome Oude Nijhuis
- Department of Neurology and Alzheimer Center, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Peter Paul De Deyn
- Department of Neurology and Alzheimer Center, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.,Laboratory of Neurochemistry and Behavior, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Institute Born-Bunge, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Salah Hadi
- PRA Health Sciences, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jeffrey Harris
- Denali Therapeutics Inc., South San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Richard M Tsai
- Denali Therapeutics Inc., South San Francisco, California, USA
| | | | - Fen Huang
- Denali Therapeutics Inc., South San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Vincent Tong
- Denali Therapeutics Inc., South San Francisco, California, USA
| | | | - Yuda Zhu
- Denali Therapeutics Inc., South San Francisco, California, USA
| | | | | | - Xinyan Tang
- Denali Therapeutics Inc., South San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Megan Chang
- Denali Therapeutics Inc., South San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Brian M Fox
- Denali Therapeutics Inc., South San Francisco, California, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Carole Ho
- Denali Therapeutics Inc., South San Francisco, California, USA
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10
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Mercau ME, Patwa S, Bhat KPL, Ghosh S, Rothlin CV. Cell death in development, maintenance, and diseases of the nervous system. Semin Immunopathol 2022; 44:725-738. [PMID: 35508671 DOI: 10.1007/s00281-022-00938-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Cell death, be it of neurons or glial cells, marks the development of the nervous system. Albeit relatively less so than in tissues such as the gut, cell death is also a feature of nervous system homeostasis-especially in context of adult neurogenesis. Finally, cell death is commonplace in acute brain injuries, chronic neurodegenerative diseases, and in some central nervous system tumors such as glioblastoma. Recent studies are enumerating the various molecular modalities involved in the execution of cells. Intimately linked with cell death are mechanisms of disposal that remove the dead cell and bring about a tissue-level response. Heretofore, the association between these methods of dying and physiological or pathological responses has remained nebulous. It is envisioned that careful cartography of death and disposal may reveal novel understandings of disease states and chart new therapeutic strategies in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria E Mercau
- Department of Immunobiology, School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Siraj Patwa
- Department of Immunobiology, School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Krishna P L Bhat
- Department of Translational Molecular Pathology, Division of Pathology-Lab Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Sourav Ghosh
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA.,Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Carla V Rothlin
- Department of Immunobiology, School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA. .,Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA.
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11
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Fujikawa DG. Programmed Mechanisms of Status Epilepticus-induced Neuronal Necrosis. Epilepsia Open 2022; 8 Suppl 1:S25-S34. [PMID: 35278284 PMCID: PMC10173844 DOI: 10.1002/epi4.12593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2022] [Accepted: 03/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Excitotoxicity is the underlying mechanism for all acute neuronal injury, from cerebral ischemia, status epilepticus, traumatic CNS injury and hypoglycemia. It causes morphological neuronal necrosis, and it triggers a programmed cell death program. Excessive calcium entry through the NMDA-receptor-operated cation channel activates two key enzymes-calpain I and neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS). Calpain I, a cytosolic enzyme, translocates to mitochondrial and lysosomal membranes, causing release of cytochrome c, endonuclease G and apoptosis-inducing factor (AIF) from mitochondria and DNase II and cathepsins B and D from lysosomes. These all translocate to neuronal nuclei, creating DNA damage, which activates poly(ADP) ribose polymerase-1 (PARP-1) to form excessive amounts of poly(ADP) ribose (PAR) polymers, which translocate to mitochondrial membranes, causing release of truncated AIF (tAIF). The free radicals that are released from mitochondria and peroxynitrite, formed from nitric oxide (NO) from nNOS catalysis of L-arginine to L-citrulline, damage mitochondrial and lysosomal membranes and DNA. The end result is the necrotic death of neurons. Another programmed necrotic pathway, necroptosis, occurs through a parallel pathway. As investigators of necroptosis do not recognize the excitotoxic pathway, it is unclear to what extent each contributes to programmed neuronal necrosis. We are studying the extent to which each contributes to acute neuronal necrosis and the extent of cross-talk between these pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denson G Fujikawa
- VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, CA and Department of Neurology and Brain Research Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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12
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Erdogmus Ozgen Z, Erdinc M, Kelle İ, Erdinc L, Nergiz Y. Protective effects of necrostatin-1 on doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity in rat heart. Hum Exp Toxicol 2022; 41:9603271211066066. [PMID: 35137609 DOI: 10.1177/09603271211066066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Background: Doxorubicin (Dox) is one of the most effective antineoplastic drugs which has severe cardiotoxic effects, limiting its clinical usage. Though the exact mechanism of doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity is yet to be elucidated, it is shown that production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) increases oxidative stress and leads to cardiomyocyte apoptosis and necroptosis which is also defined as a programmed cell death.Purpose: In the present study, we investigate the effects of necrostatin-1 (Nec-1)-an inhibitor of receptor interaction proteins 1 (RIP1) and necroptosis-on doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity in rats.Research Design: Hearts were isolated and perfused by the Langendorff system in all four groups. Perfusion pressure (PP), left ventricular developed pressure (LVDP) and heart rate per minute (HR), LV (dP/dt) max, and LV (dP/dt) min which shows cardiac contractility and relaxation were recorded.Results: Results showed that PP significantly increased with Dox treatment and significantly decreased with Nec-1 treatment, while HR, LVDP, LV (dP/dt) max, and LV (dP/dt) min values significantly decreased with the Dox-treated group and significantly increased with Nec-1 treatment. Also with Nec-1 treatment, gene expression levels of anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 significantly increased and pro-apoptotic protein Bax, apoptotic marker caspase-3, and Nox-2 significantly decreased compared to the Dox-treated group. In heart tissues, MDA levels were significantly increased with Dox and decreased with Nec-1 treatment. These results were supported by the histological analysis indicated that Nec-1 reduced doxorubicin-induced cellular injury.Conclusions: In conclusion, our data indicate that Nec-1 ameliorates doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity by reducing oxidative stress injury and attenuating apoptosis and necroptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeynep Erdogmus Ozgen
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, 37507Dicle University, Diyarbakir, Turkey
| | - Meral Erdinc
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, 37507Dicle University, Diyarbakir, Turkey
| | - İlker Kelle
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, 37507Dicle University, Diyarbakir, Turkey
| | - Levent Erdinc
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, 37507Dicle University, Diyarbakir, Turkey
| | - Yusuf Nergiz
- Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Medicine, 37507Dicle University, Diyarbakir, Turkey
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Ryan F, Khoshnam SE, Khodagholi F, Ashabi G, Ahmadiani A. How cytosolic compartments play safeguard functions against neuroinflammation and cell death in cerebral ischemia. Metab Brain Dis 2021; 36:1445-1467. [PMID: 34173922 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-021-00770-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2020] [Accepted: 06/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Ischemic stroke is the second leading cause of mortality and disability globally. Neuronal damage following ischemic stroke is rapid and irreversible, and eventually results in neuronal death. In addition to activation of cell death signaling, neuroinflammation is also considered as another pathogenesis that can occur within hours after cerebral ischemia. Under physiological conditions, subcellular organelles play a substantial role in neuronal functionality and viability. However, their functions can be remarkably perturbed under neurological disorders, particularly cerebral ischemia. Therefore, their biochemical and structural response has a determining role in the sequel of neuronal cells and the progression of disease. However, their effects on cell death and neuroinflammation, as major underlying mechanisms of ischemic stroke, are still not understood. This review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the contribution of each organelle on these pathological processes after ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fari Ryan
- Centre for Research in Neuroscience, The Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Seyed Esmaeil Khoshnam
- Persian Gulf Physiology Research Centre, Medical Basic Sciences Research Institute, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Fariba Khodagholi
- Neuroscience Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ghorbangol Ashabi
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, PO Box: 1417613151, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Abolhassan Ahmadiani
- Neuroscience Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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14
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Emerging immune and cell death mechanisms in stroke: Saponins as therapeutic candidates. Brain Behav Immun Health 2021; 9:100152. [PMID: 34589895 PMCID: PMC8474497 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbih.2020.100152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The complexity of the ischemic cascade is based on the integrated crosstalk of every cell type in the neurovascular unit. Depending on the features of the ischemic insult, several cell death mechanisms are triggered, such as apoptosis, necroptosis, ferroptosis/oxytosis, ETosis or pyroptosis, leading to reactive astrogliosis. However, emerging evidence demonstrates a dual role for the immune system in stroke pathophysiology, where it exerts both detrimental and also beneficial functions. In this review, we discuss the relevance of several cell death modalities and the dual role of the immune system in stroke pathophysiology. We also provide an overview of some emerging immunomodulatory therapeutic strategies, amongst which saponins, which are promising candidates that exert multiple pharmacological effects. Several cell death mechanisms coexist in stroke pathophysiology. Neurons are more vulnerable to necroptosis than glial cells. Inhibitors of receptor-interacting protein kinases and of ferroptosis induce neuroprotection. Saponins exert modulatory effects on inflammation and neuronal cell death in stroke.
