Renal impairment and outcomes in heart failure: systematic review and meta-analysis

Redox state of human serum albumin as a post-discharge prognostic marker in patients hospitalized for heart failure

BACKGROUND

Heart failure (HF) is a global health concern, and oxidative stress has been implicated in its progression. The redox state of human serum albumin, a systemic oxidative biomarker, holds promise as a prognostic marker in HF. This study aimed to investigate the association between the fraction of human mercaptalbumin (fHMA), an indicator of human serum albumin's redox state, and adverse events in HF within a prospective single-hospital-based cohort.

METHODS

We enrolled patients hospitalized for HF and measured fHMA using high-performance liquid chromatography at discharge. The primary endpoint was the composite of HF rehospitalization and all-cause death within one year after discharge.

RESULTS

A total of 221 participants (median age:79 years; 35 % female) were included in the study. Over the course of one year, 26.1 % of the patients experienced HF readmission, while 13.1 % died. The low fHMA group divided by median of fHMA (<57.6 %) showed higher composite outcome rates (41.4 % for the low fHMA vs. 24.6 % for the high fHMA, p = 0.0114). Multivariate analysis, accounting for seven potential confounders, identified low fHMA (adjusted HR: 1.79 [1.03-3.11]) and lower hemoglobin as independent predictors of HF prognosis.

CONCLUSIONS

The findings in this study provide the first evidence that fHMA is a potential novel prognostic biomarker in patients with HF.

Immune mediators in heart-lung communication

It is often the case that serious, end-stage manifestations of disease result from secondary complications in organs distinct from the initial site of injury or infection. This is particularly true of diseases of the heart-lung axis, given the tight anatomical connections of the two organs within a common cavity in which they collectively orchestrate the two major, intertwined circulatory pathways. Immune cells and the soluble mediators they secrete serve as effective, and targetable, messengers of signals between different regions of the body but can also contribute to the spread of pathology. In this review, we discuss the immunological basis of interorgan communication between the heart and lung in various common diseases, and in the context of organ crosstalk more generally. Gaining a greater understanding of how the heart and lung communicate in health and disease, and viewing disease progression generally from a more holistic, whole-body viewpoint have the potential to inform new diagnostic approaches and strategies for better prevention and treatment of comorbidities.

Nicotinamide riboside: A promising therapy for MI-induced acute kidney injury by upregulating nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase-mediated NAD levels

Background

Cardiorenal syndrome (CRS) type 1 is characterized by the development of acute kidney injury (AKI) following acute cardiac illness and notably acute myocardial infarction (MI). AKI is considered an independent risk factor increasing mortality rate substantially. Nicotinamide dinucleotide (NAD) is an important coenzyme in energy metabolism and oxidative phosphorylation and in its oxidized form, a substrate for multiple NAD + -dependent enzymes such as Sirtuins and poly-ADP ribose polymerases. Decreased cardiac NAD levels along with a down-regulation of the nicotinamide phosphoribosyl transferase (NAMPT) have been reported following MI. A compensatory upregulation in nicotinamide riboside kinase (NMRK) 2, an NAD + biosynthetic enzyme that uses nicotinamide riboside (NR) to generate NAD + takes place in the heart after MI but the impact on kidney NAD metabolism and function has not been addressed before.

Methods

MI was induced by ligating the left anterior descending coronary artery in 2 months old C57BL6/J mice, followed by the administration of NR (IP injection, 400mg/kg/day) for four and seven days. We hypothesized that NR treatment could be a potential promising therapy for MI-induced AKI.

Results

Our findings showed no significant improvement in cardiac ejection fraction following NR treatment at days 4 and 7 post-MI, whereas kidney functions were enhanced and morphological alterations and cell death decreased. The observed renal protection seems to be mediated by an up-regulation of NAMPT-mediated increase in renal NAD levels, notably in distal tubules.

Conclusion

Our findings indicate that NR could be a potential promising therapy for AKI following an early stage of MI.

Mechanism of Zhenwu Decoction modulating TLR4/NF-κB/HIF-1α loop through miR-451 to delay renal fibrosis in type 2 CRS

BACKGROUND

Type 2 cardiorenal syndrome (CRS) is a progressive renal insufficiency in patients with chronic heart failure, but its pathophysiology is still unclear. The Chinese medicine Zhenwu Decoction plays an important role in the prevention and treatment of 2-CRS, however, its mechanism of action remains unknown.

PURPOSE

The aim of this study was to investigate whether the ameliorative effect of ZWD on 2-CRS renal fibrosis is related to the modulation of miR-451 expression and thus mediating the TLR4/NF-κB/HIF-1α loop.

STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS

A type 2 CRS rat model was constructed using ligation of the left anterior descending branch of the coronary artery + 3/4 nephrectomy, and randomly divided into Control, Sham, Model, Captopril, ZWD-L, ZWD-M and ZWD-H groups.After 4 weeks of ZWD intervention, its effects on cardiac and renal functions of type 2 CRS rats were observed by hematuria and cardiac ultrasonography. Changes in kidney tissue morphology were observed by HE, Masson and PASM staining. The protein and mRNA expression of TLR4, NF-κB, HIF-1α and IκBα in kidney tissues were detected by immunohistochemistry and qPCR. Immunofluorescence was used to detect the protein expression of NF-κB and HIF-1α in renal tissues. Western blot and qPCR were used to detect the protein expression of MCP-1, ICAM-1, IL-1β, IL-6, TGF-β, α-SMA, FN, Smad2, Smad3, and E-cadherin in renal tissues. PCR was used to detect the protein expression of miR-451mRNA expression level in kidney tissues.

RESULTS

In this study, we found that ZWD was able to reduce the expression of Scr, BUN, NT-proBNP, and 24-hour quantitative urine protein, elevate LVEF, FS, CO, and reduce the level of LVIDS in type 2 CRS rats, as well as attenuate renal interstitial fibrosis and improve tubular swelling. In addition, Zhenwu Decoction up-regulated the expression of miR-451 in renal tissues and inhibited the expression of TLR4, NF-κB, and HIF-1α proteins and genes, which in turn inhibited the expression of inflammatory factors and fibrosis-related factors.

CONCLUSION

ZWD was able to up-regulate the expression of miR-451 in renal tissues, inhibit the TLR4/NF-κB/HIF-1α response loop, and then inhibit the expression of inflammatory factors and fibrosis-related factors, improve renal fibrosis, and delay the pathological process of type 2 CRS.

Assessment of venous congestion with venous excess ultrasound score in the prognosis of acute heart failure in the emergency department: a prospective study

Aims

In acute decompensated heart failure (HF), systemic venous congestion contributes to patients' symptoms and hospital admissions. The purpose of our study is to determine if venous congestion, examined using the venous excess ultrasound (VExUS) score, predicts HF-related hospitalization and mortality in patients admitted to the emergency department (ED) with acute decompensated HF.

Methods and results

Fifty patients admitted for acute HF in ED underwent ultrasound (US) assessment according to the VExUS score within the first 24 and 72 h. All patients were followed up with a telephone call at 30 and 60 days after hospital discharge. On admission, 56% had a VExUS score of 3. After 72 h, 32% had no more signs of congestion at the Doppler VExUS examination (inferior vena cava < 2 cm, VExUS score of 0); a similar percentage still exhibited a VExUS score of 3 despite therapy. Eighty per cent of patients were hospitalized after admission to the ED, while six (15%) died in-hospital; all exhibited a first-assessment VExUS score of 3. No patient with a VExUS score < 3 died during the study. During short-term follow-up, 18 patients were readmitted to the ED for acute decompensated HF. Ninety-four per cent of the readmitted patients had a VExUS score of 3 at the Doppler assessment at the first ED admission.

Conclusion

Severe venous congestion, defined as a VExUS score of 3 at the initial assessment of patients with acute decompensated HF, predicts inpatient mortality, HF-related death, and early readmission.

Prognostic value of novel cardiovascular magnetic resonance transit times beyond the pulmonary circulation in patients with ventricular dysfunction

OBJECTIVES

To evaluate the prognostic value of transit time (TT) assessment in the systemic circulation and organ perfusion in patients with ventricular dysfunction (VD). The primary endpoint was defined as death, heart failure admission, or ventricular arrhythmias, and the secondary endpoint was worsening renal function.

METHODS

A retrospective study on 139 patients who underwent cardiac magnetic resonance for VD evaluation and 50 controls. TT was measured as peak-to-peak time in signal intensity over time curves obtained at different stages of circulation (right cavities, left cavities, aorta, and peripheral organs) from first-pass perfusion images. Outcomes were monitored over a median follow-up of 15 months.

RESULTS

A total of 139 patients were included (84% male, age 63 [57-70] years). Patients exhibited significantly prolonged TT compared to controls, with in-patients showing longer times than outpatients. Among the 29 patients reaching the primary endpoint, both PTT and STT were significantly prolonged (PTT: 9.75 s vs 13.4 s, p < 0.01; STT: 4.77 s vs 7.00 s, p < 0.01). Concurrent prolongation of PTT (> 10 s) and STT (> 5 s) was associated with a higher event probability (42.3%), compared to isolated abnormalities (6.3% for PTT, 6.7% for STT). Multivariate analysis revealed that combined PTT and STT alteration independently predicted the combined endpoint (HR IC 95%: 8.685 (2.415-31.236), p = 0.001). Prolonged RPT was independently associated with renal function deterioration (OR IC 95%: 1.129 (1.015-1.256), p = 0.024).

CONCLUSIONS

Evaluation of TT beyond pulmonary circulation provides prognostic insights into VD. Simultaneous assessment of PTT and STT enhances specificity compared to isolated PTT evaluation, predicting combined adverse events. RPT is independently associated with renal impairment.

CLINICAL RELEVANCE STATEMENT

For the first time, it is described that transit time can be evaluated in systemic circulation and in peripheral organs and that this assessment can be easily made from conventional CMR perfusion images and holds significant prognostic value.

