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Zachová K, Bartheldyová E, Hubatka F, Křupka M, Odehnalová N, Turánek Knötigová P, Vaškovicová N, Sloupenská K, Hromádka R, Paulovičová E, Effenberg R, Ledvina M, Raška M, Turánek J. The immunogenicity of p24 protein from HIV-1 virus is strongly supported and modulated by coupling with liposomes and mannan. Carbohydr Polym 2024; 332:121844. [PMID: 38431385 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2024.121844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2023] [Revised: 12/31/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024]
Abstract
Anti-viral and anti-tumor vaccines aim to induce cytotoxic CD8+ T cells (CTL) and antibodies. Conserved protein antigens, such as p24 from human immunodeficiency virus, represent promising component for elicitation CTLs, nevertheless with suboptimal immunogenicity, if formulated as recombinant protein. To enhance immunogenicity and CTL response, recombinant proteins may be targeted to dendritic cells (DC) for cross presentation on MHCI, where mannose receptor and/or other lectin receptors could play an important role. Here, we constructed liposomal carrier-based vaccine composed of recombinant p24 antigen bound by metallochelating linkage onto surface of nanoliposomes with surface mannans coupled by aminooxy ligation. Generated mannosylated proteonanoliposomes were analyzed by dynamic light scattering, isothermal titration, and electron microscopy. Using murine DC line MutuDC and murine bone marrow derived DC (BMDC) we evaluated their immunogenicity and immunomodulatory activity. We show that p24 mannosylated proteonanoliposomes activate DC for enhanced MHCI, MHCII and CD40, CD80, and CD86 surface expression both on MutuDC and BMDC. p24 mannosylated liposomes were internalized by MutuDC with p24 intracellular localization within 1 to 3 h. The combination of metallochelating and aminooxy ligation could be used simultaneously to generate nanoliposomal adjuvanted recombinant protein-based vaccines versatile for combination of recombinant antigens relevant for antibody and CTL elicitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Zachová
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University Olomouc and University Hospital Olomouc, Hněvotínská 3, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - E Bartheldyová
- C2P NEXARS, The Campus Science Park, Palachovo náměstí 2, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - F Hubatka
- C2P NEXARS, The Campus Science Park, Palachovo náměstí 2, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - M Křupka
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University Olomouc and University Hospital Olomouc, Hněvotínská 3, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - N Odehnalová
- C2P NEXARS, The Campus Science Park, Palachovo náměstí 2, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - P Turánek Knötigová
- C2P NEXARS, The Campus Science Park, Palachovo náměstí 2, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - N Vaškovicová
- Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - K Sloupenská
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University Olomouc and University Hospital Olomouc, Hněvotínská 3, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - R Hromádka
- C2P NEXARS, The Campus Science Park, Palachovo náměstí 2, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - E Paulovičová
- Center for Glycomics, Institute of Chemistry, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - R Effenberg
- Department of Chemistry of Natural Compounds, University of Chemistry and Technology, Technická 5, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - M Ledvina
- Department of Chemistry of Natural Compounds, University of Chemistry and Technology, Technická 5, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - M Raška
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University Olomouc and University Hospital Olomouc, Hněvotínská 3, Olomouc, Czech Republic.
| | - J Turánek
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University Olomouc and University Hospital Olomouc, Hněvotínská 3, Olomouc, Czech Republic; C2P NEXARS, The Campus Science Park, Palachovo náměstí 2, Brno, Czech Republic; Institute of Clinical Immunology & Allergology, Charles University Prague and University Hospital, Hradec Kralove, Sokolská 581, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic.
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2
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Panthi VK, Fairfull-Smith KE, Islam N. Ciprofloxacin-Loaded Inhalable Formulations against Lower Respiratory Tract Infections: Challenges, Recent Advances, and Future Perspectives. Pharmaceutics 2024; 16:648. [PMID: 38794310 PMCID: PMC11125790 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics16050648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2024] [Revised: 04/29/2024] [Accepted: 05/09/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Inhaled ciprofloxacin (CFX) has been investigated as a treatment for lower respiratory tract infections (LRTIs) associated with cystic fibrosis (CF), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and bronchiectasis. The challenges in CFX effectiveness for LRTI treatment include poor aqueous solubility and therapy resistance. CFX dry powder for inhalation (DPI) formulations were well-tolerated, showing a remarkable decline in overall bacterial burden compared to a placebo in bronchiectasis patients. Recent research using an inhalable powder combining Pseudomonas phage PEV20 with CFX exhibited a substantial reduction in bacterial density in mouse lungs infected with clinical P. aeruginosa strains and reduced inflammation. Currently, studies suggest that elevated biosynthesis of fatty acids could serve as a potential biomarker for detecting CFX resistance in LRTIs. Furthermore, inhaled CFX has successfully addressed various challenges associated with traditional CFX, including the incapacity to eliminate the pathogen, the recurrence of colonization, and the development of resistance. However, further exploration is needed to address three key unresolved issues: identifying the right patient group, determining the optimal treatment duration, and accurately assessing the risk of antibiotic resistance, with additional multicenter randomized controlled trials suggested to tackle these challenges. Importantly, future investigations will focus on the effectiveness of CFX DPI in bronchiectasis and COPD, aiming to differentiate prognoses between these two conditions. This review underscores the importance of CFX inhalable formulations against LRTIs in preclinical and clinical sectors, their challenges, recent advancements, and future perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vijay Kumar Panthi
- Pharmacy Discipline, School of Clinical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, QLD 4001, Australia;
| | - Kathryn E. Fairfull-Smith
- School of Chemistry and Physics, Faculty of Science, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, QLD 4001, Australia;
- Centre for Materials Science, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, QLD 4001, Australia
| | - Nazrul Islam
- Pharmacy Discipline, School of Clinical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, QLD 4001, Australia;
- Centre for Materials Science, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, QLD 4001, Australia
- Centre for Immunology and Infection Control (CIIC), Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, QLD 4001, Australia
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3
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Ong HX, Traini D, Young PM. Liposomes for Inhalation. J Aerosol Med Pulm Drug Deliv 2024; 37:100-110. [PMID: 38640446 DOI: 10.1089/jamp.2024.29112.hxo] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Inhalation of liposomes formulated with phospholipids similar to endogenous lung surfactants and lipids offers biocompatibility and versatility within the pulmonary medicine field to treat a range of diseases such as lung cancer, cystic fibrosis and lung infections. Manipulation of the physicochemical properties of liposomes enables innovative design of the carrier to meet specific delivery, release and targeting requirements. This delivery system offers several benefits: improved pharmacokinetics with reduced toxicity, enhanced therapeutic efficacy, increased delivery of poorly soluble drugs, taste masking, biopharmaceutics degradation protection and targeted cellular therapy. This section provides an overview of liposomal formulation and delivery, together with their applications for different disease states in the lung.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Xin Ong
- Woolcock Institute for Medical Research, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Daniela Traini
- Woolcock Institute for Medical Research, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Paul M Young
- CEO, Ab Inito Pharma, Macquarie Park, NSW, Australia
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4
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Borenstein JT, Cummins G, Dutta A, Hamad E, Hughes MP, Jiang X, Lee HH, Lei KF, Tang XS, Zheng Y, Chen J. Bionanotechnology and bioMEMS (BNM): state-of-the-art applications, opportunities, and challenges. LAB ON A CHIP 2023; 23:4928-4949. [PMID: 37916434 DOI: 10.1039/d3lc00296a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2023]
Abstract
The development of micro- and nanotechnology for biomedical applications has defined the cutting edge of medical technology for over three decades, as advancements in fabrication technology developed originally in the semiconductor industry have been applied to solving ever-more complex problems in medicine and biology. These technologies are ideally suited to interfacing with life sciences, since they are on the scale lengths as cells (microns) and biomacromolecules (nanometers). In this paper, we review the state of the art in bionanotechnology and bioMEMS (collectively BNM), including developments and challenges in the areas of BNM, such as microfluidic organ-on-chip devices, oral drug delivery, emerging technologies for managing infectious diseases, 3D printed microfluidic devices, AC electrokinetics, flexible MEMS devices, implantable microdevices, paper-based microfluidic platforms for cellular analysis, and wearable sensors for point-of-care testing.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gerard Cummins
- School of Engineering, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, B15 2TT, UK.
| | - Abhishek Dutta
- Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, University of Connecticut, USA.
| | - Eyad Hamad
- Biomedical Engineering Department, School of Applied Medical Sciences, German Jordanian University, Amman, Jordan.
| | - Michael Pycraft Hughes
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Khalifa University, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates.
| | - Xingyu Jiang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, China.
| | - Hyowon Hugh Lee
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Center for Implantable Devices, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA.
| | | | | | | | - Jie Chen
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2R3, Canada.