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15
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Xu Y, Zhou Y, Yu D, Hu W, Wu X, Wang J, Huang S, Zhao S, Fan X, Chu Z, Ma L. The Autophagy Signaling Pathway in Necroptosis-Dependent Cerebral Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury. NEUROCHEM J+ 2021. [DOI: 10.1134/s1819712421030132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Liu C, Chen Y, Cui W, Cao Y, Zhao L, Wang H, Liu X, Fan S, Huang K, Tong A, Zhou L. Inhibition of neuronal necroptosis mediated by RIP1/RIP3/MLKL provides neuroprotective effects on kaolin-induced hydrocephalus in mice. Cell Prolif 2021; 54:e13108. [PMID: 34374150 PMCID: PMC8450124 DOI: 10.1111/cpr.13108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2021] [Revised: 07/09/2021] [Accepted: 07/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Necroptosis is widespread in neurodegenerative diseases. Here, we examined necroptosis in the hippocampus and cortex after hydrocephalus and found that a necroptosis pathway inhibitor alleviates necroptosis and provides neuroprotective effects. MATERIALS AND METHODS Hydrocephalus was induced in C57BL/6 mice by kaolin. Haematoxylin and eosin (HE), Nissl, PI and Fluoro-Jade B (FJB) staining were used for general observations. Phosphorylated receptor-interacting protein kinase 3 (p-RIP3) and phosphorylated mixed lineage kinase domain-like (p-MLKL) were measured by Western blotting and immunohistochemistry. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used to observe ependymal cilia. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and the Morris water maze (MWM) test were used to assess neurobehavioral changes. Immunofluorescence was used to detect microglial and astrocyte activation. Inflammatory cytokines were measured by Western blotting and RT-PCR. RESULTS Obvious pathological changes appeared in the hippocampus and cortex after hydrocephalus, and expression of the necroptosis markers p-RIP3, p-MLKL and inflammatory cytokines increased. Necrostatin-1 (Nec-1) and GSK872 reduced necrotic cell death, attenuated p-RIP3 and p-MLKL levels, slightly improved neurobehaviours and inhibited microglial and astrocyte activation and inflammation. CONCLUSIONS RIP1/RIP3/MLKL mediates necroptosis in the cortex and hippocampus in a hydrocephalus mouse model, and Nec-1 and GSK872 have some neuroprotective effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, West China Medical School, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yaxing Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, West China Medical School, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Wenyao Cui
- Department of Neurosurgery, West China Medical School, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yi Cao
- Department of Neurosurgery, West China Medical School, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Department of Neurosurgery, Chengdu Second People's hospital, Chengdu, China
| | - Long Zhao
- Department of Neurosurgery, West China Medical School, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Haoxiang Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, West China Medical School, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiaoyin Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, West China Medical School, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Shuangmin Fan
- Department of Neurosurgery, West China Medical School, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Keru Huang
- Department of Neurosurgery, West China Medical School, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Aiping Tong
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Medical School, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Liangxue Zhou
- Department of Neurosurgery, West China Medical School, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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17
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Stark K, Goncharov T, Varfolomeev E, Xie L, Ngu H, Peng I, Anderson KR, Verschueren E, Choi M, Kirkpatrick DS, Easton A, Webster JD, McKenzie BS, Vucic D, Bingol B. Genetic inactivation of RIP1 kinase activity in rats protects against ischemic brain injury. Cell Death Dis 2021; 12:379. [PMID: 33828080 PMCID: PMC8026634 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-021-03651-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2021] [Revised: 03/11/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
RIP1 kinase-mediated inflammatory and cell death pathways have been implicated in the pathology of acute and chronic disorders of the nervous system. Here, we describe a novel animal model of RIP1 kinase deficiency, generated by knock-in of the kinase-inactivating RIP1(D138N) mutation in rats. Homozygous RIP1 kinase-dead (KD) rats had normal development, reproduction and did not show any gross phenotypes at baseline. However, cells derived from RIP1 KD rats displayed resistance to necroptotic cell death. In addition, RIP1 KD rats were resistant to TNF-induced systemic shock. We studied the utility of RIP1 KD rats for neurological disorders by testing the efficacy of the genetic inactivation in the transient middle cerebral artery occlusion/reperfusion model of brain injury. RIP1 KD rats were protected in this model in a battery of behavioral, imaging, and histopathological endpoints. In addition, RIP1 KD rats had reduced inflammation and accumulation of neuronal injury biomarkers. Unbiased proteomics in the plasma identified additional changes that were ameliorated by RIP1 genetic inactivation. Together these data highlight the utility of the RIP1 KD rats for target validation and biomarker studies for neurological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly Stark
- grid.418158.10000 0004 0534 4718Department of Neuroscience, Genentech, South San Francisco, 94080 CA USA
| | - Tatiana Goncharov
- grid.418158.10000 0004 0534 4718Department of Early Discovery Biochemistry, Genentech, South San Francisco, 94080 CA USA
| | - Eugene Varfolomeev
- grid.418158.10000 0004 0534 4718Department of Early Discovery Biochemistry, Genentech, South San Francisco, 94080 CA USA
| | - Luke Xie
- grid.418158.10000 0004 0534 4718Department of Biomedical Imaging, Genentech, South San Francisco, 94080 CA USA
| | - Hai Ngu
- grid.418158.10000 0004 0534 4718Department of Pathology, Genentech, South San Francisco, 94080 CA USA
| | - Ivan Peng
- grid.418158.10000 0004 0534 4718Department of Translational Immunology, Genentech, South San Francisco, 94080 CA USA
| | - Keith R. Anderson
- grid.418158.10000 0004 0534 4718Department of Molecular Biology, Genentech, South San Francisco, 94080 CA USA
| | - Erik Verschueren
- grid.418158.10000 0004 0534 4718Department of Microchemistry, Proteomics and Lipidomics, Genentech, South San Francisco, 94080 CA USA
| | - Meena Choi
- grid.418158.10000 0004 0534 4718Department of Microchemistry, Proteomics and Lipidomics, Genentech, South San Francisco, 94080 CA USA
| | - Donald S. Kirkpatrick
- grid.418158.10000 0004 0534 4718Department of Microchemistry, Proteomics and Lipidomics, Genentech, South San Francisco, 94080 CA USA
| | - Amy Easton
- grid.418158.10000 0004 0534 4718Department of Neuroscience, Genentech, South San Francisco, 94080 CA USA
| | - Joshua D. Webster
- grid.418158.10000 0004 0534 4718Department of Pathology, Genentech, South San Francisco, 94080 CA USA
| | - Brent S. McKenzie
- grid.418158.10000 0004 0534 4718Department of Translational Immunology, Genentech, South San Francisco, 94080 CA USA
| | - Domagoj Vucic
- grid.418158.10000 0004 0534 4718Department of Early Discovery Biochemistry, Genentech, South San Francisco, 94080 CA USA
| | - Baris Bingol
- grid.418158.10000 0004 0534 4718Department of Neuroscience, Genentech, South San Francisco, 94080 CA USA
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18
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Lu LQ, Tian J, Luo XJ, Peng J. Targeting the pathways of regulated necrosis: a potential strategy for alleviation of cardio-cerebrovascular injury. Cell Mol Life Sci 2021; 78:63-78. [PMID: 32596778 PMCID: PMC11072340 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-020-03587-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2020] [Revised: 06/09/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Apoptosis, necrosis and autophagy-dependent cell death are the three major types of cell death. Traditionally, necrosis is thought as a passive and unregulated form of cell death. However, certain necrosis can also occur in a highly regulated manner, referring to regulated necrosis. Depending on the signaling pathways, regulated necrosis can be further classified as necroptosis, pyroptosis, ferroptosis, parthanatos and CypD-mediated necrosis. Numerous studies have reported that regulated necrosis contributes to the progression of multiple injury-relevant diseases. For example, necroptosis contributes to the development of myocardial infarction, atherosclerosis, heart failure and stroke; pyroptosis is involved in the progression of myocardial or cerebral infarction, atherosclerosis and diabetic cardiomyopathy; while ferroptosis, parthanatos and CypD-mediated necrosis participate in the pathological process of myocardial and/or cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury. Thereby, targeting the pathways of regulated necrosis pharmacologically or genetically could be an efficient strategy for reducing cardio-cerebrovascular injury. Further study needs to focus on the crosstalk and interplay among different types of regulated necrosis. Pharmacological intervention of two or more types of regulated necrosis simultaneously may have advantages in clinic to treat injury-relevant diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Qun Lu
- Department of Pharmacology, Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, 410078, China
| | - Jing Tian
- Department of Pharmacology, Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, 410078, China
| | - Xiu-Ju Luo
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, 410013, China.
| | - Jun Peng
- Department of Pharmacology, Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, 410078, China.
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Research, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, 410078, China.
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19
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Liao S, Apaijai N, Chattipakorn N, Chattipakorn SC. The possible roles of necroptosis during cerebral ischemia and ischemia / reperfusion injury. Arch Biochem Biophys 2020; 695:108629. [PMID: 33068524 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2020.108629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2020] [Revised: 09/03/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Cell death is a process consequential to cerebral ischemia and cerebral ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury. Recent evidence suggest that necroptosis has been involved in the pathogenesis of ischemic brain injury. The mechanism of necroptosis is initiated by an activation of inflammatory receptors including tumor necrosis factor, toll like receptor, and fas ligands. The signals activate the receptor-interacting protein kinase (RIPK) 1, 3, and a mixed-lineage kinase domain-like pseudokinase (MLKL) to instigate necroptosis. RIPK1 inhibitor, necrostatin-1, was developed, and dramatically reduced brain injury following cerebral ischemia in mice. Consequently, necroptosis could be a novel therapeutic target for stroke, which aims to reduce long-term adverse outcomes after cerebral ischemia. Several studies have been conducted to test the roles of necroptosis on cerebral ischemia and cerebral I/R injury, and the efficacy of necrostatin-1 has been tested in those models. Evidence regarding the roles of necroptosis and the effects of necrostatin-1, from in vitro and in vivo studies, has been summarized and discussed. In addition, other therapeutic managements, involving in necroptosis, are also included in this review. We believe that the insights from this review might clarify the clinical perspective and challenges involved in future stroke treatment by targeting the necroptosis pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suchan Liao
- Neurophysiology Unit, Cardiac Electrophysiology Research and Training Center, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand; Center of Excellence in Cardiac Electrophysiology Research, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand; Cardiac Electrophysiology Unit, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand
| | - Nattayaporn Apaijai
- Neurophysiology Unit, Cardiac Electrophysiology Research and Training Center, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand; Center of Excellence in Cardiac Electrophysiology Research, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand
| | - Nipon Chattipakorn
- Neurophysiology Unit, Cardiac Electrophysiology Research and Training Center, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand; Center of Excellence in Cardiac Electrophysiology Research, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand; Cardiac Electrophysiology Unit, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand
| | - Siriporn C Chattipakorn
- Neurophysiology Unit, Cardiac Electrophysiology Research and Training Center, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand; Center of Excellence in Cardiac Electrophysiology Research, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand; Department of Oral Biology and Diagnostic Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand.