KEY POINTS

Pulmonary transit time is a valuable hemodynamic parameter; systemic transit time may also be valuable. Transit time can be measured in the systemic circulation, and is longer in patients with ventricular dysfunction. Systemic transit time assessed by magnetic resonance imaging identifies patients with ventricular dysfunction who will experience events during follow-up.

Biomarkers in cardiorenal syndrome, a potential use in precision medicine

Cardiorenal syndrome refers to the interrelated dysfunction of the heart or kidney resulting in a cascade of feedback mechanisms, hemodynamic, neurohormonal, and immunological and/or biochemical feedback pathways causing damage in the other organ. Cardiorenal syndrome is categorized into five clinical subtypes depending on the perceived primary precipitant of organ injury and is associated with high morbidity and mortality. Therefore, the development of tools for the earliest identification of cardiorenal syndrome in hospitalized patients is of extremely high significance to ameliorate the prognosis and outcome of these patients. There is increasing interest in identifying molecules serving as biomarkers, reflecting hemodynamic changes, heart and kidney damage and/or dysfunction and oxidative stress-induced cell damage or changes in the extracellular matrix of both the heart and kidneys. Biomarkers provide important insights into the pathophysiology of cardiorenal syndrome and are invaluable tools to predict the decrease in renal function during cardiac dysfunction and vice versa. Based on the pathophysiological mechanisms of cardiorenal syndrome, we reviewed and evaluated the available literature on serum and urinary biomarkers as predictors of kidney and/or heart injury. In addition, heart- and kidney-specific biomarkers were also evaluated based on their reference to kidney and cardiac (dys)function respectively, and whether they would provide any prediction and prognostication of cardiorenal syndrome. In this article, we discuss the current knowledge on the pathophysiology of different types of cardiorenal syndrome, examine the clinical utility of candidate biomarkers in the early diagnosis of cardiorenal syndrome, and guide treatment by evaluating the respective roles of the involved pathophysiological pathways.

Connecting intermediate phenotypes to disease using multi-omics in heart failure

Heart failure (HF) is one of the most common, complex, heterogeneous diseases in the world, with over 1-3% of the global population living with the condition. Progression of HF can be tracked via MRI measures of structural and functional changes to the heart, namely left ventricle (LV), including ejection fraction, mass, end-diastolic volume, and LV end-systolic volume. Moreover, while genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have been a useful tool to identify candidate variants involved in HF risk, they lack crucial tissue-specific and mechanistic information which can be gained from incorporating additional data modalities. This study addresses this gap by incorporating transcriptome-wide and proteome-wide association studies (TWAS and PWAS) to gain insights into genetically-regulated changes in gene expression and protein abundance in precursors to HF measured using MRI-derived cardiac measures as well as full-stage all-cause HF. We identified several gene and protein overlaps between LV ejection fraction and end-systolic volume measures. Many of the overlaps identified in MRI-derived measurements through TWAS and PWAS appear to be shared with all-cause HF. We implicate many putative pathways relevant in HF associated with these genes and proteins via gene-set enrichment and protein-protein interaction network approaches. The results of this study (1) highlight the benefit of using multi-omics to better understand genetics and (2) provide novel insights as to how changes in heart structure and function may relate to HF.

Investigating the indirect therapeutic effect of hAMSCs utilizing a novel scaffold (PGS-co-PCL/PGC/PPy/Gelatin) in myocardial ischemia-reperfusion-induced renal failure in male Wistar rats

BACKGROUND

Myocardial ischemia-reperfusion (MI/R) occurs due to temporary or permanent interruptions in the coronary and circulatory system, indirectly affecting kidney function through reduced cardiac output for metabolic needs. In this study, the aim was to explore the indirect effects of using human amniotic membrane mesenchymal stem cells (hAMSCs) with the PGS-co-PCL/PGC/PPy/Gelatin scaffold in male rats with renal failure induced by miocardial ischemia-reperfusion.

METHODS

MI/R injury was induced in 48 male Wistar rats through left anterior descending artery ligation, divided into four groups (n=12); control group, cell group, scaffold group, and celss+scaffold group. Evaluations were conducted at two and thirty days post MI/R injury, encompassing echocardiography, biochemical, inflammatory markers analysis, and histological assessment.

RESULTS

Echocardiographic findings exhibited notable enhancement in ejection fraction, fractional shortening, and stroke volume of treated groups compared to controls after 30 days (P< 0.05). Serum creatinine (P< 0.001) and urea (P< 0.05) levels significantly decreased in the scaffold+cells group) compared to the control group. The treated cells+ scaffold group displayed improved kidney structure, evidenced by larger glomeruli and reduced Bowman's space compared to the control group (P< 0.01). Immunohistochemical analysis indicated reduced TNF-α protein in the scaffold+ cells group (P< 0.05) in contrast to the control group (P< 0.05). Inflammatory factors IL-6, TNF-α, and AKT gene expression in renal tissues were improved in scaffold+ cells-treated animals.

CONCLUSION

Our research proposes the combination of hAMSCs and the PGS-co-PCL/PGC/PPy/Gelatin scaffold in MI/R injured rats appears to enhance renal function and reduce kidney inflammation by improving cardiac output.

Ultrasound unveiling: Decoding venous congestion in heart failure for precision management of fluid status

This editorial discusses the manuscript by Di Maria et al, published in the recent issue of the World Journal of Cardiology. We here focus on the still elusive pathophysiological mechanisms underlying cardio-renal syndrome (CRS), despite its high prevalence and the substantial worsening of both kidney function and heart failure. While the measure of right atrial pressure through right cardiac catheterization remains the most accurate albeit invasive and costly procedure, integrating bedside ultrasound into diagnostic protocols may substantially enhance the staging of venous congestion and guide therapeutic decisions. In particular, with the assessment of Doppler patterns across multiple venous districts, the Venous Excess Ultrasound (VExUS) score improves the management of fluid overload and provides insight into the underlying factors contributing to cardio-renal interactions. Integrating specific echocardiographic parameters, particularly those concerning the right heart, may thus improve the VExUS score sensitivity, offering perspective into the nuanced comprehension of cardio-renal dynamics. A multidisciplinary approach that consistently incorporates the use of ultrasound is emerging as a promising advance in the understanding and management of CRS.

Renal Arterial and Venous Doppler in Cardiorenal Syndrome: Pathophysiological and Clinical Insights

In recent decades, there has been considerable effort in investigating the clinical utility of renal Doppler measurements in both cardiovascular and renal disorders. In particular, a measure of renal arterial resistance, the renal resistive index (RRI), has been demonstrated to predict chronic kidney disease progression and acute kidney injury in different clinical settings. Furthermore, it is linked to a poorer prognosis in individuals suffering from chronic heart failure. Examining the renal venous flow through pulsed Doppler can offer additional insights into renal congestion and cardiovascular outcomes for these patients. This review seeks to summarize the existing data concerning the clinical significance of arterial and venous renal Doppler measurements across various cardiovascular and renal disease contexts.

The Factors Influencing Chronic Kidney Disease Incidence: Database from the Korean National Health Insurance Sharing Service (NHISS)

Background: The global prevalence of chronic kidney disease (CKD) is increasing, with diabetes accounting for the highest proportion. We analyzed the influence of clinical factors on the incidence of CKD according to the renal function, primary focusing on patients with diabetes. Methods: We used the Sample Cohorts Database provided by the National Health Insurance Sharing Service (NHISS) in Korea. Participants aged ≥ 40 years who underwent a health checkup in 2009 were categorized into six groups based on their eGFR values (<60 mL/min, 60-89 mL/min, ≥90 mL/min) and the presence of diabetes. And all patients with CKD at 2009 screening were excluded. The participants were tracked from 2010 to 31 December 2019. The CKD incidence rate according to the eGFR values and the effect of the accompanying factors on CKD incidence were confirmed. Results: 148,089 people without CKD were analyzed. The CKD incidence rate was highest in those with eGFR < 60 mL/min with diabetes and lowest in those with eGFR ≥ 90 mL/min without diabetes. The CKD incidence rates were similar between the eGFR < 60 mL/min group without diabetes and the eGFR 60-89 mL/min group with diabetes. Compared to under 44 years of age, the hazard ratio of CKD incidence was 8 times higher in over 75 years of age. Men had a 1.7-fold higher risk of developing CKD than women. Current smoker, hypertension, dyslipidemia, myocardial infarction history, and atrial fibrillation and flutter increased the risk of CKD incidence. Age, diabetes, and baseline eGFR are important factors in the occurrence of CKD. As age increases, the risk of developing CKD in men increases compared to women. Conclusions: These results will be helpful in predicting risk groups for CKD and establishing strategies to lowering CKD incidence.

Kidney and heart failure events are bidirectionally associated in patients with type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease

AIMS

This study aimed to evaluate the bidirectional relationship between kidney and cardiovascular (CV) events in trial participants with type 2 diabetes and CV disease.

METHODS AND RESULTS

Post hoc analyses of EMPA-REG OUTCOME using Cox regression models were performed to assess the association of baseline factors with risk of a kidney event and bidirectional associations of incident kidney events and CV events. Among placebo-treated participants, baseline factors significantly associated with greater kidney event risk included lower baseline estimated glomerular filtration rate, albuminuria, higher uric acid, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels, and prior heart failure (HF). Coronary artery disease was not associated with increased risk. In placebo-treated participants, occurrence of an incident non-fatal kidney event increased the subsequent risk of hospitalization for HF (HHF) but not 3-point major adverse CV events (non-fatal stroke, non-fatal myocardial infarction, and CV death). Vice versa, HHF (but not myocardial infarction/stroke) increased the risk of subsequent kidney events. These associations were generally also seen in empagliflozin-treated participants and in the overall population. Interestingly, the risk of kidney events following HHF was not significantly increased in the relatively small number of placebo-treated participants already diagnosed with HF at baseline.

CONCLUSIONS

These findings demonstrate a bidirectional inter-relationship between HHF and kidney events. Further exploration of this relationship and strategies to optimize the use of therapies to reduce both kidney and HF outcomes is warranted.