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5
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Aflakian F, Mirzavi F, Aiyelabegan HT, Soleimani A, Gholizadeh Navashenaq J, Karimi-Sani I, Rafati Zomorodi A, Vakili-Ghartavol R. Nanoparticles-based therapeutics for the management of bacterial infections: A special emphasis on FDA approved products and clinical trials. Eur J Pharm Sci 2023; 188:106515. [PMID: 37402428 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2023.106515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2023] [Revised: 06/04/2023] [Accepted: 07/01/2023] [Indexed: 07/06/2023]
Abstract
Microbial resistance has increased in recent decades as a result of the extensive and indiscriminate use of antibiotics. The World Health Organization listed antimicrobial resistance as one of ten major global public health threats in 2021. In particular, six major bacterial pathogens, including third-generation cephalosporin-resistant Escherichia coli, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Streptococcus pneumoniae, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, were found to have the highest resistance-related death rates in 2019. To respond to this urgent call, the creation of new pharmaceutical technologies based on nanoscience and drug delivery systems appears to be the promising strategy against microbial resistance in light of recent advancements, particularly the new knowledge of medicinal biology. Nanomaterials are often defined as substances having sizes between 1 and 100 nm. If the material is used on a small scale; its properties significantly change. They come in a variety of sizes and forms to help provide distinguishing characteristics for a wide range of functions. The field of health sciences has demonstrated a strong interest in numerous nanotechnology applications. Therefore, in this review, prospective nanotechnology-based therapeutics for the management of bacterial infections with multiple medication resistance are critically examined. Recent developments in these innovative treatment techniques are described, with an emphasis on preclinical, clinical, and combinatorial approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Aflakian
- Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Farshad Mirzavi
- Cardiovascular Diseases Research Center, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran
| | | | - Anvar Soleimani
- Department of Medical Microbiology, College of Health Sciences, Cihan University-Sulaimaniya, Sulaimaniya, 46001, Kurdistan Region, Iraq
| | | | - Iman Karimi-Sani
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Advanced Medical Sciences and Technologies, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Abolfazl Rafati Zomorodi
- Department of Bacteriology and Virology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Roghayyeh Vakili-Ghartavol
- Department of Medical Nanotechnology, School of Advanced Medical Sciences and Technologies, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran; Nanomedicine and Nanobiology Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
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6
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Le-Deygen I, Safronova A, Mamaeva P, Khristidis Y, Kolmogorov I, Skuredina A, Timashev P, Kudryashova E. Liposomal Forms of Fluoroquinolones and Antifibrotics Decorated with Mannosylated Chitosan for Inhalation Drug Delivery. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:pharmaceutics15041101. [PMID: 37111586 PMCID: PMC10145208 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15041101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Revised: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 03/31/2023] Open
Abstract
The severe course of COVID-19 leads to the long-terming pulmonary diseases, such as bacterial pneumonia and post-COVID-19 pulmonary fibrosis. Thus, the essential task of biomedicine is a design of new effective drug formulations, including those for inhalation administration. In this work, we propose an approach to the creation of lipid–polymer delivery systems for fluoroquinolones and pirfenidone based on liposomes of various compositions decorated with mucoadhesive mannosylated chitosan. A generalizing study on the physicochemical patterns of the interactions of drugs with bilayers of various compositions was carried out, and the main binding sites were identified. The role of the polymer shell in the stabilization of vesicles and the delayed release of the contents has been demonstrated. For the liquid–polymer formulation of moxifloxacin, a prolonged accumulation of the drug in lung tissues was found after a single endotracheal administration to mice, significantly exceeding the control intravenous and endotracheal administration of the drug.
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7
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Mehrabi MR, Soltani M, Chiani M, Raahemifar K, Farhangi A. Nanomedicine: New Frontiers in Fighting Microbial Infections. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 13:483. [PMID: 36770443 PMCID: PMC9920255 DOI: 10.3390/nano13030483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2023] [Revised: 01/21/2023] [Accepted: 01/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Microbes have dominated life on Earth for the past two billion years, despite facing a variety of obstacles. In the 20th century, antibiotics and immunizations brought about these changes. Since then, microorganisms have acquired resistance, and various infectious diseases have been able to avoid being treated with traditionally developed vaccines. Antibiotic resistance and pathogenicity have surpassed antibiotic discovery in terms of importance over the course of the past few decades. These shifts have resulted in tremendous economic and health repercussions across the board for all socioeconomic levels; thus, we require ground-breaking innovations to effectively manage microbial infections and to provide long-term solutions. The pharmaceutical and biotechnology sectors have been radically altered as a result of nanomedicine, and this trend is now spreading to the antibacterial research community. Here, we examine the role that nanomedicine plays in the prevention of microbial infections, including topics such as diagnosis, antimicrobial therapy, pharmaceutical administration, and immunizations, as well as the opportunities and challenges that lie ahead.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Reza Mehrabi
- Department of NanoBiotechnology, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran 13169-43551, Iran
| | - Madjid Soltani
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, K. N. Toosi University of Technology, Tehran 19967-15433, Iran
- Advanced Bioengineering Initiative Center, Multidisciplinary International Complex, K. N. Toosi University of Technology, Tehran 14176-14411, Iran
- Centre for Biotechnology and Bioengineering (CBB), University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Mohsen Chiani
- Department of NanoBiotechnology, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran 13169-43551, Iran
| | - Kaamran Raahemifar
- Data Science and Artificial Intelligence Program, College of Information Sciences and Technology (IST), Penn State University, State College, PA 16801, USA
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada
- School of Optometry and Vision Science, Faculty of Science, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Ali Farhangi
- Department of NanoBiotechnology, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran 13169-43551, Iran
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Dubashynskaya NV, Bokatyi AN, Gasilova ER, Dobrodumov AV, Dubrovskii YA, Knyazeva ES, Nashchekina YA, Demyanova EV, Skorik YA. Hyaluronan-colistin conjugates: Synthesis, characterization, and prospects for medical applications. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 215:243-252. [PMID: 35724903 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.06.080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Revised: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 06/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The development of nanotechnology-based antibiotic delivery systems (nanoantibiotics) is an important challenge in the effort to combat microbial multidrug resistance. These systems have improved biopharmaceutical characteristics by increasing local bioavailability and reducing systemic toxicity and the number and frequency of drug side effects. Conjugation of low -molecular -weight antibacterial agents with natural polysaccharides is an effective strategy for developing optimal targeted delivery systems with programmed release and reduced cytotoxicity. This study describes the synthesis of conjugates of colistin (CT) and hyaluronic acid (HA) using carbodiimide chemistry to conjugate the amino groups of CT with the carboxyl groups of HA. The obtained polysaccharide carriers had a degree of substitution (DS) with CT molecules of 3-10 %, and the CT content was 129-377 μg/mg. The size of the fabricated particles was 300-600 nm; in addition, there were conjugates in the form of single macromolecules (30-50 nm). The ζ-potential of developed systems was about -20 mV. In vitro release studies at pH 7.4 and pH 5.2 showed slow hydrolysis of amide bonds, with a CT release of 1-5 % after 24 h. The conjugates retained antimicrobial activity depending on the DS: at DS 8 %, the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of the conjugate corresponded to the MIC of free CT. The resulting systems also reduced CT nephrotoxicity by 20-50 %. These new conjugates of CT with HA are promising for the development of nanodrugs for safe and effective antimicrobial therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natallia V Dubashynskaya
- Institute of Macromolecular Compounds of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Bolshoi VO 31, St. Petersburg 199004, Russian Federation
| | - Anton N Bokatyi
- Institute of Macromolecular Compounds of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Bolshoi VO 31, St. Petersburg 199004, Russian Federation; Institute of Chemistry, St. Petersburg State University, Universitetskii 26, St. Petersburg, Petrodvorets, 198504, Russian Federation
| | - Ekaterina R Gasilova
- Institute of Macromolecular Compounds of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Bolshoi VO 31, St. Petersburg 199004, Russian Federation
| | - Anatoliy V Dobrodumov
- Institute of Macromolecular Compounds of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Bolshoi VO 31, St. Petersburg 199004, Russian Federation
| | - Yaroslav A Dubrovskii
- Almazov National Medical Research Centre, Akkuratova 2, St. Petersburg 197341, Russian Federation
| | - Elena S Knyazeva
- State Research Institute of Highly Pure Biopreparations, Pudozhsakya 7, St Petersburg 197110, Russian Federation
| | - Yuliya A Nashchekina
- Institute of Cytology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Tikhoretsky 4, St. Petersburg 194064, Russian Federation
| | - Elena V Demyanova
- State Research Institute of Highly Pure Biopreparations, Pudozhsakya 7, St Petersburg 197110, Russian Federation
| | - Yury A Skorik
- Institute of Macromolecular Compounds of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Bolshoi VO 31, St. Petersburg 199004, Russian Federation.