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20
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Alu A, Han X, Ma X, Wu M, Wei Y, Wei X. The role of lysosome in regulated necrosis. Acta Pharm Sin B 2020; 10:1880-1903. [PMID: 33163342 PMCID: PMC7606114 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2020.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2020] [Revised: 03/29/2020] [Accepted: 04/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Lysosome is a ubiquitous acidic organelle fundamental for the turnover of unwanted cellular molecules, particles, and organelles. Currently, the pivotal role of lysosome in regulating cell death is drawing great attention. Over the past decades, we largely focused on how lysosome influences apoptosis and autophagic cell death. However, extensive studies showed that lysosome is also prerequisite for the execution of regulated necrosis (RN). Different types of RN have been uncovered, among which, necroptosis, ferroptosis, and pyroptosis are under the most intensive investigation. It becomes a hot topic nowadays to target RN as a therapeutic intervention, since it is important in many patho/physiological settings and contributing to numerous diseases. It is promising to target lysosome to control the occurrence of RN thus altering the outcomes of diseases. Therefore, we aim to give an introduction about the common factors influencing lysosomal stability and then summarize the current knowledge on the role of lysosome in the execution of RN, especially in that of necroptosis, ferroptosis, and pyroptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aqu Alu
- Laboratory of Aging Research and Cancer Drug Target, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Xuejiao Han
- Laboratory of Aging Research and Cancer Drug Target, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Xuelei Ma
- Laboratory of Aging Research and Cancer Drug Target, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Min Wu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, ND 58202, USA
| | - Yuquan Wei
- Laboratory of Aging Research and Cancer Drug Target, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Xiawei Wei
- Laboratory of Aging Research and Cancer Drug Target, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
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Nasseri B, Zareian P, Alizade H. Apelin attenuates streptozotocin-induced learning and memory impairment by modulating necroptosis signaling pathway. Int Immunopharmacol 2020; 84:106546. [PMID: 32413735 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2020.106546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2019] [Revised: 04/03/2020] [Accepted: 04/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Apelin is a neuropeptide that plays an important role in neuronal protection. In this study, we investigated the effects of apelin intracerebroventricular administration on spatial learning and memory-related behaviors, and necroptosis signaling pathways in the hippocampus of streptozotocin (STZ) -injected rats. Apelin treatment was implemented following STZ-induced dementia for 15 days. After conducting a behavioral test (Morris Water Maze), the cellular and molecular aspects were examined to detect the apelin effect on the necroptosis signaling pathway. We demonstrated that STZ administration significantly slowed down the learning capability. However apelin treatment notably reversed this neuroinflammation induced behavioral impairment. Furthermore, molecular investigations showed that apelin treatment reduced the hippocampal RIP1, RIP3, and TNF-α level. Our results suggest that apelin treatment attenuates STZ-induced dementia. This effect may be mediated by inhibition of the necroptosis signaling pathway which seems to be associated with the ability of apelin to reduce central TNF-α level. This data provides evidence of the neuroprotective effect of apelin on STZ-induced learning and memory impairment and characterize some of the underlying mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Behzad Nasseri
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, AJA University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Parvin Zareian
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, AJA University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Hadi Alizade
- Department of Pharmacology &Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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22
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Wei R, Bao W, He F, Meng F, Liang H, Luo B. Pannexin1 Channel Inhibitor (10panx) Protects Against Transient Focal Cerebral Ischemic Injury by Inhibiting RIP3 Expression and Inflammatory Response in Rats. Neuroscience 2020; 437:23-33. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2020.02.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2019] [Revised: 02/20/2020] [Accepted: 02/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Jantas D, Chwastek J, Grygier B, Lasoń W. Neuroprotective Effects of Necrostatin-1 Against Oxidative Stress-Induced Cell Damage: an Involvement of Cathepsin D Inhibition. Neurotox Res 2020; 37:525-542. [PMID: 31960265 PMCID: PMC7062871 DOI: 10.1007/s12640-020-00164-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2019] [Revised: 01/07/2020] [Accepted: 01/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Necroptosis, a recently discovered form of non-apoptotic programmed cell death, can be implicated in many pathological conditions including neuronal cell death. Moreover, an inhibition of this process by necrostatin-1 (Nec-1) has been shown to be neuroprotective in in vitro and in vivo models of cerebral ischemia. However, the involvement of this type of cell death in oxidative stress–induced neuronal cell damage is less recognized. Therefore, we tested the effects of Nec-1, an inhibitor of necroptosis, in the model of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)-induced cell damage in human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y and murine hippocampal HT-22 cell lines. The data showed that Nec-1 (10–40 μM) attenuated the cell death induced by H2O2 in undifferentiated (UN-) and neuronal differentiated (RA-) SH-SY5Y cells with a higher efficacy in the former cell type. Moreover, Nec-1 partially reduced cell damage induced by 6-hydroxydopamine in UN- and RA-SH-SY5Y cells. The protective effect of Nec-1 was of similar magnitude as the effect of a caspase-3 inhibitor in both cell phenotypes and this effect were not potentiated after combined treatment. Furthermore, the non-specific apoptosis and necroptosis inhibitor curcumin augmented the beneficial effect of Nec-1 against H2O2-evoked cell damage albeit only in RA-SH-SY5Y cells. Next, it was found that the mechanisms of neuroprotective effect of Nec-1 against H2O2-induced cell damage in SH-SY5Y cells involved the inhibition of lysosomal protease, cathepsin D, but not caspase-3 or calpain activities. In HT-22 cells, Nec-1 was protective in two models of oxidative stress (H2O2 and glutamate) and that effect was blocked by a caspase inhibitor. Our data showed neuroprotective effects of the necroptosis inhibitor, Nec-1, against oxidative stress–induced cell damage and pointed to involvement of cathepsin D inhibition in the mechanism of its action. Moreover, a cell type–specific interplay between necroptosis and apoptosis has been demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danuta Jantas
- Department of Experimental Neuroendocrinology, Maj Institute of Pharmacology Polish Academy of Sciences, Smętna Street 12, 31-343, Kraków, Poland.
| | - Jakub Chwastek
- Department of Experimental Neuroendocrinology, Maj Institute of Pharmacology Polish Academy of Sciences, Smętna Street 12, 31-343, Kraków, Poland.,Department of Neurochemistry, Maj Institute of Pharmacology Polish Academy of Sciences, Smętna Street 12, 31-343, Kraków, Poland
| | - Beata Grygier
- Department of Experimental Neuroendocrinology, Maj Institute of Pharmacology Polish Academy of Sciences, Smętna Street 12, 31-343, Kraków, Poland.,Department of Immunology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7 Street, 30-387, Kraków, Poland
| | - Władysław Lasoń
- Department of Experimental Neuroendocrinology, Maj Institute of Pharmacology Polish Academy of Sciences, Smętna Street 12, 31-343, Kraków, Poland
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Guo LM, Wang Z, Li SP, Wang M, Yan WT, Liu FX, Wang CD, Zhang XD, Chen D, Yan J, Xiong K. RIP3/MLKL-mediated neuronal necroptosis induced by methamphetamine at 39°C. Neural Regen Res 2020; 15:865-874. [PMID: 31719251 PMCID: PMC6990769 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.268902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Methamphetamine is one of the most prevalent drugs abused in the world. Methamphetamine abusers usually present with hyperpyrexia (39°C), hallucination and other psychiatric symptoms. However, the detailed mechanism underlying its neurotoxic action remains elusive. This study investigated the effects of methamphetamine + 39°C on primary cortical neurons from the cortex of embryonic Sprague-Dawley rats. Primary cortex neurons were exposed to 1 mM methamphetamine + 39°C. Propidium iodide staining and lactate dehydrogenase release detection showed that methamphetamine + 39°C triggered obvious necrosis-like death in cultured primary cortical neurons, which could be partially inhibited by receptor-interacting protein-1 (RIP1) inhibitor Necrostatin-1 partially. Western blot assay results showed that there were increases in the expressions of receptor-interacting protein-3 (RIP3) and mixed lineage kinase domain-like protein (MLKL) in the primary cortical neurons treated with 1 mM methamphetamine + 39°C for 3 hours. After pre-treatment with RIP3 inhibitor GSK’872, propidium iodide staining and lactate dehydrogenase release detection showed that neuronal necrosis rate was significantly decreased; RIP3 and MLKL protein expression significantly decreased. Immunohistochemistry staining results also showed that the expressions of RIP3 and MLKL were up-regulated in brain specimens from humans who had died of methamphetamine abuse. Taken together, the above results suggest that methamphetamine + 39°C can induce RIP3/MLKL regulated necroptosis, thereby resulting in neurotoxicity. The study protocol was approved by the Medical Ethics Committee of the Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, China (approval numbers: 2017-S026 and 2017-S033) on March 7, 2017.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Min Guo
- Department of Neurobiology and Human Anatomy, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province, China
| | - Zhen Wang
- Department of Neurobiology and Human Anatomy, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province; Department of Basic Medicine, Wuxi School of Medicine, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Shi-Ping Li
- Department of Neurology, People's Hospital of Lianhua, Pingxiang, Jiangxi Province, China
| | - Mi Wang
- Department of Neurobiology and Human Anatomy, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province, China
| | - Wei-Tao Yan
- Department of Neurobiology and Human Anatomy, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province, China
| | - Feng-Xia Liu
- Department of Human Anatomy, School of Basic Medical Science, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, China
| | - Chu-Dong Wang
- Department of Forensic Science, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province, China
| | - Xu-Dong Zhang
- Narcotics Division, Municipal Security Bureau, Changsha, Hunan Province, China
| | - Dan Chen
- Department of Neurobiology and Human Anatomy, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province, China
| | - Jie Yan
- Department of Forensic Science, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province, China
| | - Kun Xiong
- Department of Neurobiology and Human Anatomy, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province, China
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25
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Vitamin C controls neuronal necroptosis under oxidative stress. Redox Biol 2019; 29:101408. [PMID: 31926631 PMCID: PMC6938857 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2019.101408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2019] [Revised: 12/09/2019] [Accepted: 12/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Under physiological conditions, vitamin C is the main antioxidant found in the central nervous system and is found in two states: reduced as ascorbic acid (AA) and oxidized as dehydroascorbic acid (DHA). However, under pathophysiological conditions, AA is oxidized to DHA. The oxidation of AA and subsequent production of DHA in neurons are associated with a decrease in GSH concentrations, alterations in glucose metabolism and neuronal death. To date, the endogenous molecules that act as intrinsic regulators of neuronal necroptosis under conditions of oxidative stress are unknown. Here, we show that treatment with AA regulates the expression of pro- and antiapoptotic genes. Vitamin C also regulates the expression of RIPK1/MLKL, whereas the oxidation of AA in neurons induces morphological alterations consistent with necroptosis and MLKL activation. The activation of necroptosis by AA oxidation in neurons results in bubble formation, loss of membrane integrity, and ultimately, cellular explosion. These data suggest that necroptosis is a target for cell death induced by vitamin C.
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26
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Chen J, Jin H, Xu H, Peng Y, Jie L, Xu D, Chen L, Li T, Fan L, He P, Ying G, Gu C, Wang C, Wang L, Chen G. The Neuroprotective Effects of Necrostatin-1 on Subarachnoid Hemorrhage in Rats Are Possibly Mediated by Preventing Blood-Brain Barrier Disruption and RIP3-Mediated Necroptosis. Cell Transplant 2019; 28:1358-1372. [PMID: 31370690 PMCID: PMC6802141 DOI: 10.1177/0963689719867285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2019] [Revised: 06/29/2019] [Accepted: 07/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the substantial efforts to elucidate the role of early brain injury in subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH), an effective pharmaceutical therapy for patients with SAH continues to be unavailable. This study aims to reveal the role of necroptosis after SAH, and explore whether the disruption of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and RIP3-mediated necroptosis following SAH in a rat SAH model are altered by necrostatin-1 via its selective inhibition of receptor-interacting protein kinase 1 (RIP1). Sixty-five rats were used in the experiments. The SAH model was established using endovascular perforation. Necrostatin-1 was intracerebroventricularly injected 1 h before SAH induction. The neuroprotective effects of necrostatin-1 were evaluated with multiple methods such as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scanning, immunohistochemistry, propidium iodide (PI) labeling, and western blotting. Pretreatment with necrostatin-1 attenuated brain swelling and reduced the lesion volume on T2 sequence and ventricular volume on MRI 72 h after SAH induction. Albumin leakage and the degradation of tight junction proteins were also ameliorated by necrostatin-1 administration. In addition, necrostatin-1 decreased the number of PI-positive cells in the basal cortex, reduced the levels of the RIP3 and MLKL proteins, and inhibited the production of the pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α. Based on the findings from the present study, the selective RIP1 inhibitor necrostatin-1 functioned as a neuroprotective agent after SAH by attenuating brain swelling and BBB disruption. Moreover, the necrostatin-1 pretreatment prevented SAH-induced necroptosis by suppressing the activity of the RIP3/MLKL signaling pathway. These results will provide insights into new drugs and pharmacological targets to manage SAH, which are worth further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingsen Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine,
Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- All the authors contributed equally to this article
| | - Hanghuang Jin
- Department of Neurosurgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine,
Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Department of Neurosurgery, Affiliated Taizhou Municipal Hospital, Taizhou
University, Taizhou, China
- All the authors contributed equally to this article
| | - Hangzhe Xu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine,
Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- All the authors contributed equally to this article
| | - Yucong Peng
- Department of Neurosurgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine,
Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Liyong Jie
- Department of Radiology, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine,
Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Demin Xu
- Department of Radiology, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen,
China
| | - Lili Chen
- Department of Neurology, Xiasha Campus, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of
Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Tao Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine,
Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Linfeng Fan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine,
Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Pingyou He
- Department of Neurosurgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine,
Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Guangyu Ying
- Department of Neurosurgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine,
Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Chi Gu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine,
Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Chun Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine,
Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Lin Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine,
Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Gao Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine,
Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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27
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The necroptosis machinery mediates axonal degeneration in a model of Parkinson disease. Cell Death Differ 2019; 27:1169-1185. [PMID: 31591470 DOI: 10.1038/s41418-019-0408-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2019] [Revised: 07/14/2019] [Accepted: 08/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative condition, characterized by motor impairment due to the progressive degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra and depletion of dopamine release in the striatum. Accumulating evidence suggest that degeneration of axons is an early event in the disease, involving destruction programs that are independent of the survival of the cell soma. Necroptosis, a programmed cell death process, is emerging as a mediator of neuronal loss in models of neurodegenerative diseases. Here, we demonstrate activation of necroptosis in postmortem brain tissue from PD patients and in a toxin-based mouse model of the disease. Inhibition of key components of the necroptotic pathway resulted in a significant delay of 6-hydroxydopamine-dependent axonal degeneration of dopaminergic and cortical neurons in vitro. Genetic ablation of necroptosis mediators MLKL and RIPK3, as well as pharmacological inhibition of RIPK1 in preclinical models of PD, decreased dopaminergic neuron degeneration, improving motor performance. Together, these findings suggest that axonal degeneration in PD is mediated by the necroptosis machinery, a process here referred to as necroaxoptosis, a druggable pathway to target dopaminergic neuronal loss.