Effect of Tafamidis on Renal Function in Patients With Transthyretin Amyloid Cardiomyopathy in ATTR-ACT

Background

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is common among patients with amyloid cardiomyopathy. Tafamidis was approved for the treatment of transthyretin amyloid cardiomyopathy (ATTR-CM) based on findings from ATTR-ACT (Safety and Efficacy of Tafamidis in Patients With Transthyretin Cardiomyopathy).

Objectives

This post hoc analysis evaluated changes in renal function among patients with ATTR-CM in ATTR-ACT.

Methods

Patients were randomized to receive tafamidis (20 mg and 80 mg pooled) or placebo for 30 months. The change from baseline in the estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) was compared over time. A composite endpoint of all-cause death, dialysis, kidney transplant, or ≥30% decline in eGFR from baseline was analyzed based on the time to first event.

Results

The mean baseline eGFR was 57.5 ± 17.3 and 55.6 ± 16.8 mL/min/1.73 m2 in the tafamidis (n = 264) and placebo (n = 177) groups, respectively. At 30 months, patients treated with tafamidis had a significantly smaller decline in eGFR compared with placebo (least squares mean difference = 3.99 mL/min/1.73 m2; 95% CI: 1.31-6.68; P = 0.004). In patients who completed ATTR-ACT, improvement in CKD staging was more common with tafamidis vs placebo treatment (17.7% vs 7.2%; OR: 2.75; 95% CI: 1.10-6.90; P = 0.034). A lower proportion of tafamidis-treated patients reached the composite renal endpoint (crude rates 34.5% vs 44.1%; HR: 0.73, 95% CI: 0.54-0.99; P = 0.040).

Conclusions

Renal function deteriorates over time in patients with ATTR-CM, and tafamidis treatment was associated with a reduction in this deterioration, and a higher incidence of improved eGFR and CKD staging over 30 months compared with placebo. (Safety and Efficacy of Tafamidis in Patients With Transthyretin Cardiomyopathy [ATTR-ACT] NCT01994889).

Temporal Trends in the Initiation of Dialysis Among Patients With Heart Failure With or Without Diabetes: A Nationwide Study From 2002 to 2016

BACKGROUND

The incidence and distribution of acute and chronic dialysis among patients with heart failure (HF), stratified by diabetes, remain uncertain. We hypothesized that with improved survival and rising comorbidities, the demand for dialysis would increase over time.

METHODS AND RESULTS

Patients with incident HF, aged 18 to 100 years, between 2002 and 2016, were identified using Danish nationwide registers. Primary outcomes included acute and chronic dialysis initiation, HF-related hospitalization, and all-cause mortality. These outcomes were assessed in 2002 to 2006, 2007 to 2011, and 2012 to 2016, stratified by diabetes. We calculated incidence rates (IRs) per 1000 person-years and hazard ratios (HR) using multivariable Cox regression. Of 115 533 patients with HF, 2734 patients received acute dialysis and 1193 patients received chronic dialysis. The IR was 8.0 per 1000 and 3.5 per 1000 person-years for acute and chronic dialysis, respectively. Acute dialysis rates increased significantly among patients with diabetes over time, while no significant changes occurred in those without diabetes, chronic dialysis, HF-related hospitalization, or overall mortality. Diabetes was associated with significantly higher HRs of acute and chronic dialysis, respectively, compared with patients without diabetes (HR, 2.07 [95% CI, 1.80-2.39] and 2.93 [95% CI, 2.40-3.58] in 2002 to 2006; HR, 2.45 [95% CI, 2.14-2.80] and 2.86 [95% CI, 2.32-3.52] in 2007 to 2011; and 2.69 [95% CI, 2.33-3.10] and 3.30 [95% CI, 2.69-4.06] in 2012 to 2016).

CONCLUSIONS

The IR of acute and chronic dialysis remained low compared with HF-related hospitalizations and mortality. Acute dialysis rates increased significantly over time, contrasting no significant trends in other outcomes. Diabetes exhibited over 2-fold increased rates of the outcomes. These findings emphasize the importance of continued monitoring and renal care in patients with HF, especially with diabetes, to optimize outcomes and prevent adverse events.

Impact of HIF prolyl hydroxylase inhibitors in heart failure patients with renal anemia

OBJECTIVE

Hypoxia-inducible factor prolyl hydroxylase (HIF-PH) inhibitors are a new class of anti-anemia agents. We retrospectively evaluated the safety and efficacy of HIF-PH inhibitors in patients with heart failure (HF) complicated by anemia associated with chronic kidney disase. HIF-PH inhibitor treatment was initiated in 32 patients with chronic HF complicated by renal anemia and were followed up for 3 months.

RESULTS

Hematocrit and hemoglobin levels markedly improved 3 months after HIF-PH inhibitor treatment. However, levels of NT-proBNP, which is an indicator of HF, did not decrease considerably. Based on the rate of change in NT-proBNP, we divided the patients into "responder" and "non-responder" groups. The results showed that considerably more patients had a ferritin level of less than 100 ng/mL in the non-responder group at baseline. There were substantially more patients with TSAT of less than 20% in the non-responder group at 1 month after HIF-PH inhibitor treatment. The cut-off values to maximize the predictive power of ferritin level at baseline and TSAT value at 1 month after treatment were 41.8 ng/ml and 20.75. HIF-PH inhibitor treatment can be expected to be effective for improving both anemia and HF if ferritin≥41.8 ng/ml at baseline or TSAT≥20.75 at 1 month after treatment.

Development and Validation of a Risk Score Predicting Death Without Transplant in Adult Heart Transplant Candidates

Importance

The US heart allocation system prioritizes medically urgent candidates with a high risk of dying without transplant. The current therapy-based 6-status system is susceptible to manipulation and has limited rank ordering ability.

Objective

To develop and validate a candidate risk score that incorporates current clinical, laboratory, and hemodynamic data.

Design, Setting, and Participants

A registry-based observational study of adult heart transplant candidates (aged ≥18 years) from the US heart allocation system listed between January 1, 2019, and December 31, 2022, split by center into training (70%) and test (30%) datasets. Adult candidates were listed between January 1, 2019, and December 31, 2022.

Main Outcomes and Measures

A US candidate risk score (US-CRS) model was developed by adding a predefined set of predictors to the current French Candidate Risk Score (French-CRS) model. Sensitivity analyses were performed, which included intra-aortic balloon pumps (IABP) and percutaneous ventricular assist devices (VAD) in the definition of short-term mechanical circulatory support (MCS) for the US-CRS. Performance of the US-CRS model, French-CRS model, and 6-status model in the test dataset was evaluated by time-dependent area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) for death without transplant within 6 weeks and overall survival concordance (c-index) with integrated AUC.

Results

A total of 16 905 adult heart transplant candidates were listed (mean [SD] age, 53 [13] years; 73% male; 58% White); 796 patients (4.7%) died without a transplant. The final US-CRS contained time-varying short-term MCS (ventricular assist-extracorporeal membrane oxygenation or temporary surgical VAD), the log of bilirubin, estimated glomerular filtration rate, the log of B-type natriuretic peptide, albumin, sodium, and durable left ventricular assist device. In the test dataset, the AUC for death within 6 weeks of listing for the US-CRS model was 0.79 (95% CI, 0.75-0.83), for the French-CRS model was 0.72 (95% CI, 0.67-0.76), and 6-status model was 0.68 (95% CI, 0.62-0.73). Overall c-index for the US-CRS model was 0.76 (95% CI, 0.73-0.80), for the French-CRS model was 0.69 (95% CI, 0.65-0.73), and 6-status model was 0.67 (95% CI, 0.63-0.71). Classifying IABP and percutaneous VAD as short-term MCS reduced the effect size by 54%.

Conclusions and Relevance

In this registry-based study of US heart transplant candidates, a continuous multivariable allocation score outperformed the 6-status system in rank ordering heart transplant candidates by medical urgency and may be useful for the medical urgency component of heart allocation.

Renal Biomarkers in Heart Failure: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Background

Cystatin C, neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL), and kidney injury molecule (KIM)-1 are renal biomarkers increasingly appreciated for their role in the risk stratification and prognostication of heart failure (HF) patients. However, very few have been adopted clinically, owing to the lack of consistency.

Objectives

The authors aimed to study the association between cystatin C, NGAL, and KIM-1 and outcomes, mortality, hospitalizations, and worsening renal function (WRF) in patients with acute and chronic HF.

Methods

We included peer-reviewed English-language articles from PubMed and EMBASE published up to December 2021. We analyzed the above associations using random-effects meta-analysis. Publication bias was assessed using funnel plots.

Results

Among 2,631 articles, 100 articles, including 45,428 patients, met the inclusion criteria. Top-tertile of serum cystatin C, when compared to the bottom-tertile, carried a higher pooled hazard ratio (pHR) for mortality (pHR: 1.59, 95% CI: 1.42-1.77) and for the composite outcome of mortality and HF hospitalizations (pHR: 1.49, 95% CI: 1.23-1.75). Top-tertile of serum NGAL had a higher hazard for mortality (pHR: 2.91, 95% CI: 1.49-5.67) and composite outcome (HR: 4.11, 95% CI: 2.69-6.30). Serum and urine NGAL were significantly associated with WRF, with pHRs of 2.40 (95% CI: 1.48-3.90) and 2.01 (95% CI: 1.21-3.35). Urine KIM-1 was significantly associated with WRF (pHR: 1.60, 95% CI: 1.24-2.07) but not with other outcomes. High heterogeneity was noted between studies without an obvious explanation based on meta-regression.

Conclusions

Serum cystatin C and serum NGAL are independent predictors of adverse outcomes in HF. Serum and urine NGAL are important predictors of WRF in HF.

Association of mild kidney dysfunction with diastolic dysfunction and heart failure with preserved ejection fraction

AIMS

We aim to investigate the association between kidney dysfunction and left ventricular diastolic dysfunction parameters and heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) and whether this is sex-specific.

