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Ewerling A, May-Simera HL. Evolutionary trajectory for nuclear functions of ciliary transport complex proteins. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 2024; 88:e0000624. [PMID: 38995044 DOI: 10.1128/mmbr.00006-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/13/2024] Open
Abstract
SUMMARYCilia and the nucleus were two defining features of the last eukaryotic common ancestor. In early eukaryotic evolution, these structures evolved through the diversification of a common membrane-coating ancestor, the protocoatomer. While in cilia, the descendants of this protein complex evolved into parts of the intraflagellar transport complexes and BBSome, the nucleus gained its selectivity by recruiting protocoatomer-like proteins to the nuclear envelope to form the selective nuclear pore complexes. Recent studies show a growing number of proteins shared between the proteomes of the respective organelles, and it is currently unknown how ciliary transport proteins could acquire nuclear functions and vice versa. The nuclear functions of ciliary proteins are still observable today and remain relevant for the understanding of the disease mechanisms behind ciliopathies. In this work, we review the evolutionary history of cilia and nucleus and their respective defining proteins and integrate current knowledge into theories for early eukaryotic evolution. We postulate a scenario where both compartments co-evolved and that fits current models of eukaryotic evolution, explaining how ciliary proteins and nucleoporins acquired their dual functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Ewerling
- Faculty of Biology, Institute of Molecular Physiology, Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Helen Louise May-Simera
- Faculty of Biology, Institute of Molecular Physiology, Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz, Germany
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2
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Dumoulin A, Wilson NH, Tucker KL, Stoeckli ET. A cell-autonomous role for primary cilium-mediated signaling in long-range commissural axon guidance. Development 2024; 151:dev202788. [PMID: 39157903 DOI: 10.1242/dev.202788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2024] [Accepted: 08/08/2024] [Indexed: 08/20/2024]
Abstract
Ciliopathies are characterized by the absence or dysfunction of primary cilia. Despite the fact that cognitive impairments are a common feature of ciliopathies, how cilia dysfunction affects neuronal development has not been characterized in detail. Here, we show that primary cilium-mediated signaling is required cell-autonomously by neurons during neural circuit formation. In particular, a functional primary cilium is crucial during axonal pathfinding for the switch in responsiveness of axons at a choice point or intermediate target. Using different animal models and in vivo, ex vivo and in vitro experiments, we provide evidence for a crucial role of primary cilium-mediated signaling in long-range axon guidance. The primary cilium on the cell body of commissural neurons transduces long-range guidance signals sensed by growth cones navigating an intermediate target. In extension of our finding that Shh is required for the rostral turn of post-crossing commissural axons, we suggest a model implicating the primary cilium in Shh signaling upstream of a transcriptional change of axon guidance receptors, which in turn mediate the repulsive response to floorplate-derived Shh shown by post-crossing commissural axons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Dumoulin
- Department of Molecular Life Sciences, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
- Neuroscience Center Zurich, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Nicole H Wilson
- Department of Molecular Life Sciences, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
- Neuroscience Center Zurich, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Kerry L Tucker
- University of New England, College of Osteopathic Medicine, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Center for Excellence in the Neurosciences, Biddeford, ME 04005, USA
| | - Esther T Stoeckli
- Department of Molecular Life Sciences, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
- Neuroscience Center Zurich, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
- University Research Priority Program 'Adaptive Brain Circuits in Development and Learning' (URPP AdaBD), University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
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3
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Putnová I, Putnová BM, Hurník P, Štembírek J, Buchtová M, Kolísková P. Primary cilia-associated signalling in squamous cell carcinoma of head and neck region. Front Oncol 2024; 14:1413255. [PMID: 39234399 PMCID: PMC11372790 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2024.1413255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2024] [Accepted: 07/29/2024] [Indexed: 09/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) of the head and neck originates from the mucosal lining of the upper aerodigestive tract, including the lip, tongue, nasopharynx, oropharynx, larynx and hypopharynx. In this review, we summarise what is currently known about the potential function of primary cilia in the pathogenesis of this disease. As primary cilia represent a key cellular structure for signal transduction and are related to cell proliferation, an understanding of their role in carcinogenesis is necessary for the design of new treatment approaches. Here, we introduce cilia-related signalling in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) and its possible association with HNSCC tumorigenesis. From this point of view, PDGF, EGF, Wnt and Hh signalling are discussed as all these pathways were found to be dysregulated in HNSCC. Moreover, we review the clinical potential of small molecules affecting primary cilia signalling to target squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iveta Putnová
- Laboratory of Molecular Morphogenesis, Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics, Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czechia
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, University of Veterinary Sciences Brno, Brno, Czechia
| | - Barbora Moldovan Putnová
- Laboratory of Molecular Morphogenesis, Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics, Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czechia
- Department of Pathological Morphology and Parasitology, University of Veterinary Sciences Brno, Brno, Czechia
| | - Pavel Hurník
- Laboratory of Molecular Morphogenesis, Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics, Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czechia
- Institute of Molecular and Clinical Pathology and Medical Genetics, University Hospital Ostrava, Ostrava, Czechia
- Institute of Molecular and Clinical Pathology and Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ostrava, Ostrava, Czechia
| | - Jan Štembírek
- Laboratory of Molecular Morphogenesis, Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics, Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czechia
- Department of Maxillofacial Surgery, University Hospital Ostrava, Ostrava, Czechia
| | - Marcela Buchtová
- Laboratory of Molecular Morphogenesis, Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics, Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czechia
- Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czechia
| | - Petra Kolísková
- Laboratory of Molecular Morphogenesis, Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics, Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czechia
- Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czechia
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Agborbesong E, Li X. The Immune Checkpoint Protein PD-L1 Regulates Ciliogenesis and Hedgehog Signaling. Cells 2024; 13:1003. [PMID: 38920633 PMCID: PMC11201989 DOI: 10.3390/cells13121003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2024] [Revised: 06/01/2024] [Accepted: 06/05/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024] Open
Abstract
The primary cilium, an antenna-like sensory organelle that protrudes from the surface of most eukaryotic cell types, has become a signaling hub of growing interest given that defects in its structure and/or function are associated with human diseases and syndromes, known as ciliopathies. With the continuously expanding role of primary cilia in health and diseases, identifying new players in ciliogenesis will lead to a better understanding of the function of this organelle. It has been shown that the primary cilium shares similarities with the immune synapse, a highly organized structure at the interface between an antigen-presenting or target cell and a lymphocyte. Studies have demonstrated a role for known cilia regulators in immune synapse formation. However, whether immune synapse regulators modulate ciliogenesis remains elusive. Here, we find that programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1), an immune checkpoint protein and regulator of immune synapse formation, plays a role in the regulation of ciliogenesis. We found that PD-L1 is enriched at the centrosome/basal body and Golgi apparatus of ciliated cells and depleting PD-L1 enhanced ciliogenesis and increased the accumulation of ciliary membrane trafficking proteins Rab8a, BBS5, and sensory receptor protein PC-2. Moreover, PD-L1 formed a complex with BBS5 and PC-2. In addition, we found that depletion of PD-L1 resulted in the ciliary accumulation of Gli3 and the downregulation of Gli1. Our results suggest that PD-L1 is a new player in ciliogenesis, contributing to PC-2-mediated sensory signaling and the Hh signaling cascade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewud Agborbesong
- Department of Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, R, 200 1st Street, SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Xiaogang Li
- Department of Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, R, 200 1st Street, SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
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Tingey M, Ruba A, Jiang Z, Yang W. Deciphering vesicle-assisted transport mechanisms in cytoplasm to cilium trafficking. Front Cell Neurosci 2024; 18:1379976. [PMID: 38860265 PMCID: PMC11163138 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2024.1379976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2024] [Accepted: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 06/12/2024] Open
Abstract
The cilium, a pivotal organelle crucial for cell signaling and proper cell function, relies on meticulous macromolecular transport from the cytoplasm for its formation and maintenance. While the intraflagellar transport (IFT) pathway has traditionally been the focus of extensive study concerning ciliogenesis and ciliary maintenance, recent research highlights a complementary and alternative mechanism-vesicle-assisted transport (VAT) in cytoplasm to cilium trafficking. Despite its potential significance, the VAT pathway remains largely uncharacterized. This review explores recent studies providing evidence for the dynamics of vesicle-related diffusion and transport within the live primary cilium, employing high-speed super-resolution light microscopy. Additionally, we analyze the spatial distribution of vesicles in the cilium, mainly relying on electron microscopy data. By scrutinizing the VAT pathways that facilitate cargo transport into the cilium, with a specific emphasis on recent advancements and imaging data, our objective is to synthesize a comprehensive model of ciliary transport through the integration of IFT-VAT mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Weidong Yang
- Department of Biology, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
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Fitzsimons LA, Staurengo-Ferrari L, Bogen O, Araldi D, Bonet IJM, Jordan EE, Levine JD, Tucker KL. The Primary Cilium and its Hedgehog Signaling in Nociceptors Contribute to Inflammatory and Neuropathic Pain. RESEARCH SQUARE 2024:rs.3.rs-3812442. [PMID: 38464172 PMCID: PMC10925437 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-3812442/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/12/2024]
Abstract
The primary cilium, a 1-3 μm long hair-like structure protruding from the surface of almost all cells in the vertebrate body, is critical for neuronal development and also functions in the adult. As the migratory neural crest settles into dorsal root ganglia (DRG) sensory neurons elaborate a single primary cilium at their soma that is maintained into adult stages. While it is not known if primary cilia are expressed in nociceptors, or their potential function in the mature DRG neuron, recent studies have shown a role for Hedgehog, whose signaling demonstrates a dependence on primary cilia, in nociceptor sensitization. Here we report the expression of primary cilia in rat and mouse nociceptors, where they modulate mechanical nociceptive threshold, and contribute to inflammatory and neuropathic pain. When siRNA targeting Ift88, a primary cilium-specific intraflagellar transport (IFT) protein required for ciliary integrity, was administered by intrathecal injection, in the rat, it resulted in loss of Ift88 mRNA in DRG, and primary cilia in neuronal cell bodies, which was associated with an increase in mechanical nociceptive threshold, and abrogation of hyperalgesia induced by the pronociceptive inflammatory mediator, prostaglandin E2, and painful peripheral neuropathy induced by a neurotoxic chemotherapy drug, paclitaxel. To provide further support for the role of the primary cilium in nociceptor function we also administered siRNA for another IFT protein, Ift52. Ift52 siRNA results in loss of Ift52 in DRG and abrogates paclitaxel-induced painful peripheral neuropathy. Attenuation of Hedgehog-induced hyperalgesia by Ift88 knockdown supports a role for the primary cilium in the hyperalgesia induced by Hedgehog, and attenuation of paclitaxel chemotherapy-induced neuropathy (CIPN) by cyclopamine, which attenuates Hedgehog signaling, suggests a role of Hedgehog in CIPN. Our findings support a role of nociceptor primary cilia in the control of mechanical nociceptive threshold and in inflammatory and neuropathic pain, the latter, at least in part, Hedgehog dependent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsey A. Fitzsimons
- Dept. of Biomedical Sciences, College of Osteopathic Medicine, University of New England, Biddeford, ME, United States
- Center for Excellence in the Neurosciences, University of New England, Biddeford, ME, United States
| | - Larissa Staurengo-Ferrari
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, UCSF Pain and Addiction Research Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, United States
| | - Oliver Bogen
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, UCSF Pain and Addiction Research Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, United States
| | - Dioneia Araldi
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, UCSF Pain and Addiction Research Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, United States
| | - Ivan J. M. Bonet
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, UCSF Pain and Addiction Research Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, United States
| | - Ethan E. Jordan
- Dept. of Biomedical Sciences, College of Osteopathic Medicine, University of New England, Biddeford, ME, United States
- Center for Excellence in the Neurosciences, University of New England, Biddeford, ME, United States
| | - Jon D. Levine
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, UCSF Pain and Addiction Research Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, United States
| | - Kerry L. Tucker
- Dept. of Biomedical Sciences, College of Osteopathic Medicine, University of New England, Biddeford, ME, United States
- Center for Excellence in the Neurosciences, University of New England, Biddeford, ME, United States
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7
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Tian Z, Li X, Yu X, Yan S, Sun J, Ma W, Zhu X, Tang Y. The role of primary cilia in thyroid diseases. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2024; 14:1306550. [PMID: 38260150 PMCID: PMC10801159 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1306550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Primary cilia (PC) are non-motile and microtube-based organelles protruding from the surface of almost all thyroid follicle cells. They maintain homeostasis in thyrocytes and loss of PC can result in diverse thyroid diseases. The dysfunction of structure and function of PC are found in many patients with common thyroid diseases. The alterations are associated with the cause, development, and recovery of the diseases and are regulated by PC-mediated signals. Restoring normal PC structure and function in thyrocytes is a promising therapeutic strategy to treat thyroid diseases. This review explores the function of PC in normal thyroid glands. It summarizes the pathology caused by PC alterations in thyroid cancer (TC), autoimmune thyroid diseases (AITD), hypothyroidism, and thyroid nodules (TN) to provide comprehensive references for further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zijiao Tian
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine of Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Xinlin Li
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine of Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Xue Yu
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine of Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Shuxin Yan
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine of Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Jingwei Sun
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine of Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Wenxin Ma
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine of Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoyun Zhu
- Guang’anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yang Tang
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine of Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
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8
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Fitzsimons LA, Staurengo-Ferrari L, Bogen O, Araldi D, Bonet IJM, Jordan EE, Levine JD, Tucker KL. The Primary Cilium and its Hedgehog Signaling in Nociceptors Contribute to Inflammatory and Neuropathic Pain. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.12.27.573420. [PMID: 38234719 PMCID: PMC10793418 DOI: 10.1101/2023.12.27.573420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2024]
Abstract
The primary cilium, a 1-3 μm long hair-like structure protruding from the surface of almost all cells in the vertebrate body, is critical for neuronal development and also functions in the adult. As the migratory neural crest settles into dorsal root ganglia (DRG) sensory neurons elaborate a single primary cilium at their soma that is maintained into adult stages. While it is not known if primary cilia are expressed in nociceptors, or their potential function in the mature DRG neuron, recent studies have shown a role for Hedgehog, whose signaling demonstrates a dependence on primary cilia, in nociceptor sensitization. Here we report the expression of primary cilia in rat and mouse nociceptors, where they modulate mechanical nociceptive threshold, and contribute to inflammatory and neuropathic pain. When siRNA targeting Ift88 , a primary cilium-specific intra-flagellar transport (IFT) protein required for ciliary integrity, was administered by intrathecal injection, in the rat, it resulted in loss of Ift88 mRNA in DRG, and primary cilia in neuronal cell bodies, which was associated with an increase in mechanical nociceptive threshold, and abrogation of hyperalgesia induced by the pronociceptive inflammatory mediator, prostaglandin E 2 , and painful peripheral neuropathy induced by a neurotoxic chemotherapy drug, paclitaxel. To provide further support for the role of the primary cilium in nociceptor function we also administered siRNA for another IFT protein, Ift 52. Ift 52 siRNA results in loss of Ift 52 in DRG and abrogates paclitaxel-induced painful peripheral neuropathy. Attenuation of Hedgehog-induced hyperalgesia by Ift88 knockdown supports a role for the primary cilium in the hyperalgesia induced by Hedgehog, and attenuation of paclitaxel chemotherapy-induced neuropathy (CIPN) by cyclopamine, which attenuates Hedgehog signaling, suggests a role of Hedgehog in CIPN. Our findings support a role of nociceptor primary cilia in the control of mechanical nociceptive threshold and in inflammatory and neuropathic pain, the latter, at least in part, Hedgehog dependent.