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28
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Grievink HW, Heuberger JAAC, Huang F, Chaudhary R, Birkhoff WAJ, Tonn GR, Mosesova S, Erickson R, Moerland M, Haddick PCG, Scearce-Levie K, Ho C, Groeneveld GJ. DNL104, a Centrally Penetrant RIPK1 Inhibitor, Inhibits RIP1 Kinase Phosphorylation in a Randomized Phase I Ascending Dose Study in Healthy Volunteers. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2019; 107:406-414. [PMID: 31437302 DOI: 10.1002/cpt.1615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2018] [Accepted: 06/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Receptor-interacting serine/threonine-protein kinase 1 (RIPK1) regulates inflammation, cytokine release, and necroptotic cell death and is implicated in pathogenic cellular pathways in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), Alzheimer's disease (AD), and multiple sclerosis. Inhibition of RIPK1 activity protects against inflammation and cell death in multiple animal models. DNL104 is a selective, brain-penetrant inhibitor of RIPK1 phosphorylation in clinical development for AD and ALS. DNL104 was tested in 68 healthy volunteers to investigate safety and tolerability, pharmacokinetic profile in plasma and cerebrospinal fluid, and pharmacodynamic effects of RIPK1 inhibition in peripheral blood mononuclear cells in a first-in-human, placebo-controlled, double-blind, randomized single-ascending dose (SAD) and multiple-ascending dose (MAD) study. DNL104 was well-tolerated in the SAD group and during the dosing period of the MAD group. However, postdose liver toxicity in 37.5% of subjects was observed in the MAD, and assessed to be drug related. We demonstrate that DNL104 leads to RIP1 kinase inhibition, and this is not associated with central nervous system (CNS) toxicities, supporting future development of CNS penetrant RIPK1 inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Fen Huang
- Denali Therapeutics, South San Francisco, California, USA
| | | | | | - George R Tonn
- Denali Therapeutics, South San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Sofia Mosesova
- Denali Therapeutics, South San Francisco, California, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Carole Ho
- Denali Therapeutics, South San Francisco, California, USA
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29
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Mishra PK, Adameova A, Hill JA, Baines CP, Kang PM, Downey JM, Narula J, Takahashi M, Abbate A, Piristine HC, Kar S, Su S, Higa JK, Kawasaki NK, Matsui T. Guidelines for evaluating myocardial cell death. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2019; 317:H891-H922. [PMID: 31418596 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00259.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Cell death is a fundamental process in cardiac pathologies. Recent studies have revealed multiple forms of cell death, and several of them have been demonstrated to underlie adverse cardiac remodeling and heart failure. With the expansion in the area of myocardial cell death and increasing concerns over rigor and reproducibility, it is important and timely to set a guideline for the best practices of evaluating myocardial cell death. There are six major forms of regulated cell death observed in cardiac pathologies, namely apoptosis, necroptosis, mitochondrial-mediated necrosis, pyroptosis, ferroptosis, and autophagic cell death. In this article, we describe the best methods to identify, measure, and evaluate these modes of myocardial cell death. In addition, we discuss the limitations of currently practiced myocardial cell death mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paras K Mishra
- Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska
| | - Adriana Adameova
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Comenius University of Bratislava, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Joseph A Hill
- Departments of Medicine (Cardiology) and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Christopher P Baines
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri-Columbia, Columbia, Missouri
| | - Peter M Kang
- Cardiovascular Division, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - James M Downey
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, University of South Alabama, Mobile, Alabama
| | - Jagat Narula
- Mount Sinai Heart, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai Hospital, New York, New York
| | - Masafumi Takahashi
- Division of Inflammation Research, Center of Molecular Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Antonio Abbate
- Virginia Commonwealth University, Pauley Heart Center, Richmond, Virginia
| | - Hande C Piristine
- Department of Medicine (Cardiology), University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Sumit Kar
- Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska
| | - Shi Su
- Cardiovascular Division, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Jason K Higa
- Department of Anatomy, Biochemistry, and Physiology, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, Hawaii
| | - Nicholas K Kawasaki
- Department of Anatomy, Biochemistry, and Physiology, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, Hawaii
| | - Takashi Matsui
- Department of Anatomy, Biochemistry, and Physiology, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, Hawaii
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30
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Qian A, Xu J, Wu C, Liu S, Zhang M. Hypothermia Inhibits Cerebral Necroptosis and NOD-Like Receptor Pyrin Domain Containing 3 Pathway in a Swine Model of Cardiac Arrest. J Surg Res 2019; 244:468-476. [PMID: 31330290 DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2019.05.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2018] [Revised: 05/09/2019] [Accepted: 05/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Targeted temperature management (TTM) is commonly used in hypothermia after cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR), and its mechanism to improve cerebral function is complex. This study aimed to investigate the effects of TTM on necroptosis and the NOD-like receptor pyrin domain containing 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome in the brain tissue of pigs after CPR. MATERIALS AND METHODS Ventricular fibrillation was induced, and CPR was performed 10 min later in nine pigs in the normothermia group and nine pigs in the TTM group. The body temperature in the TTM group was dropped to 33°C after CPR and maintained for 24 h, whereas in the normothermia group, it was maintained at 38°C. Before CPR and at 30 h after CPR, serum neuron-specific enolase and S-100β were measured. At 30 h after CPR, pigs were euthanized, and brain tissues were collected for measurement of receptor-interacting protein kinase (RIPIK) 1, RIPK3, mixed lineage kinase domain-like (MLKL), NLRP3, cysteinyl aspartate-specific proteinase (caspase)-1, interleukin (IL)-1β, and IL-18. RESULTS Serum neuron-specific enolase and S-100β were increased significantly (P < 0.05) in the two CPR-treated groups compared with the sham group and more obviously in the normothermia group. In addition, the expression of RIPK3, phosphorylated MLKL, and NLRP3 in brain tissues was increased. The expression of RIPK3, phosphorylated MLKL, NLRP3, and caspase-1 as well as the levels of IL-1β and IL-18 were lower (P < 0.05) in the TTM group compared with the normothermia group. CONCLUSIONS Necroptosis and the NLRP3 pathway were activated after CPR. TTM may attenuate postresuscitation brain injury through the regulation of necroptosis and the NLRP3 pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anyu Qian
- Department of Emergency Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University, School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jiefeng Xu
- Department of Emergency Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University, School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Chunshuang Wu
- Department of Emergency Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University, School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Shaoyun Liu
- Department of Emergency Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University, School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Mao Zhang
- Department of Emergency Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University, School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.
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31
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Font‐Belmonte E, Ugidos IF, Santos‐Galdiano M, González‐Rodríguez P, Anuncibay‐Soto B, Pérez‐Rodríguez D, Gonzalo‐Orden JM, Fernández‐López A. Post‐ischemic salubrinal administration reduces necroptosis in a rat model of global cerebral ischemia. J Neurochem 2019; 151:777-794. [DOI: 10.1111/jnc.14789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2019] [Revised: 05/24/2019] [Accepted: 05/29/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Irene F. Ugidos
- Área de Biología Celular, Instituto de Biomedicina University of León León Spain
| | | | | | - Berta Anuncibay‐Soto
- Área de Biología Celular, Instituto de Biomedicina University of León León Spain
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32
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Zhang L, Feng Q, Wang T. Necrostatin-1 Protects Against Paraquat-Induced Cardiac Contractile Dysfunction via RIP1-RIP3-MLKL-Dependent Necroptosis Pathway. Cardiovasc Toxicol 2019; 18:346-355. [PMID: 29299822 DOI: 10.1007/s12012-017-9441-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Paraquat is a highly toxic prooxidant that triggers oxidative stress and multi-organ failure including that of the heart. To date, effective treatment of paraquat toxicity is still not established. Necroptosis, a newly discovered form of programmed cell death, was recently shown to be strongly associated with cardiovascular disease. Receptor interaction proteins 1 (RIP1), receptor interaction proteins 3 (RIP3), and mixed lineage kinase domain like (MLKL) are key proteins in the necroptosis pathway. Necrostatin-1 (Nec-1) is a specific inhibitor of necroptosis which acts by blocking the interaction between RIP1 and RIP3. In the present study, we studied the effect of Nec-1 on paraquat-induced cardiac contractile dysfunction and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production in the heart tissues using a mouse model. Our results revealed impaired contractile function, deranged intracellular Ca2+ handling and echocardiographic abnormalities in mice challenged with paraquat. We further found enhanced expressions of RIP1, RIP3, and MLKL along with overproduction of ROS in mice heart tissues. Nec-1 pre-treatment prevented cardiac contractile dysfunction in paraquat-challenged mice. Furthermore, Nec-1 reduced RIP1-RIP3 interaction, down-regulated the RIP1-RIP3-MLKL signal pathway, and dramatically inhibited the production of ROS. Collectively, these findings suggest that Nec-1 alleviated paraquat-induced myocardial contractile dysfunction through inhibition of necroptosis, an effect which was likely mediated via the RIP1-RIP3-MLKL signaling cascade. Further, ROS appeared to play an important role in this process. Thus, this process may represent a novel therapeutic strategy for the treatment of paraquat-induced cardiac contractile dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liping Zhang
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, 200233, China.