METHODS AND RESULTS

We included participants from the HELPFul observational study. Outpatient clinical care data, including echocardiography, and an expert panel judgement on HFpEF was collected. Estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) was calculated by creatinine and cystatin C without race. The association between eGFR with E/e', left ventricular mass index, relative wall thickness, and stage C/D heart failure was tested by multivariable adjusted regression models, stratified by sex, reporting odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals (95% confidence interval). We analysed 880 participants, mean age 62.9 (standard deviation: 9.3) years, 69% female. Four hundred six participants had mild (37.6%) kidney dysfunction (eGFR: 60-89 mL/min/1.73 m2 ) or moderate (8.5%) kidney dysfunction (eGFR: 30-59 mL/min/1.73 m2 ). HFpEF was significantly more prevalent in participants with mild and moderate kidney dysfunction (10.3% and 16.0%, respectively) than participants with normal kidney function (3.4%). A lower kidney function was associated with higher E/e' and higher relative wall thickness values. Participants with moderate kidney dysfunction had a higher likelihood of American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association stage C/D HF (odds ratio: 2.07, 95% confidence interval: 1.23, 3.49) than participants with normal kidney functions.

CONCLUSIONS

Both mild and moderate kidney dysfunction are independently associated with left ventricular diastolic dysfunction parameters and HFpEF. This association is independent of sex and strongest for moderate kidney dysfunction. Considering mild-to-moderate kidney dysfunction as risk factor for HFpEF may help identify high-risk groups benefiting most from early intervention.

[Pulmonary heart: A review]

The review on the problem of the pulmonary heart pursues two goals: firstly, to restore historical justice and to show the priority studies of doctor Dmitry D. Pletnev on such problems as diagnosis of right ventricular myocardial infarction, clinical characteristics of congestive heart failure of the right ventricle; secondly, to outline the modern concept of the pulmonary heart. The review provides an analysis of the pathogenetic mechanisms of the development of heart failure in the pulmonary heart. Much attention is paid to echo cardiography data and biological markers are emphasized in assessing the function of the right atrium, right ventricle, tricuspid valve regurgitation, pulmonary artery pressure. Prognostically unfavorable signs of the course of the pulmonary heart have been identified, which include a high degree of tricuspid valve regurgitation, the amplitude of movement of the fibrous valve ring (TAPSE) and atrial fibrillation developing with dilation of the right atrium.

Causal relationship from heart failure to kidney function and CKD: A bidirectional two-sample mendelian randomization study

BACKGROUND

Heart Failure (HF) is a widespread condition that affects millions of people, and it is caused by issues with the heart and blood vessels. Even though we know hypertension, coronary artery disease, obesity, diabetes, and genetics can increase the risk of HF and Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD), the exact cause of these conditions remains a mystery. To bridge this gap, we adopted Mendelian Randomization (MR), which relies on genetic variants as proxies.

METHODS

We used data from European populations for our Bidirectional Two-Sample MR Study, which included 930,014 controls and 47,309 cases of HF from the HERMES consortium, as well as 736,396 controls and 51,256 cases of CKD. We also employed several MR variations, including MR-Egger, Inverse Variance Weighted (IVW), and Weighted Median Estimator (WME), to guarantee the results were accurate and comprehensive.).

RESULTS

In this study, the MR analysis found that individuals with a genetic predisposition for HF have an elevated risk of CKD. Our study revealed a significant association between the genetic prediction of HF and the risk of CKD, as evidenced by the IVW method [with an odds ratio (OR) of 1.12 (95% CI, 1.03-1.21), p = 0.009] and the WME [with an OR of 1.14 (95% CI, 1.03-1.26), p = 0.008]. This causal relationship remained robust even after conducting MR analysis while adjusting for the effects of diabetes and hypertension, yielding ORs of 1.13 (IVW:95% CI, 1.03-1.23), 1.12 (MR-Egger: 95% CI, 0.85-1.48), and 1.15 (WME:95% CI, 1.04-1.27) (p = 0.008). However, in the reverse analysis aiming to explore CKD and renal function as exposures and HF as the outcome, we did not observe a statistically significant causal link between CKD and HF.

CONCLUSION

Our study demonstrates the significance of HF in CKD progression, thus having meaningful implications for treatment and the potential for discovering new therapies. To better understand the relationship between HF and CKD, we need to conduct research in a variety of populations.

[The Effects of Therapy for Iron Deficiency in Patients With Different Etiologies of Heart Failure and Concomitant Diseases]

Iron deficiency (ID) in patients with heart failure (HF) is a factor for unfavorable course and prognosis of the disease. The significance of ID in the diagnosis and treatment of HF has previously been demonstrated by multiple studies and meta-analyses. Therapy for ID in patients with HF is one of the most relevant and discussed issues. The use of intravenous iron medicinal products for the treatment of ID is currently being actively studied in patients of various categories; attempts are being made to specify the indications for use to produce the greatest effect on the prognosis and quality of life of HF patients.

Usefulness of Age, Creatinine and Ejection Fraction - Modification of Diet in Renal Disease Score for Predicting Survival in Patients with Heart Failure

BACKGROUND

Central Illustration: Usefulness of Age, Creatinine and Ejection Fraction - Modification of Diet in Renal Disease Score for Predicting Survival in Patients with Heart Failure Summary of the study design and key findings. ACEF: Age, creatinine and ejection fraction, MDRD: Modified Diet in Renal Disease. While many risk models have been developed to predict prognosis in heart failure (HF), these models are rarely useful for the clinical practitioner as they include multiple variables that might be time-consuming to obtain, they are usually difficult to calculate, and they may suffer from statistical overfitting.

OBJECTIVES

To investigate whether a simpler model, namely the ACEF-MDRD score, could be used for predicting one-year mortality in HF patients.

METHODS

748 cases within the SELFIE-HF registry had complete data to calculate the ACEF-MDRD score. Patients were grouped into tertiles for analyses. For all tests, a p-value <0.05 was accepted as significant.

RESULTS

Significantly more patients within the ACEF-MDRD high tertile (30.0%) died within one year, as compared to other tertiles (10.8% and 16.1%, respectively, for ACEF-MDRD low and ACEF-MDRD med , p<0.001 for both comparisons). There was a stepwise decrease in one-year survival as the ACEF-MDRD score increased (log-rank p<0.001). ACEF-MDRD was an independent predictor of survival after adjusting for other variables (OR: 1.14, 95%CI:1.04 - 1.24, p=0.006). ACEF-MDRD score offered similar accuracy to the GWTG-HF score for predicting one-year mortality (p=0.14).

CONCLUSIONS

ACEF-MDRD is a predictor of mortality in patients with HF, and its usefulness is comparable to similar yet more complicated models.

The impact of preoperative kidney replacement therapy on kidney outcome and survival in patients with left ventricular assist device

Left ventricular assist device (LVAD) has been highlighted as a new treatment option in the end-stage heart failure (HF). Kidney outcome after LVAD in severe cardiorenal syndrome (CRS) patients requiring kidney replacement therapy (KRT) is unclear. We investigated the impact of preoperative KRT on kidney function and survival in LVAD patients with severe CRS. A total of 50 patients followed up for at least 1 year after LVAD implantation was analyzed. The primary outcomes were estimated glomerular filtration rate and survival rate. Patients were divided into two groups depending on in-hospital KRT before LVAD implantation: the control group (n = 33) and the KRT group (n = 17). Postoperative KRT was performed for 76.5% of patients in the KRT group, and all of them discontinued KRT before discharge. There were no statistically significant differences in the degree of eGFR decline in survivors according to preoperative KRT. Although there were no statistically significant differences in the degree of eGFR decline in survivors regardless of preoperative KRT, old age (β -0.94, p < 0.01), preexisting chronic kidney disease (β -21.89, p < 0.01), and high serum creatinine (β -13.95, p < 0.01) were identified as independent predictors of post-LVAD eGFR decline. Mortality rate was higher, and more patients progressed to end-stage kidney disease in KRT group than control group. However, LVAD still can be considered as the treatment option in end-stage HF patients with severe CRS requiring KRT, especially in those with young age and previous normal kidney function.

Metabolomics Assessment of Volume Overload-Induced Heart Failure and Oxidative Stress in the Kidney

The incidence of heart failure (HF) is increasing and is associated with a poor prognosis. Moreover, HF often coexists with renal dysfunction and is associated with a worsened outcome. In many experimental studies on cardiac dysfunction, the function of other organs was either not addressed or did not show any decline. Until now, the exact mechanisms for initiating and sustaining this interaction are still unknown. The objective of this study is to use volume overload to induce cardiac hypertrophy and HF in aortocaval fistula (ACF) rat models, and to elucidate how volume overload affects metabolic changes in the kidney, even with normal renal function, in HF. The results showed the metabolic changes between control and ACF rats, including taurine metabolism; purine metabolism; glycine, serine, and threonine metabolism; glycerophospholipid metabolism; and histidine metabolism. Increasing the downstream purine metabolism from inosine to uric acid in the kidneys of ACF rats induced oxidative stress through xanthine oxidase. This result was consistent with HK-2 cells treated with xanthine and xanthine oxidase. Under oxidative stress, taurine accumulation was observed in ACF rats, indicating increased activity of the hypotaurine-taurine pathway as a defense mechanism against oxidative stress in the kidney. Another antioxidant, ascorbic acid 2-sulfate, showed lower levels in ACF rats, indicating that the kidneys experience elevated oxidative stress due to volume overload and HF. In summary, metabolic profiles are more sensitive than clinical parameters in reacting to damage to the kidney in HF.

Differences between patients in whom physicians agree versus disagree about the preoperative diagnosis of heart failure

STUDY OBJECTIVE

To quantify preoperative heart failure (HF) diagnostic agreement and identify characteristics of patients in whom physicians agreed versus disagreed about the diagnosis.

DESIGN

Observational cohort study.

SETTING

Patients undergoing major non-cardiac surgery at an academic center between 2015 and 2019.