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Iwaya C, Suzuki A, Iwata J. Loss of Sc5d results in micrognathia due to a failure in osteoblast differentiation. J Adv Res 2023:S2090-1232(23)00395-8. [PMID: 38086515 DOI: 10.1016/j.jare.2023.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Revised: 11/30/2023] [Accepted: 12/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/01/2024] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Mutations in genes related to cholesterol metabolism, or maternal diet and health status, affect craniofacial bone formation. However, the precise role of intracellular cholesterol metabolism in craniofacial bone development remains unclear. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study is to determine how cholesterol metabolism aberrations affect craniofacial bone development. METHODS Mice with a deficiency in Sc5d, which encodes an enzyme involved in cholesterol synthesis, were analyzed with histology, micro computed tomography (microCT), and cellular and molecular biological methods. RESULTS Sc5d null mice exhibited mandible hypoplasia resulting from defects in osteoblast differentiation. The activation of the hedgehog and WNT/β-catenin signaling pathways, which induce expression of osteogenic genes Col1a1 and Spp1, was compromised in the mandible of Sc5d null mice due to a failure in the formation of the primary cilium, a cell surface structure that senses extracellular cues. Treatments with an inducer of hedgehog or WNT/β-catenin signaling or with simvastatin, a drug that restores abnormal cholesterol production, partially rescued the defects in osteoblast differentiation seen in Sc5d mutant cells. CONCLUSION Our results indicate that loss of Sc5d results in mandibular hypoplasia through defective primary cilia-mediated hedgehog and WNT/β-catenin signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chihiro Iwaya
- Department of Diagnostic & Biomedical Sciences, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, School of Dentistry, Houston, TX 77054, USA; Center for Craniofacial Research, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, School of Dentistry, Houston, TX 77054, USA
| | - Akiko Suzuki
- Department of Diagnostic & Biomedical Sciences, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, School of Dentistry, Houston, TX 77054, USA; Center for Craniofacial Research, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, School of Dentistry, Houston, TX 77054, USA
| | - Junichi Iwata
- Department of Diagnostic & Biomedical Sciences, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, School of Dentistry, Houston, TX 77054, USA; Center for Craniofacial Research, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, School of Dentistry, Houston, TX 77054, USA; MD Anderson Cancer Center UTHealth Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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Marwah H, Pant J, Yadav J, Shah K, Dewangan HK. Biosensor Detection of COVID-19 in Lung Cancer: Hedgehog and Mucin Signaling Insights. Curr Pharm Des 2023; 29:3442-3457. [PMID: 38270161 DOI: 10.2174/0113816128276948231204111531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2024]
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 is a global pandemic, particularly affecting individuals with pre-existing lung conditions and potentially leading to pulmonary fibrosis. Age and healthcare system limitations further amplify susceptibility to both diseases, especially in low- and middle-income countries. The intricate relationship between Coronavirus disease 2019 and lung cancer highlights their clinical implications and the potential for early detection through biosensor techniques involving hedgehog and mucin signaling. This study highlights the connection between Coronavirus disease 2019 and lung cancer, focusing on the mucosa, angiotensin- altering enzyme 2 receptors, and their impact on the immune system. It details the inflammatory mechanisms triggered by Coronavirus disease 2019, which can result in pulmonary fibrosis and influence the cancer microenvironment. Various cytokines like Interleukins-6 and Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha are examined for their roles in both diseases. Moreover, the review delves into the Hedgehog signaling pathways and their significance in lung cancer, particularly their influence on embryonic cell proliferation and tissue integrity. Mucin signaling is another vital aspect, highlighting the diverse mucin expression patterns in respiratory epithelial tissues and their potential as biomarkers. The review concludes with insights into diagnostic imaging techniques like chest computed tomography, Positron Emission Tomography and Computed Tomography, and Magnetic Resonance Imaging for early lung cancer detection, emphasizing the crucial role of biosensors in identifying specific biomarkers for early disease detection. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the clinical impact of Coronavirus disease 2019 on lung cancer patients and the potential for biosensors utilizing hedgehog and mucin signaling for early detection. It underscores the ongoing need for research and innovation to address these critical healthcare challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harneet Marwah
- University Institute of Pharma Sciences (UIPS), Chandigarh University, NH-95 Chandigarh Ludhiana Highway, Mohali, Punjab, India
| | - Janmejay Pant
- University Institute of Pharma Sciences (UIPS), Chandigarh University, NH-95 Chandigarh Ludhiana Highway, Mohali, Punjab, India
| | - Jiten Yadav
- University Institute of Pharma Sciences (UIPS), Chandigarh University, NH-95 Chandigarh Ludhiana Highway, Mohali, Punjab, India
| | - Kamal Shah
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Research (IPR), GLA University Mathura, NH-2 Delhi Mathura Road, Po-CHaumuhan, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Hitesh Kumar Dewangan
- University Institute of Pharma Sciences (UIPS), Chandigarh University, NH-95 Chandigarh Ludhiana Highway, Mohali, Punjab, India
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Kantaputra P, Dejkhamron P, Sittiwangkul R, Katanyuwong K, Ngamphiw C, Sonsuwan N, Intachai W, Tongsima S, Beales PL, Buranaphatthana W. Dental Anomalies in Ciliopathies: Lessons from Patients with BBS2, BBS7, and EVC2 Mutations. Genes (Basel) 2022; 14:84. [PMID: 36672825 PMCID: PMC9858533 DOI: 10.3390/genes14010084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Revised: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: To investigate dental anomalies and the molecular etiology of a patient with Ellis−van Creveld syndrome and two patients with Bardet−Biedl syndrome, two examples of ciliopathies. Patients and Methods: Clinical examination, radiographic evaluation, whole exome sequencing, and Sanger direct sequencing were performed. Results: Patient 1 had Ellis−van Creveld syndrome with delayed dental development or tooth agenesis, and multiple frenula, the feature found only in patients with mutations in ciliary genes. A novel homozygous mutation in EVC2 (c.703G>C; p.Ala235Pro) was identified. Patient 2 had Bardet−Biedl syndrome with a homozygous frameshift mutation (c.389_390delAC; p.Asn130ThrfsTer4) in BBS7. Patient 3 had Bardet−Biedl syndrome and carried a heterozygous mutation (c.389_390delAC; p.Asn130ThrfsTer4) in BBS7 and a homozygous mutation in BBS2 (c.209G>A; p.Ser70Asn). Her clinical findings included global developmental delay, disproportionate short stature, myopia, retinitis pigmentosa, obesity, pyometra with vaginal atresia, bilateral hydronephrosis with ureteropelvic junction obstruction, bilateral genu valgus, post-axial polydactyly feet, and small and thin fingernails and toenails, tooth agenesis, microdontia, taurodontism, and impaired dentin formation. Conclusions: EVC2, BBS2, and BBS7 mutations found in our patients were implicated in malformation syndromes with dental anomalies including tooth agenesis, microdontia, taurodontism, and impaired dentin formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piranit Kantaputra
- Division of Pediatric Dentistry, Department of Orthodontics and Pediatric Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
- Dentaland Clinic, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
- Center of Excellence in Medical Genetics Research, Faculty of Dentistry, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Prapai Dejkhamron
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Rekwan Sittiwangkul
- Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Kamornwan Katanyuwong
- Division of Pediatric Neurology, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Chumpol Ngamphiw
- National Biobank of Thailand, National Science and Technology Development Agency, Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand
| | - Nuntigar Sonsuwan
- Department of Otolaryngology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Worrachet Intachai
- Center of Excellence in Medical Genetics Research, Faculty of Dentistry, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Sissades Tongsima
- National Biobank of Thailand, National Science and Technology Development Agency, Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand
| | - Philip L. Beales
- Genetics and Genomic Medicine Program, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London WC1N 1EH, UK
| | - Worakanya Buranaphatthana
- Department of Oral Biology and Diagnostic Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
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Platova S, Poliushkevich L, Kulakova M, Nesterenko M, Starunov V, Novikova E. Gotta Go Slow: Two Evolutionarily Distinct Annelids Retain a Common Hedgehog Pathway Composition, Outlining Its Pan-Bilaterian Core. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232214312. [PMID: 36430788 PMCID: PMC9695228 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232214312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Revised: 11/11/2022] [Accepted: 11/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Hedgehog signaling is one of the key regulators of morphogenesis, cell differentiation, and regeneration. While the Hh pathway is present in all bilaterians, it has mainly been studied in model animals such as Drosophila and vertebrates. Despite the conservatism of its core components, mechanisms of signal transduction and additional components vary in Ecdysozoa and Deuterostomia. Vertebrates have multiple copies of the pathway members, which complicates signaling implementation, whereas model ecdysozoans appear to have lost some components due to fast evolution rates. To shed light on the ancestral state of Hh signaling, models from the third clade, Spiralia, are needed. In our research, we analyzed the transcriptomes of two spiralian animals, errantial annelid Platynereis dumerilii (Nereididae) and sedentarian annelid Pygospio elegans (Spionidae). We found that both annelids express almost all Hh pathway components present in Drosophila and mouse. We performed a phylogenetic analysis of the core pathway components and built multiple sequence alignments of the additional key members. Our results imply that the Hh pathway compositions of both annelids share more similarities with vertebrates than with the fruit fly. Possessing an almost complete set of single-copy Hh pathway members, lophotrochozoan signaling composition may reflect the ancestral features of all three bilaterian branches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia Platova
- Faculty of Biology, St. Petersburg State University, Saint Petersburg 199034, Russia
- Zoological Institute RAS, Saint Petersburg 199034, Russia
| | | | - Milana Kulakova
- Faculty of Biology, St. Petersburg State University, Saint Petersburg 199034, Russia
- Zoological Institute RAS, Saint Petersburg 199034, Russia
- Correspondence: (M.K.); (E.N.)
| | | | - Viktor Starunov
- Faculty of Biology, St. Petersburg State University, Saint Petersburg 199034, Russia
- Zoological Institute RAS, Saint Petersburg 199034, Russia
| | - Elena Novikova
- Faculty of Biology, St. Petersburg State University, Saint Petersburg 199034, Russia
- Zoological Institute RAS, Saint Petersburg 199034, Russia
- Correspondence: (M.K.); (E.N.)
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13
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Zhou Y, Huang J, Jin B, He S, Dang Y, Zhao T, Jin Z. The Emerging Role of Hedgehog Signaling in Viral Infections. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:870316. [PMID: 35464958 PMCID: PMC9023792 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.870316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The hedgehog (HH) signaling pathway is one of the key pathways that is indispensable for many developmental processes and postnatal tissue homeostasis. Dysregulated HH signaling could lead to developmental disorders and tumorigenesis in a variety of tissues via inherited or sporadic mutation, gene overexpression, and crosstalk with other signaling pathways. Recently, accumulating evidence has shown that HH signaling is targeted by viruses to facilitate viral transcription, immune evasion, and uncontrolled growth, leading to effective viral replication and pathogenesis. In this study, we will summarize recent advances in functional interaction between HH signaling and different types of viruses, particularly focusing on the pathological role of HH signaling in viral infections and related diseases.
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14
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Goutas A, Trachana V. Stem cells' centrosomes: How can organelles identified 130 years ago contribute to the future of regenerative medicine? World J Stem Cells 2021; 13:1177-1196. [PMID: 34630857 PMCID: PMC8474719 DOI: 10.4252/wjsc.v13.i9.1177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Revised: 05/03/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
At the core of regenerative medicine lies the expectation of repair or replacement of damaged tissues or whole organs. Donor scarcity and transplant rejection are major obstacles, and exactly the obstacles that stem cell-based therapy promises to overcome. These therapies demand a comprehensive understanding of the asymmetric division of stem cells, i.e. their ability to produce cells with identical potency or differentiated cells. It is believed that with better understanding, researchers will be able to direct stem cell differentiation. Here, we describe extraordinary advances in manipulating stem cell fate that show that we need to focus on the centrosome and the centrosome-derived primary cilium. This belief comes from the fact that this organelle is the vehicle that coordinates the asymmetric division of stem cells. This is supported by studies that report the significant role of the centrosome/cilium in orchestrating signaling pathways that dictate stem cell fate. We anticipate that there is sufficient evidence to place this organelle at the center of efforts that will shape the future of regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Goutas
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Thessaly, Larisa 41500, Biopolis, Greece
| | - Varvara Trachana
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Thessaly, Larisa 41500, Biopolis, Greece.