| | - Qiming Feng
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, 200233, China
| | - Teng Wang
- Shanghai Pudong Newarea Healthcare Hospital for Women and Children, Shanghai, 201200, China
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33
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Nikseresht S, Khodagholi F, Ahmadiani A. Protective effects of ex-527 on cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury through necroptosis signaling pathway attenuation. J Cell Physiol 2019; 234:1816-1826. [PMID: 30067864 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.27055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2018] [Accepted: 06/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Necroptosis, a novel type of programmed cell death, is involved in ischemia-reperfusion-induced brain injury. Sirtuin 1 (Sirt1), as a well-known member of histone deacetylase class III, plays pivotal roles in inflammation, metabolism, and neuron loss in cerebral ischemia. We explored the relationship between Sirt1 and the necroptosis signaling pathway and its downstream events by administration of ex-527, as a selective and potent inhibitor of Sirt1, and necrostatin-1 (nec-1), as a necroptosis inhibitor, in an animal model of focal cerebral ischemia. Our data showed different patterns of sirt1 and necroptosis critical regulators, including receptor-interacting protein kinase 3 and mixed lineage kinase domain-like protein gene expressions in the prefrontal cortex and the hippocampus after ischemia-reperfusion. We found that ex-527 microinjection reduces the infarction volume of ischemic brains and improves the survival rate, but not stroke-associated neurological deficits. Additionally, treatment with ex-527 effectively abolished the elevation of the critical regulators of necroptosis, whereas necroptosis inhibition through nec-1 microinjection did not influence Sirt1 expression levels. Our data also demonstrated that the ex-527 relieves ischemia-induced perturbation of necroptosis-associated metabolic enzymes activity in downstream. This study provides a new approach to the possible neuroprotective potential of ex-527 orchestrated by necroptosis pathway inhibition to alleviate ischemia-reperfusion brain injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Nikseresht
- Neuroscience Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fariba Khodagholi
- Neuroscience Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Abolhassan Ahmadiani
- Neuroscience Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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34
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Yang C, Li T, Xue H, Wang L, Deng L, Xie Y, Bai X, Xin D, Yuan H, Qiu J, Wang Z, Li G. Inhibition of Necroptosis Rescues SAH-Induced Synaptic Impairments in Hippocampus via CREB-BDNF Pathway. Front Neurosci 2019; 12:990. [PMID: 30666179 PMCID: PMC6330293 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2018.00990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2018] [Accepted: 12/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) is a devastating form of stroke that leads to incurable outcomes. Increasing evidence has proved that early brain injury (EBI) contributes mostly to unfavorable outcomes after SAH. A previously unknown mechanism of regulated cell death known as necroptosis has recently been reported. Necrostatin-1 (nec-1), a specific and potent inhibitor of necroptosis, can attenuate brain impairments after SAH. However, the effect of nec-1 on the hippocampus and its neuroprotective impact on synapses after SAH is not well understood. Our present study was designed to investigate the potential effects of nec-1 administration on synapses and its relevant signal pathway in EBI after SAH. Nec-1 was administrated in a rat model via intracerebroventricular injection after SAH. Neurobehavior scores and brain edema were detected at 24 h after SAH occurred. The expression of the receptor-interacting proteins 1 and 3 (RIP1and3) was examined as a marker of necroptosis. We used hematoxylin and eosin staining, Nissl staining, silver staining and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) to observe the morphological changes in hippocampus. The protective effect of nec-1 on synapses was evaluated using western blotting and electron microscopy and Western blotting was used to detect the cAMP responsive element binding (CREB) protein and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), and we used transmission electron microscopy and TUNEL to detect the protective effects of nec-1 when a specific inhibitor of CREB, known as 666-15, was used. Our results showed that in the SAH group, RIP1, and RIP3 significantly increased in the hippocampus. Additionally, injection of nec-1 alleviated brain edema and improved neurobehavior scores, compared with those in the SAH group. The damage to neurons was attenuated, and synaptic structure also improved in the Sham+nec-1 group. Furthermore, nec-1 treatment significantly enhanced the levels of phospho-CREB and BDNF compared with those in the SAH group. The protective effect of nec-1 could hindered by 666-15. Thus, nec-1 mitigated SAH-induced synaptic impairments in the hippocampus through the inhibition of necroptosis in connection with the CREB-BDNF pathway. This study may provide a new strategy for SAH patients in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunlei Yang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University and Institute of Brain and Brain-Inspired Science, Shandong University, Jinan, China.,Shandong Key Laboratory of Brain Function Remodeling, Jinan, China
| | - Tong Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University and Institute of Brain and Brain-Inspired Science, Shandong University, Jinan, China.,Shandong Key Laboratory of Brain Function Remodeling, Jinan, China.,Department of Neurosurgery, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Qingdao, China
| | - Hao Xue
- Department of Neurosurgery, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University and Institute of Brain and Brain-Inspired Science, Shandong University, Jinan, China.,Shandong Key Laboratory of Brain Function Remodeling, Jinan, China
| | - Lingxiao Wang
- Department of Physiology, Shandong University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Lin Deng
- Department of Neurosurgery, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University and Institute of Brain and Brain-Inspired Science, Shandong University, Jinan, China.,Shandong Key Laboratory of Brain Function Remodeling, Jinan, China
| | - Yunkai Xie
- Department of Physiology, Shandong University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Xuemei Bai
- Department of Physiology, Shandong University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Danqing Xin
- Department of Physiology, Shandong University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Hongtao Yuan
- Department of Physiology, Shandong University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Jie Qiu
- Department of Physiology, Shandong University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Zhen Wang
- Department of Physiology, Shandong University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Gang Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University and Institute of Brain and Brain-Inspired Science, Shandong University, Jinan, China.,Shandong Key Laboratory of Brain Function Remodeling, Jinan, China
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Jun-Long H, Yi L, Bao-Lian Z, Jia-Si L, Ning Z, Zhou-Heng Y, Xue-Jun S, Wen-Wu L. Necroptosis Signaling Pathways in Stroke: From Mechanisms to Therapies. Curr Neuropharmacol 2018; 16:1327-1339. [PMID: 29663889 PMCID: PMC6251040 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x16666180416152243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2017] [Revised: 11/20/2017] [Accepted: 02/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
It has been confirmed that apoptosis, autophagy and necrosis are the three major modes of cell death. For a long time, necrosis is regarded as a deranged or accidental cell demise. In recent years, there is evidence showing that necrotic cell death can be a well regulated and orchestrated event, which is also known as programmed cell death or “necroptosis”. Necroptosis can be triggered by a variety of external stimuli and regulated by a caspase-independent pathway. It plays a key role in the pathogenesis of some diseases including neurological diseases. In the past two decades, a variety of studies have revealed that the necroptosis related pathway is activated in stroke, and plays a crucial role in the pathogenesis of stroke. Moreover, necroptosis may serve as a potential target in the therapy of stroke because genetic or pharmacological inhibition of necroptosis has been shown to be neuroprotective in stroke in vitro and in vivo. In this review, we briefly summarize re-cent advances in necroptosis, introduce the mechanism and strategies targeting necroptosis in stroke, and finally propose some issues in the treatment of stroke by targeting necroptosis
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Affiliation(s)
- Huang Jun-Long
- Department of Navy Aviation Medicine, Faculty of Naval Medicine, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Li Yi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Zhao Bao-Lian
- Department of Naval Clinical Medicine, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Li Jia-Si
- Department of Neurology, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Zhang Ning
- Department of Navy Aviation Medicine, Faculty of Naval Medicine, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Ye Zhou-Heng
- Department of Navy Aviation Medicine, Faculty of Naval Medicine, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Sun Xue-Jun
- Department of Navy Aviation Medicine, Faculty of Naval Medicine, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Liu Wen-Wu
- Department of Diving and Hyperbaric Medicine, Faculty of Naval Medicine, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
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Liu H, Zhang M, Dong X, Liu Y, Hao Y, Wang Y. Necrostatin-1 protects against ischemia/reperfusion injury by inhibiting receptor-interacting protein 1 in a rat flap model. J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg 2018; 72:194-202. [PMID: 30509738 DOI: 10.1016/j.bjps.2018.10.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2018] [Revised: 09/17/2018] [Accepted: 10/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The failure of reconstructive surgeries remains a challenge for plastic surgeons. Ischemia reperfusion (I/R) injury is considered to be one of the major problems in flap surgery. Necroptosis is a recently discovered and caspase-3-independent programed necrosis. Necrostatin-1 (Nec-1) is a specific inhibitor of necroptosis. Reports indicate that Nec-1 provides protection in ischemic models, such as brain, kidney, and heart. The aim of this study is to investigate the influence of Nec-1 on the I/R process in rat abdominal skin flaps. METHODS Twenty male Sprague-Dawley rats, weighing 280-320 g, were randomly divided into three groups. The extended epigastric skin flap (6 cm × 9 cm) of rats was used. Three hours of complete ischemia was performed using a clamp, and the clamp was then removed to reperfusion the flap. Twenty-four hours after the onset of the reperfusion, the rats were assessed for flap survival and perfusion analysis. One sample (1 cm × 1 cm) was taken for H&E, TUNEL, electron microscopy, IHC staining for RIP-1, and ELISA analysis for caspase-3 activity. RESULTS Compared to the CTL group, the flap in the Nec-1 group showed a higher survival rate and better blood perfusion. In histological observation, skin flap in the Nec-1 group showed less inflammatory infiltration than the CTL group. The AI in the CTL group was higher than that in the Nec-1 group and showed typical morphological changes of apoptotic cells. In IHC study, RIP-1 expression was higher in the CTL group. But there was no significant difference between the two groups in caspase-3 activity detection. CONCLUSION Nec-1 has a protective effect against I/R injury through the inhibition of RIP-1 on the skin flap model; this makes it a promising novel strategy in clinical setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Liu
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Beijing, China; Chiese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Mingzi Zhang
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Xinhang Dong
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yifang Liu
- Beijing Vocational College of Agriculture, China
| | - Yan Hao
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Youbin Wang
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Beijing, China.
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Ge Y, Yang H, Zhao L, Luo S, Zhang H, Chen S. Structural and functional conservation of half-smooth tongue sole Cynoglossus semilaevis RIP3 in cell death signalling. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 82:573-578. [PMID: 30176336 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2018.08.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2018] [Revised: 08/26/2018] [Accepted: 08/30/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Receptor interacting protein kinase 3 (RIP3) has emerged as an essential molecular regulator in human inflammation with accumulating evidence in vertebrates. However, the structure and functions of RIP3 in teleosts remains elusive. Here we identified one RIP3 homologue from half-smooth tongue sole Cynoglossus semilaevis, designated CsRIP3. The open reading frame (ORF) of CsRIP3 contained 1491 nucleotides and encoded a protein with 496 amino acids (Mw = 55.44 kDa). CsRIP3 expression was detected in various tissues in half-smooth tongue soles. CsRIP3 expression was up-regulated after pathogens i.e. Vibrio and poly (i:c) treatment in vivo, indicating its possible role in teleost immune response. Further analysis using human cells demonstrated that CsRIP3 exhibited highly conserved pro-apoptotic and pro-necroptotic functions in comparison with human RIP3. In conclusion, for the first time we reported the homologous structure and functions of CsRIP3 in inflammatory cell death, which provides novel perspectives on fish immunity studies in future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Ge
- College of Marine Life Science, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China.
| | - Han Yang
- College of Marine Life Science, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China.
| | - Linan Zhao
- College of Marine Life Science, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China.
| | - Shaona Luo
- College of Marine Life Science, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China.
| | - Hengyu Zhang
- College of Marine Life Science, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China.
| | - Songlin Chen
- Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fisheries Research, Qingdao, China.