PATIENTS

40,659 patients undergoing major non-cardiac surgery, among which a stratified subsample of 1018 patients with and without documented HF was reviewed.

INTERVENTIONS

Via a panel of physicians frequently managing patients with HF (cardiologists, cardiac anesthesiologists, intensivists), detailed chart reviews were performed (two per patient; median review time 32 min per reviewer per patient) to render adjudicated HF diagnoses.

MEASUREMENTS

Adjudicated diagnostic agreement measures (percent agreement, Krippendorf's alpha) and univariate comparisons (standardized differences) between patients in whom physicians agreed versus disagreed about the preoperative HF diagnosis.

MAIN RESULTS

Among patients with documented HF, physicians agreed about the diagnosis in 80.0% of cases (consensus positive), disagreed in 13.8% (disagreement), and refuted the diagnosis in 6.3% (consensus negative). Conversely, among patients without documented HF, physicians agreed about the diagnosis in 88.0% (consensus negative), disagreed in 8.4% (disagreement), and refuted the diagnosis in 3.6% (consensus positive). The estimated agreement for the 40,659 cases was 91.1% (95% CI 88.3%-93.9%); Krippendorff's alpha was 0.77 (0.75-0.80). Compared to patients in whom physicians agreed about a HF diagnosis, patients in whom physicians disagreed exhibited fewer guideline-defined HF diagnostic criteria.

CONCLUSIONS

Physicians usually agree about HF diagnoses adjudicated via chart review, although disagreement is not uncommon and may be partly explained by heterogeneous clinical presentations. Our findings inform preoperative screening processes by identifying patients whose characteristics contribute to physician disagreement via chart review. Clinical Trial Number / Registry URL: Not applicable.

The estimated glomerular filtration rate predicts pacemaker-induced cardiomyopathy

Clinical predictors for pacemaker-induced cardiomyopathy (PICM) (e.g., a wide QRS duration and left bundle branch block at baseline) have been reported. However, factors involved in the development of PICM in patients with preserved left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) remain unknown. This study aimed to determine the risk factors for PICM in patients with preserved LVEF. The data of 113 patients (average age: 71.3 years; men: 54.9%) who had echocardiography before and after pacemaker implantation (PMI) among 465 patients undergoing dual-chamber PMI were retrospectively analyzed. Thirty-three patients were diagnosed with PICM (18.0/100 person-years; 95% CI 12.8-25.2). A univariate Cox regression analysis showed that an estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) ≤ 30 mL/min/1.73 m2 (HR 3.47; 95% CI 1.48-8.16) and a past medical history of coronary artery disease (CAD) (HR 2.76; 95% CI 1.36-5.60) were significantly associated with the onset of PICM. After adjusting for clinical variables, an eGFR ≤ 30 mL/min/1.73 m2 (HR 2.62; 95% CI 1.09-6.29) and a medical history of CAD (HR 2.32; 95% CI 1.13-4.80) were independent risk factors for developing PICM. A medical history of CAD and low eGFR are independent risk factors for PICM in patients with preserved LVEF at baseline. These results could be helpful in predicting a decreased LVEF by ventricular pacing before PMI. Close follow-up by echocardiography is recommended to avoid a delay in upgrading to physiological pacing, such as cardiac resynchronization therapy or conduction system pacing.

Emerging Individualized Approaches in the Management of Acute Cardiorenal Syndrome With Renal Assist Devices

Growing insights into the pathophysiology of acute cardiorenal syndrome (CRS) in acute decompensated heart failure have indicated that not every rise in creatinine is associated with adverse outcomes. Detection of persistent volume overload and diuretic resistance associated with creatinine rise may identify patients with true acute CRS. More in-depth phenotyping is needed to identify pathologic processes in renal arterial perfusion, venous outflow, and microcirculatory-interstitial-lymphatic axis alterations that can contribute to acute CRS. Recently, various novel device-based interventions designed to target different pathophysiologic components of acute CRS are in early feasibility and proof-of-concept studies. However, appropriate trial endpoints that reflect improvement in cardiorenal trajectories remain elusive and highly debated. In this review the authors describe the variety of physiological derangements leading to acute CRS and the opportunity to individualize the management of acute CRS with novel renal assist devices that can target specific components of these alterations.

[The effect of kidney function on the optimization of medical therapy and on mortality in heart failure with reduced ejection fraction]

INTRODUCTION

Renal dysfunction is a main limiting factor of applying and up-titrating guideline-directed medical therapy (GDMT) among patients with heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF).

OBJECTIVE

Our retrospective monocentric observational study aimed to analyse the application ratio of combined neurohormonal antagonist therapy (RASi: ACEI/ARB/ARNI + βB + MRA) and 12-month all-cause mortality differences in terms of renal dysfunction among HFrEF patients hospitalized for heart failure.

METHOD

We retrospectively analysed the cohort of consecutive HFrEF patients, hospitalized at the Heart Failure Unit of our tertiary cardiological centre in 2019-2021. The application ratio of discharge triple therapy (TT) in five groups established on admission eGFR parameters, representing severity of renal dysfunction (eGFR≥90, eGFR = 60-89, eGFR = 45-59, eGFR = 30-44, eGFR<30 ml/min/1.73 m2) was investigated with chi-square test, while 12-month mortality differences were analysed with Kaplan-Meier method and log-rank test.

RESULTS

257 patients were included. Median eGFR was 57 (39-75) ml/min/1.73 m2, 54% of patients had eGFR<60 ml/min/1.73 m2. The proportion of patients in eGFR≥90, 60-89, 45-59, 30-44, <30 ml/min/1.73 m2 subgroups was 12%, 34%, 18%, 21%, 15%, respectively. 2% of patients were on dialysis. Even though the application rate of TT was notably high (77%) in the total cohort, more severe renal dysfunction led to a significantly lower implementation rate of TT (94%, 86%, 91%, 70%, 34%; p<0.0001): the application rate of RASi (100%, 98%, 96%, 89%, 50%, p<0.0001), βB (94%, 88%, 96%, 79%, 68%; p = 0.003) and MRA therapy (97%, 99%, 98%, 94%, 82%; p = 0.001) differed significantly. 12-month all-cause mortality was 23% in the whole cohort. Mortality rates were higher in more severe renal dysfunction (3%, 15%, 22%, 31%, 46%; p<0.0001).

CONCLUSION

Even though the proportion of patients on TT in the whole cohort was remarkably high, renal dysfunction led to a significantly lower application ratio of TT, associating with worse survival. Our results highlight that despite renal dysfunction the application of HFrEF cornerstone pharmacotherapy is essential. Orv Hetil. 2023; 164(35): 1387-1396.

Ferric Carboxymaltose in Iron-Deficient Patients with Hospitalized Heart Failure and Reduced Kidney Function

BACKGROUND

Reduced kidney function is common among patients with heart failure. In patients with heart failure and/or kidney disease, iron deficiency is an independent predictor of adverse outcomes. In the AFFIRM-AHF trial, patients with acute heart failure with iron deficiency treated with intravenous ferric carboxymaltose demonstrated reduced risk of heart failure hospitalization, with improved quality of life. We aimed to further characterize the impact of ferric carboxymaltose among patients with coexisting kidney impairment.

METHODS

The double-blind, placebo-controlled AFFIRM-AHF trial randomized 1132 stabilized adults with acute heart failure (left ventricular ejection fraction <50%) and iron deficiency. Patients on dialysis were excluded. The primary end point was a composite of total heart failure hospitalizations and cardiovascular death during the 52-week follow-up period. Additional end points included cardiovascular hospitalizations, total heart failure hospitalizations, and days lost to heart failure hospitalizations or cardiovascular death. For this subgroup analysis, patients were stratified according to baseline eGFR.

RESULTS

Overall, 60% of patients had an eGFR <60 ml/min per 1.73 m 2 (the lower eGFR subgroup). These patients were significantly older, more likely to be female and to have ischemic heart failure, and had higher baseline serum phosphate levels and higher rates of anemia. For all end points, event rates were higher in the lower eGFR group. In the lower eGFR group, the annualized event rates for the primary composite outcome were 68.96 and 86.30 per 100 patient-years in the ferric carboxymaltose and placebo arms, respectively (rate ratio, 0.76; 95% confidence interval, 0.54 to 1.06). The treatment effect was similar in the higher eGFR subgroup (rate ratio, 0.65; 95% confidence interval, 0.42 to 1.02; Pinteraction = 0.60). A similar pattern was observed for all end points ( Pinteraction > 0.05).

CONCLUSIONS

In a cohort of patients with acute heart failure, left ventricular ejection fraction <50%, and iron deficiency, the safety and efficacy of ferric carboxymaltose were consistent across a range of eGFR values.

CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRY NAME AND REGISTRATION NUMBER

Study to Compare Ferric Carboxymaltose With Placebo in Patients With Acute Heart Failure and Iron Deficiency (Affirm-AHF), NCT02937454 .

Dual-Organ Transplantation: Indications, Evaluation, and Outcomes for Heart-Kidney and Heart-Liver Transplantation: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association

Although heart transplantation is the preferred therapy for appropriate patients with advanced heart failure, the presence of concomitant renal or hepatic dysfunction can pose a barrier to isolated heart transplantation. Because donor organ supply limits the availability of organ transplantation, appropriate allocation of this scarce resource is essential; thus, clear guidance for simultaneous heart-kidney transplantation and simultaneous heart-liver transplantation is urgently required. The purposes of this scientific statement are (1) to describe the impact of pretransplantation renal and hepatic dysfunction on posttransplantation outcomes; (2) to discuss the assessment of pretransplantation renal and hepatic dysfunction; (3) to provide an approach to patient selection for simultaneous heart-kidney transplantation and simultaneous heart-liver transplantation and posttransplantation management; and (4) to explore the ethics of multiorgan transplantation.

Compression wraps as adjuvant therapy in the management of acute systolic heart failure

Background

Guidelines recommend targeting decongestion in management of decompensated HF, with lower extremity edema often serving as the clinical target. LECW are seldom used in the acute setting, with a paucity of data on efficacy in HF, despite serving as a cornerstone of chronic lymphedema management.