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15
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Chen C, Xu Q, Zhang Y, Davies BA, Huang Y, Katzmann DJ, Harris PC, Hu J, Ling K. Ciliopathy protein HYLS1 coordinates the biogenesis and signaling of primary cilia by activating the ciliary lipid kinase PIPKIγ. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2021; 7:7/26/eabe3401. [PMID: 34162535 PMCID: PMC8221637 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abe3401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Mutation of ciliopathy protein HYLS1 causes the perinatal lethal hydrolethalus syndrome (HLS), yet the underlying molecular etiology and pathogenesis remain elusive. Here, we reveal unexpected mechanistic insights into the role of mammalian HYLS1 in regulating primary cilia. HYLS1 is recruited to the ciliary base via a direct interaction with the type Iγ phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate [PI(4)P] 5-kinase (PIPKIγ). HYLS1 activates PIPKIγ by interrupting the autoinhibitory dimerization of PIPKIγ, which thereby expedites depletion of centrosomal PI(4)P to allow axoneme nucleation. HYLS1 deficiency interrupts the assembly of ciliary NPHP module and agonist-induced ciliary exit of β-arrestin, which, in turn, disturbs the removal of ciliary Gpr161 and activation of hedgehog (Hh) signaling. Consistent with this model of pathogenesis, the HLS mutant HYLS1D211G supports ciliogenesis but not activation of Hh signaling. These results implicate mammalian HYLS1 as a multitasking protein that facilitates ciliogenesis and ciliary signaling by coordinating with the ciliary lipid kinase PIPKIγ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuan Chen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Qingwen Xu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Yuxia Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Brian A Davies
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Yan Huang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - David J Katzmann
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Peter C Harris
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Jinghua Hu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Kun Ling
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.
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16
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Biallelic variant in DACH1, encoding Dachshund Homolog 1, defines a novel candidate locus for recessive postaxial polydactyly type A. Genomics 2021; 113:2495-2502. [PMID: 34022343 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygeno.2021.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2020] [Revised: 04/08/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Polydactyly or hexadactyly is characterized by an extra digit/toe with or without a bone. Currently, variants in ten genes have been implicated in the non-syndromic form of polydactyly. DNA from a single affected individual having bilateral postaxial polydactyly was subjected to whole exome sequencing (WES), followed by Sanger sequencing. Homology modeling was performed for the identified variant and advance microscopy imaging approaches were used to reveal the localization of the DACH1 protein at the base of primary cilia. A disease-causing biallelic missense variant (c.563G > A; p.Cys188Tyr; NM_080760.5) was identified in the DACH1 gene segregating perfectly within the family. Structural analysis using homology modeling of the DACH1 protein revealed secondary structure change that might result in loss of function or influence downstream interactions. Moreover, siRNA-mediated depletion of DACH1 showed a key role of DACH1 in ciliogenesis and cilia function. This study provides the first evidence of involvement of the DACH1 gene in digits development in humans and its role in primary cilia. This signifies the importance and yet unexplored role of DACH1.
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17
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Fang H, Ma W, Guo X, Wang J. PTPN6 promotes chemosensitivity of colorectal cancer cells via inhibiting the SP1/MAPK signalling pathway. Cell Biochem Funct 2021; 39:392-400. [PMID: 33615510 DOI: 10.1002/cbf.3604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Revised: 10/17/2020] [Accepted: 10/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The abnormal expression of protein tyrosine phosphatase nonreceptor type 6 (PTPN6) has been proved to be associated with the progression of colorectal cancer. However, its role in chemosensitivity and related molecular mechanism have not been clarified. It has been reported that PTPN6 was down-regulated in colorectal cancer cells compared with the normal colorectal cells. To evaluate the effects of PTPN6 on the proliferation and survival of colorectal cancer cells, PTPN6 was overexpressed in colorectal cancer cells in the present study. We found that cell proliferation and viability were both decreased after overexpression of PTPN6. The IC50 of 5-Fu against colorectal cells was also declined in PTPN6 transfected cells. And further, we verified that PTPN6 could down-regulate the expression of P-gp and MRP-1. Moreover, SP1 was the target protein of PTPN6 predicated by ChIPBase software and confirmed through Co-immunoprecipitation assay and it was negatively regulated by PTPN6. To further verify the effect of SP1 on chemoresistance, SP1 was overexpressed. SP1 overexpression enhanced the drug-resistance to 5-Fu and abrogated the effects of PTPN6 upregulation on 5-Fu resistance. All the above changes were associated with the down-regulation of proteins related to MAPK signalling pathway, such as phosphorylation of extracellular regulated protein kinases (ERK) and p38. In summary, PTPN6 promoted chemosensitivity of colorectal cancer cells by targeting SP1 and inhibiting the activation of MAPK signalling pathway. SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY: It has been demonstrated that the abnormal expression of PTPN6 was related to the progression of colorectal cancer. However, the chemosensitivity of PTPN6 and its molecular mechanisms were still unclear. Here, we identified that PTPN6 was down-regulated in colorectal cancer cells. Moreover, PTPN6 overexpression not only reduced cell proliferation and viability, but decreased the resistance of colorectal cells to 5-Fu. In our research, we found that the SP1 was the target protein of PTPN6 and it was negatively regulated by PTPN6. In addition, SP1 could increase the resistance of colorectal cells to 5-Fu. Molecular mechanism studies have shown that PTPN6 promoted the chemosensitivity of colorectal cancer cells by inhibiting the activation of MAPK signalling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huilong Fang
- Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, Xiangnan University, Chenzhou, China
| | - Wei Ma
- Department of Translational Medicine Collaorative Innovation Center, Shenzhen People's Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Xuli Guo
- Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, Xiangnan University, Chenzhou, China
| | - Junjie Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, Xiangnan University, Chenzhou, China
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18
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Johansson HK, Svingen T. Hedgehog signal disruption, gonadal dysgenesis and reproductive disorders: Is there a link to endocrine disrupting chemicals? Curr Res Toxicol 2020; 1:116-123. [PMID: 34345840 PMCID: PMC8320607 DOI: 10.1016/j.crtox.2020.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2020] [Revised: 10/05/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Developmental exposure to chemicals that can disrupt sex hormone signaling may cause a broad spectrum of reproductive disorders. This is because reproductive development is tightly regulated by steroid sex hormones. Consequently, non-animal screening methods currently used to test chemicals for potential endocrine disrupting activities typically include steroidogenesis and nuclear receptor assays. In many cases there is a correlation between in vitro and in vivo data examining endocrine disruption, for example between blocked androgen receptor activity and feminized male genitals. However, there are many examples where there is poor, or no, correlation between in vitro data and in vivo effect outcomes in rodent studies, for various reasons. One possible, and less studied, reason for discordance between in vitro and in vivo data is that the mechanisms causing the in vivo effects are not covered by those typically tested for in vitro. This knowledge gap must be addressed if we are to elaborate robust testing strategies that do not rely on animal experimentation. In this review, we highlight the Hedgehog (HH) signaling pathway as a target for environmental chemicals and its potential implications for reproductive disorders originating from early life exposure. A central proposition is that, by disrupting HH signal transduction during critical stages of mammalian development, the endocrine cells of the testes or ovaries fail to develop normally, which ultimately will lead to disrupted sex hormone synthesis and sexual development in both sexes. If this is the case, then such mechanism must also be included in future test strategies aimed at eliminating chemicals that may cause reproductive disorders in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanna K.L. Johansson
- Division of Diet, Disease Prevention and Toxicology, National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, DK-2800, Denmark
| | - Terje Svingen
- Division of Diet, Disease Prevention and Toxicology, National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, DK-2800, Denmark
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19
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Hietamäki J, Gregory LC, Ayoub S, Iivonen AP, Vaaralahti K, Liu X, Brandstack N, Buckton AJ, Laine T, Känsäkoski J, Hero M, Miettinen PJ, Varjosalo M, Wakeling E, Dattani MT, Raivio T. Loss-of-Function Variants in TBC1D32 Underlie Syndromic Hypopituitarism. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2020; 105:dgaa078. [PMID: 32060556 PMCID: PMC7138537 DOI: 10.1210/clinem/dgaa078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2019] [Accepted: 02/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Congenital pituitary hormone deficiencies with syndromic phenotypes and/or familial occurrence suggest genetic hypopituitarism; however, in many such patients the underlying molecular basis of the disease remains unknown. OBJECTIVE To describe patients with syndromic hypopituitarism due to biallelic loss-of-function variants in TBC1D32, a gene implicated in Sonic Hedgehog (Shh) signaling. SETTING Referral center. PATIENTS A Finnish family of 2 siblings with panhypopituitarism, absent anterior pituitary, and mild craniofacial dysmorphism, and a Pakistani family with a proband with growth hormone deficiency, anterior pituitary hypoplasia, and developmental delay. INTERVENTIONS The patients were investigated by whole genome sequencing. Expression profiling of TBC1D32 in human fetal brain was performed through in situ hybridization. Stable and dynamic protein-protein interaction partners of TBC1D32 were investigated in HEK cells followed by mass spectrometry analyses. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Genetic and phenotypic features of patients with biallelic loss-of-function mutations in TBC1D32. RESULTS The Finnish patients harboured compound heterozygous loss-of-function variants (c.1165_1166dup p.(Gln390Phefs*32) and c.2151del p.(Lys717Asnfs*29)) in TBC1D32; the Pakistani proband carried a known pathogenic homozygous TBC1D32 splice-site variant c.1372 + 1G > A p.(Arg411_Gly458del), as did a fetus with a cleft lip and partial intestinal malrotation from a terminated pregnancy within the same pedigree. TBC1D32 was expressed in the developing hypothalamus, Rathke's pouch, and areas of the hindbrain. TBC1D32 interacted with proteins implicated in cilium assembly, Shh signaling, and brain development. CONCLUSIONS Biallelic TBC1D32 variants underlie syndromic hypopituitarism, and the underlying mechanism may be via disrupted Shh signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Hietamäki
- Pediatric Research Center, Helsinki University Hospital, New Children’s Hospital, Pediatric Research Center, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Louise C Gregory
- Genetics and Genomic Medicine Programme, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, UK
| | - Sandy Ayoub
- North West Thames Regional Genetic Service, London North West University Healthcare NHS Trust, Harrow, UK
| | - Anna-Pauliina Iivonen
- Department of Physiology, Medicum Unit, and Translational Stem Cell Biology and Metabolism Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Kirsi Vaaralahti
- Department of Physiology, Medicum Unit, and Translational Stem Cell Biology and Metabolism Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Xiaonan Liu
- Institute of Biotechnology & HiLIFE, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Nina Brandstack
- Department of Radiology, Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Andrew J Buckton
- London North Genomic Laboratory Hub, Great Ormond Street Hospital NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - Tiina Laine
- Pediatric Research Center, Helsinki University Hospital, New Children’s Hospital, Pediatric Research Center, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Johanna Känsäkoski
- Department of Physiology, Medicum Unit, and Translational Stem Cell Biology and Metabolism Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Matti Hero
- Pediatric Research Center, Helsinki University Hospital, New Children’s Hospital, Pediatric Research Center, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Päivi J Miettinen
- Pediatric Research Center, Helsinki University Hospital, New Children’s Hospital, Pediatric Research Center, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Markku Varjosalo
- Institute of Biotechnology & HiLIFE, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Emma Wakeling
- North West Thames Regional Genetic Service, London North West University Healthcare NHS Trust, Harrow, UK
| | - Mehul T Dattani
- Genetics and Genomic Medicine Programme, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, UK
- Molecular Basis of Rare Diseases Section, Genetics and Genomic Medicine Programme, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, UK
- Department of Endocrinology, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London, UK
| | - Taneli Raivio
- Pediatric Research Center, Helsinki University Hospital, New Children’s Hospital, Pediatric Research Center, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Physiology, Medicum Unit, and Translational Stem Cell Biology and Metabolism Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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20
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Xie P, Mo JL, Liu JH, Li X, Tan LM, Zhang W, Zhou HH, Liu ZQ. Pharmacogenomics of 5-fluorouracil in colorectal cancer: review and update. Cell Oncol (Dordr) 2020; 43:989-1001. [PMID: 32474853 DOI: 10.1007/s13402-020-00529-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2020] [Revised: 04/20/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a disease with high morbidity and mortality rates. 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) is the first-line recommended drug for chemotherapy in patients with CRC, and it has a good effect on a variety of other solid tumors as well. Unfortunately, however, due to the emergence of drug resistance the effectiveness of treatment may be greatly reduced. In the past decade, major progress has been made in the field of 5-FU drug resistance in terms of molecular mechanisms, pre-clinical (animal) models and clinical trials. CONCLUSIONS In this article we systematically review and update current knowledge on 5-FU pharmacogenomics related to drug uptake and activation, the expression and activity of target enzymes (DPD, TS and MTHFR) and key signaling pathways in CRC. Furthermore, a summary of drug combination strategies aimed at targeting specific genes and/or pathways to reverse 5-FU resistance is provided. Based on this, we suggest that causal relationships between genes, pathways and drug sensitivity should be systematically considered from a multidimensional perspective. In the design of research methods, emerging technologies such as CRISPR-Cas, TALENS and patient-derived xenograft models should be applied as far as possible to improve the accuracy of clinically relevant results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pan Xie
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 410008, Changsha, People's Republic of China.,Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Hunan Key Laboratory of Pharmacogenetics, Central South University, 410078, Changsha, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun-Luan Mo
- Shenzhen Center for Chronic Disease Control, 518020, Shenzhen, People's Republic of China
| | - Jin-Hong Liu
- Shenzhen Center for Chronic Disease Control, 518020, Shenzhen, People's Republic of China
| | - Xi Li
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 410008, Changsha, People's Republic of China.,Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Hunan Key Laboratory of Pharmacogenetics, Central South University, 410078, Changsha, People's Republic of China
| | - Li-Ming Tan
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second People's Hospital of Huaihua City, 418000, Huaihua, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 410008, Changsha, People's Republic of China.,Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Hunan Key Laboratory of Pharmacogenetics, Central South University, 410078, Changsha, People's Republic of China
| | - Hong-Hao Zhou
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 410008, Changsha, People's Republic of China.,Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Hunan Key Laboratory of Pharmacogenetics, Central South University, 410078, Changsha, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhao-Qian Liu
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 410008, Changsha, People's Republic of China. .,Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Hunan Key Laboratory of Pharmacogenetics, Central South University, 410078, Changsha, People's Republic of China.