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Li W, Liu J, Chen JR, Zhu YM, Gao X, Ni Y, Lin B, Li H, Qiao SG, Wang C, Zhang HL, Ao GZ. Neuroprotective Effects of DTIO, A Novel Analog of Nec-1, in Acute and Chronic Stages After Ischemic Stroke. Neuroscience 2018; 390:12-29. [PMID: 30076999 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2018.07.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2018] [Revised: 07/20/2018] [Accepted: 07/24/2018] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Receptor-interacting protein 1 kinase (RIP1K) plays a key role in necroptosis. Necrostatin-1 (Nec-1), a specific inhibitor of RIP1K, provides neuroprotection against ischemic brain injury, associating with inhibition of inflammation. Recently, our group synthesized a novel analog of Nec-1, 5-(3',5'-dimethoxybenzal)-2-thio-imidazole-4-ketone (DTIO). The present study investigated the effect of DTIO on ischemic stroke-induced brain injury in both acute and chronic phase and its underlying mechanism. In vivo, DTIO treatment reduced infarct volume and improved neurological deficits in the acute phase after permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion (pMCAO) and it also attenuated brain atrophy and promoted brain functional recovery in the chronic phase post-cerebral ischemia/reperfusion (I/R). In vitro, DTIO treatment decreased lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) leakage and necrotic cell death in the oxygen and glucose deprivation (OGD) or oxygen and glucose deprivation and reoxygenation (OGD/R)-induced neuronal or astrocytic cell injury. Simultaneously, DTIO suppressed the production and release of inflammatory cytokines, and reduced the formation of glial scar. Homology modeling analysis illustrated that DTIO had an ability of binding to RIP1K. Furthermore, immunoprecipitation analysis showed that DTIO inhibited the phosphorylation of RIP1K and decreased the interaction between the RIP1K and RIP3K. In addition, knockdown of RIP1K had neuroprotective effects and inhibited the release of proinflammatory cytokines, but didn't have a significant effect on DTIO-mediated neuroprotection. In conclusion, DTIO has protective effects on acute ischemic stroke and promotes functional recovery during chronic phase, associating with protecting ischemic neurons and astrocytes, inhibiting inflammation, and lessening the glial scar formation via inhibiting of the RIP1K.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases and College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Laboratory of Cerebrovascular Pharmacology, College of Pharmaceutical Science, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Preventive and Translational Medicine for Geriatric Diseases, School of Public Health, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China
| | - Jin Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases and College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Laboratory of Cerebrovascular Pharmacology, College of Pharmaceutical Science, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Preventive and Translational Medicine for Geriatric Diseases, School of Public Health, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China
| | - Jie-Ru Chen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases and College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Laboratory of Cerebrovascular Pharmacology, College of Pharmaceutical Science, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Preventive and Translational Medicine for Geriatric Diseases, School of Public Health, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China
| | - Yong-Ming Zhu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases and College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Laboratory of Cerebrovascular Pharmacology, College of Pharmaceutical Science, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Preventive and Translational Medicine for Geriatric Diseases, School of Public Health, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China
| | - Xue Gao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases and College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Laboratory of Cerebrovascular Pharmacology, College of Pharmaceutical Science, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Preventive and Translational Medicine for Geriatric Diseases, School of Public Health, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China
| | - Yong Ni
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases and College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Laboratory of Cerebrovascular Pharmacology, College of Pharmaceutical Science, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Preventive and Translational Medicine for Geriatric Diseases, School of Public Health, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China
| | - Bo Lin
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases and College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Laboratory of Cerebrovascular Pharmacology, College of Pharmaceutical Science, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Preventive and Translational Medicine for Geriatric Diseases, School of Public Health, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China
| | - Huanqiu Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases and College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Laboratory of Cerebrovascular Pharmacology, College of Pharmaceutical Science, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Preventive and Translational Medicine for Geriatric Diseases, School of Public Health, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China
| | - Shi-Gang Qiao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases and College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Laboratory of Cerebrovascular Pharmacology, College of Pharmaceutical Science, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Preventive and Translational Medicine for Geriatric Diseases, School of Public Health, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China; Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Suzhou Science and Technology Town Hospital, and Institute of Clinical Medicine, Suzhou Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215153, China
| | - Chen Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases and College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Laboratory of Cerebrovascular Pharmacology, College of Pharmaceutical Science, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Preventive and Translational Medicine for Geriatric Diseases, School of Public Health, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China; Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Suzhou Science and Technology Town Hospital, and Institute of Clinical Medicine, Suzhou Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215153, China
| | - Hui-Ling Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases and College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Laboratory of Cerebrovascular Pharmacology, College of Pharmaceutical Science, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Preventive and Translational Medicine for Geriatric Diseases, School of Public Health, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China.
| | - Gui-Zhen Ao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases and College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Laboratory of Cerebrovascular Pharmacology, College of Pharmaceutical Science, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Preventive and Translational Medicine for Geriatric Diseases, School of Public Health, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China
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The Pathogenesis of Necroptosis-Dependent Signaling Pathway in Cerebral Ischemic Disease. Behav Neurol 2018; 2018:6814393. [PMID: 30140326 PMCID: PMC6081565 DOI: 10.1155/2018/6814393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2018] [Accepted: 05/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Necroptosis is the best-described form of regulated necrosis at present, which is widely recognized as a component of caspase-independent cell death mediated by the concerted action of receptor-interacting protein kinase 1 (RIPK1) and receptor-interacting protein kinase 3 (RIPK3). Mixed-lineage kinase domain-like (MLKL) was phosphorylated by RIPK3 at the threonine 357 and serine 358 residues and then formed tetramers and translocated onto the plasma membrane, which destabilizes plasma membrane integrity leading to cell swelling and membrane rupture. Necroptosis is downstream of the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) receptor family, and also interaction with NOD-like receptor pyrin 3 (NLRP3) induced inflammasome activation. Multiple inhibitors of RIPK1 and MLKL have been developed to block the cascade of signal pathways for procedural necrosis and represent potential leads for drug development. In this review, we highlight recent progress in the study of roles for necroptosis in cerebral ischemic disease and discuss how these modifications delicately control necroptosis.
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Ryan F, Khodagholi F, Dargahi L, Minai-Tehrani D, Ahmadiani A. Temporal Pattern and Crosstalk of Necroptosis Markers with Autophagy and Apoptosis Associated Proteins in Ischemic Hippocampus. Neurotox Res 2018; 34:79-92. [PMID: 29313217 DOI: 10.1007/s12640-017-9861-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2017] [Revised: 12/20/2017] [Accepted: 12/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Necroptosis, a novel type of programmed cell death, has been recently implicated as a possible mechanism for cerebral ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury. We herein studied time-dependent changes of necroptosis markers along with apoptosis- and autophagy-associated proteins in rat hippocampus at 1, 3, 6, 12, 24, and 48 h after global cerebral I/R injury. Furthermore, to determine the cross talk between autophagy and necroptosis, we examined the effects of pretreatment with bafilomycin-A1 (Baf-A1), as a late-stage autophagy inhibitor, on necroptosis. Highest levels of receptor-interacting protein 1 and 3 (RIP1 and RIP3), as key mediators of necroptosis, were observed at 24 h after reperfusion. Alongside, activity of glutamate dehydrogenase (GLUD1), downstream enzyme of RIP3, was increased. Peak time of necroptosis was subsequent to caspase-3-dependent cell death that peaked at 12 h of reperfusion but concurrent with autophagy. Administration of Baf-A1 could attenuate necroptosis, verified by decrease in RIP1 and RIP3 protein levels, as well as GLUD1 activity. However, there was no significant change in caspase-3-dependent cell death. Taken together, our results highlight that global cerebral I/R activates necroptosis that could be triggered by autophagy and interacts reversely with caspase-3-dependent apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fari Ryan
- Neuroscience Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fariba Khodagholi
- Neuroscience Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Leila Dargahi
- NeuroBiology Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Dariush Minai-Tehrani
- Bioresearch Lab, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University G.C, Tehran, Iran
| | - Abolhassan Ahmadiani
- Neuroscience Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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Zhou Z, Lu J, Liu WW, Manaenko A, Hou X, Mei Q, Huang JL, Tang J, Zhang JH, Yao H, Hu Q. Advances in stroke pharmacology. Pharmacol Ther 2018; 191:23-42. [PMID: 29807056 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2018.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Stroke occurs when a cerebral blood vessel is blocked or ruptured, and it is the major cause of death and adult disability worldwide. Various pharmacological agents have been developed for the treatment of stroke either through interrupting the molecular pathways leading to neuronal death or enhancing neuronal survival and regeneration. Except for rtPA, few of these agents have succeeded in clinical trials. Recently, with the understanding of the pathophysiological process of stroke, there is a resurrection of research on developing neuroprotective agents for stroke treatment, and novel molecular targets for neuroprotection and neurorestoration have been discovered to predict or offer clinical benefits. Here we review the latest major progress of pharmacological studies in stroke, especially in ischemic stroke; summarize emerging potential therapeutic mechanisms; and highlight recent clinical trials. The aim of this review is to provide a panorama of pharmacological interventions for stroke and bridge basic and translational research to guide the clinical management of stroke therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenhua Zhou
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, USA; Department of Neurology, Southwest Hospital, the Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Jianfei Lu
- Discipline of Neuroscience, Department of Physiology and Anatomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Wen-Wu Liu
- Department of Diving and Hyperbaric Medicine, the Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Anatol Manaenko
- Department of Neurology, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Xianhua Hou
- Department of Neurology, Southwest Hospital, the Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Qiyong Mei
- Department of Neurosurgery, Changzheng Hospital, the Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200003, China
| | - Jun-Long Huang
- Discipline of Neuroscience, Department of Physiology and Anatomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Jiping Tang
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, USA
| | - John H Zhang
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, USA
| | - Honghong Yao
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, China.
| | - Qin Hu
- Discipline of Neuroscience, Department of Physiology and Anatomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China.