Primary objective

Study the efficacy and safety of LECW in acute decompensated HF.

Methods

Open-label, randomized, parallel-group clinical trial.

Primary outcomes

Days on intravenous (IV) diuretic therapy, total hospital length of stay (LOS), and 30-day all-cause readmission.

Results

32 patients were enrolled, with 29 patients completing the study. Enrollment was suspended due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Overall LOS was shorter in the intervention group (3.5 vs 6 days, p = 0.05), with no significant difference in total days on IV diuresis or 30-day readmission rate with use of LECW. Fewer patients required continuous diuretic infusion after treatment with LECW (0 vs 7 patients, p = 0.027). The intervention group scored significantly better on the MLWHF (55.5 vs 65, p = 0.021), including both the physical and emotional dimension scores. No adverse events were reported with use of LECW, including a significantly lower incidence of AKI (1 vs 13 patients, p = 0.005).

Conclusion

The use of LECW resulted in reduced hospital LOS compared to standard therapy, with no difference in days of IV diuresis administration or 30-day readmission. Treatment with LECW also resulted in less continuous IV diuretic therapy, fewer incidence of AKI, and improved quality of life. Trends toward less escalation of diuresis, and greater reduction in edema were also observed.

Intrarenal Doppler ultrasonography in patients with HFrEF and acute decompensated heart failure undergoing recompensation

OBJECTIVES

Renal venous congestion due to backward heart failure leads to disturbance of renal function in acute decompensated heart failure (ADHF). Whether decongestion strategies have an impact on renal venous congestion is unknown. Objective was to evaluate changes in intrarenal hemodynamics using intrarenal Doppler ultrasonography (IRD) in patients with heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF) and ADHF undergoing recompensation.

METHODS

Prospective observational study in patients with left ventricular ejection fraction (LV-EF) ≤ 35% hospitalized due to ADHF. IRD measurement was performed within the first 48 h of hospitalisation and before discharge. Decongestion strategies were based on clinical judgement according to heart failure guidelines. IRD was used to assess intrarenal venous flow (IRVF) pattern, venous impedance index (VII) and resistance index (RI). Laboratory analyses included plasma creatinine, eGFR and albuminuria.

RESULTS

A number of 35 patients with ADHF and LV-EF ≤ 35% were included into the study. IRD could be performed in 30 patients at inclusion and discharge. At discharge, there was a significant reduction of VII from a median of 1.0 (0.86-1.0) to 0.59 (0.26-1.0) (p < 0.01) as well as improvement of IRVF pattern categories (p < 0.05) compared to inclusion. Albuminuria was significantly reduced from a median of 78 mg/g creatinine (39-238) to 29 mg/g creatinine (16-127) (p = 0.02) and proportion of patients with normoalbuminuria increased (p = 0.01). Plasma creatinine and RI remained unchanged (p = 0.73; p = 0.43).

DISCUSSION

This is the first study showing an effect of standard ADHF therapy on parameters of renal venous congestion in patients with HFrEF and ADHF. Doppler sonographic evaluation of renal venous congestion might provide additional information to guide decongestion strategies in patients with ADHF.

Impact of type 2 diabetes on life expectancy and role of kidney disease among inpatients with heart failure in Switzerland: an ambispective cohort study

BACKGROUND

Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is expected to worsen the prognosis of inpatients with heart failure (HF) but the evidence from observational studies is inconsistent. We aimed to compare mortality outcomes and life expectancy among inpatients with HF with or without T2D and explored whether chronic kidney disease (CKD) influenced these associations.

METHODS

We collected hospital and civil registry records of consecutive inpatients from a tertiary hospital in Switzerland with a diagnosis of HF from the year 2015 to 2019. We evaluated the association of T2D with mortality risk using Cox regression and adjusted for confounders.

RESULTS

Our final cohort consisted of 10,532 patients with HF of whom 27% had T2D. The median age (interquartile range [IQR]) was 75 [68 to 82] and 78 [68 to 86] for the diabetes and non-diabetes groups, respectively. Over a median follow-up [IQR] of 4.5 years [3.3 to 5.6], 5,347 (51%) of patients died. T2D patients had higher risk of all-cause mortality (hazard ratio [HR] 1.21, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.14 to 1.29). Compared to control (i.e. no T2D nor CKD), average life expectancy (95% CI) among T2D patients, CKD, or both was shorter by 5.4 months (95% CI 1.1 to 9.7), 9.0 months (95% CI 8.4 to 9.6), or 14.8 months (95% CI 12.4 to 17.2), respectively. No difference by sex or ejection fraction category was observed.

CONCLUSIONS

T2D is associated with a significantly higher risk of all-cause mortality and shorter life expectancy compared to those without among middle-aged and elderly inpatients with HF; presence of CKD may further increase these risks.

Pharmacotherapy treatment patterns at hospital discharge and clinical outcomes among patients with heart failure with reduced ejection fraction

Background

This study aimed to assess the prescribing patterns of evidence-based pharmacotherapy and their association with clinical outcomes in patients with heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF) in Thailand.

Methods

A retrospective cohort study of patients with HFrEF was conducted. Treatment with a β-blocker and renin-angiotensin system inhibitors (RASIs) with or without mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists (MRAs) at discharge was regarded as guideline-directed medical therapy (GDMT). All others were considered non-GDMT. The primary endpoint was the composite of all-cause mortality or heart failure (HF) rehospitalization. Inverse-probability-treatment-weighted adjusted Cox proportional hazard models were used to examine the treatment effects.

Results

In total, 653 patients with HFrEF (mean age 64.1 ± 14.3 years; 55.9% male) were included. GDMT with β-blockers and RASIs with or without MRAs was prescribed at a rate of 35.4%. During a median of 1-year follow-up, 167 patients (27.5%) had a composite event, 81 patients (13.3%) had all-cause mortality, and 109 patients (18.0%) had HF rehospitalization. Patients treated with GDMT at discharge showed significantly lower rates of the primary endpoint (adjusted hazard ratio [HR] 0.63; 95% CI 0.44-0.89; p = 0.009) compared with patients who did not receive GDMT. The use of GDMT was also associated with a significantly lower risk of all-cause mortality (adjusted HR 0.59; 95% CI 0.36-0.98; p = 0.045) and HF rehospitalization (adjusted HR 0.65; 95% CI 0.43-0.96; p = 0.031).

Conclusions

For HFrEF treatment, GDMT initiation at hospital discharge was associated with a significantly reduced risk of all-cause mortality and HF rehospitalization. Nevertheless, prescribing GDMT remains underused, and it could be encouraged to improve HF outcomes in real-world settings.

GC-MS and Network Pharmacology Analysis of the Ayurvedic Fermented Medicine, Chandanasava, Against Chronic Kidney and Cardiovascular Diseases

Chandanasava is an Ayurvedic polyherbal fermented traditional medicine (FTM) used by traditional practitioners for millennia. Nevertheless, the mode of action and functional targets are still unknown. The current study includes a pharmacological network analysis to identify the Chandanasava compounds interacting with target proteins involved in chronic kidney disease (CKD) and cardiovascular disease (CVD). Sixty-one Chandanasava phytochemicals were obtained by GC-MS and screened using the Traditional Chinese Medicine Systems Pharmacology Database (TCMSP). The disease target genes were obtained from DisGeNET and GeneCards databases. Forty-five phytocompounds and 135 potential targets were screened for CKD and CVD target proteins and protein interaction networks were constructed. The pharmacological network was deciphered employing target proteins involved in the mechanical action of Chandanasava. The results indicated that 10 bioactive compounds exhibited higher binding affinity patterns with the screened 42 CKD and CVD target proteins. Gene Ontology and KEGG analysis revealed target pathways involved in CKD and CVD, which were further explored by detailed analysis and network-coupled drug profile screening. The molecular docking results showed piperine and melatonin as effective inhibitors/regulators of the hub genes of CKD and CVD. The current study establishing authentic bioactive compounds in FTM is based on deeper insights into recognized Ayurvedic medicines. Representing the workflow of the network pharmacological analysis.

The Association Between Beta-blocker and Renin-Angiotensin System Inhibitor Use After Heart Failure With Reduced Ejection Fraction Hospitalization and Outcomes in Older Patients

INTRODUCTION

Beta-blockers (BB) and renin-angiotensin system inhibitors (RASi) are foundational for the treatment of heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF). However, given the increased risk of side effects in older patients, uncertainty remains as to whether, on net, older patients benefit as much as the younger patients studied in trials.

METHODS AND RESULTS

Using the Get With The Guidelines-Heart Failure registry linked with Medicare data, overlap propensity weighted Cox proportional hazard models were used to examine the association between BB and RASi use at hospital discharge and 30-day and 1-year outcomes among patients with HFrEF. Among the 48,711 patients (aged ≥65 years) hospitalized with HFrEF, there were significant associations between BB and/or RASi use at discharge and lower rates of 30-day and 1-year mortality, including those over age 85 (30-day hazard ratio 0.56, 95% confidence interval 0.45-0.70; 1-year hazard ratio 0.69, 95% confidence interval 0.61-0.78). In addition, the magnitude of benefit associated with BB and/or RASi use after discharge did not decrease with advancing age. Even among the oldest patients, those over age 85, with hypotension, renal insufficiency or frailty, BB and/or RASi use at discharge was still associated with lower 1-year mortality or readmission.

CONCLUSIONS

Among older patients hospitalized with HFrEF, BB and/or RASi use at discharge is associated with lower rates of 30-day and 1-year mortality across all age groups and the magnitude of this benefit does not seem to decrease with advancing age. These data suggest that, absent a clinical contraindication, BB and RASi should be considered in all patients hospitalized with HFrEF before or at hospital discharge, regardless of age.