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Cai D, Gao W, Li Z, Zhang Y, Xiao L, Xiao Y. Current Development of Nano-Drug Delivery to Target Macrophages. Biomedicines 2022; 10:1203. [PMID: 35625939 PMCID: PMC9139084 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10051203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2022] [Revised: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrophages are the most important innate immune cells that participate in various inflammation-related diseases. Therefore, macrophage-related pathological processes are essential targets in the diagnosis and treatment of diseases. Since nanoparticles (NPs) can be preferentially taken up by macrophages, NPs have attracted most attention for specific macrophage-targeting. In this review, the interactions between NPs and the immune system are introduced to help understand the pharmacokinetics and biodistribution of NPs in immune cells. The current design and strategy of NPs modification for specific macrophage-targeting are investigated and summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donglin Cai
- Centre for Biomedical Technologies, School of Mechanical, Medical & Process Engineering, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, QLD 4000, Australia; (D.C.); (W.G.); (Z.L.)
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei MOST) and Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China;
| | - Wendong Gao
- Centre for Biomedical Technologies, School of Mechanical, Medical & Process Engineering, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, QLD 4000, Australia; (D.C.); (W.G.); (Z.L.)
| | - Zhelun Li
- Centre for Biomedical Technologies, School of Mechanical, Medical & Process Engineering, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, QLD 4000, Australia; (D.C.); (W.G.); (Z.L.)
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei MOST) and Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China;
| | - Yufeng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei MOST) and Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China;
| | - Lan Xiao
- Centre for Biomedical Technologies, School of Mechanical, Medical & Process Engineering, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, QLD 4000, Australia; (D.C.); (W.G.); (Z.L.)
- Australia-China Centre for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Queensland University of Technology, 60 Musk Ave., Kelvin Grove, Brisbane, QLD 4059, Australia
| | - Yin Xiao
- Centre for Biomedical Technologies, School of Mechanical, Medical & Process Engineering, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, QLD 4000, Australia; (D.C.); (W.G.); (Z.L.)
- Australia-China Centre for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Queensland University of Technology, 60 Musk Ave., Kelvin Grove, Brisbane, QLD 4059, Australia
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10
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Carbohydrate anchored lipid nanoparticles. Int J Pharm 2022; 618:121681. [PMID: 35307469 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2022.121681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2021] [Revised: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Nanotechnology has been a dynamic field for formulation scientists with multidisciplinary research being conducted worldwide. Advancements in development of functional nanosystems have led to evolution of breakthrough technologies. Lipidic nanosystems, in particular, are highly preferred owing to their non-immunogenic safety profiles along with a range of versatile intrinsic properties. Surface modification of lipid nanoparticles by anchoring carbohydrates to these systems is one such attractive drug delivery technology. Carbohydrates confer interesting properties to the nanosystems such as stealth, biostability, bioavailability, reduced toxicity due to decreased immunogenic response, targeting potential as well as ease of commercial availability. The carbohydrate anchored systems can be developed using methods such as adsorption, incorporation (nanoprecipitation or solvent displacement method), crosslinking and grafting. Current review provides a detailed overview of potential lipid based nanoparticulate systems with an emphasis on liposomes, solid lipid nanoparticles, nanostructures lipid carriers and micelles. Review further explores basics of surface modification, methods applied therein, advantages of carbohydrates as surface modifiers, their versatile applications, techniques for characterization of carbohydrate anchored systems and vital regulatory aspects concerned with these specialized systems.
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11
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Wang W, Guo H, Lin S, Xiao X, Liu Y, Wang Y, Zhou D. Biosafety materials for tuberculosis treatment. BIOSAFETY AND HEALTH 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bsheal.2022.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
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12
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Shin S, Kwon S, Yeo Y. Meta-Analysis of Drug Delivery Approaches for Treating Intracellular Infections. Pharm Res 2022; 39:1085-1114. [PMID: 35146592 PMCID: PMC8830998 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-022-03188-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
This meta-analysis aims to evaluate the trend, methodological quality and completeness of studies on intracellular delivery of antimicrobial agents. PubMed, Embase, and reference lists of related reviews were searched to identify original articles that evaluated carrier-mediated intracellular delivery and pharmacodynamics (PD) of antimicrobial therapeutics against intracellular pathogens in vitro and/or in vivo. A total of 99 studies were included in the analysis. The most commonly targeted intracellular pathogens were bacteria (62.6%), followed by viruses (16.2%) and parasites (15.2%). Twenty-one out of 99 (21.2%) studies performed neither microscopic imaging nor flow cytometric analysis to verify that the carrier particles are present in the infected cells. Only 31.3% of studies provided comparative inhibitory concentrations against a free drug control. Approximately 8% of studies, albeit claimed for intracellular delivery of antimicrobial therapeutics, did not provide any experimental data such as microscopic imaging, flow cytometry, and in vitro PD. Future research on intracellular delivery of antimicrobial agents needs to improve the methodological quality and completeness of supporting data in order to facilitate clinical translation of intracellular delivery platforms for antimicrobial therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sooyoung Shin
- College of Pharmacy, Ajou University, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do, 16499, Republic of Korea. .,Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology (RIPST), Ajou University, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do, 16499, Republic of Korea.
| | - Soonbum Kwon
- Department of Industrial and Physical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, 575 Stadium Mall Dr., West Lafayette, IN, 47906, USA
| | - Yoon Yeo
- Department of Industrial and Physical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, 575 Stadium Mall Dr., West Lafayette, IN, 47906, USA. .,Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, 206 S Martin Jischke Dr., West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA.
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Yayehrad AT, Wondie GB, Marew T. Different Nanotechnology Approaches for Ciprofloxacin Delivery Against Multidrug-Resistant Microbes. Infect Drug Resist 2022; 15:413-426. [PMID: 35153493 PMCID: PMC8828447 DOI: 10.2147/idr.s348643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 01/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The percentages of organisms exhibiting antimicrobial resistance, especially resistance to multiple antibiotics, are incessantly increasing. Studies investigated that many bacteria are being resistant to ciprofloxacin. This review addresses the current knowledge on nano-based ciprofloxacin delivery approaches to improve its effectiveness and overcome the resistance issues. Ciprofloxacin delivery can be modified by encapsulating with or incorporating in different polymeric nanoparticles such as chitosan, PLGA, albumin, arginine, and other organic and inorganic nanostructure systems. Most of these nano-approaches are promising as an alternative strategy to improve the therapeutic effectiveness of ciprofloxacin in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashagrachew Tewabe Yayehrad
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Social Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
| | - Gebremariam Birhanu Wondie
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Social Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Tesfa Marew
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Social Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
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14
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Sarkar K, Kumar M, Jha A, Bharti K, Das M, Mishra B. Nanocarriers for tuberculosis therapy: Design of safe and effective drug delivery strategies to overcome the therapeutic challenges. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2021.102850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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15
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Subramaniam S, Joyce P, Thomas N, Prestidge CA. Bioinspired drug delivery strategies for repurposing conventional antibiotics against intracellular infections. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2021; 177:113948. [PMID: 34464665 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2021.113948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Revised: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Bacteria have developed a wealth of strategies to avoid and resist the action of antibiotics, one of which involves pathogens invading and forming reservoirs within host cells. Due to the poor cell membrane permeability, stability and retention of conventional antibiotics, this renders current treatments largely ineffective, since achieving a therapeutically relevant antibiotic concentration at the site of intracellular infection is not possible. To overcome such challenges, current antibiotics are 'repurposed' via reformulation using micro- or nano-carrier systems that effectively encapsulate and deliver therapeutics across cellular membranes of infected cells. Bioinspired materials that imitate the uptake of biological particulates and release antibiotics in response to natural stimuli are recently explored to improve the targeting and specificity of this 'nanoantibiotic' approach. In this review, the mechanisms of internalization and survival of intracellular bacteria are elucidated, effectively accentuating the current treatment challenges for intracellular infections and the implications for repurposing conventional antibiotics. Key case studies of nanoantibiotics that have drawn inspiration from natural biological particles and cellular uptake pathways to effectively eradicate intracellular pathogens are detailed, clearly highlighting the rational for harnessing bioinspired drug delivery strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santhni Subramaniam
- University of South Australia, UniSA Clinical and Health Sciences, SA 5000, Australia; ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia
| | - Paul Joyce
- University of South Australia, UniSA Clinical and Health Sciences, SA 5000, Australia; ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia
| | - Nicky Thomas
- University of South Australia, UniSA Clinical and Health Sciences, SA 5000, Australia; ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia; The Basil Hetzel Institute for Translational Health Research, Woodville, SA 5011, Australia
| | - Clive A Prestidge
- University of South Australia, UniSA Clinical and Health Sciences, SA 5000, Australia; ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia.