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21
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Niyaz M, Khan MS, Mudassar S. Hedgehog Signaling: An Achilles' Heel in Cancer. Transl Oncol 2019; 12:1334-1344. [PMID: 31352196 PMCID: PMC6664200 DOI: 10.1016/j.tranon.2019.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2019] [Revised: 07/02/2019] [Accepted: 07/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Hedgehog signaling pathway originally identified in the fruit fly Drosophila is an evolutionarily conserved signaling mechanism with crucial roles in embryogenesis, growth and patterning. It exerts its biological effect through a signaling mechanism that terminates at glioma-associated oncogene (GLI) transcription factors which alternate between activator and repressor forms and mediate various responses. The important components of the pathway include the hedgehog ligands (SHH), the Patched (PTCH) receptor, Smoothened (SMO), Suppressor of Fused (SuFu) and GLI transcription factors. Activating or inactivating mutations in key genes cause uncontrolled activation of the pathway in a ligand independent manner. The ligand-dependent aberrant activation of the hedgehog pathway causing overexpression of hedgehog pathway components and its target genes occurs in autocrine as well as paracrine fashion. In adults, aberrant activation of hedgehog signaling has been linked to birth defects and multiple solid cancers. In this review, we assimilate data from recent studies to understand the mechanism of functioning of the hedgehog signaling pathway, role in cancer, its association in various solid malignancies and the current strategies being used to target this pathway for cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madiha Niyaz
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Sher-I-Kashmir Institute of Medical Sciences (SKIMS), Soura, - 190011 Srinagar, Kashmir
| | - Mosin S Khan
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Sher-I-Kashmir Institute of Medical Sciences (SKIMS), Soura, - 190011 Srinagar, Kashmir
| | - Syed Mudassar
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Sher-I-Kashmir Institute of Medical Sciences (SKIMS), Soura, - 190011 Srinagar, Kashmir.
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22
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Satir P, Satir BH. The conserved ancestral signaling pathway from cilium to nucleus. J Cell Sci 2019; 132:132/15/jcs230441. [PMID: 31375541 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.230441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2019] [Accepted: 07/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Many signaling molecules are localized to both the primary cilium and nucleus. Localization of specific transmembrane receptors and their signaling scaffold molecules in the cilium is necessary for correct physiological function. After a specific signaling event, signaling molecules leave the cilium, usually in the form of an endocytic vesicle scaffold, and move to the nucleus, where they dissociate from the scaffold and enter the nucleus to affect gene expression. This ancient pathway probably arose very early in eukaryotic evolution as the nucleus and cilium co-evolved. Because there are similarities in molecular composition of the nuclear and ciliary pores the entry and exit of proteins in both organelles rely on similar mechanisms. In this Hypothesis, we propose that the pathway is a dynamic universal cilia-based signaling pathway with some variations from protists to man. Everywhere the cilium functions as an important organelle for molecular storage of certain key receptors and selection and concentration of their associated signaling molecules that move from cilium to nucleus. This could also have important implications for human diseases such as Huntington disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Satir
- Department of Anatomy and Structural Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY 10461 .,B&P Nanobiology Consultants, 7 Byfield Lane, Greenwich, CT 06830, USA
| | - Birgit H Satir
- Department of Anatomy and Structural Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY 10461.,B&P Nanobiology Consultants, 7 Byfield Lane, Greenwich, CT 06830, USA
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23
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Tajhya R, Delling M. New insights into ion channel-dependent signalling during left-right patterning. J Physiol 2019; 598:1741-1752. [PMID: 31106399 DOI: 10.1113/jp277835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2019] [Accepted: 04/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The left-right organizer (LRO) in the mouse consists of pit cells within the depression, located at the end of the developing notochord, also known as the embryonic node and crown cells lining the outer periphery of the node. Cilia on pit cells are posteriorly tilted, rotate clockwise and generate leftward fluid flow. Primary cilia on crown cells are required to interpret the directionality of fluid movement and initiate flow-dependent gene transcription. Crown cells express PC1-L1 and PC2, which may form a heteromeric polycystin channel complex on primary cilia. It is still only poorly understood how fluid flow activates the ciliary polycystin complex. Besides polycystin channels voltage gated channels like HCN4 and KCNQ1 have been implicated in establishing asymmetry. How this electrical network of ion channels initiates left-sided signalling cascades and differential gene expression is currently only poorly defined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajeev Tajhya
- Department of Physiology, University of California, 1550 4th Street, San Francisco, CA, 94518, USA
| | - Markus Delling
- Department of Physiology, University of California, 1550 4th Street, San Francisco, CA, 94518, USA
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Fujita A, Higashijima T, Shirozu H, Masuda H, Sonoda M, Tohyama J, Kato M, Nakashima M, Tsurusaki Y, Mitsuhashi S, Mizuguchi T, Takata A, Miyatake S, Miyake N, Fukuda M, Kameyama S, Saitsu H, Matsumoto N. Pathogenic variants of DYNC2H1, KIAA0556, and PTPN11 associated with hypothalamic hamartoma. Neurology 2019; 93:e237-e251. [PMID: 31197031 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0000000000007774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2018] [Accepted: 03/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Intensive genetic analysis was performed to reveal comprehensive molecular insights into hypothalamic hamartoma (HH). METHODS Thirty-eight individuals with HH were investigated by whole exome sequencing, target capture-based deep sequencing, or single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) array using DNA extracted from blood leukocytes or HH samples. RESULTS We identified a germline variant of KIAA0556, which encodes a ciliary protein, and 2 somatic variants of PTPN11, which forms part of the RAS/mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway, as well as variants in known genes associated with HH. An SNP array identified (among 3 patients) one germline copy-neutral loss of heterozygosity (cnLOH) at 6p22.3-p21.31 and 2 somatic cnLOH; one at 11q12.2-q25 that included DYNC2H1, which encodes a ciliary motor protein, and the other at 17p13.3-p11.2. A germline heterozygous variant and an identical somatic variant of DYNC2H1 arising from cnLOH at 11q12.2-q25 were confirmed in one patient (whose HH tissue, therefore, contains biallelic variants of DYNC2H1). Furthermore, a combination of a germline and a somatic DYNC2H1 variant was detected in another patient. CONCLUSIONS Overall, our cohort identified germline/somatic alterations in 34% (13/38) of patients with HH. Disruption of the Shh signaling pathway associated with cilia or the RAS/MAPK pathway may lead to the development of HH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsushi Fujita
- From the Departments of Human Genetics (A.F., S. Mitsuhashi, T.M., A.T., S. Miyatake, N. Miyake, N. Matsumoto) and Neurosurgery (M.S.), Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine; Departments of Functional Neurosurgery (T.H., H. Shirozu, H.M., M.F., S.K.) and Child Neurology (J.T.), Epilepsy Center, National Hospital Organization Nishiniigata Chuo Hospital Niigata, Japan; Department of Pediatrics and Neurology (M.S.), Wayne State University, Children's Hospital of Michigan, Detroit Medical Center; Department of Pediatrics (M.K.), Showa University School of Medicine, Tokyo; Department of Biochemistry (M.N., H. Saitsu), Hamamatsu University School of Medicine; and Clinical Research Institute (Y.T.), Kanagawa Children's Medical Center, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Takefumi Higashijima
- From the Departments of Human Genetics (A.F., S. Mitsuhashi, T.M., A.T., S. Miyatake, N. Miyake, N. Matsumoto) and Neurosurgery (M.S.), Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine; Departments of Functional Neurosurgery (T.H., H. Shirozu, H.M., M.F., S.K.) and Child Neurology (J.T.), Epilepsy Center, National Hospital Organization Nishiniigata Chuo Hospital Niigata, Japan; Department of Pediatrics and Neurology (M.S.), Wayne State University, Children's Hospital of Michigan, Detroit Medical Center; Department of Pediatrics (M.K.), Showa University School of Medicine, Tokyo; Department of Biochemistry (M.N., H. Saitsu), Hamamatsu University School of Medicine; and Clinical Research Institute (Y.T.), Kanagawa Children's Medical Center, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Shirozu
- From the Departments of Human Genetics (A.F., S. Mitsuhashi, T.M., A.T., S. Miyatake, N. Miyake, N. Matsumoto) and Neurosurgery (M.S.), Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine; Departments of Functional Neurosurgery (T.H., H. Shirozu, H.M., M.F., S.K.) and Child Neurology (J.T.), Epilepsy Center, National Hospital Organization Nishiniigata Chuo Hospital Niigata, Japan; Department of Pediatrics and Neurology (M.S.), Wayne State University, Children's Hospital of Michigan, Detroit Medical Center; Department of Pediatrics (M.K.), Showa University School of Medicine, Tokyo; Department of Biochemistry (M.N., H. Saitsu), Hamamatsu University School of Medicine; and Clinical Research Institute (Y.T.), Kanagawa Children's Medical Center, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Masuda
- From the Departments of Human Genetics (A.F., S. Mitsuhashi, T.M., A.T., S. Miyatake, N. Miyake, N. Matsumoto) and Neurosurgery (M.S.), Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine; Departments of Functional Neurosurgery (T.H., H. Shirozu, H.M., M.F., S.K.) and Child Neurology (J.T.), Epilepsy Center, National Hospital Organization Nishiniigata Chuo Hospital Niigata, Japan; Department of Pediatrics and Neurology (M.S.), Wayne State University, Children's Hospital of Michigan, Detroit Medical Center; Department of Pediatrics (M.K.), Showa University School of Medicine, Tokyo; Department of Biochemistry (M.N., H. Saitsu), Hamamatsu University School of Medicine; and Clinical Research Institute (Y.T.), Kanagawa Children's Medical Center, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Masaki Sonoda
- From the Departments of Human Genetics (A.F., S. Mitsuhashi, T.M., A.T., S. Miyatake, N. Miyake, N. Matsumoto) and Neurosurgery (M.S.), Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine; Departments of Functional Neurosurgery (T.H., H. Shirozu, H.M., M.F., S.K.) and Child Neurology (J.T.), Epilepsy Center, National Hospital Organization Nishiniigata Chuo Hospital Niigata, Japan; Department of Pediatrics and Neurology (M.S.), Wayne State University, Children's Hospital of Michigan, Detroit Medical Center; Department of Pediatrics (M.K.), Showa University School of Medicine, Tokyo; Department of Biochemistry (M.N., H. Saitsu), Hamamatsu University School of Medicine; and Clinical Research Institute (Y.T.), Kanagawa Children's Medical Center, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Jun Tohyama
- From the Departments of Human Genetics (A.F., S. Mitsuhashi, T.M., A.T., S. Miyatake, N. Miyake, N. Matsumoto) and Neurosurgery (M.S.), Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine; Departments of Functional Neurosurgery (T.H., H. Shirozu, H.M., M.F., S.K.) and Child Neurology (J.T.), Epilepsy Center, National Hospital Organization Nishiniigata Chuo Hospital Niigata, Japan; Department of Pediatrics and Neurology (M.S.), Wayne State University, Children's Hospital of Michigan, Detroit Medical Center; Department of Pediatrics (M.K.), Showa University School of Medicine, Tokyo; Department of Biochemistry (M.N., H. Saitsu), Hamamatsu University School of Medicine; and Clinical Research Institute (Y.T.), Kanagawa Children's Medical Center, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Mitsuhiro Kato
- From the Departments of Human Genetics (A.F., S. Mitsuhashi, T.M., A.T., S. Miyatake, N. Miyake, N. Matsumoto) and Neurosurgery (M.S.), Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine; Departments of Functional Neurosurgery (T.H., H. Shirozu, H.M., M.F., S.K.) and Child Neurology (J.T.), Epilepsy Center, National Hospital Organization Nishiniigata Chuo Hospital Niigata, Japan; Department of Pediatrics and Neurology (M.S.), Wayne State University, Children's Hospital of Michigan, Detroit Medical Center; Department of Pediatrics (M.K.), Showa University School of Medicine, Tokyo; Department of Biochemistry (M.N., H. Saitsu), Hamamatsu University School of Medicine; and Clinical Research Institute (Y.T.), Kanagawa Children's Medical Center, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Mitsuko Nakashima
- From the Departments of Human Genetics (A.F., S. Mitsuhashi, T.M., A.T., S. Miyatake, N. Miyake, N. Matsumoto) and Neurosurgery (M.S.), Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine; Departments of Functional Neurosurgery (T.H., H. Shirozu, H.M., M.F., S.K.) and Child Neurology (J.T.), Epilepsy Center, National Hospital Organization Nishiniigata Chuo Hospital Niigata, Japan; Department of Pediatrics and Neurology (M.S.), Wayne State University, Children's Hospital of Michigan, Detroit Medical Center; Department of Pediatrics (M.K.), Showa University School of Medicine, Tokyo; Department of Biochemistry (M.N., H. Saitsu), Hamamatsu University School of Medicine; and Clinical Research Institute (Y.T.), Kanagawa Children's Medical Center, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Yoshinori Tsurusaki
- From the Departments of Human Genetics (A.F., S. Mitsuhashi, T.M., A.T., S. Miyatake, N. Miyake, N. Matsumoto) and Neurosurgery (M.S.), Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine; Departments of Functional Neurosurgery (T.H., H. Shirozu, H.M., M.F., S.K.) and Child Neurology (J.T.), Epilepsy Center, National Hospital Organization Nishiniigata Chuo Hospital Niigata, Japan; Department of Pediatrics and Neurology (M.S.), Wayne State University, Children's Hospital of Michigan, Detroit Medical Center; Department of Pediatrics (M.K.), Showa University School of Medicine, Tokyo; Department of Biochemistry (M.N., H. Saitsu), Hamamatsu University School of Medicine; and Clinical Research Institute (Y.T.), Kanagawa Children's Medical Center, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Satomi Mitsuhashi
- From the Departments of Human Genetics (A.F., S. Mitsuhashi, T.M., A.T., S. Miyatake, N. Miyake, N. Matsumoto) and Neurosurgery (M.S.), Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine; Departments of Functional Neurosurgery (T.H., H. Shirozu, H.M., M.F., S.K.) and Child Neurology (J.T.), Epilepsy Center, National Hospital Organization Nishiniigata Chuo Hospital Niigata, Japan; Department of Pediatrics and Neurology (M.S.), Wayne State University, Children's Hospital of Michigan, Detroit Medical Center; Department of Pediatrics (M.K.), Showa University School of Medicine, Tokyo; Department of Biochemistry (M.N., H. Saitsu), Hamamatsu University School of Medicine; and Clinical Research Institute (Y.T.), Kanagawa Children's Medical Center, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Takeshi Mizuguchi
- From the Departments of Human Genetics (A.F., S. Mitsuhashi, T.M., A.T., S. Miyatake, N. Miyake, N. Matsumoto) and Neurosurgery (M.S.), Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine; Departments of Functional Neurosurgery (T.H., H. Shirozu, H.M., M.F., S.K.) and Child Neurology (J.T.), Epilepsy Center, National Hospital Organization Nishiniigata Chuo Hospital Niigata, Japan; Department of Pediatrics and Neurology (M.S.), Wayne State University, Children's Hospital of Michigan, Detroit Medical Center; Department of Pediatrics (M.K.), Showa University School of Medicine, Tokyo; Department of Biochemistry (M.N., H. Saitsu), Hamamatsu University School of Medicine; and Clinical Research Institute (Y.T.), Kanagawa Children's Medical Center, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Atsushi Takata