Advances in novel devices for the treatment of heart failure

Heart failure (HF) is one of the leading causes of global health impairment. Current drugs are still limited in their effectiveness in the treatment and reversal of HF: for example, drugs for acute HF (AHF) help to reduce congestion and relieve symptoms, but they do little to improve survival; most conventional drugs for HF with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) do not improve the prognosis; and drugs have extremely limited effects on advanced HF. In recent years, progress in device therapies has bridged this gap to a certain extent. For example, the availability of the left ventricular assist device has brought new options to numerous advanced HF patients. In addition to this recognizable device, a range of promising novel devices with preclinical or clinical trial results are emerging that seek to treat or reverse HF by providing circulatory support, repairing structural abnormalities in the heart, or providing electrical stimulation. These devices may be useful for the treatment of HF. In this review, we summarized recent advances in novel devices for AHF, HFpEF, and HF with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF) with the aim of providing a reference for clinical treatment and inspiration for novel device development.

The repeatability, reproducibility, and influencing factors of intrarenal Doppler ultrasonography in dogs without heart disease

Renal impairment is concurrent with adverse outcomes such as heart disease in humans and dogs. Intrarenal Doppler ultrasonography (IRD) is used to assess intrarenal hemodynamics, and resistance index (RI) and venous impedance index (VII) are used to evaluate intrarenal hemodynamics in humans with heart failure. However, only a few studies have assessed the efficacy of IRD, especially VII, in dogs, and the methods differ between studies. Additionally, repeatability, reproducibility, and factors influencing IRD values have not been validated in dogs. This prospective, analytical study aimed to assess repeatability and reproducibility of IRD, and to clarify influencing factors of IRD in dogs without heart disease. We enrolled 78 dogs without heart disease. The RI and VII were highly reproducible, and the reference intervals for VII were 0.13-0.37. Differences in transducer (sector and convex) and posture (right lateral and supine decubitus position) had no effect on the IRD values. In contrast, RI and VII were higher in the renal vessels than in interlobar vessels. Age affected RI values (r = 0.39, P < 0.001), but there was no correlation between age, body weight, and VII. In conclusion, IRD is a repeatable and reproducible method to assess intrarenal hemodynamics in dogs. The findings also suggest that age should be considered while interpreting RI.

The role of serial cardiac biomarkers in prognostication and risk prediction of chronic heart failure: additional scientific insights with hemodynamic feedback

INTRODUCTION

Heart failure (HF) is considered as a chronic long-term and lethal disease and will continue to be a major public health problem. Studying (circulating) biomarkers is a promising field of research and could be the first step toward HF tailored prognostic strategies as well as understanding the response to HF drugs in CHF patients.

AREAS COVERED

In literature, there has been considerable research on elevated biomarker levels that are related to a poor prognosis for HF. Since biomarker levels change over time, it is important to study serial (repeated) biomarker measurements which may help us better understand the dynamic course of HF illness. However, the majority of research focuses predominantly on baseline values of biomarkers. Additionally, remote monitoring devices, like sensors, can be used to link hemodynamic information to freshen biomarker data in order to further ameliorate the management of HF.

EXPERT OPINION

Novel biomarkers and additional scientific insights with hemodynamic feedback strongly aid in the prognostication and risk prediction of chronic HF.

Association of Blood Urea Nitrogen with Cardiovascular Diseases and All-Cause Mortality in USA Adults: Results from NHANES 1999-2006

In the general population, there is little evidence of a link between blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and long-term mortality. The goal of this study was to explore whether higher BUN concentration is a predictor of cardiovascular disease (CVD) and all-cause mortality. From 1999 to 2006, the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) included 17,719 adult individuals. Death outcomes were ascertained by linkage to the database records through 31 December 2015. The Cox proportional hazard regression model was used to calculate hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for CVD and all-cause mortality in individuals. We also performed stratified analyses based on age, gender, drinking, smoking, history of hypertension and diabetes. During a mean follow-up 11.65 years, a total of 3628 deaths were documented, of which 859 were due to CVD. Participants with higher BUN had a higher risk of CVD and all-cause death compared to those with lower BUN. After multifactor adjustment for demographics, major lifestyle factors, and hypertension and diabetes history, higher BUN levels compared with lower levels were significantly associated with higher risk of CVD (HR: 1.48 [1.08, 2.02], P-trend < 0.001) and all-cause mortality (HR: 1.48 [1.28, 1.72], P-trend < 0.001). In subgroup analyses, we found that the trend in the association of BUN with the risk of death remained strong in female subjects. Greater BUN levels were linked to higher CVD and all-cause mortality in the NHANES of American adults. The importance of BUN in predicting death is supported by our research.

Sexual dimorphism in acute myocardial infarction-induced acute kidney injury: cardiorenal deteriorating effects of ovariectomy in premenopausal female mice

Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a common complication of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) in both males and females, increasing mortality rate substantially. Premenopausal females appear to be more protected, suggesting a potential protective role of female sex hormones. Here, we tested the hypothesis that ovariectomy (OVX) eliminates the beneficial effect of female sex on renal protection following acute myocardial infarction (MI). Seven days post-MI, both sexes exhibited worsened kidney function and a substantial decrease in total kidney NAD levels. Unlike MI female mice, MI males showed exacerbated morphological alterations with increased proinflammatory, proapoptotic, and profibrotic biomarkers. The expression of NAD+ biosynthetic enzymes NAMPT and NMRK-1 was increased in MI females only, while males showed a substantial increase in NAD+ consuming enzyme PARP-1. OVX did not eliminate the female-sex protection of glomerular morphology but was associated with swelling of proximal convoluted tubules with MI as in males. With OVX, MI females had enhanced proinflammatory cytokine release, and a further decrease in creatinine clearance and urine output was observed. Our findings suggest that MI induced AKI in both sexes with pre-menopausal female mice being more protected. Ovariectomy worsens aspects of AKI in females after MI, which may portend increased risk for development of chronic kidney disease.

Effects of C2 hemisection on respiratory and cardiovascular functions in rats

High cervical spinal cord injuries induce permanent neuromotor and autonomic deficits. These injuries impact both central respiratory and cardiovascular functions through modulation of the sympathetic nervous system. So far, cardiovascular studies have focused on models of complete contusion or transection at the lower cervical and thoracic levels and diaphragm activity evaluations using invasive methods. The present study aimed to evaluate the impact of C2 hemisection on different parameters representing vital functions (i.e., respiratory function, cardiovascular, and renal filtration parameters) at the moment of injury and 7 days post-injury in rats. No ventilatory parameters evaluated by plethysmography were impacted during quiet breathing after 7 days post-injury, whereas permanent diaphragm hemiplegia was observed by ultrasound and confirmed by diaphragmatic electromyography in anesthetized rats. Interestingly, the mean arterial pressure was reduced immediately after C2 hemisection, with complete compensation at 7 days post-injury. Renal filtration was unaffected at 7 days post-injury; however, remnant systolic dysfunction characterized by a reduced left ventricular ejection fraction persisted at 7 days post-injury. Taken together, these results demonstrated that following C2 hemisection, diaphragm activity and systolic function are impacted up to 7 days post-injury, whereas the respiratory and cardiovascular systems display vast adaptation to maintain ventilatory parameters and blood pressure homeostasis, with the latter likely sustained by the remaining descending sympathetic inputs spared by the initial injury. A better broad characterization of the physiopathology of high cervical spinal cord injuries covering a longer time period post-injury could be beneficial for understanding evaluations of putative therapeutics to further increase cardiorespiratory recovery.

Global patterns of prognostic biomarkers across disease space

There is a multitude of pathological conditions that affect human health, yet we currently lack a predictive model for most diseases, and underlying mechanisms that are shared by multiple diseases are poorly understood. We leveraged baseline clinical biomarker data and long-term disease outcomes in UK Biobank to build prognostic multivariate survival models for over 200 most common diseases. We construct a similarity map between biomarker-disease hazard ratios and demonstrate broad patterns of shared similarity in biomarker profiles across the entire disease space. Further aggregation of risk profiles through density based clustering showed that biomarker-risk profiles can be partitioned into few distinct clusters with characteristic patterns representative of broad disease categories. To confirm these risk patterns we built disease co-occurrence networks in the UK Biobank and US HCUP hospitalization databases, and compared similarity in biomarker risk profiles to disease co-occurrence. We show that proximity in the biomarker-disease space is strongly related to the occurrence of disease comorbidity, suggesting biomarker profile patterns can be used for both predicting future outcomes as well as a sensitive mechanism for detecting under-diagnosed disease states.

Plasma thrombomodulin levels are associated with acute kidney injury in patients with acute heart failure

Cardiorenal syndrome type I (CRS I) is defined as the development of acute kidney injury (AKI) following acute decompensated heart failure (ADHF). The clinical significance of endothelial markers in ADHF-associated AKI has yet to be clarified. This study therefore investigated the biological processes linking ADHF and AKI with the aim of determining whether the plasma markers of endothelial injury and activation are associated with AKI in patients with ADHF. The study prospectively recruited 125 consecutive patients admitted to a coronary critical unit due to ADHF. Patients with and without AKI were compared in terms of soluble thrombomodulin (sTM), angiopoietin (Ang)-1 and -2 plasma levels as well as baseline characteristics. Among the study population, 14 (11.2%) patients developed CRS within 7 days after admission. The hemoglobin levels (median [IQR]11.3[10.8-12.6] vs. 13.5 [12.2-15.0] g/dL, p = 0.003) and baseline eGFR (66.5[35.7-87.9] vs. 78.5 [64.9-107.5] mL/minute/1.73m², p = 0.044) of patients with CRS were lower than those of patients without CRS. Patients with CRS also presented elevated plasma levels of BNP (1317.5 [222.6-3375.5] vs. 258.2 [63.2-925.8] pg/mL, p = 0.008), Ang-2 (3993.0 [1561.3-15722.7] vs. 1805.9 [1196.9-3302.3] pg/mL, p = 0.006), and sTM (6665.7 [4707.1-11947.3] vs. 4132.2 [3338.0-5531.8] ng/mL, p < 0.001), compared to patients without CRS. Multivariate logistic regression analysis based on forward stepwise method identified that log sTM was the only independent risk factor for AKI (OR, 13.83; 3.02-63.28, p = 0.001). Furthermore, higher sTM levels were associated with AKI in patients with ADHF. These findings suggest a novel approach to dealing with kidney injury in the context of ADHF, involving the use of baseline biomarker profiles to identify individuals at risk of developing AKI.KEY MESSAGESThe clinical significance of endothelial markers in acute decompensated heart failure (ADHF)-associated acute kidney injury (AKI) has not previously been clarified. This study revealed that markers of endothelial injury (i.e. plasma soluble thrombomodulin (sTM) levels) were higher in ADHF patients with AKI than in those without AKI.Multivariate analysis identified sTM level > cutoff value of 4,855.2 pg/mL as an independent factor associated with the development of AKI. sTM could potentially be used as a biomarker to predict the development of AKI in patients with heart failure.These findings suggest a novel approach to dealing with kidney injury in the context of ADHF, involving the use of baseline biomarker profiles to identify individuals at risk of developing AKI.