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Anisomycin prevents OGD-induced necroptosis by regulating the E3 ligase CHIP. Sci Rep 2018; 8:6379. [PMID: 29686306 PMCID: PMC5913227 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-24414-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2017] [Accepted: 03/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Necroptosis is an essential pathophysiological process in cerebral ischemia-related diseases. Therefore, targeting necroptosis may prevent cell death and provide a much-needed therapy. Ansiomycin is an inhibitor of protein synthesis which can also activate c-Jun N-terminal kinases. The present study demonstrated that anisomycin attenuated necroptosis by upregulating CHIP (carboxyl terminus of Hsc70-interacting protein) leading to the reduced levels of receptor-interacting protein kinase 1 (RIPK1) and receptor-interacting protein kinase 3 (RIPK3) proteins in two in vitro models of cerebral ischemia. Further exploration in this research revealed that losing neither the co-chaperone nor the ubiquitin E3 ligase function of CHIP could abolish its ability to reduce necroptosis. Collectively, this study identifies a novel means of preventing necroptosis in two in vitro models of cerebral ischemia injury through activating the expression of CHIP, and it may provide a potential target for the further study of the disease.
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Wang P, Shao BZ, Deng Z, Chen S, Yue Z, Miao CY. Autophagy in ischemic stroke. Prog Neurobiol 2018; 163-164:98-117. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2018.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 183] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2017] [Revised: 12/04/2017] [Accepted: 01/10/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Fricker M, Tolkovsky AM, Borutaite V, Coleman M, Brown GC. Neuronal Cell Death. Physiol Rev 2018; 98:813-880. [PMID: 29488822 PMCID: PMC5966715 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00011.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 677] [Impact Index Per Article: 112.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2017] [Revised: 05/23/2017] [Accepted: 07/10/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuronal cell death occurs extensively during development and pathology, where it is especially important because of the limited capacity of adult neurons to proliferate or be replaced. The concept of cell death used to be simple as there were just two or three types, so we just had to work out which type was involved in our particular pathology and then block it. However, we now know that there are at least a dozen ways for neurons to die, that blocking a particular mechanism of cell death may not prevent the cell from dying, and that non-neuronal cells also contribute to neuronal death. We review here the mechanisms of neuronal death by intrinsic and extrinsic apoptosis, oncosis, necroptosis, parthanatos, ferroptosis, sarmoptosis, autophagic cell death, autosis, autolysis, paraptosis, pyroptosis, phagoptosis, and mitochondrial permeability transition. We next explore the mechanisms of neuronal death during development, and those induced by axotomy, aberrant cell-cycle reentry, glutamate (excitoxicity and oxytosis), loss of connected neurons, aggregated proteins and the unfolded protein response, oxidants, inflammation, and microglia. We then reassess which forms of cell death occur in stroke and Alzheimer's disease, two of the most important pathologies involving neuronal cell death. We also discuss why it has been so difficult to pinpoint the type of neuronal death involved, if and why the mechanism of neuronal death matters, the molecular overlap and interplay between death subroutines, and the therapeutic implications of these multiple overlapping forms of neuronal death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Fricker
- Hunter Medical Research Institute, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales , Australia ; Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge , Cambridge , United Kingdom ; Neuroscience Institute, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences , Kaunas , Lithuania ; and Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge , Cambridge , United Kingdom
| | - Aviva M Tolkovsky
- Hunter Medical Research Institute, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales , Australia ; Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge , Cambridge , United Kingdom ; Neuroscience Institute, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences , Kaunas , Lithuania ; and Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge , Cambridge , United Kingdom
| | - Vilmante Borutaite
- Hunter Medical Research Institute, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales , Australia ; Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge , Cambridge , United Kingdom ; Neuroscience Institute, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences , Kaunas , Lithuania ; and Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge , Cambridge , United Kingdom
| | - Michael Coleman
- Hunter Medical Research Institute, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales , Australia ; Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge , Cambridge , United Kingdom ; Neuroscience Institute, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences , Kaunas , Lithuania ; and Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge , Cambridge , United Kingdom
| | - Guy C Brown
- Hunter Medical Research Institute, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales , Australia ; Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge , Cambridge , United Kingdom ; Neuroscience Institute, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences , Kaunas , Lithuania ; and Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge , Cambridge , United Kingdom
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Yang M, Lv Y, Tian X, Lou J, An R, Zhang Q, Li M, Xu L, Dong Z. Neuroprotective Effect of β-Caryophyllene on Cerebral Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury via Regulation of Necroptotic Neuronal Death and Inflammation: In Vivo and in Vitro. Front Neurosci 2017; 11:583. [PMID: 29123466 PMCID: PMC5662640 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2017.00583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2017] [Accepted: 10/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Necrotic cell death is a hallmark feature of ischemic stroke and it may facilitate inflammation by releasing intracellular components after cell-membrane rupture. Previous studies reported that β-caryophyllene (BCP) mitigates cerebral ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury, but the underlying mechanism remains unclear. We explored whether BCP exerts a neuroprotective effect in cerebral I/R injury through inhibiting necroptotic cell death and inflammation. Primary neurons with and without BCP (0.2, 1, 5, 25 μM) treatment were exposed to oxygen-glucose deprivation and re-oxygenation (OGD/R). Neuron damage, neuronal death type and mixed lineage kinase domain-like (MLKL) protein expression were assessed 48 h after OGD/R. Furthermore, mice underwent I/R procedures with or without BCP (8, 24, 72 mg/kg, ip.). Neurologic dysfunction, cerebral infarct volumes, cell death, cytokine levels, necroptosis core molecules, and HMGB1-TLR4 signaling were determined at 48 h after I/R. BCP (5 μM) significantly reduced necroptotic neurons and MLKL protein expression following OGD/R. BCP (24, 72 mg/kg, ip.) reduced infarct volumes, neuronal necrosis, receptor-interaction protein kinase-1 (RIPK1), receptor-interaction protein kinase-3 (RIPK3) expression, and MLKL phosphorylation after I/R injury. BCP also decreased high-mobility group box 1 (HMGB1), toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) levels. Thus, BCP alleviates ischemic brain damage potentially by inhibiting necroptotic neuronal death and inflammatory response. This study suggests a novel application for BCP as a neuroprotective agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei Yang
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yongjiu Lv
- Chongqing Research Center for Pharmaceutical Engineering, School of Pharmacy, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiaocui Tian
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jie Lou
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Ruidi An
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Qian Zhang
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Minghang Li
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Lu Xu
- School of Pharmacy, Chongqing Medical and Pharmaceutical College, Chongqing, China
| | - Zhi Dong
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
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46
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Reyes LF, Restrepo MI, Hinojosa CA, Soni NJ, Anzueto A, Babu BL, Gonzalez-Juarbe N, Rodriguez AH, Jimenez A, Chalmers JD, Aliberti S, Sibila O, Winter VT, Coalson JJ, Giavedoni LD, Dela Cruz CS, Waterer GW, Witzenrath M, Suttorp N, Dube PH, Orihuela CJ. Severe Pneumococcal Pneumonia Causes Acute Cardiac Toxicity and Subsequent Cardiac Remodeling. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2017; 196:609-620. [PMID: 28614669 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.201701-0104oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
RATIONALE Up to one-third of patients hospitalized with pneumococcal pneumonia experience major adverse cardiac events (MACE) during or after pneumonia. In mice, Streptococcus pneumoniae can invade the myocardium, induce cardiomyocyte death, and disrupt cardiac function following bacteremia, but it is unknown whether the same occurs in humans with severe pneumonia. OBJECTIVES We sought to determine whether S. pneumoniae can (1) translocate the heart, (2) induce cardiomyocyte death, (3) cause MACE, and (4) induce cardiac scar formation after antibiotic treatment during severe pneumonia using a nonhuman primate (NHP) model. METHODS We examined cardiac tissue from six adult NHPs with severe pneumococcal pneumonia and three uninfected control animals. Three animals were rescued with antibiotics (convalescent animals). Electrocardiographic, echocardiographic, and serum biomarkers of cardiac damage were measured (troponin T, N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide, and heart-type fatty acid binding protein). Histological examination included hematoxylin and eosin staining, immunofluorescence, immunohistochemistry, picrosirius red staining, and transmission electron microscopy. Immunoblots were used to assess the underlying mechanisms. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS Nonspecific ischemic alterations were detected by electrocardiography and echocardiography. Serum levels of troponin T and heart-type fatty acid binding protein were increased (P < 0.05) after pneumococcal infection in both acutely ill and convalescent NHPs. S. pneumoniae was detected in the myocardium of all NHPs with acute severe pneumonia. Necroptosis and apoptosis were detected in the myocardium of both acutely ill and convalescent NHPs. Evidence of cardiac scar formation was observed only in convalescent animals by transmission electron microscopy and picrosirius red staining. CONCLUSIONS S. pneumoniae invades the myocardium and induces cardiac injury with necroptosis and apoptosis, followed by cardiac scarring after antibiotic therapy, in an NHP model of severe pneumonia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis F Reyes
- 1 Division of Pulmonary Diseases and Critical Care Medicine.,2 Division of Pulmonary Diseases and Critical Care Medicine, South Texas Veterans Health Care System, San Antonio, Texas
| | - Marcos I Restrepo
- 1 Division of Pulmonary Diseases and Critical Care Medicine.,2 Division of Pulmonary Diseases and Critical Care Medicine, South Texas Veterans Health Care System, San Antonio, Texas
| | - Cecilia A Hinojosa
- 1 Division of Pulmonary Diseases and Critical Care Medicine.,2 Division of Pulmonary Diseases and Critical Care Medicine, South Texas Veterans Health Care System, San Antonio, Texas
| | - Nilam J Soni
- 1 Division of Pulmonary Diseases and Critical Care Medicine.,2 Division of Pulmonary Diseases and Critical Care Medicine, South Texas Veterans Health Care System, San Antonio, Texas
| | - Antonio Anzueto
- 1 Division of Pulmonary Diseases and Critical Care Medicine.,2 Division of Pulmonary Diseases and Critical Care Medicine, South Texas Veterans Health Care System, San Antonio, Texas
| | - Bettina L Babu
- 1 Division of Pulmonary Diseases and Critical Care Medicine.,2 Division of Pulmonary Diseases and Critical Care Medicine, South Texas Veterans Health Care System, San Antonio, Texas
| | - Norberto Gonzalez-Juarbe
- 3 Department of Microbiology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham School of Medicine, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Alejandro H Rodriguez
- 4 Critical Care Medicine, Hospital Universitari de Tarragona Joan XXIII, Rovira i Virgili University, Tarragona, Spain.,5 Biomedical Research Networking Center on Respiratory Diseases (CIBERES), Tarragona, Spain
| | - Alejandro Jimenez
- 6 Cardiovascular Medicine, Heart & Vascular Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - James D Chalmers
- 7 School of Medicine, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - Stefano Aliberti