- From the Departments of Human Genetics (A.F., S. Mitsuhashi, T.M., A.T., S. Miyatake, N. Miyake, N. Matsumoto) and Neurosurgery (M.S.), Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine; Departments of Functional Neurosurgery (T.H., H. Shirozu, H.M., M.F., S.K.) and Child Neurology (J.T.), Epilepsy Center, National Hospital Organization Nishiniigata Chuo Hospital Niigata, Japan; Department of Pediatrics and Neurology (M.S.), Wayne State University, Children's Hospital of Michigan, Detroit Medical Center; Department of Pediatrics (M.K.), Showa University School of Medicine, Tokyo; Department of Biochemistry (M.N., H. Saitsu), Hamamatsu University School of Medicine; and Clinical Research Institute (Y.T.), Kanagawa Children's Medical Center, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Satoko Miyatake
- From the Departments of Human Genetics (A.F., S. Mitsuhashi, T.M., A.T., S. Miyatake, N. Miyake, N. Matsumoto) and Neurosurgery (M.S.), Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine; Departments of Functional Neurosurgery (T.H., H. Shirozu, H.M., M.F., S.K.) and Child Neurology (J.T.), Epilepsy Center, National Hospital Organization Nishiniigata Chuo Hospital Niigata, Japan; Department of Pediatrics and Neurology (M.S.), Wayne State University, Children's Hospital of Michigan, Detroit Medical Center; Department of Pediatrics (M.K.), Showa University School of Medicine, Tokyo; Department of Biochemistry (M.N., H. Saitsu), Hamamatsu University School of Medicine; and Clinical Research Institute (Y.T.), Kanagawa Children's Medical Center, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Noriko Miyake
- From the Departments of Human Genetics (A.F., S. Mitsuhashi, T.M., A.T., S. Miyatake, N. Miyake, N. Matsumoto) and Neurosurgery (M.S.), Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine; Departments of Functional Neurosurgery (T.H., H. Shirozu, H.M., M.F., S.K.) and Child Neurology (J.T.), Epilepsy Center, National Hospital Organization Nishiniigata Chuo Hospital Niigata, Japan; Department of Pediatrics and Neurology (M.S.), Wayne State University, Children's Hospital of Michigan, Detroit Medical Center; Department of Pediatrics (M.K.), Showa University School of Medicine, Tokyo; Department of Biochemistry (M.N., H. Saitsu), Hamamatsu University School of Medicine; and Clinical Research Institute (Y.T.), Kanagawa Children's Medical Center, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Masafumi Fukuda
- From the Departments of Human Genetics (A.F., S. Mitsuhashi, T.M., A.T., S. Miyatake, N. Miyake, N. Matsumoto) and Neurosurgery (M.S.), Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine; Departments of Functional Neurosurgery (T.H., H. Shirozu, H.M., M.F., S.K.) and Child Neurology (J.T.), Epilepsy Center, National Hospital Organization Nishiniigata Chuo Hospital Niigata, Japan; Department of Pediatrics and Neurology (M.S.), Wayne State University, Children's Hospital of Michigan, Detroit Medical Center; Department of Pediatrics (M.K.), Showa University School of Medicine, Tokyo; Department of Biochemistry (M.N., H. Saitsu), Hamamatsu University School of Medicine; and Clinical Research Institute (Y.T.), Kanagawa Children's Medical Center, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Shigeki Kameyama
- From the Departments of Human Genetics (A.F., S. Mitsuhashi, T.M., A.T., S. Miyatake, N. Miyake, N. Matsumoto) and Neurosurgery (M.S.), Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine; Departments of Functional Neurosurgery (T.H., H. Shirozu, H.M., M.F., S.K.) and Child Neurology (J.T.), Epilepsy Center, National Hospital Organization Nishiniigata Chuo Hospital Niigata, Japan; Department of Pediatrics and Neurology (M.S.), Wayne State University, Children's Hospital of Michigan, Detroit Medical Center; Department of Pediatrics (M.K.), Showa University School of Medicine, Tokyo; Department of Biochemistry (M.N., H. Saitsu), Hamamatsu University School of Medicine; and Clinical Research Institute (Y.T.), Kanagawa Children's Medical Center, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Hirotomo Saitsu
- From the Departments of Human Genetics (A.F., S. Mitsuhashi, T.M., A.T., S. Miyatake, N. Miyake, N. Matsumoto) and Neurosurgery (M.S.), Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine; Departments of Functional Neurosurgery (T.H., H. Shirozu, H.M., M.F., S.K.) and Child Neurology (J.T.), Epilepsy Center, National Hospital Organization Nishiniigata Chuo Hospital Niigata, Japan; Department of Pediatrics and Neurology (M.S.), Wayne State University, Children's Hospital of Michigan, Detroit Medical Center; Department of Pediatrics (M.K.), Showa University School of Medicine, Tokyo; Department of Biochemistry (M.N., H. Saitsu), Hamamatsu University School of Medicine; and Clinical Research Institute (Y.T.), Kanagawa Children's Medical Center, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Naomichi Matsumoto
- From the Departments of Human Genetics (A.F., S. Mitsuhashi, T.M., A.T., S. Miyatake, N. Miyake, N. Matsumoto) and Neurosurgery (M.S.), Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine; Departments of Functional Neurosurgery (T.H., H. Shirozu, H.M., M.F., S.K.) and Child Neurology (J.T.), Epilepsy Center, National Hospital Organization Nishiniigata Chuo Hospital Niigata, Japan; Department of Pediatrics and Neurology (M.S.), Wayne State University, Children's Hospital of Michigan, Detroit Medical Center; Department of Pediatrics (M.K.), Showa University School of Medicine, Tokyo; Department of Biochemistry (M.N., H. Saitsu), Hamamatsu University School of Medicine; and Clinical Research Institute (Y.T.), Kanagawa Children's Medical Center, Yokohama, Japan.
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25
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Qing Y, Huang M, Cao Y, Du T, Song K. Effects of miRNA-342-3p in modulating Hedgehog signaling pathway of human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells by down-regulating Sufu. Oral Dis 2019; 25:1147-1157. [PMID: 30790389 DOI: 10.1111/odi.13068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2018] [Revised: 02/03/2019] [Accepted: 02/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Previously, we have shown that miRNA-342-3p was increased during osteogenic differentiation of human umbilical mesenchymal stem cells (hUCMSCs) via regulating the sonic hedgehog (Shh) pathway. In this study, our objective is to further investigate the role of miRNA-342-3p in activation of Shh pathway by targeting suppressor of fused protein (Sufu), a suppressor of transcriptional factor Gli, as well as the potential interaction with transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) signaling pathway during osteogenic induction of hUCMSCs. MATERIALS AND METHODS HUCMSCs that stable overexpression or knockdown of miRNA-342-3p were established by infection with lentiviral vectors. mRNA and protein levels of Hedgehog signaling pathway and osteogenic genes were measured by RT-qPCR and western blot assays. Luciferase reporter assay was performed to test the direct binding site of Sufu 5'UTR targeted by miRNA-342-3p. RESULTS Overexpression of miRNA-342-3p in hUCMSCs enhanced the expression of osteogenic genes by targeting Sufu. And the potential of osteogenic differentiation of hUCMSCs was inhibited while knocking down miRNA-342-3p. Meanwhile, induced the TGF-β expression level was also observed upon overexpressing miRNA-342-3p, suggesting activation of TGF-β signaling pathway was a potential mechanism of miRNA-342-3p-mediated osteogenesis in hUCMSCs. CONCLUSIONS Our findings provide new mechanistic evidence that miRNA-342-3p might be a valuable therapeutic target in bone regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Qing
- Department of Stomatology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Mengqi Huang
- Department of Stomatology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yingguang Cao
- Department of Stomatology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Tianfeng Du
- Department of Stomatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Ke Song
- Department of Stomatology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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26
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Wang Y, Zeng H, Liu A. Distinct Activities of Gli1 and Gli2 in the Absence of Ift88 and the Primary Cilia. J Dev Biol 2019; 7:jdb7010005. [PMID: 30791390 PMCID: PMC6473256 DOI: 10.3390/jdb7010005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2018] [Revised: 02/13/2019] [Accepted: 02/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The primary cilia play essential roles in Hh-dependent Gli2 activation and Gli3 proteolytic processing in mammals. However, the roles of the cilia in Gli1 activation remain unresolved due to the loss of Gli1 transcription in cilia mutant embryos, and the inability to address this question by overexpression in cultured cells. Here, we address the roles of the cilia in Gli1 activation by expressing Gli1 from the Gli2 locus in mouse embryos. We find that the maximal activation of Gli1 depends on the cilia, but partial activation of Gli1 by Smo-mediated Hh signaling exists in the absence of the cilia. Combined with reduced Gli3 repressors, this partial activation of Gli1 leads to dorsal expansion of V3 interneuron and motor neuron domains in the absence of the cilia. Moreover, expressing Gli1 from the Gli2 locus in the presence of reduced Sufu has no recognizable impact on neural tube patterning, suggesting an imbalance between the dosages of Gli and Sufu does not explain the extra Gli1 activity. Finally, a non-ciliary Gli2 variant present at a higher level than Gli1 when expressed from the Gli2 locus fails to activate Hh pathway ectopically in the absence of the cilia, suggesting that increased protein level is unlikely the major factor underlying the ectopic activation of Hh signaling by Gli1 in the absence of the cilia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Wang
- Department of Biology, Eberly College of Sciences, Center for Cellular Dynamics, Huck Institute of Life Science, The Penn State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA.
- Department of Occupational Health, School of Public Health, China Medical University, No.77 Puhe Road, Shenyang North New Area, Shenyang 110122, China.
| | - Huiqing Zeng
- Department of Biology, Eberly College of Sciences, Center for Cellular Dynamics, Huck Institute of Life Science, The Penn State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA.
| | - Aimin Liu
- Department of Biology, Eberly College of Sciences, Center for Cellular Dynamics, Huck Institute of Life Science, The Penn State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA.
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27
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Yepiskoposyan H, Talikka M, Vavassori S, Martin F, Sewer A, Gubian S, Luettich K, Peitsch MC, Hoeng J. Construction of a Suite of Computable Biological Network Models Focused on Mucociliary Clearance in the Respiratory Tract. Front Genet 2019; 10:87. [PMID: 30828347 PMCID: PMC6384416 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2019.00087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2018] [Accepted: 01/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Mucociliary clearance (MCC), considered as a collaboration of mucus secreted from goblet cells, the airway surface liquid layer, and the beating of cilia of ciliated cells, is the airways’ defense system against airborne contaminants. Because the process is well described at the molecular level, we gathered the available information into a suite of comprehensive causal biological network (CBN) models. The suite consists of three independent models that represent (1) cilium assembly, (2) ciliary beating, and (3) goblet cell hyperplasia/metaplasia and that were built in the Biological Expression Language, which is both human-readable and computable. The network analysis of highly connected nodes and pathways demonstrated that the relevant biology was captured in the MCC models. We also show the scoring of transcriptomic data onto these network models and demonstrate that the models capture the perturbation in each dataset accurately. This work is a continuation of our approach to use computational biological network models and mathematical algorithms that allow for the interpretation of high-throughput molecular datasets in the context of known biology. The MCC network model suite can be a valuable tool in personalized medicine to further understand heterogeneity and individual drug responses in complex respiratory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marja Talikka
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | | | - Florian Martin
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Alain Sewer
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Sylvain Gubian
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Karsta Luettich
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | | | - Julia Hoeng
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Neuchâtel, Switzerland
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Higgins M, Obaidi I, McMorrow T. Primary cilia and their role in cancer. Oncol Lett 2019; 17:3041-3047. [PMID: 30867732 PMCID: PMC6396132 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2019.9942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2017] [Accepted: 01/24/2018] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Primary cilia are microtubule-based organelles that are expressed on almost all mammalian cells. It has become apparent that these structures are important signaling hubs that serve crucial roles in Wnt, hedgehog, extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK)/mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and Notch signaling pathways. A number of diseases have been found to involve dysfunctional primary cilia; collectively these diseases are called ciliopathies. In recent years, there has been more focus on the association between primary cilia and cancer, including renal, pancreatic and breast cancer. Numerous studies have demonstrated that various types of cancer cells fail to express cilia. Notably, it has also been indicated that a number of renal carcinogens induce a significant loss of cilia in renal epithelial cells. The present review focuses on the existing literature regarding primary cilia and their involvement with cancer signaling pathways, providing a brief overview of the structural features and functions of primary cilia, then discussing the evidence associating primary cilia with cancer, and presenting the available information on the ERK/MAPK, hedgehog and Wnt signaling pathways, and their involvement in primary cilia in association with cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Higgins
- School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Science, Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Ismael Obaidi
- School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Science, Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Tara McMorrow
- School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Science, Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
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29
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Abstract
The centriole is an ancient microtubule-based organelle with a conserved nine-fold symmetry. Centrioles form the core of centrosomes, which organize the interphase microtubule cytoskeleton of most animal cells and form the poles of the mitotic spindle. Centrioles can also be modified to form basal bodies, which template the formation of cilia and play central roles in cellular signaling, fluid movement, and locomotion. In this review, we discuss developments in our understanding of the biogenesis of centrioles and cilia and the regulatory controls that govern their structure and number. We also discuss how defects in these processes contribute to a spectrum of human diseases and how new technologies have expanded our understanding of centriole and cilium biology, revealing exciting avenues for future exploration.
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Affiliation(s)
- David K Breslow
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, USA;
| | - Andrew J Holland
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA;
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30
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Abstract
To assess the characteristics of ulnar deficiency (UD) and their relationship to lower extremity deficiencies, we retrospectively classified 82 limbs with UD in 62 patients, 55% of whom had femoral, fibular, or combined deficiencies. In general, UD severity classification at one level (elbow, ulna, fingers, thumb/first web space) statistically correlated with similar severity at another. Ours is the first study to show that presence of a lower limb deficiency is associated with less severe UD on the basis of elbow, ulnar, and thumb/first web parameters. This is consistent with the embryological timing of proximal upper extremities developing before the lower extremities.