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16
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Ma R, Zhang J, Chen Z, Ma H, Liu X, Liang S, Wu P, Ge Z. Treatment of spinal tuberculosis in rabbits using bovine serum albumin nanoparticles loaded with isoniazid and rifampicin. Neurol Res 2021; 44:268-274. [PMID: 34581255 DOI: 10.1080/01616412.2021.1979749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the clinical efficacy of bovine serum albumin nanoparticles loaded with isoniazid and rifampicin (INH-RFP-BSA-NPs) in the treatment of spinal tuberculosis in rabbits. METHODS 35 spinal tuberculosis rabbit models were grouped into three groups, including 14 in group A and group B respectively and 7 in group C.All rabbits in group A were treated by INH-RFP-BSA-NPs's injection and in group B were treated with classic dosage form of INH and RFP, while in group C normal saline was given as the blank control. After intervention, the body weighing and CT scan, as well as concentration's measurement of INH and RFP in blood and tissues, were performed in all rabbits at the time of the 6thweek and 12th week, respectively. RESULTS In group A, rabbits' weight increased by 0.44 kg and 0.27 kg within 6 weeks and 12 weeks' treatment respectively. The bactericidal concentrations of 1.64 µg•g-1 for INH and 21.36 µg•g-1 for RFP were measured in focus vertebral body 6 weeks post-injection and six weeks later the concentrations of INH and RFP in vertebral body still maintained at the level of 1.96 µg•g-1 and 22.35 µg•g-1respectively. After 12 weeks therapy, CT-scanned showed all the necrotic tissue was replaced by normal bone tissue. In group B, all rabbits had no significant increment of body weight and 4 rabbits had paralysis of hind leg. The concentrations of INH and RFP in vertebral body and focus were much lower than group A. CT-scanned showed the focus vertebral body was only partially repaired after 12 weeks' therapy. CONCLUSION The INH-RFP-BSA-NPs has the characteristics of sustained release in vivo and target biodistribution in focus vertebral body. Its therapeutic effect in rabbit spinal tuberculosis is much better than common INH and RFP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Ma
- Department of Orthopedics, General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Jianqun Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics, General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Zhen Chen
- Department of Orthopedics, General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
| | - He Ma
- Department of Orthopaedics, Shenzhen Baoan People's Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xiaoyin Liu
- Department of Orthopedics, General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Simin Liang
- Department of Orthopedics, General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Peng Wu
- Department of Orthopedics, General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Zhaohui Ge
- Department of Orthopedics, General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
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17
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Zhang W, Hu E, Wang Y, Miao S, Liu Y, Hu Y, Liu J, Xu B, Chen D, Shen Y. Emerging Antibacterial Strategies with Application of Targeting Drug Delivery System and Combined Treatment. Int J Nanomedicine 2021; 16:6141-6156. [PMID: 34511911 PMCID: PMC8423451 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s311248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
At present, some bacteria have developed significant resistance to almost all available antibiotics. One of the reasons that cannot be ignored is long-term exposure of bacteria to the sub-minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of antibiotics. Therefore, it is necessary to develop a targeted antibiotic delivery system to improve drug delivery behavior, in order to delay the generation of bacterial drug resistance. In recent years, with the continuous development of nanotechnology, various types of nanocarriers that respond to the infection microenvironment, targeting specific bacterial targets, and targeting infected cells, and so on, are gradually being used in the delivery of antibacterial agents to increase the concentration of drugs at the site of infection and reduce the side effects of drugs in normal tissues. Here, this article describes in detail the latest research progress on nanocarriers for antimicrobial, and commonly used targeted antimicrobial strategies. The advantages of the combination of nanotechnology and targeting strategies in combating bacterial infections are highlighted in this review, and the upcoming opportunities and remaining challenges in this field are rationally prospected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenli Zhang
- Department of Pharmaceutics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, People's Republic of China
| | - Enshi Hu
- Department of Pharmaceutics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, People's Republic of China
| | - Yajie Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, People's Republic of China
| | - Si Miao
- Department of Pharmaceutics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanyan Liu
- Department of Pharmaceutics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, People's Republic of China
| | - Yumin Hu
- Department of Pharmaceutics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, People's Republic of China
| | - Ji Liu
- Department of Pharmaceutics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, People's Republic of China
| | - Bohui Xu
- School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, People's Republic of China
| | - Daquan Chen
- School of Pharmacy, Yantai University, State Key Laboratory of Long-acting and Targeting Drug Delivery System, Yantai, 264005, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Shen
- Department of Pharmaceutics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, People's Republic of China
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18
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Choi SR, Talmon GA, Britigan BE, Narayanasamy P. Nanoparticulate β-Cyclodextrin with Gallium Tetraphenylporphyrin Demonstrates in Vitro and in Vivo Antimicrobial Efficacy against Mycobacteroides abscessus and Mycobacterium avium. ACS Infect Dis 2021; 7:2299-2309. [PMID: 34314150 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.0c00896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The emergence of drug-resistant pathogens causes the greatest challenge for drug development research. Recently, gallium(III)-based compounds have received great attention as novel antimicrobial agents against drug-resistant pathogens. Here, we synthesized a new β-cyclodextrin Ga nanoparticle (CDGaTP) using Ga tetraphenylporphyrin (GaTP, a hemin analogue) and β-cyclodextrin. The newly synthesized nanoparticle was nontoxic and efficient at a single dose, showing sustained drug release for 15 days in vitro. CDGaTP's activity with transferrin or lactoferrin was tested, and synergism in activity was observed against nontuberculosis mycobacteria (NTM), Mycobacterium avium (M. avium), and Mycobacteroides abscessus. Human serum albumin (HSA) decreased the efficacy of both GaTP and CDGaTP in a concentration-dependent manner. The NTMs incubated with GaTP or CDGaTP significantly produced reactive oxygen species (ROS), indicating potential inhibition of antioxidant enzymes, such as catalase. The single-dose CDGaTP displayed a prolonged intracellular inhibitory activity in an in vitro macrophage infection model against both NTMs. In addition, CDGaTP, not GaTP, was effective in a murine lung M. avium infection model when delivered via intranasal administration. These results suggest that CDGaTP provides new opportunities for the development of gallium-porphyrin based antibiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seoung-Ryoung Choi
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska 68198, United States
| | - Geoffrey A. Talmon
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska 68198, United States
| | - Bradley E. Britigan
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska 68198, United States
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska 68198, United States
- Department of Internal Medicine and Research Service, Veterans Affairs Medical Center−Nebraska Western Iowa, Omaha, Nebraska 68105, United States
| | - Prabagaran Narayanasamy
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska 68198, United States
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19
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Lopes LGF, Carvalho EM, Sousa EHS. A bioinorganic chemistry perspective on the roles of metals as drugs and targets against Mycobacterium tuberculosis - a journey of opportunities. Dalton Trans 2021; 49:15988-16003. [PMID: 32583835 DOI: 10.1039/d0dt01365j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Medicinal inorganic chemists have provided many strategies to tackle a myriad of diseases, pushing forward the frontiers of pharmacology. As an example, the fight against tuberculosis (TB), an infectious bacterial disease, has led to the development of metal-based compounds as potential drugs. This disease remains a current health issue causing over 1.4 million of deaths per year. The emergence of multi- (MDR) and extensively-drug resistant (XDR) Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) strains along with a long dormancy process, place major challenges in developing new therapeutic compounds. Isoniazid is a front-line prodrug used against TB with appealing features for coordination chemists, which have been explored in a series of cases reported here. An isoniazid iron-based compound, called IQG-607, has caught our attention, whose in vitro and in vivo studies are advanced and thoroughly discussed, along with other metal complexes. Isoniazid is inactive against dormant Mtb, a hard to eliminate state of this bacillus, found in one-fourth of the world's population and directly implicated in the lengthy treatment of TB (ca. 6 months). Thus, our understanding of this phenomenon may lead to a rational design of new drugs. Along these lines, we describe how metals as targets can cross paths with metals used as selective therapeutics, where we mainly review heme-based sensors, DevS and DosT, as a key system in the Mtb dormancy process and a current drug target. Overall, we report new opportunities for bioinorganic chemists to tackle this longstanding and current threat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luiz G F Lopes
- Group of Bioinorganic, Department of Organic and Inorganic Chemistry, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Brazil.