- 8 Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, Milan, Italy.,9 Cardio-thoracic Unit and Adult Cystic Fibrosis Centre, Milan, Italy.,10 Istituti di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, Granada Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Oriol Sibila
- 11 Division of Pulmonary Diseases, Department of Medicine, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | | | | | - Charles S Dela Cruz
- 14 Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Grant W Waterer
- 15 Royal Perth Hospital Unit, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia; and
| | - Martin Witzenrath
- 16 Department of Infectious Diseases and Pulmonary Medicine and.,17 SFB-TR84 "Innate Immunity of the Lung," Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Norbert Suttorp
- 16 Department of Infectious Diseases and Pulmonary Medicine and.,17 SFB-TR84 "Innate Immunity of the Lung," Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Peter H Dube
- 18 Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas
| | - Carlos J Orihuela
- 3 Department of Microbiology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham School of Medicine, Birmingham, Alabama
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47
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Nikseresht S, Khodagholi F, Dargahi L, Ahmadiani A. Necroptosis Resumes Apoptosis in Hippocampus but Not in Frontal Cortex. J Cell Biochem 2017; 118:4628-4638. [DOI: 10.1002/jcb.26127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2017] [Accepted: 05/08/2017] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sara Nikseresht
- Neuroscience Research CenterShahid Beheshti University of Medical SciencesTehranIran
| | - Fariba Khodagholi
- Neuroscience Research CenterShahid Beheshti University of Medical SciencesTehranIran
| | - Leila Dargahi
- Neurobiology Research CenterShahid Beheshti University of Medical SciencesTehranIran
| | - Abolhassan Ahmadiani
- Neuroscience Research CenterShahid Beheshti University of Medical SciencesTehranIran
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48
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Shen H, Liu C, Zhang D, Yao X, Zhang K, Li H, Chen G. Role for RIP1 in mediating necroptosis in experimental intracerebral hemorrhage model both in vivo and in vitro. Cell Death Dis 2017; 8:e2641. [PMID: 28252651 PMCID: PMC5386555 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2017.58] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2016] [Revised: 12/28/2016] [Accepted: 01/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Cell death is a hallmark of second brain injury after intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH); however, the mechanism still has not been fully illustrated. In this study, we explored whether necroptosis, a type of regulated necrosis, has an essential role in brain injury after ICH. We found that inhibiting receptor-interacting protein 1 (RIP1) – a core element of the necroptotic pathway – by a specific chemical inhibitor or genetic knockdown attenuated brain injury in a rat model of ICH. Furthermore, necroptosis of cultured neurons could be induced by conditioned medium from microglia stimulated with oxygen hemoglobin, and this effect could be inhibited by TNF-α inhibitor, indicating that TNF-α secreted from activated microglia is an important factor in inducing necroptosis of neurons. Undoubtedly, overexpression of RIP1 increased conditioned medium-induced necroptosis in vitro, but this effect was partially diminished in mutation of serine kinase phosphorylation site of RIP1, showing that phosphorylation of RIP1 is the essential molecular mechanism of necroptosis, which was activated in the in vitro model of ICH. Collectively, our investigation identified that necroptosis is an important mechanism of cell death in brain injury after ICH, and inhibition of necroptosis may be a potential therapeutic intervention of ICH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haitao Shen
- Department of Neurosurgery and Brain and Nerve Research Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Chenglin Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery and Brain and Nerve Research Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Dongping Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery and Brain and Nerve Research Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Xiyang Yao
- Department of Neurosurgery and Brain and Nerve Research Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Kai Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery and Brain and Nerve Research Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Haiying Li
- Department of Neurosurgery and Brain and Nerve Research Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Gang Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery and Brain and Nerve Research Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
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49
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Huang C, Kuo W, Huang C, Lee T, Chen C, Peng W, Lu K, Yang C, Yu LC. Distinct cytoprotective roles of pyruvate and ATP by glucose metabolism on epithelial necroptosis and crypt proliferation in ischaemic gut. J Physiol 2017; 595:505-521. [PMID: 27121603 PMCID: PMC5233659 DOI: 10.1113/jp272208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2016] [Accepted: 03/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
KEY POINTS Intestinal ischaemia causes epithelial death and crypt dysfunction, leading to barrier defects and gut bacteria-derived septic complications. Enteral glucose protects against ischaemic injury; however, the roles played by glucose metabolites such as pyruvate and ATP on epithelial death and crypt dysfunction remain elusive. A novel form of necrotic death that involves the assembly and phosphorylation of receptor interacting protein kinase 1/3 complex was found in ischaemic enterocytes. Pyruvate suppressed epithelial cell death in an ATP-independent manner and failed to maintain crypt function. Conversely, replenishment of ATP partly restored crypt proliferation but had no effect on epithelial necroptosis in ischaemic gut. Our data argue against the traditional view of ATP as the main cytoprotective factor by glucose metabolism, and indicate a novel anti-necroptotic role of glycolytic pyruvate under ischaemic stress. ABSTRACT Mesenteric ischaemia/reperfusion induces epithelial death in both forms of apoptosis and necrosis, leading to villus denudation and gut barrier damage. It remains unclear whether programmed cell necrosis [i.e. receptor-interacting protein kinase (RIP)-dependent necroptosis] is involved in ischaemic injury. Previous studies have demonstrated that enteral glucose uptake by sodium-glucose transporter 1 ameliorated ischaemia/reperfusion-induced epithelial injury, partly via anti-apoptotic signalling and maintenance of crypt proliferation. Glucose metabolism is generally assumed to be cytoprotective; however, the roles played by glucose metabolites (e.g. pyruvate and ATP) on epithelial cell death and crypt dysfunction remain elusive. The present study aimed to investigate the cytoprotective effects exerted by distinct glycolytic metabolites in ischaemic gut. Wistar rats subjected to mesenteric ischaemia were enterally instilled glucose, pyruvate or liposomal ATP. The results showed that intestinal ischaemia caused RIP1-dependent epithelial necroptosis and villus destruction accompanied by a reduction in crypt proliferation. Enteral glucose uptake decreased epithelial cell death and increased crypt proliferation, and ameliorated mucosal histological damage. Instillation of cell-permeable pyruvate suppressed epithelial cell death in an ATP-independent manner and improved the villus morphology but failed to maintain crypt function. Conversely, the administration of liposomal ATP partly restored crypt proliferation but did not reduce epithelial necroptosis and histopathological injury. Lastly, glucose and pyruvate attenuated mucosal-to-serosal macromolecular flux and prevented enteric bacterial translocation upon blood reperfusion. In conclusion, glucose metabolites protect against ischaemic injury through distinct modes and sites, including inhibition of epithelial necroptosis by pyruvate and the promotion of crypt proliferation by ATP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ching‐Ying Huang
- Graduate Institute of PhysiologyNational Taiwan University College of MedicineTaipeiTaiwan
| | - Wei‐Ting Kuo
- Graduate Institute of PhysiologyNational Taiwan University College of MedicineTaipeiTaiwan
| | - Chung‐Yen Huang
- Graduate Institute of PhysiologyNational Taiwan University College of MedicineTaipeiTaiwan
| | - Tsung‐Chun Lee
- Graduate Institute of PhysiologyNational Taiwan University College of MedicineTaipeiTaiwan
- Department of Internal MedicineNational Taiwan University HospitalTaipeiTaiwan
| | - Chin‐Tin Chen
- Department of Biochemical Science and TechnologyNational Taiwan UniversityTaipeiTaiwan
| | - Wei‐Hao Peng
- Graduate Institute of Anatomy and Cell BiologyNational Taiwan University College of MedicineTaipeiTaiwan
| | - Kuo‐Shyan Lu
- Graduate Institute of Anatomy and Cell BiologyNational Taiwan University College of MedicineTaipeiTaiwan
| | - Chung‐Yi Yang
- Department of Medical Imaging, E‐Da HospitalI‐Shou UniversityKaohsiungTaiwan
- Department of Medical ImagingNational Taiwan University HospitalTaipeiTaiwan
| | - Linda Chia‐Hui Yu
- Graduate Institute of PhysiologyNational Taiwan University College of MedicineTaipeiTaiwan
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50
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Zhou JM, Gu SS, Mei WH, Zhou J, Wang ZZ, Xiao W. Ginkgolides and bilobalide protect BV2 microglia cells against OGD/reoxygenation injury by inhibiting TLR2/4 signaling pathways. Cell Stress Chaperones 2016; 21:1037-1053. [PMID: 27562518 PMCID: PMC5083673 DOI: 10.1007/s12192-016-0728-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2016] [Revised: 07/06/2016] [Accepted: 07/25/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Ginkgolide and bilobalide are major trilactone constituent of Ginkgo biloba leaves and have been shown to exert powerful neuroprotective properties. The aims of this study were to observe the inhibitory effects of ginkgolide and bilobalide on the activation of microglial cells induced by oxygen-glucose deprivation and reoxygenation (OGD/R) and the specific mechanisms by which these effects are mediated. For detecting whether ginkgolide and bilobalide increased cell viability in a dose-dependent manner, BV2 cells were subjected to oxygen-glucose deprivation for 4 h followed by 3 h reoxygenation with various concentrations of drugs (6.25, 12.5, 25, 50, and 100 μg/ml). The extent of apoptosis effect of OGD/R with or without ginkgolide and bilobalide treatment were also measured by Annexin V-FITC/PI staining. Similarly, the levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, and IL-10 were detected using a specific Bio-Plex Pro™ Reagent Kit. The effects of ginkgolide and bilobalide on protein levels of TLR2/4, MyD88, p-TAK1, p-IKKβ, p-IkBα, NF-κB p65, Bcl-2, Bax, Bak, RIP3, cleaved-Caspase-3, cleaved PARP-1 and cellular localization of NF-κB p65 were evaluated by Western blot and double-labeled immunofluorescence staining, respectively. OGD/R significantly decreased the cell viability and increased the release of IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, TNF-α in BV2 microglia cells; these effects were suppressed by ginkgolide and bilobalide. Meanwhile, ginkgolide and bilobalide also attenuated the OGD/R-induced increases in TLR2, TLR4, MyD88, Bak, RIP3 levels and reversed cleaved caspase-3/caspase-3, Bax/Bcl-2 and cleaved PARP-1/PARP-1 ratio. Furthermore, ginkgolide and bilobalide also downregulated p-TAK1, p-IkBα, and p-IKKβ and inhibited the OGD/R-induced transfer of NF-κB p65 from cytoplasm to nucleus in BV2 microglia cells. The results showed that ginkgolide and bilobalide can inhibit OGD/R-induced production of inflammatory factors in BV2 microglia cells by regulating the TLRs/MyD88/NF-κB signaling pathways and attenuating inflammatory response. The possible mechanism of anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective effects of ginkgolides results from the synergistic reaction among each monomer constituents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Ming Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of New-tech for Chinese Medicine Pharmaceutical Process, Jiangsu Kanion Modern TCM Research Institute, Lianyungang, 222001, China.
| | - Sha-Sha Gu
- State Key Laboratory of New-tech for Chinese Medicine Pharmaceutical Process, Jiangsu Kanion Modern TCM Research Institute, Lianyungang, 222001, China
| | - Wang Hong Mei
- State Key Laboratory of New-tech for Chinese Medicine Pharmaceutical Process, Jiangsu Kanion Modern TCM Research Institute, Lianyungang, 222001, China
| | - Jun Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of New-tech for Chinese Medicine Pharmaceutical Process, Jiangsu Kanion Modern TCM Research Institute, Lianyungang, 222001, China
| | - Zhen Zhong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of New-tech for Chinese Medicine Pharmaceutical Process, Jiangsu Kanion Modern TCM Research Institute, Lianyungang, 222001, China
| | - Wei Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of New-tech for Chinese Medicine Pharmaceutical Process, Jiangsu Kanion Modern TCM Research Institute, Lianyungang, 222001, China
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