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31
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The Neuroprotective Roles of Sonic Hedgehog Signaling Pathway in Ischemic Stroke. Neurochem Res 2018; 43:2199-2211. [DOI: 10.1007/s11064-018-2645-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2018] [Revised: 07/29/2018] [Accepted: 09/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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Song R, Gu D, Zhang L, Zhang X, Yu B, Liu B, Xie J. Functional significance of Hippo/YAP signaling for drug resistance in colorectal cancer. Mol Carcinog 2018; 57:1608-1615. [PMID: 30074279 DOI: 10.1002/mc.22883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2018] [Revised: 07/30/2018] [Accepted: 08/01/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Colorectal cancer is a leading cause of cancer-related death worldwide. While early stage colorectal cancer can be removed by surgery, patients with advanced disease are treated by chemotherapy, with 5-Fluorouracil (5-FU) as a main ingredient. However, most patients with advanced colorectal cancer eventually succumb to the disease despite some responded initially. Thus, identifying molecular mechanisms responsible for drug resistance will help design novel strategies to treat colorectal cancer. In this study, we analyzed an acquired 5-FU resistant cell line, LoVo-R, and determined that elevated expression of YAP target genes is a major alteration in the 5-FU resistant cells. Hippo/YAP signaling, a pathway essential for cell polarity, is an important regulator for tissue homeostasis, organ size, and stem cells. We demonstrated that knockdown of YAP1 sensitized LoVo-R cells to 5-FU treatment in cultured cells and in mice. The relevance of our studies to colorectal cancer patients is reflected by our discovery that high expression of YAP target genes in the tumor was associated with an increased risk of cancer relapse and poor survival in a larger cohort of colorectal cancer patients who underwent 5-FU-related chemotherapy. Taken together, we demonstrate a critical role of YAP signaling for drug resistance in colorectal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruolan Song
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Gastric Neoplasms, Shanghai Institute of Digestive Surgery, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Indiana University Departments of Pediatrics, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Pharmacology and Toxicology, The Wells Center for Pediatrics Research and IU Simon Cancer Center, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Dongsheng Gu
- Indiana University Departments of Pediatrics, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Pharmacology and Toxicology, The Wells Center for Pediatrics Research and IU Simon Cancer Center, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Lining Zhang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Gastric Neoplasms, Shanghai Institute of Digestive Surgery, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaoli Zhang
- Indiana University Departments of Pediatrics, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Pharmacology and Toxicology, The Wells Center for Pediatrics Research and IU Simon Cancer Center, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Beiqin Yu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Gastric Neoplasms, Shanghai Institute of Digestive Surgery, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Bingya Liu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Gastric Neoplasms, Shanghai Institute of Digestive Surgery, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jingwu Xie
- Indiana University Departments of Pediatrics, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Pharmacology and Toxicology, The Wells Center for Pediatrics Research and IU Simon Cancer Center, Indianapolis, Indiana
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33
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Kawano R, Ohta K, Lupo G. Cadherin-7 enhances Sonic Hedgehog signalling by preventing Gli3 repressor formation during neural tube patterning. Open Biol 2018; 7:rsob.170225. [PMID: 29263249 PMCID: PMC5746549 DOI: 10.1098/rsob.170225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2017] [Accepted: 11/09/2017] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Sonic Hedgehog (Shh) is a ventrally enriched morphogen controlling dorsoventral patterning of the neural tube. In the dorsal spinal cord, Gli3 protein bound to suppressor-of-fused (Sufu) is converted into Gli3 repressor (Gli3R), which inhibits Shh-target genes. Activation of Shh signalling prevents Gli3R formation, promoting neural tube ventralization. We show that cadherin-7 (Cdh7) expression in the intermediate spinal cord region is required to delimit the boundary between the ventral and the dorsal spinal cord. We demonstrate that Cdh7 functions as a receptor for Shh and enhances Shh signalling. Binding of Shh to Cdh7 promotes its aggregation on the cell membrane and association of Cdh7 with Gli3 and Sufu. These interactions prevent Gli3R formation and cause Gli3 protein degradation. We propose that Shh can act through Cdh7 to limit intracellular movement of Gli3 protein and production of Gli3R, thus eliciting more efficient activation of Gli-dependent signalling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rie Kawano
- Department of Medical Oncology and Hematology, Oita University Faculty of Medicine, Oita, Japan .,Global COE 'Cell Fate Regulation Research and Education Unit', Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan.,Division of Developmental Neurobiology, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Kunimasa Ohta
- Division of Developmental Neurobiology, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan.,International Research Core for Stem Cell-based Developmental Medicine, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan.,Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development (AMED), Tokyo, Japan
| | - Giuseppe Lupo
- Department of Chemistry, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
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Intraflagellar transport 46 (IFT46) is essential for trafficking IFT proteins between cilia and cytoplasm in Paramecium. Sci Rep 2018; 8:9259. [PMID: 29915351 PMCID: PMC6006156 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-27050-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2017] [Accepted: 05/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Intraflagellar transport (IFT) is a bi-directional process by which particles are carried within the cilia or flagella. This process is essential for ciliary growth and functional maintenance. The IFT complex B (IFTB) is linked to a kinesin motor for anterograde transport towards the ciliary tip. The IFT complex A (IFTA) is connected to a dynein motor for retrograde transport towards the ciliary basis. This study focuses on IFT46, an IFTB member that participates in this process. In Paramecium, a GFP-labelled IFT46 protein was found in basal bodies and in some cilia, mostly those undergoing biogenesis. RNA interference against IFT46 in Paramecium triggered severe defects in ciliary growth and architecture, including a decreased cilia number and shortened cilia length. This result differed from that obtained from the cells that were depleted of IFT80, another IFTB protein. Moreover, IFT57-GFP fusion protein abnormally accumulated in the cortex and cytoplasm in IFT46-depleted cells compared with the control. Furthermore, transcriptomic analysis showed that IFT46 depletion induced the abnormal expression of several genes that encodeding kinesin and dynein chains. These findings together indicate that IFT46 plays important roles in trafficking IFT proteins between the cytoplasm and cilia of Paramecium.
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35
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Intracellular Calcium Mobilization Is Required for Sonic Hedgehog Signaling. Dev Cell 2018; 45:512-525.e5. [PMID: 29754802 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2018.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2017] [Revised: 02/28/2018] [Accepted: 04/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Graded Shh signaling across fields of precursor cells coordinates patterns of gene expression, differentiation, and morphogenetic behavior as precursors form complex structures, such as the nervous system, the limbs, and craniofacial skeleton. Here we discover that intracellular calcium mobilization, a process tightly controlled and readily modulated, regulates the level of Shh-dependent gene expression in responding cells and affects the development of all Shh-dependent cell types in the zebrafish embryo. Reduced expression or modified activity of ryanodine receptor (RyR) intracellular calcium release channels shifted the allocation of Shh-dependent cell fates in the somitic muscle and neural tube. Mosaic analysis revealed that RyR-mediated calcium mobilization is required specifically in Shh ligand-receiving cells. This work reveals that RyR channels participate in intercellular signal transduction events. As modulation of RyR activity modifies tissue patterning, we hypothesize that alterations in intracellular calcium mobilization contribute to both birth defects and evolutionary modifications of morphology.
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36
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Hua K, Ferland RJ. Primary cilia proteins: ciliary and extraciliary sites and functions. Cell Mol Life Sci 2018; 75:1521-1540. [PMID: 29305615 PMCID: PMC5899021 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-017-2740-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2017] [Revised: 12/21/2017] [Accepted: 12/27/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Primary cilia are immotile organelles known for their roles in development and cell signaling. Defects in primary cilia result in a range of disorders named ciliopathies. Because this organelle can be found singularly on almost all cell types, its importance extends to most organ systems. As such, elucidating the importance of the primary cilium has attracted researchers from all biological disciplines. As the primary cilia field expands, caution is warranted in attributing biological defects solely to the function of this organelle, since many of these "ciliary" proteins are found at other sites in cells and likely have non-ciliary functions. Indeed, many, if not all, cilia proteins have locations and functions outside the primary cilium. Extraciliary functions are known to include cell cycle regulation, cytoskeletal regulation, and trafficking. Cilia proteins have been observed in the nucleus, at the Golgi apparatus, and even in immune synapses of T cells (interestingly, a non-ciliated cell). Given the abundance of extraciliary sites and functions, it can be difficult to definitively attribute an observed phenotype solely to defective cilia rather than to some defective extraciliary function or a combination of both. Thus, extraciliary sites and functions of cilia proteins need to be considered, as well as experimentally determined. Through such consideration, we will understand the true role of the primary cilium in disease as compared to other cellular processes' influences in mediating disease (or through a combination of both). Here, we review a compilation of known extraciliary sites and functions of "cilia" proteins as a means to demonstrate the potential non-ciliary roles for these proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiet Hua
- Department of Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics, Albany Medical College, 47 New Scotland Avenue, MC-136, Albany, NY, 12208, USA.
| | - Russell J Ferland
- Department of Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics, Albany Medical College, 47 New Scotland Avenue, MC-136, Albany, NY, 12208, USA.
- Department of Neurology, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY, 12208, USA.
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37
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Yue Y, Blasius TL, Zhang S, Jariwala S, Walker B, Grant BJ, Cochran JC, Verhey KJ. Altered chemomechanical coupling causes impaired motility of the kinesin-4 motors KIF27 and KIF7. J Cell Biol 2018; 217:1319-1334. [PMID: 29351996 PMCID: PMC5881503 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201708179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2017] [Revised: 11/28/2017] [Accepted: 01/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Kinesin-4 motors play important roles in cell division, microtubule organization, and signaling. Understanding how motors perform their functions requires an understanding of their mechanochemical and motility properties. We demonstrate that KIF27 can influence microtubule dynamics, suggesting a conserved function in microtubule organization across the kinesin-4 family. However, kinesin-4 motors display dramatically different motility characteristics: KIF4 and KIF21 motors are fast and processive, KIF7 and its Drosophila melanogaster homologue Costal2 (Cos2) are immotile, and KIF27 is slow and processive. Neither KIF7 nor KIF27 can cooperate for fast processive transport when working in teams. The mechanistic basis of immotile KIF7 behavior arises from an inability to release adenosine diphosphate in response to microtubule binding, whereas slow processive KIF27 behavior arises from a slow adenosine triphosphatase rate and a high affinity for both adenosine triphosphate and microtubules. We suggest that evolutionarily selected sequence differences enable immotile KIF7 and Cos2 motors to function not as transporters but as microtubule-based tethers of signaling complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Yue
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - T Lynne Blasius
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Stephanie Zhang
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN
| | - Shashank Jariwala
- Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Benjamin Walker
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN
| | - Barry J Grant
- Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Jared C Cochran
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN
| | - Kristen J Verhey
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI
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38
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Sreekumar V, Aspera-Werz R, Ehnert S, Strobel J, Tendulkar G, Heid D, Schreiner A, Arnscheidt C, Nussler AK. Resveratrol protects primary cilia integrity of human mesenchymal stem cells from cigarette smoke to improve osteogenic differentiation in vitro. Arch Toxicol 2018; 92:1525-1538. [PMID: 29264620 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-017-2149-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2017] [Accepted: 12/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Several studies have explored the negative effects of cigarette smoke on bone healing; however, the complex pathogenesis still remains unclear. One crucial and primary factor determining effective fracture repair is the recruitment and differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) into bone-forming cells. Recently, primary cilia, microtubule-based sensory organelles, have been shown to be critical in lineage commitment and differentiation of MSCs. Our present study indicates that exposure to cigarette smoke extract (CSE 0.1-10%) impaired osteogenic differentiation of human mesenchymal stem cell line (SCP-1) and interestingly, also affected primary cilia distribution and integrity in these cells during the differentiation. Furthermore, significant amounts of free radicals generated by CSE could be causative of primary cilia loss since treatment with 0.01% of hydrogen peroxide, a prime free radical in CSE, destroyed primary cilia in these cells. The debilitated differentiation of CSE-exposed SCP-1 cells also correlated with the significantly reduced expression of transcription factor and target genes of primary cilia-specific hedgehog signalling, a key player in osteogenic differentiation. As a treatment strategy, co-incubation of the CSE-exposed SCP-1 cells with the antioxidant resveratrol (1 µM) had a protective effect as it significantly reduced free radical production, protected the primary cilia and enhanced osteogenic differentiation. The current study shows for the first time that cigarette smoke affects primary cilia in human MSCs during osteogenic differentiation and treatment with resveratrol could reverse the effects and enhance differentiation, thus opening up potential therapeutic alternatives to treat fracture healing in smokers, in particularly, when delayed fracture healing is assumed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vrinda Sreekumar
- Department of Traumatology, BG Trauma Clinic, Siegfried Weller Institute for Trauma Research, Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Romina Aspera-Werz
- Department of Traumatology, BG Trauma Clinic, Siegfried Weller Institute for Trauma Research, Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Sabrina Ehnert
- Department of Traumatology, BG Trauma Clinic, Siegfried Weller Institute for Trauma Research, Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Julius Strobel
- Department of Traumatology, BG Trauma Clinic, Siegfried Weller Institute for Trauma Research, Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Gauri Tendulkar
- Department of Traumatology, BG Trauma Clinic, Siegfried Weller Institute for Trauma Research, Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Daniel Heid
- Department of Traumatology, BG Trauma Clinic, Siegfried Weller Institute for Trauma Research, Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Anna Schreiner
- Department of Traumatology, BG Trauma Clinic, Siegfried Weller Institute for Trauma Research, Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Christian Arnscheidt
- Department of Traumatology, BG Trauma Clinic, Siegfried Weller Institute for Trauma Research, Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Andreas K Nussler
- Department of Traumatology, BG Trauma Clinic, Siegfried Weller Institute for Trauma Research, Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.