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20
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Tse JY, Koike A, Kadota K, Uchiyama H, Fujimori K, Tozuka Y. Porous particles and novel carrier particles with enhanced penetration for efficient pulmonary delivery of antitubercular drugs. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2021; 167:116-126. [PMID: 34363979 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2021.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Revised: 07/01/2021] [Accepted: 07/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to design dry powder inhaler formulations using a hydrophilic polymeric polysaccharide, phytoglycogen (PyG), as a multi-functional additive that increases the phagocytic activity of macrophage-like cells and enhances pulmonary delivery of drugs. The safety and usefulness of PyG were determined using in vitro cell-based studies. Dry powder inhaler formulations of an antitubercular drug, rifampicin, were fabricated by spray drying with PyG. The cytotoxicity, effects on phagocytosis, particle size, and morphology were evaluated. The aerosolization properties of the powder formulations were evaluated using an Andersen cascade impactor (ACI). Scanning electron microscope images of the particles on each ACI stage were captured to observe the deposition behavior. PyG showed no toxicity in A549, Calu-3, or RAW264.7 cell lines. At concentrations of 0.5 and 1 g/L, PyG facilitated the cellular uptake of latex beads and the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokine genes in RAW264.7 cells. Formulations with outstanding inhalation potential were produced. The fine particle fraction (aerodynamic size 2-7 µm) of the porous particle batch reached nearly 60%, whereas in the formulation containing wrinkled carrier particles, the extra-fine particle fraction (aerodynamic particle size < 2 μm) was 25.0% ± 1.7%. The deposition of porous and wrinkled particles on individual ACI stages was distinct. The inclusion of PyG dramatically improved the inhalation performance of porous and wrinkled powder formulations. These easily inhaled immunostimulatory carrier particles may advance the state of research by enhancing the therapeutic effect and alveolar delivery of antitubercular drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Yee Tse
- Department of Formulation Design and Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Osaka Medical and Pharmaceutical University, 4-20-1 Nasahara, Takatsuki, Osaka 569-1094, Japan
| | - Atsushi Koike
- Department of Pathobiochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Osaka Medical and Pharmaceutical University, 4-20-1 Nasahara, Takatsuki, Osaka 569-1094, Japan
| | - Kazunori Kadota
- Department of Formulation Design and Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Osaka Medical and Pharmaceutical University, 4-20-1 Nasahara, Takatsuki, Osaka 569-1094, Japan.
| | - Hiromasa Uchiyama
- Department of Formulation Design and Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Osaka Medical and Pharmaceutical University, 4-20-1 Nasahara, Takatsuki, Osaka 569-1094, Japan
| | - Ko Fujimori
- Department of Pathobiochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Osaka Medical and Pharmaceutical University, 4-20-1 Nasahara, Takatsuki, Osaka 569-1094, Japan
| | - Yuichi Tozuka
- Department of Formulation Design and Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Osaka Medical and Pharmaceutical University, 4-20-1 Nasahara, Takatsuki, Osaka 569-1094, Japan.
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21
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Lunn AM, Unnikrishnan M, Perrier S. Dual pH-Responsive Macrophage-Targeted Isoniazid Glycoparticles for Intracellular Tuberculosis Therapy. Biomacromolecules 2021; 22:3756-3768. [PMID: 34339606 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.1c00554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) is a global epidemic that kills over a million people every year, particularly in low-resource communities. Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the most common bacterium that causes TB, is difficult to treat, particularly in its latent phase, in part due to its ability to survive and replicate within the host macrophage. New therapeutic approaches resulting in better tolerated and shorter antibiotic courses that target intracellular bacteria are critical to effective treatment. The development of a novel, pH-responsive, mannosylated nanoparticle, covalently linked with isoniazid, a first-line TB antibiotic, is presented. This nanoparticle drug delivery agent has increased macrophage uptake and, upon exposure to the acidic phagolysosome, releases isoniazid through hydrolysis of a hydrazone bond, and disintegrates into a linear polymer. Full antibiotic activity is shown to be retained, with mannosylated isoniazid particles being the only treatment exhibiting complete bacterial eradication of intracellular bacteria, compared to an equivalent PEGylated system and free isoniazid. Such a system, able to effectively kill intracellular mycobacteria, holds promise for improved outcomes in TB infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew M Lunn
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill, Coventry CV4 7AL, U.K
| | - Meera Unnikrishnan
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, U.K
| | - Sébastien Perrier
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill, Coventry CV4 7AL, U.K.,Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
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22
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Prasanna P, Rathee S, Upadhyay A, Sulakshana S. Nanotherapeutics in the treatment of acute respiratory distress syndrome. Life Sci 2021; 276:119428. [PMID: 33785346 PMCID: PMC7999693 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2021.119428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Revised: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is a form of oxygenation failure primarily characterized by rapid inflammation resulting from a direct pulmonary or indirect systemic insult. ARDS has been a major cause of death in the recent COVID-19 outbreak wherein asymptomatic respiratory tract infection progresses to ARDS from pneumonia have emphasized the need for a reliable therapy for the disease. The disease has a high mortality rate of approximately 30-50%. Despite the high mortality rate, a dearth of effective pharmacotherapy exists that demands extensive research in this area. The complex ARDS pathophysiology which remains to be understood completely and the multifactorial etiology of the disease has led to the poor diagnosis, impeded drug-delivery to the deeper pulmonary tissues, and delayed treatment of the ARDS patients. Besides, critically ill patients are unable to tolerate the off-target side effects. The vast domain of nanobiotechnology presents several drug delivery systems offering numerous benefits such as targeted delivery, prolonged drug release, and uniform drug-distribution. The present review presents a brief insight into the ARDS pathophysiology and summarizes conventional pharmacotherapies available to date. Furthermore, the review provides an updated report of major developments in the nanomedicinal approaches for the treatment of ARDS. We also discuss different nano-formulations studied extensively in the ARDS preclinical models along with underlining the advantages as well as challenges that need to be addressed in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pragya Prasanna
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hajipur, Bihar 844102, India
| | - Shweta Rathee
- Department of Food Science and Technology, National Institute of Food Technology Entrepreneurship and Management, Sonipat, Haryana 131028, India
| | - Arun Upadhyay
- Department of Neurology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Sulakshana Sulakshana
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Sri Ram Murti Smarak Institute of Medical Sciences (SRMS-IMS), Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh 243202, India.
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23
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Si W, Yang Q, Zong Y, Ren G, Zhao L, Hong M, Xin Z. Toward Understanding the Effect of Solvent Evaporation on the Morphology of PLGA Microspheres by Double Emulsion Method. Ind Eng Chem Res 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.1c00063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wei Si
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Qingqing Yang
- Engineering Research Center of Pharmaceutical Process Chemistry, Ministry of Education, Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Crystal Engineering & Technology, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, No. 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Yuan Zong
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Guobin Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, No. 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, China
- Engineering Research Center of Pharmaceutical Process Chemistry, Ministry of Education, Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Crystal Engineering & Technology, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, No. 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Ling Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Minghuang Hong
- Engineering Research Center of Pharmaceutical Process Chemistry, Ministry of Education, Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Crystal Engineering & Technology, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, No. 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Zhong Xin
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, China
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24
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Durán V, Grabski E, Hozsa C, Becker J, Yasar H, Monteiro JT, Costa B, Koller N, Lueder Y, Wiegmann B, Brandes G, Kaever V, Lehr CM, Lepenies B, Tampé R, Förster R, Bošnjak B, Furch M, Graalmann T, Kalinke U. Fucosylated lipid nanocarriers loaded with antibiotics efficiently inhibit mycobacterial propagation in human myeloid cells. J Control Release 2021; 334:201-212. [PMID: 33865899 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2021.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2020] [Revised: 04/10/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Antibiotic treatment of tuberculosis (TB) is complex, lengthy, and can be associated with various adverse effects. As a result, patient compliance often is poor, thus further enhancing the risk of selecting multi-drug resistant bacteria. Macrophage mannose receptor (MMR)-positive alveolar macrophages (AM) constitute a niche in which Mycobacterium tuberculosis replicates and survives. Therefore, we encapsulated levofloxacin in lipid nanocarriers functionalized with fucosyl residues that interact with the MMR. Indeed, such nanocarriers preferentially targeted MMR-positive myeloid cells, and in particular, AM. Intracellularly, fucosylated lipid nanocarriers favorably delivered their payload into endosomal compartments, where mycobacteria reside. In an in vitro setting using infected human primary macrophages as well as dendritic cells, the encapsulated antibiotic cleared the pathogen more efficiently than free levofloxacin. In conclusion, our results point towards carbohydrate-functionalized nanocarriers as a promising tool for improving TB treatment by targeted delivery of antibiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verónica Durán
- Institute for Experimental Infection Research, TWINCORE, Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, a joint venture between the Hannover Medical School and the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Hannover, Germany
| | - Elena Grabski
- Institute for Experimental Infection Research, TWINCORE, Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, a joint venture between the Hannover Medical School and the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Hannover, Germany
| | | | - Jennifer Becker
- Institute for Experimental Infection Research, TWINCORE, Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, a joint venture between the Hannover Medical School and the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Hannover, Germany
| | - Hanzey Yasar
- Helmholtz-Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland (HIPS) - Helmholtz Center for Infection Research (HZI), Department of Drug Delivery (DDEL), Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - João T Monteiro
- Institute for Immunology & Research Center for Emerging Infections and Zoonoses (RIZ), University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Bibiana Costa
- Institute for Experimental Infection Research, TWINCORE, Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, a joint venture between the Hannover Medical School and the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Hannover, Germany
| | - Nicole Koller
- Institute of Biochemistry, Biocenter, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Yvonne Lueder
- Institute of Immunology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Bettina Wiegmann
- Department of Cardiothoracic, Transplantation and Vascular Surgery, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.; Lower Saxony Center for Biomedical Engineering, Implant Research and Development, Hannover, Medical School, Germany; German Centre of Lung Research, 30625, Hannover, Germany
| | - Gudrun Brandes
- Institute of Neuroanatomy and Cell Biology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Volkhard Kaever
- Institute of Pharmacology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Claus-Michael Lehr
- Helmholtz-Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland (HIPS) - Helmholtz Center for Infection Research (HZI), Department of Drug Delivery (DDEL), Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Bernd Lepenies
- Institute for Immunology & Research Center for Emerging Infections and Zoonoses (RIZ), University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Robert Tampé
- Institute of Biochemistry, Biocenter, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Reinhold Förster
- Institute of Immunology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.; Cluster of Excellence - Resolving Infection Susceptibility (RESIST), Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Berislav Bošnjak
- Institute of Immunology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany..