Comparative accuracy of biomarkers for the prediction of hospital-acquired acute kidney injury: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Background

Several biomarkers have been proposed to predict the occurrence of acute kidney injury (AKI); however, their efficacy varies between different trials. The aim of this study was to compare the predictive performance of different candidate biomarkers for AKI.

Methods

In this systematic review, we searched PubMed, Medline, Embase, and the Cochrane Library for papers published up to August 15, 2022. We selected all studies of adults (> 18 years) that reported the predictive performance of damage biomarkers (neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL), kidney injury molecule-1 (KIM-1), liver-type fatty acid-binding protein (L-FABP)), inflammatory biomarker (interleukin-18 (IL-18)), and stress biomarker (tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases-2 × insulin-like growth factor-binding protein-7 (TIMP-2 × IGFBP-7)) for the occurrence of AKI. We performed pairwise meta-analyses to calculate odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) individually. Hierarchical summary receiver operating characteristic curves (HSROCs) were used to summarize the pooled test performance, and the Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development and Evaluations criteria were used to appraise the quality of evidence.

Results

We identified 242 published relevant studies from 1,803 screened abstracts, of which 110 studies with 38,725 patients were included in this meta-analysis. Urinary NGAL/creatinine (diagnostic odds ratio [DOR] 16.2, 95% CI 10.1–25.9), urinary NGAL (DOR 13.8, 95% CI 10.2–18.8), and serum NGAL (DOR 12.6, 95% CI 9.3–17.3) had the best diagnostic accuracy for the risk of AKI. In subgroup analyses, urinary NGAL, urinary NGAL/creatinine, and serum NGAL had better diagnostic accuracy for AKI than urinary IL-18 in non-critically ill patients. However, all of the biomarkers had similar diagnostic accuracy in critically ill patients. In the setting of medical and non-sepsis patients, urinary NGAL had better predictive performance than urinary IL-18, urinary L-FABP, and urinary TIMP-2 × IGFBP-7: 0.3. In the surgical patients, urinary NGAL/creatinine and urinary KIM-1 had the best diagnostic accuracy. The HSROC values of urinary NGAL/creatinine, urinary NGAL, and serum NGAL were 91.4%, 85.2%, and 84.7%, respectively.

Conclusions

Biomarkers containing NGAL had the best predictive accuracy for the occurrence of AKI, regardless of whether or not the values were adjusted by urinary creatinine, and especially in medically treated patients. However, the predictive performance of urinary NGAL was limited in surgical patients, and urinary NGAL/creatinine seemed to be the most accurate biomarkers in these patients. All of the biomarkers had similar predictive performance in critically ill patients.

Trial registrationCRD42020207883, October 06, 2020.

Supplementary Information

The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13054-022-04223-6.

Association of malnutrition with renal dysfunction and clinical outcome in patients with heart failure

Malnutrition, glomerular damage (GD), and renal tubular damage (RTD) are common morbidities associated with poor clinical outcomes in heart failure (HF) patients. However, the association between malnutrition and renal dysfunction and its impact on clinical outcomes in HF patients have not yet been fully elucidated. We assessed the nutritional status and renal function of 1061 consecutive HF patients. Malnutrition, GD, and RTD were defined as a controlling nutritional status (CONUT) score of ≥ 5, reduced eGFR or microalbuminuria, and levels of N-acetyl-beta-d-glucosamidase of > 14.2 U/gCr according to previous reports, respectively. Patients with RTD had a higher CONUT score and a lower prognostic nutritional index and geriatric nutritional risk index than those without. Multivariate logistic analysis demonstrated that RTD, but not GD, was significantly associated with malnutrition. There were 360 cardiac events during the median follow-up period of 688 days. Multivariate Cox proportional hazard regression analysis demonstrated that comorbid malnutrition and renal dysfunction, rather than simple malnutrition, were significantly associated with cardiac events in HF patients. We found a close relationship between malnutrition and renal dysfunction in HF patients. Comorbid malnutrition and renal dysfunction were risk factors for cardiac events in HF patients, suggesting the importance of managing and treating these.

Association between serum sodium level trajectories and survival in patients with heart failure

AIMS

The effect of changes in serum sodium levels on the survival of patients with heart failure (HF) is unclear. We aimed to analyse the impact of serum sodium level trajectories on survival in intensive care unit (ICU) patients with HF.

METHODS

A total of 4760 patients diagnosed with HF between 2001 and 2012 from the Medical Information Mart for Intensive Care III (MIMIC-III) database were extracted. Of these patients, 1132 patients who died within 48 h of ICU admission were excluded, and 3628 patients were included in this retrospective cohort study. Sodium levels were measured at baseline, 6, 12, 18, 24, 30, 36, 42, and 48 h. Patients were divided into hyponatremia, normal, and hypernatremia groups based on baseline sodium levels, and trajectory modelling was performed for each group separately. Group-based trajectory model (GBTM) method was utilized to identify serum sodium levels trajectories.

RESULTS

The number of patients with hyponatremia (<135 mmol/L), normal sodium levels (135-145 mmol/L), and hypernatremia (>145 mmol/L) at baseline were 594 (16.37%), 2,738 (75.47%), and 296 (8.16%), respectively. A total of seven trajectory groups were identified, including hyponatremia-slow rise group [initial levels (IL), 128.48 ± 5.42 mmol/L; end levels (EL), 131.23 ± 3.83 mmol/L], hyponatremia-rapid rise to normal group (IL, 132.13 ± 2.18 mmol/L; EL, 137.46 ± 3.68 mmol/L), normal-slow decline group (IL, 137.65 ± 2.15 mmol/L; EL, 134.50 ± 2.54 mmol/L), normal-steady-state group (IL, 139.20 ± 2.26 mmol/L; EL, 139.04 ± 2.58 mmol/L), normal-slow rise group (IL, 140.94 ± 2.37 mmol/L; EL, 143.43 ± 2.89 mmol/L), hypernatremia-rapid decline to normal group (IL, 146.31 ± 1.98 mmol/L; EL, 140.71 ± 3.61 mmol/L), and hypernatremia-slow decline group (IL, 148.89 ± 5.54 mmol/L; EL, 146.28 ± 3.90 mmol/L). The results showed that hyponatremia-slow rise group [hazard ratio (HR) = 1.35; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.01-1.80, P = 0.040], hyponatremia-rapid rise to normal group (HR = 1.37; 95% CI, 1.11-1.71, P = 0.004), hypernatremia-rapid decline to normal group (HR = 1.46; 95% CI, 1.08-1.97, P = 0.014), and hypernatremia-slow decline group (HR = 1.49; 95% CI, 1.07-2.07, P = 0.018) trajectories were associated with an increased risk of 1-year mortality in HF patients compared with normal-steady-state group. After adjustment for all confounders, hyponatremia-rapid rise to normal group (HR = 1.26, 95% CI; 1.01-1.57, P = 0.038) and hypernatremia-rapid decline to normal group (HR = 1.36; 95% CI, 1.01-1.84, P = 0.047) trajectories were still related to an increased risk of 1-year mortality in patients with HF.

CONCLUSIONS

Serum sodium level trajectories were associated with mortality in patients with HF. Association between serum sodium level trajectories and prognosis in patients with HF deserve further study.

Non-linear association of cystatin C and all-cause mortality of heart failure: A secondary analysis based on a published database

Background

Prior reports have revealed that basal Cystatin-C (CysC) is positively associated with all-cause death in patients with heart failure (HF). Yet, this positive association is not necessarily generalizable to Chinese HF patients due to methodological limitations and lack of data from Chinese patients.

Materials and methods

We performed secondary data mining based on a retrospective cohort dataset published on the internet. This dataset contains 2008 patients with HF who were admitted to a tertiary hospital in Sichuan Province, China from 2016 to 2019. The exposure variable was baseline CysC and the outcome variable was all-cause death on day 28, day 90, and month 6. Covariates were baseline measurements, including demographic data, drug use, comorbidity score, organ function status (heart, kidney), and severity of heart failure.

Results

Among 1966 selected participants, the mortality rates at 28 days, 90 days and 6 months were 1.83% (36/1966), 2.09% (41/1966) and 2.85% (56/1966) respectively. After adjustment for confounders, the non-linear associations between CysC and all-cause deaths were observed. We calculated the inflection points were about 2.5 mg/L of CysC. On the right of inflection point, each increase of 1 mg/L in CysC was associated with an increase in the risk of 28-day mortality (Relative risk [RR], 2.07; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.09 to 3.93; P = 0.0266), 90-day mortality (RR, 2.51; 95% CI, 1.38 to 4.57; P = 0.003), and 6-month mortality (RR,2.25; 95% CI, 1.37 to 3.70; P < 0.001).

Conclusion

Our findings suggest that values about 2.5 mg/l of cystatin could be a danger threshold for the short-term risk of death in heart failure. Exceeding this threshold, for every 1 mg/L increase in CysC, the risk of all-cause mortality increased by more than one time.