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39
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Yu B, Gu D, Zhang X, Li J, Liu B, Xie J. GLI1-mediated regulation of side population is responsible for drug resistance in gastric cancer. Oncotarget 2018; 8:27412-27427. [PMID: 28404967 PMCID: PMC5432345 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.16174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2016] [Accepted: 01/24/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Gastric cancer is the third leading cause of cancer-related mortality worldwide. Chemotherapy is frequently used for gastric cancer treatment. Most patients with advanced gastric cancer eventually succumb to the disease despite some patients responded initially to chemotherapy. Thus, identifying molecular mechanisms responsible for cancer relapse following chemotherapy will help design new ways to treat gastric cancer. In this study, we revealed that the residual cancer cells following treatment with chemotherapeutic reagent cisplatin have elevated expression of hedgehog target genes GLI1, GLI2 and PTCH1, suggestive of hedgehog signaling activation. We showed that GLI1 knockdown sensitized gastric cancer cells to CDDP whereas ectopic GLI1 expression decreased the sensitivity. Further analyses indicate elevated GLI1 expression is associated with an increase in tumor sphere formation, side population and cell surface markers for putative cancer stem cells. We have evidence to support that GLI1 is critical for maintenance of putative cancer stem cells through direct regulation of ABCG2. In fact, GLI1 protein was shown to be associated with the promoter fragment of ABCG2 through a Gli-binding consensus site in gastric cancer cells. Disruption of ABCG2 function, through ectopic expression of an ABCG2 dominant negative construct or a specific ABCG2 inhibitor, increased drug sensitivity of cancer cells both in culture and in mice. The relevance of our studies to gastric cancer patient care is reflected by our discovery that high ABCG2 expression was associated with poor survival in the gastric cancer patients who underwent chemotherapy. Taken together, we have identified a molecular mechanism by which gastric cancer cells gain chemotherapy resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beiqin Yu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Gastric Neoplasms, Shanghai Institute of Digestive Surgery, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China.,Department of Pediatrics, The Wells Center for Pediatrics Research and IU Simon Cancer Center, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Dongsheng Gu
- Department of Pediatrics, The Wells Center for Pediatrics Research and IU Simon Cancer Center, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Xiaoli Zhang
- Department of Pediatrics, The Wells Center for Pediatrics Research and IU Simon Cancer Center, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Jianfang Li
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Gastric Neoplasms, Shanghai Institute of Digestive Surgery, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Bingya Liu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Gastric Neoplasms, Shanghai Institute of Digestive Surgery, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Jingwu Xie
- Department of Pediatrics, The Wells Center for Pediatrics Research and IU Simon Cancer Center, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
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40
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Xavier GM, Seppala M, Papageorgiou SN, Fan CM, Cobourne MT. Genetic interactions between the hedgehog co-receptors Gas1 and Boc regulate cell proliferation during murine palatogenesis. Oncotarget 2018; 7:79233-79246. [PMID: 27811357 PMCID: PMC5346710 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.13011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2016] [Accepted: 10/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Abnormal regulation of Sonic hedgehog (Shh) signaling has been described in a variety of human cancers and developmental anomalies, which highlights the essential role of this signaling molecule in cell cycle regulation and embryonic development. Gas1 and Boc are membrane co-receptors for Shh, which demonstrate overlapping domains of expression in the early face. This study aims to investigate potential interactions between these co-receptors during formation of the secondary palate. Mice with targeted mutation in Gas1 and Boc were used to generate Gas1; Boc compound mutants. The expression of key Hedgehog signaling family members was examined in detail during palatogenesis via radioactive in situ hybridization. Morphometric analysis involved computational quantification of BrdU-labeling and cell packing; whilst TUNEL staining was used to assay cell death. Ablation of Boc in a Gas1 mutant background leads to reduced Shh activity in the palatal shelves and an increase in the penetrance and severity of cleft palate, associated with failed elevation, increased proliferation and reduced cell death. Our findings suggest a dual requirement for Boc and Gas1 during early development of the palate, mediating cell cycle regulation during growth and subsequent fusion of the palatal shelves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guilherme M Xavier
- Department of Craniofacial Development and Stem Cell Biology, King's College London Dental Institute, Guy's Hospital, SE1 9RT, London, UK.,Department of Orthodontics, King's College London Dental Institute, Guy's Hospital, SE1 9RT, London, UK
| | - Maisa Seppala
- Department of Craniofacial Development and Stem Cell Biology, King's College London Dental Institute, Guy's Hospital, SE1 9RT, London, UK.,Department of Orthodontics, King's College London Dental Institute, Guy's Hospital, SE1 9RT, London, UK
| | - Spyridon N Papageorgiou
- Department of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, University of Bonn, 53111, Bonn, Germany.,Department of Oral Technology, School of Dentistry, University of Bonn, 53111, Bonn, Germany
| | - Chen-Ming Fan
- Department of Embryology, Carnegie Institution of Washington, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
| | - Martyn T Cobourne
- Department of Craniofacial Development and Stem Cell Biology, King's College London Dental Institute, Guy's Hospital, SE1 9RT, London, UK.,Department of Orthodontics, King's College London Dental Institute, Guy's Hospital, SE1 9RT, London, UK
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41
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Rao R, Salloum R, Xin M, Lu QR. The G protein Gαs acts as a tumor suppressor in sonic hedgehog signaling-driven tumorigenesis. Cell Cycle 2018; 15:1325-30. [PMID: 27052725 DOI: 10.1080/15384101.2016.1164371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are critical players in tumor growth and progression. The redundant roles of GPCRs in tumor development confound effective treatment; therefore, targeting a single common signaling component downstream of these receptors may be efficacious. GPCRs transmit signals through heterotrimeric G proteins composed of Gα and Gβγ subunits. Hyperactive Gαs signaling can mediate tumor progression in some tissues; however, recent work in medulloblastoma and basal cell carcinoma revealed that Gαs can also function as a tumor suppressor in neoplasms derived from ectoderm cells including neural and epidermal stem/progenitor cells. In these stem-cell compartments, signaling through Gαs suppresses self-renewal by inhibiting the Sonic Hedgehog (SHH) and Hippo pathways. The loss of GNAS, which encodes Gαs, leads to activation of these pathways, over-proliferation of progenitor cells, and tumor formation. Gαs activates the cAMP-dependent protein kinase A (PKA) signaling pathway and inhibits activation of SHH effectors Smoothened-Gli. In addition, Gαs-cAMP-PKA activation negatively regulates the Hippo pathway by blocking the NF2-LATS1/2-Yap signaling. In this review, we will address the novel function of the signaling network regulated by Gαs in suppression of SHH-driven tumorigenesis and the therapeutic approaches that can be envisioned to harness this pathway to inhibit tumor growth and progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rohit Rao
- a University of Cincinnati Medical Scientist Training Program , Cincinnati , OH , USA
| | - Ralph Salloum
- b Brain Tumor Center, Cancer and Blood Diseases Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center , Cincinnati , OH , USA
| | - Mei Xin
- b Brain Tumor Center, Cancer and Blood Diseases Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center , Cincinnati , OH , USA
| | - Q Richard Lu
- b Brain Tumor Center, Cancer and Blood Diseases Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center , Cincinnati , OH , USA
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42
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Postnatal Sonic hedgehog (Shh) responsive cells give rise to oligodendrocyte lineage cells during myelination and in adulthood contribute to remyelination. Exp Neurol 2018; 299:122-136. [DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2017.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2017] [Revised: 09/23/2017] [Accepted: 10/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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43
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Fu W, Wang L, Kim S, Li J, Dynlacht BD. Role for the IFT-A Complex in Selective Transport to the Primary Cilium. Cell Rep 2017; 17:1505-1517. [PMID: 27806291 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2016.10.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2016] [Revised: 09/05/2016] [Accepted: 10/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Intraflagellar transport sub-complex A (IFT-A) is known to regulate retrograde IFT in the cilium. To rigorously assess its other possible roles, we knocked out an IFT-A subunit, IFT121/WDR35, in mammalian cells and screened the localization of more than 50 proteins. We found that Wdr35 regulates cilium assembly by selectively regulating transport of distinct cargoes. Beyond its role in retrograde transport, we show that Wdr35 functions in fusion of Rab8 vesicles at the nascent cilium, protein exit from the cilium, and centriolar satellite organization. Furthermore, we show that Wdr35 is essential for entry of many membrane proteins into the cilium through robust interactions with cargoes and other IFT-A subunits, but the actin network functions to dampen this transport. Wdr35 is mutated in several ciliopathies, and we find that certain disease mutations impair interactions with cargo and other IFT-A subunits. Together, our data link defects in IFT-A mediated cargo transport with disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenxiang Fu
- Department of Pathology and Perlmutter Cancer Center, NYU School of Medicine, Smilow Research Building, 522 First Avenue, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Lei Wang
- Department of Pathology and Perlmutter Cancer Center, NYU School of Medicine, Smilow Research Building, 522 First Avenue, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Sehyun Kim
- Department of Pathology and Perlmutter Cancer Center, NYU School of Medicine, Smilow Research Building, 522 First Avenue, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Ji Li
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Brian David Dynlacht
- Department of Pathology and Perlmutter Cancer Center, NYU School of Medicine, Smilow Research Building, 522 First Avenue, New York, NY 10016, USA.
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44
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Yıldız Bölükbaşı E, Mumtaz S, Afzal M, Woehlbier U, Malik S, Tolun A. Homozygous mutation in CEP19, a gene mutated in morbid obesity, in Bardet-Biedl syndrome with predominant postaxial polydactyly. J Med Genet 2017; 55:189-197. [DOI: 10.1136/jmedgenet-2017-104758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2017] [Revised: 10/16/2017] [Accepted: 10/29/2017] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
BackgroundBardet-Biedl syndrome (BBS) is a ciliopathy with extensive phenotypic variability and genetic heterogeneity. We aimed to discover the gene mutated in a consanguineous kindred with multiple cases of a BBS phenotype.MethodsSNP genotype data were used for linkage analysis and exome sequencing to identify mutations. Modelling and in silico analysis were performed to predict mutation severity.ResultsPatients had postaxial polydactyly plus variable other clinical features including rod-cone dystrophy, obesity, intellectual disability, renal malformation, developmental delay, dental anomalies, speech disorder and enlarged fatty liver. The 4.57 Mb disease locus harboured homozygous, truncating CEP19 c.194_195insA (p.Tyr65*) mutation. We also found glioma-associated oncogene homolog 1(GLI1) c.820G>C (p.Gly274Arg) in the homozygous state in most patients. In silico modelling strongly suggests that it is damaging. Also, different combinations of four possible modifier alleles in BBS-related genes were detected. Two are known modifier alleles for BBS, splicing variant CCDC28B c.330C>T and missense MKKS/BBS6 p.Ile339Val, and the others are C8ORF37/BBS21 p.Ala178Val and TMEM67/BBS14 modifier p.Asp799Asp. Some patients carry all those five known/possible modifier alleles. Such variants are highly significantly more abundant in our patients than in a control group.ConclusionCEP19 encodes a centrosomal and ciliary protein, as all BBS genes do. Another truncating mutation p.Arg82* has been reported as responsible for morbid obesity in a family; however, in the family we present, not all homozygotes are obese, although some are severely obese. The variant in GLI1, encoding a transcription factor that localises to the primary cilium and nucleus and is a mediator of the sonic hedgehog pathway, possibly exacerbates disease severity when in the homozygous state.
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De Mori R, Romani M, D'Arrigo S, Zaki MS, Lorefice E, Tardivo S, Biagini T, Stanley V, Musaev D, Fluss J, Micalizzi A, Nuovo S, Illi B, Chiapparini L, Di Marcotullio L, Issa MY, Anello D, Casella A, Ginevrino M, Leggins AS, Roosing S, Alfonsi R, Rosati J, Schot R, Mancini GMS, Bertini E, Dobyns WB, Mazza T, Gleeson JG, Valente EM. Hypomorphic Recessive Variants in SUFU Impair the Sonic Hedgehog Pathway and Cause Joubert Syndrome with Cranio-facial and Skeletal Defects. Am J Hum Genet 2017; 101:552-563. [PMID: 28965847 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2017.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2017] [Accepted: 08/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The Sonic Hedgehog (SHH) pathway is a key signaling pathway orchestrating embryonic development, mainly of the CNS and limbs. In vertebrates, SHH signaling is mediated by the primary cilium, and genetic defects affecting either SHH pathway members or ciliary proteins cause a spectrum of developmental disorders. SUFU is the main negative regulator of the SHH pathway and is essential during development. Indeed, Sufu knock-out is lethal in mice, and recessive pathogenic variants of this gene have never been reported in humans. Through whole-exome sequencing in subjects with Joubert syndrome, we identified four children from two unrelated families carrying homozygous missense variants in SUFU. The children presented congenital ataxia and cerebellar vermis hypoplasia with elongated superior cerebellar peduncles (mild "molar tooth sign"), typical cranio-facial dysmorphisms (hypertelorism, depressed nasal bridge, frontal bossing), and postaxial polydactyly. Two siblings also showed polymicrogyria. Molecular dynamics simulation predicted random movements of the mutated residues, with loss of the native enveloping movement of the binding site around its ligand GLI3. Functional studies on cellular models and fibroblasts showed that both variants significantly reduced SUFU stability and its capacity to bind GLI3 and promote its cleavage into the repressor form GLI3R. In turn, this impaired SUFU-mediated repression of the SHH pathway, as shown by altered expression levels of several target genes. We demonstrate that germline hypomorphic variants of SUFU cause deregulation of SHH signaling, resulting in recessive developmental defects of the CNS and limbs which share features with both SHH-related disorders and ciliopathies.