| | | | - Theresa Graalmann
- Institute for Experimental Infection Research, TWINCORE, Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, a joint venture between the Hannover Medical School and the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Hannover, Germany; Clinic of Immunology and Rheumatology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany..
| | - Ulrich Kalinke
- Institute for Experimental Infection Research, TWINCORE, Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, a joint venture between the Hannover Medical School and the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Hannover, Germany; Cluster of Excellence - Resolving Infection Susceptibility (RESIST), Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany..
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Kirtane AR, Verma M, Karandikar P, Furin J, Langer R, Traverso G. Nanotechnology approaches for global infectious diseases. NATURE NANOTECHNOLOGY 2021; 16:369-384. [PMID: 33753915 DOI: 10.1038/s41565-021-00866-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 52.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2019] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Infectious diseases are a major driver of morbidity and mortality globally. Treatment of malaria, tuberculosis and human immunodeficiency virus infection are particularly challenging, as indicated by the ongoing transmission and high mortality associated with these diseases. The formulation of new and existing drugs in nano-sized carriers promises to overcome several challenges associated with the treatment of these diseases, including low on-target bioavailability, sub-therapeutic drug accumulation in microbial sanctuaries and reservoirs, and low patient adherence due to drug-related toxicities and extended therapeutic regimens. Further, nanocarriers can be used for formulating vaccines, which represent a major weapon in our fight against infectious diseases. Here we review the current burden of infectious diseases with a focus on major drivers of morbidity and mortality. We then highlight how nanotechnology could aid in improving existing treatment modalities. We summarize our progress so far and outline potential future directions to maximize the impact of nanotechnology on the global population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ameya R Kirtane
- David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Division of Gastroenterology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Malvika Verma
- David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Tata Center for Technology and Design, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Paramesh Karandikar
- David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Jennifer Furin
- Department of Global Health and Social Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Robert Langer
- David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Tata Center for Technology and Design, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Media Lab, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Institute of Medical Engineering and Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Giovanni Traverso
- Division of Gastroenterology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
- Tata Center for Technology and Design, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.
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Papafilippou L, Claxton A, Dark P, Kostarelos K, Hadjidemetriou M. Nanotools for Sepsis Diagnosis and Treatment. Adv Healthc Mater 2021; 10:e2001378. [PMID: 33236524 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202001378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2020] [Revised: 10/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Sepsis is one of the leading causes of death worldwide with high mortality rates and a pathological complexity hindering early and accurate diagnosis. Today, laboratory culture tests are the epitome of pathogen recognition in sepsis. However, their consistency remains an issue of controversy with false negative results often observed. Clinically used blood markers, C reactive protein (CRP) and procalcitonin (PCT) are indicators of an acute-phase response and thus lack specificity, offering limited diagnostic efficacy. In addition to poor diagnosis, inefficient drug delivery and the increasing prevalence of antibiotic-resistant microorganisms constitute significant barriers in antibiotic stewardship and impede effective therapy. These challenges have prompted the exploration for alternative strategies that pursue accurate diagnosis and effective treatment. Nanomaterials are examined for both diagnostic and therapeutic purposes in sepsis. The nanoparticle (NP)-enabled capture of sepsis causative agents and/or sepsis biomarkers in biofluids can revolutionize sepsis diagnosis. From the therapeutic point of view, currently existing nanoscale drug delivery systems have proven to be excellent allies in targeted therapy, while many other nanotherapeutic applications are envisioned. Herein, the most relevant applications of nanomedicine for the diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment of sepsis is reviewed, providing a critical assessment of their potentiality for clinical translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lana Papafilippou
- Nanomedicine Lab Faculty of Biology Medicine and Health AV Hill Building The University of Manchester Manchester M13 9PT UK
| | - Andrew Claxton
- Department of Critical Care Salford Royal Foundation Trust Stott Lane Salford M6 8HD UK
| | - Paul Dark
- Manchester NIHR Biomedical Research Centre Division of Infection Immunity and Respiratory Medicine University of Manchester Manchester M13 9PT UK
| | - Kostas Kostarelos
- Nanomedicine Lab Faculty of Biology Medicine and Health AV Hill Building The University of Manchester Manchester M13 9PT UK
- Catalan Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (ICN2) Campus UAB Bellaterra Barcelona 08193 Spain
| | - Marilena Hadjidemetriou
- Nanomedicine Lab Faculty of Biology Medicine and Health AV Hill Building The University of Manchester Manchester M13 9PT UK
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Wang Z, Liu X, Peng Y, Su M, Zhu S, Pan J, Shen B, Duan Y, Huang Y. Platensimycin-Encapsulated Liposomes or Micelles as Biosafe Nanoantibiotics Exhibited Strong Antibacterial Activities against Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Infection in Mice. Mol Pharm 2020; 17:2451-2462. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.0c00194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Wang
- Xiangya International Academy of Translational Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, China
| | - Xingyun Liu
- Xiangya International Academy of Translational Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, China
| | - Ying Peng
- Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Science, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, China
| | - Meng Su
- Xiangya International Academy of Translational Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, China
| | - Saibin Zhu
- Xiangya International Academy of Translational Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, China
| | - Jian Pan
- Xiangya International Academy of Translational Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, China
| | | | - Yanwen Duan
- Xiangya International Academy of Translational Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, China
- Hunan Engineering Research Center of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Natural Product Drug Discover, Changsha, Hunan 410011, China
- National Engineering Research Center of Combinatorial Biosynthesis for Drug Discovery, Changsha, Hunan 410011, China
| | - Yong Huang
- Xiangya International Academy of Translational Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, China
- National Engineering Research Center of Combinatorial Biosynthesis for Drug Discovery, Changsha, Hunan 410011, China
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Maghrebi S, Jambhrunkar M, Joyce P, Prestidge CA. Engineering PLGA–Lipid Hybrid Microparticles for Enhanced Macrophage Uptake. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2020; 3:4159-4167. [DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.0c00251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sajedeh Maghrebi
- Clinical and Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia 5000, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia 5000, Australia
| | - Manasi Jambhrunkar
- Clinical and Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia 5000, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia 5000, Australia
| | - Paul Joyce
- Clinical and Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia 5000, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia 5000, Australia
| | - Clive A. Prestidge
- Clinical and Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia 5000, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia 5000, Australia
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Multi-functionalized nanocarriers targeting bacterial reservoirs to overcome challenges of multi drug-resistance. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 28:319-332. [PMID: 32193748 DOI: 10.1007/s40199-020-00337-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2019] [Accepted: 03/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Infectious diseases associated with intracellular bacteria such as Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella typhimurium and Mycobacterium tuberculosis are important public health concern. Emergence of multi and extensively drug-resistant bacterial strains have made it even more obstinate to offset such infections. Bacteria residing within intracellular compartments provide additional barriers to effective treatment. METHOD Information provided in this review has been collected by accessing various electronic databases including Google scholar, Web of science, Scopus, and Nature index. Search was performed using keywords nanoparticles, intracellular targeting, multidrug resistance, Staphylococcus aureus; Salmonella typhimurium; Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Information gathered was categorized into three major sections as 'Intracellular targeting of Staphylococcus aureus, Intracellular targeting of Salmonella typhimurium and Intracellular targeting of Mycobacterium tuberculosis' using variety of nanocarrier systems. RESULTS Conventional management for infectious diseases typically comprises of long-term treatment with a combination of antibiotics, which may lead to side effects and decreased patient compliance. A wide range of multi-functionalized nanocarrier systems have been studied for delivery of drugs within cellular compartments where bacteria including Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella typhimurium and Mycobacterium tuberculosis reside. Such carrier systems along with targeted delivery have been utilized for sustained and controlled delivery of drugs. These strategies have been found useful in overcoming the drawbacks of conventional treatments including multi-drug resistance. CONCLUSION Development of multi-functional nanocargoes encapsulating antibiotics that are proficient in targeting and releasing drug into infected reservoirs seems to be a promising strategy to circumvent the challenge of multidrug resistance. Graphical abstract.