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MESH Headings
- Abnormalities, Multiple/genetics
- Abnormalities, Multiple/pathology
- Bone Diseases, Developmental/genetics
- Bone Diseases, Developmental/pathology
- Cells, Cultured
- Cerebellum/abnormalities
- Cerebellum/pathology
- Child
- Cohort Studies
- Craniofacial Abnormalities/genetics
- Craniofacial Abnormalities/pathology
- Eye Abnormalities/genetics
- Eye Abnormalities/pathology
- Female
- Fibroblasts/metabolism
- Fibroblasts/pathology
- Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental
- Genes, Recessive
- Hedgehog Proteins/metabolism
- Humans
- Kidney Diseases, Cystic/genetics
- Kidney Diseases, Cystic/pathology
- Kruppel-Like Transcription Factors/metabolism
- Male
- Mutation, Missense
- Nerve Tissue Proteins/metabolism
- Repressor Proteins/chemistry
- Repressor Proteins/genetics
- Repressor Proteins/metabolism
- Retina/abnormalities
- Retina/pathology
- Sequence Analysis, DNA
- Signal Transduction
- Skin/metabolism
- Skin/pathology
- Zinc Finger Protein Gli3
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberta De Mori
- Neurogenetics Unit, IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, Rome 00143, Italy; Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Messina 98125, Italy
| | - Marta Romani
- Molecular Genetics Laboratory, GENOMA Group, Rome 00138, Italy
| | - Stefano D'Arrigo
- Developmental Neurology Division, Foundation IRCCS Neurological Institute Carlo Besta, Milan 20133, Italy
| | - Maha S Zaki
- Clinical Genetics Department, Human Genetics and Genome Research Division, National Research Centre, Cairo 12311, Egypt
| | - Elisa Lorefice
- Neurogenetics Unit, IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, Rome 00143, Italy
| | - Silvia Tardivo
- Neurogenetics Unit, IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, Rome 00143, Italy
| | - Tommaso Biagini
- IRCCS Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, Laboratory of Bioinformatics, San Giovanni Rotondo (FG) 71013, Italy
| | - Valentina Stanley
- Laboratory for Pediatric Brain Diseases, Rady Children's Institute for Genomic Medicine, University of California, San Diego, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Damir Musaev
- Laboratory for Pediatric Brain Diseases, Rady Children's Institute for Genomic Medicine, University of California, San Diego, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Joel Fluss
- Pediatric Neurology Unit, Geneva Children's Hospital, 1211 Genève 4, Switzerland
| | - Alessia Micalizzi
- Neurogenetics Unit, IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, Rome 00143, Italy; Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Messina 98125, Italy
| | - Sara Nuovo
- Neurogenetics Unit, IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, Rome 00143, Italy; Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Salerno, Salerno 84081, Italy
| | - Barbara Illi
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Pathology, National Research Council, Rome 00185, Italy
| | - Luisa Chiapparini
- Neuroradiology Department, Foundation IRCCS Neurological Institute Carlo Besta, Milan 20133, Italy
| | - Lucia Di Marcotullio
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Istituto Pasteur Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Sapienza University, Rome 00161, Italy
| | - Mahmoud Y Issa
- Clinical Genetics Department, Human Genetics and Genome Research Division, National Research Centre, Cairo 12311, Egypt
| | - Danila Anello
- Neurogenetics Unit, IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, Rome 00143, Italy
| | | | - Monia Ginevrino
- Neurogenetics Unit, IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, Rome 00143, Italy; Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Pavia, Pavia 27100, Italy
| | - Autumn Sa'na Leggins
- Laboratory for Pediatric Brain Diseases, Rady Children's Institute for Genomic Medicine, University of California, San Diego, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Susanne Roosing
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen 6525 GA, the Netherlands
| | - Romina Alfonsi
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Istituto Pasteur Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Sapienza University, Rome 00161, Italy
| | - Jessica Rosati
- IRCCS Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, Laboratory of Cellular Reprogramming, San Giovanni Rotondo (FG) 71013, Italy
| | - Rachel Schot
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam 3015 CN, the Netherlands
| | | | - Enrico Bertini
- Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Unit of Neuromuscular and NeuroDegenerative Disorders, Department of Neurosciences, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital IRCCS, Rome 00146, Italy
| | - William B Dobyns
- Departments of Pediatrics and Neurology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98101, USA; Center for Integrative Brain Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98101, USA
| | - Tommaso Mazza
- IRCCS Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, Laboratory of Bioinformatics, San Giovanni Rotondo (FG) 71013, Italy
| | - Joseph G Gleeson
- Laboratory for Pediatric Brain Diseases, Rady Children's Institute for Genomic Medicine, University of California, San Diego, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Enza Maria Valente
- Neurogenetics Unit, IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, Rome 00143, Italy; Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Pavia, Pavia 27100, Italy.
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Diniz MG, Gomes CC, de Sousa SF, Xavier GM, Gomez RS. Oncogenic signalling pathways in benign odontogenic cysts and tumours. Oral Oncol 2017; 72:165-173. [DOI: 10.1016/j.oraloncology.2017.07.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2017] [Revised: 07/19/2017] [Accepted: 07/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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Cano-Rodriguez D, Campagnoli S, Grandi A, Parri M, Camilli ED, Song C, Jin B, Lacombe A, Pierleoni A, Bombaci M, Cordiglieri C, Ruiters MH, Viale G, Terracciano L, Sarmientos P, Abrignani S, Grandi G, Pileri P, Rots MG, Grifantini R. TCTN2: a novel tumor marker with oncogenic properties. Oncotarget 2017; 8:95256-95269. [PMID: 29221125 PMCID: PMC5707019 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.20438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2017] [Accepted: 07/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Tectonic family member 2 (TCTN2) encodes a transmembrane protein that belongs to the tectonic family, which is involved in ciliary functions. Previous studies have demonstrated the role of tectonics in regulating a variety of signaling pathways at the transition zone of cilia. However, the role of tectonics in cancer is still unclear. Here we identify that TCTN2 is overexpressed in colorectal, lung and ovary cancers. We show that different cancer cell lines express the protein that localizes at the plasma membrane, facing the intracellular milieu. TCTN2 over-expression in cancer cells resulted in an increased ability to form colonies in an anchorage independent way. On the other hand, downregulation of TCTN2 using targeted epigenetic editing in cancer cells significantly reduced colony formation, cell invasiveness, increased apoptosis and impaired assembly of primary cilia. Taken together, our results indicate that TCTN2 acts as an oncogene, making it an interesting cancer-associated protein and a potential candidate for therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Cano-Rodriguez
- Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | | | | | | | - Elisa De Camilli
- Department of Pathology, European Institute of Oncology, Milan, Italy
| | - Chaojun Song
- Department of Immunology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Boquan Jin
- Department of Immunology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Aurelien Lacombe
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Andrea Pierleoni
- Externautics SpA, Siena, Italy.,Present affiliation: European Bioinformatics Institute (EMBL-EBI), Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK
| | - Mauro Bombaci
- Istituto Nazionale Genetica Molecolare, Padiglione Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi, IRCCS Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Chiara Cordiglieri
- Istituto Nazionale Genetica Molecolare, Padiglione Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi, IRCCS Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Marcel Hj Ruiters
- Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Giuseppe Viale
- Department of Pathology, European Institute of Oncology, Milan, Italy.,Department of Oncology and Hemato-Oncology, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Luigi Terracciano
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | | | - Sergio Abrignani
- Istituto Nazionale Genetica Molecolare, Padiglione Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi, IRCCS Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Guido Grandi
- Centre for Integrative Biology - CIBIO, University of Trento, Trento, Italy
| | | | - Marianne G Rots
- Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Renata Grifantini
- Externautics SpA, Siena, Italy.,Istituto Nazionale Genetica Molecolare, Padiglione Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi, IRCCS Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
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Cell Cycle-Related Kinase (CCRK) regulates ciliogenesis and Hedgehog signaling in mice. PLoS Genet 2017; 13:e1006912. [PMID: 28817564 PMCID: PMC5574612 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1006912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2016] [Revised: 08/29/2017] [Accepted: 07/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The Hedgehog (Hh) signaling pathway plays a key role in cell fate specification, proliferation, and survival during mammalian development. Cells require a small organelle, the primary cilium, to respond properly to Hh signals and the key regulators of Hh signal transduction exhibit dynamic localization to this organelle when the pathway is activated. Here, we investigate the role of Cell Cycle Related kinase (CCRK) in regulation of cilium-dependent Hh signaling in the mouse. Mice mutant for Ccrk exhibit a variety of developmental defects indicative of inappropriate regulation of this pathway. Cell biological, biochemical and genetic analyses indicate that CCRK is required to control the Hedgehog pathway at the level or downstream of Smoothened and upstream of the Gli transcription factors, Gli2 and Gli3. In vitro experiments indicate that Ccrk mutant cells show a greater deficit in response to signaling over long time periods than over short ones. Similar to Chlamydomonas mutants lacking the CCRK homolog, LF2, mouse Ccrk mutant cells show defective regulation of ciliary length and morphology. Ccrk mutant cells exhibit defects in intraflagellar transport (the transport mechanism used to assemble cilia), as well as slowed kinetics of ciliary enrichment of key Hh pathway regulators. Collectively, the data suggest that CCRK positively regulates the kinetics by which ciliary proteins such as Smoothened and Gli2 are imported into the cilium, and that the efficiency of ciliary recruitment allows for potent responses to Hedgehog signaling over long time periods. The importance of cilia in development and disease has become broadly appreciated in recent years due in part to their roles in signal transduction. Despite this attention, crucial aspects of ciliary assembly and function, such as the mechanisms controlling ciliary assembly and the signal transduction events occurring in cilia, remain unclear. Cilia play a central role in sensing and transducing Hedgehog signals in the context of mammalian embryogenesis and in a variety of cancers. Here, we investigate the functions of Cell Cycle Related Kinase (CCRK), which plays an evolutionarily conserved function in the assembly of cilia and flagella. We find that mouse CCRK positively and negatively regulates ciliary length. We show that CCRK controls multiple aspects of Hedgehog signaling in vivo and in vitro by regulating the processing and activities of the Gli transcription factors. Our data suggest that CCRK controls Hedgehog signaling by promoting the efficient ciliary import of core signaling components.
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Han Y, Xiong Y, Shi X, Wu J, Zhao Y, Jiang J. Regulation of Gli ciliary localization and Hedgehog signaling by the PY-NLS/karyopherin-β2 nuclear import system. PLoS Biol 2017; 15:e2002063. [PMID: 28777795 PMCID: PMC5544186 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.2002063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2017] [Accepted: 07/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Hedgehog (Hh) signaling in vertebrates depends on primary cilia. Upon stimulation, Hh pathway components, including Gli transcription factors, accumulate at primary cilia to transduce the Hh signal, but the mechanisms underlying their ciliary targeting remains largely unknown. Here, we show that the PY-type nuclear localization signal (PY-NLS)/karyopherinβ2 (Kapβ2) nuclear import system regulates Gli ciliary localization and Hh pathway activation. Mutating the PY-NLS in Gli or knockdown of Kapβ2 diminished Gli ciliary localization. Kapβ2 is required for the formation of Gli activator (GliA) in wild-type but not in Sufu mutant cells. Knockdown of Kapβ2 affected Hh signaling in zebrafish embryos, as well as in vitro cultured cerebellum granule neuron progenitors (CGNPs) and SmoM2-driven medulloblastoma cells. Furthermore, Kapβ2 depletion impaired the growth of cultured medulloblastoma cells, which was rescued by Gli overexpression. Interestingly, Kapβ2 is a transcriptional target of the Hh pathway, thus forming a positive feedback loop for Gli activation. Our study unravels the molecular mechanism and cellular machinery regulating Gli ciliary localization and identifies Kapβ2 as a critical regulator of the Hh pathway and a potential drug target for Hh-driven cancers. The secreted Hedgehog (Hh) protein plays an evolutionarily conserved role in both embryonic development and adult tissue homeostasis. Malfunction of Hh signaling activity contributes to a wide range of human diseases, including birth defects and cancer. Hh signaling in vertebrates critically depends on the primary cilium, a microtubule-based plasma membrane protrusion present on the surface of most mammalian cells. Upon ligand stimulation, Hh pathway components, including the seven-transmembrane protein Smoothened (Smo) and Gli transcription factors, accumulate at primary cilia to transduce the Hh signal, but the mechanisms underlying their ciliary targeting are still poorly understood. Here, we discover that the PY-type nuclear localization signal (PY-NLS) and the nuclear import factor karyopherinβ2 (Kapβ2) regulate Gli ciliary localization and Hh pathway activity. Mutating the PY-NLS in Gli or knockdown of Kapβ2 diminished Gli ciliary localization without affecting Smo ciliary accumulation in response to Hh. Kapβ2 regulates the formation of the active form of Gli, which is required for proper Hh signaling in zebrafish embryos and cultured cerebellum granule neuron progenitors (CGNPs). Kapβ2 depletion impaired the growth of medulloblastoma cells driven by an oncogenic form of Smo. Finally, Kapβ2 is a transcriptional target of the Hh pathway, forming a positive feedback loop to promote Gli activation. Our study reveals the molecular mechanism underlying the regulation of Gli ciliary targeting and identifies Kapβ2 as a potential cancer drug target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhong Han
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
| | - Yue Xiong
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institute of Life Sciences, CAS, School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xuanming Shi
- Department of Physiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
| | - Jiang Wu
- Department of Physiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
| | - Yun Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institute of Life Sciences, CAS, School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China
- * E-mail: (JJ); (YZ)
| | - Jin Jiang
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
- * E-mail: (JJ); (YZ)
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Kawasaki M, Izu Y, Hayata T, Ideno H, Nifuji A, Sheffield VC, Ezura Y, Noda M. Bardet-Biedl syndrome 3 regulates the development of cranial base midline structures. Bone 2017; 101:179-190. [PMID: 27170093 PMCID: PMC5519131 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2016.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2015] [Revised: 02/21/2016] [Accepted: 02/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Bardet-Biedl Syndrome (BBS) is an autosomal recessive disorder and is classified as one of the ciliopathy. The patients manifest a characteristic craniofacial dysmorphology but the effects of Bbs3 deficiency in the developmental process during the craniofacial pathogenesis are still incompletely understood. Here, we analyzed a cranial development of a BBS model Bbs3-/- mouse. It was previously reported that these mutant mice exhibit a dome-shape cranium. We show that Bbs3-/- mouse embryos present mid-facial hypoplasia and solitary central upper incisor. Morphologically, these mutant mice show synchondrosis of the cranial base midline due to the failure to fuse in association with loss of intrasphenoidal synchondrosis. The cranial base was laterally expanded and longitudinally shortened. In the developing cartilaginous primordium of cranial base, cells present in the midline were less in Bbs3-/- embryos. Expression of BBS3 was observed specifically in a cell population lying between condensed ectomesenchyme in the midline and the ventral midbrain at this stage. Finally, siRNA-based knockdown of Bbs3 in ATDC5 cells impaired migration in culture. Our data suggest that BBS3 is required for the development of cranial base via regulation of cell migration toward the midline where they promote the condensation of ectomesenchyme and form the future cartilaginous templates of cranial base.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makiri Kawasaki
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Japan
| | - Yayoi Izu
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Japan
| | - Tadayoshi Hayata
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Japan
| | - Hisashi Ideno
- Department of Pharmacology, Tsurumi University School of Dental Medicine, Japan
| | - Akira Nifuji
- Department of Pharmacology, Tsurumi University School of Dental Medicine, Japan
| | - Val C Sheffield
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Iowa College of Medicine, United States
| | - Yoichi Ezura
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Japan
| | - Masaki Noda
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Japan; Department of Orthopedics, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Japan; Yokohama City Minato Red Cross Hospital, Japan.
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