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Peng H, Xie B, Yang X, Dai J, Wei G, He Y. Pillar[5]arene-based, dual pH and enzyme responsive supramolecular vesicles for targeted antibiotic delivery against intracellular MRSA. Chem Commun (Camb) 2020; 56:8115-8118. [DOI: 10.1039/d0cc02522d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
A rationally designed mannosylated amphiphilic pillar[5]arene (Man@AP5) self-assembles into supramolecular vesicles with encapsulated vancomycin (Man@AP5-Van), enhancing vancomycin's antibacterial efficacy against intracellular MRSA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haibo Peng
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Natural Product Synthesis and Drug Research
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Chongqing University
- 401331 Shapingba
- China
| | - Beibei Xie
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Natural Product Synthesis and Drug Research
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Chongqing University
- 401331 Shapingba
- China
| | - Xiaohong Yang
- Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Chongqing
- China
| | - Jiaojiao Dai
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Natural Product Synthesis and Drug Research
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Chongqing University
- 401331 Shapingba
- China
| | - Guoxing Wei
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Natural Product Synthesis and Drug Research
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Chongqing University
- 401331 Shapingba
- China
| | - Yun He
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Natural Product Synthesis and Drug Research
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Chongqing University
- 401331 Shapingba
- China
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Targeted delivery of antibiotics to the infected pulmonary tissues using ROS-responsive nanoparticles. J Nanobiotechnology 2019; 17:103. [PMID: 31581948 PMCID: PMC6777033 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-019-0537-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2019] [Accepted: 09/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Immunocompromised individuals and those with lung dysfunction readily acquire pulmonary bacterial infections, which may cause serious diseases and carry a heavy economic burden. Maintaining adequate antibiotic concentrations in the infected tissues is necessary to eradicate resident bacteria. To specifically deliver therapeutics to the infected pulmonary tissues and enable controlled release of payloads at the infection site, a ROS-responsive material, i.e. 4-(hydroxymethyl) phenylboronic acid pinacol ester-modified α-cyclodextrin (Oxi-αCD), was employed to encapsulate moxifloxacin (MXF), generating ROS-responsive MXF-containing nanoparticles (MXF/Oxi-αCD NPs). Results MXF/Oxi-αCD NPs were coated with DSPE-PEG and DSPE-PEG-folic acid, facilitating penetration of the sputum secreted by the infected lung and enabling the active targeting of macrophages in the inflammatory tissues. In vitro drug release experiments indicated that MXF release from Oxi-αCD NPs was accelerated in the presence of 0.5 mM H2O2. In vitro assay with Pseudomonas aeruginosa demonstrated that MXF/Oxi-αCD NPs exhibited higher antibacterial activity than MXF. In vitro cellular study also indicated that folic acid-modified MXF/Oxi-αCD NPs could be effectively internalized by bacteria-infected macrophages, thereby significantly eradicating resident bacteria in macrophages compared to non-targeted MXF/Oxi-αCD NPs. In a mouse model of pulmonary P. aeruginosa infection, folic acid-modified MXF/Oxi-αCD NPs showed better antibacterial efficacy than MXF and non-targeted MXF/Oxi-αCD NPs. Meanwhile, the survival time of mice was prolonged by treatment with targeting MXF/Oxi-αCD NPs. Conclusions Our work provides a strategy to overcome the mucus barrier, control drug release, and improve the targeting capability of NPs for the treatment of pulmonary bacterial infections.
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Hu C, Huang L, Cai M, Wang W, Shi X, Chen W. Characterization of non-tuberculous mycobacterial pulmonary disease in Nanjing district of China. BMC Infect Dis 2019; 19:764. [PMID: 31477038 PMCID: PMC6719376 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-019-4412-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2018] [Accepted: 08/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Environmental bacteria, nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM), are recognized as one of the major human infection pathogens. NTM are prone to be mistaken as multidrug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis and challenge our fight against TB. In addition, treatment of NTM per se is intractable. Remarkably, the distribution of NTM pathogenic species is geographically specific. Thus, it is very important to summarize the prevalent features and clinical symptoms of NTM pulmonary disease. However, In Nanjing district, southeast China, there is no such a report. METHODS Through investigating electronic medical records and analyzing data of clinical examination system (Lis), we retrospectively summarized the NTM species from 6012 clinical isolates from May 2017 to August 2018, and analyzed the association between NTM species and clinical symptoms. RESULTS Of 6012 clinical specimens, 1461 (24.3%) could grow in the MGIT 960 broth. Among these positive isolates, 1213 (83%) were M. tuberculosis, 22 (1.5%) were M. bovis, and 226 (15.5%) were NTM. After deducting redundancy, those NTM specimens were confirmed from 154 patients, among which, 87 (56.5%) patients met the full ATS/IDSA NTM disease criteria. The most common etiologic agent was M. intracellulare (70.1%). NTM infection was associated with age, based on which 68.6% male patients and 77.8% female patients were over 50 years old. The older patients were more likely to have hemoptysis, but the younger patients were more likely to manifest chest congestion. Male patients were more likely to have shortness of breath and females were more likely to have hemoptysis. The most common radiographic presentation of NTM pulmonary disease was bronchiectasis, accounting for 39.1%. Remarkably, multiple and thin-walled cavities were outstanding. The most frequent comorbidity of NTM disease was previous tuberculosis (64%), followed by clinical bronchiectasis (19.5%), HIV (19.5%), and 6.9% chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). There was no association between NTM species and clinical symptoms. CONCLUSION This study retrospectively investigated the prevalence of NTM pulmonary disease in Nanjing district, southeast China. Similar to Beijing area, north China, M. intracellulare was the major pathogenic NTM species. Clinical symptoms of the disease were not species-specific. Previous TB and HIV infection immensely enhanced risk of NTM disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunmei Hu
- Department of Tuberculosis, the second hospital of Nanjing, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210003 China
| | - Lili Huang
- Department of Tuberculosis, the second hospital of Nanjing, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210003 China
| | - Min Cai
- Department of Science and Education, the second hospital of Nanjing, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210003 China
| | - Weixiao Wang
- Clinical Research Center, the second hospital of Nanjing, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Zhongfu Road 1, Gulou District, Nanjing, 210003 Jiangsu China
| | - Xudong Shi
- Clinical Laboratory, the second hospital of Nanjing, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210003 China
| | - Wei Chen
- Clinical Research Center, the second hospital of Nanjing, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Zhongfu Road 1, Gulou District, Nanjing, 210003 Jiangsu China
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Gulla SK, Rao BR, Moku G, Jinka S, Nimmu NV, Khalid S, Patra CR, Chaudhuri A. In vivo targeting of DNA vaccines to dendritic cells using functionalized gold nanoparticles. Biomater Sci 2019; 7:773-788. [PMID: 30601510 DOI: 10.1039/c8bm01272e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The clinical success of dendritic cell (DC)-based genetic immunization remains critically dependent on the availability of effective and safe nano-carriers for targeting antigen-encoded DNA vaccines to DCs, the most potent antigen-presenting cells in the human body in vivo. Recent studies revealed the efficacies of mannose receptor-mediated in vivo DC-targeted genetic immunization by liposomal DNA vaccine carriers containing both mannose-mimicking shikimoyl and transfection enhancing guanidinyl functionalities. However, to date, the efficacies of this approach have not been examined for metal-based nanoparticle DNA vaccine carriers. Herein, we report for the first time, the design, synthesis, physico-chemical characterization and bioactivities of gold nanoparticles covalently functionalized with a thiol ligand containing both shikimoyl and guanidinyl functionalities (Au-SGSH). We show that Au-SGSH nanoparticles can deliver DNA vaccines to mouse DCs under in vivo conditions. Subcutaneous administration of near infrared (NIR) dye-labeled Au-SGSH showed significant accumulation of the NIR dye in the DCs of the nearby lymph nodes compared to that for the non-targeting NIR-labeled Au-GSH nanoconjugate containing only a covalently tethered guanidinyl group, not the shikimoyl-functionality. Under prophylactic settings, in vivo immunization (s.c.) with the Au-SGSH-pCMV-MART1 nanoplex induced a long-lasting (180 days) immune response against murine melanoma. Notably, mannose receptor-mediated in vivo DC-targeted immunization (s.c.) with the Au-SGSH-MART1 nanoplex significantly inhibited established melanoma growth and increased the overall survivability of melanoma-bearing mice under therapeutic settings. The Au-SGSH nanoparticles reported herein have potential use for in vivo DC-targeted genetic immunization against cancer and infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suresh Kumar Gulla
- Department of Applied Biology, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad 500 007, India.
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Mannosylated graphene oxide as macrophage-targeted delivery system for enhanced intracellular M.tuberculosis killing efficiency. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2019; 103:109777. [PMID: 31349400 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2019.109777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2018] [Revised: 04/23/2019] [Accepted: 05/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB), caused by M.tuberculosis (Mtb), has become a top killer among infectious diseases. Enhancing the ability of anti-TB drugs to kill intracellular Mtb in host cells remains a big challenge. Here, an innovative nano-system was developed to increase drug delivery and Mtb-killing efficacy in Mtb-infected macrophages. We employed mannose surface decoration to develop mannosylated and PEGylated graphene oxide (GO-PEG-MAN). Such nano-platform exhibited increased uptake by macrophages via mannose receptor-mediated endocytosis in vitro. Interestingly, drug-loaded GO-PEG-MAN was preferentially up-taken by mannose receptor-expressing mucosal CD14+ macrophages isolated from Mtb-infected rhesus macaques than drug-loaded GO-PEG. Consistently, the drug concentration was also significantly higher in macrophages than that in T and B cells expressing no or low mannose receptor, implicating a useful macrophage/mannose receptor-targeted drug-delivery system relevant to the in vivo settings. Concurrently, rifampicin-loaded GO-PEG-MAN (Rif@GO-PEG-MAN) significantly increased rifampicin uptake, inducing long-lasting higher concentration of rifampicin in macrophages. Such innovative Rif@GO-PEG-MAN could readily get into the lysosomes of the Mtb host cells, where rifampicin underwent an accelerated release in acidic lysosomic condition, leading to explosive rifampicin release after cell entry for more effective killing of intracellular Mtb. Most importantly, Rif@GO-PEG-MAN-enhanced intracellular rifampicin delivery and pharmacokinetics significantly increased the efficacy of rifampicin-driven killing of intracellular BCG and Mtb bacilli in infected macrophages both in vitro and ex vivo. Such innovative nanocarrier approach may potentially enhance anti-TB drug efficacy and reduce drug side effects.
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Farhangi M, Mahboubi A, Kobarfard F, Vatanara A, Mortazavi SA. Optimization of a dry powder inhaler of ciprofloxacin-loaded polymeric nanomicelles by spray drying process. Pharm Dev Technol 2019; 24:584-592. [DOI: 10.1080/10837450.2018.1545237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mahdieh Farhangi
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Arash Mahboubi
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Food Safety Research Center, School of Pharmacy, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Farzad Kobarfard
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Alireza Vatanara
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyed Alireza Mortazavi
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Mannose Receptor and Targeting Strategies. TARGETED INTRACELLULAR DRUG DELIVERY BY RECEPTOR MEDIATED ENDOCYTOSIS 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-29168-6_15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Hussain A, Singh S, Das SS, Anjireddy K, Karpagam S, Shakeel F. Nanomedicines as Drug Delivery Carriers of Anti-Tubercular Drugs: From Pathogenesis to Infection Control. Curr Drug Deliv 2019; 16:400-429. [PMID: 30714523 PMCID: PMC6637229 DOI: 10.2174/1567201816666190201144815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2018] [Revised: 12/23/2018] [Accepted: 01/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
In spite of advances in tuberculosis (TB) chemotherapy, TB is still airborne deadly disorder as a major issue of health concern worldwide today. Extensive researches have been focused to develop novel drug delivery systems to shorten the lengthy therapy approaches, prevention of relapses, reducing dose-related toxicities and to rectify technologically related drawbacks of anti-tubercular drugs. Moreover, the rapid emergence of drug resistance, poor patient compliance due to negative therapeutic outcomes and intracellular survival of Mycobacterium highlighted to develop carrier with optimum effectiveness of the anti-tubercular drugs. This could be achieved by targeting and concentrating the drug on the infection reservoir of Mycobacterium. In this article, we briefly compiled the general aspects of Mycobacterium pathogenesis, disease treatment along with progressive updates in novel drug delivery carrier system to enhance therapeutic effects of drug and the high level of patient compliance. Recently developed several vaccines might be shortly available as reported by WHO.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Faiyaz Shakeel
- Address correspondence to this author at the Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; Tel: +966-14673139; E-mail:
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Su FY, Srinivasan S, Lee B, Chen J, Convertine AJ, West TE, Ratner DM, Skerrett SJ, Stayton PS. Macrophage-targeted drugamers with enzyme-cleavable linkers deliver high intracellular drug dosing and sustained drug pharmacokinetics against alveolar pulmonary infections. J Control Release 2018; 287:1-11. [PMID: 30099019 PMCID: PMC6223132 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2018.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2018] [Revised: 07/30/2018] [Accepted: 08/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Intracellular bacterial infections localized to the lung alveolar macrophage (AM) remain one of the most challenging settings for antimicrobial therapy. Current systemic antibiotic treatment fails to deliver sustained doses to intracellular bacterial reservoirs, which necessitates prolonged treatment regimens. Herein, we demonstrate a new intracellular enzyme-cleavable polymeric prodrug with tailored ciprofloxacin release profiles in the lungs and AM. The targeted polymeric prodrug, termed "drugamers", incorporates (1) hydrophilic mannose residues to solubilize the antibiotic cargo and to target and enhance AM uptake and intracellular delivery, and (2) enzyme-cleavable linkage chemistry to provide high and sustained intracellular AM drug dosing. Prodrug monomers, derived from the antibiotic ciprofloxacin, were synthesized with either an intracellular protease cleavable dipeptide linker or a hydrolytic phenyl ester linker. RAFT polymerization was used to copolymerize the prodrug monomers and mannose monomer to synthesize well-defined drugamers without requiring a post-polymerization conjugation step. In addition to favorable in vivo safety profiles following intratracheal administration, a single dose of the drugamers sustained ciprofloxacin dosing in lungs and AMs above the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) over at least a 48 h period. The enzyme-cleavable therapeutic achieved a >10-fold increase in sustained ciprofloxacin in AM, and maintained a significantly higher whole lung PK as well. Ciprofloxacin dosed in identical fashion displayed rapid clearance with a half-life of approximately 30 min. Notably, inhalation of the mannose-targeted ciprofloxacin drugamers achieved full survival (100%) in a highly lethal mouse model of pneumonic tularemia, contrasted with 0% survival using free ciprofloxacin. These findings demonstrate the versatility of the drugamer platform for engineering the intracellular pharmacokinetic profiles and its strong therapeutic activity in treating pulmonary intracellular infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang-Yi Su
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, United States
| | - Selvi Srinivasan
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, United States
| | - Brian Lee
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Harborview Medical Center, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98104, United States
| | - Jasmin Chen
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, United States
| | - Anthony J Convertine
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, United States
| | - Timothy Eoin West
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Harborview Medical Center, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98104, United States; Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, United States.
| | - Daniel M Ratner
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, United States.
| | - Shawn J Skerrett
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Harborview Medical Center, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98104, United States.
| | - Patrick S Stayton
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, United States.
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Sildenafil Citrate Liposomes for Pulmonary Delivery by Ultrasonic Nebulization. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/app8081291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Technological advances in lipid vesicles facilitate optimization of their properties to achieve therapeutic goals and promote alternative drug administration routes. Sildenafil citrate (SC) is orally administered for the treatment of pulmonary hypertension, but local release would be advantageous in terms of efficacy and safety. In the present study, liposomes from egg phosphatidylcholine and cholesterol loaded with SC, with and without d-α-tocopheryl polyethylene glycol 1000 succinate (Vit E TPGS), were prepared by sonication of the components. A transmembrane pH gradient was applied for active loading of liposomes, and the size, zeta potential, and entrapment efficiency (EE%) were determined. The liposomes were lyophilized and then nebulized. The nebulized samples were collected and the EE% was determined. The transmembrane pH gradient produced a significant increase in the EE% (from 17.68 ± 4.25% to 89.77 ± 7.64%) and, after lyophilization, the EE% remained the same as that of the originals, but the size and zeta potential were modified. EE% of liposomes decreased upon nebulization, particularly for those with Vit E TPGS. Thus, the additives used for lyoprotection reduced the impact of nebulization. Additional studies are essential, but according to these results, SC-loaded liposomes can be considered as suitable and safe carriers for the local release of sildenafil in the pulmonary system.
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Su FY, Chen J, Son HN, Kelly AM, Convertine AJ, Ratner DM, Stayton PS. Polymer-augmented liposomes enhancing antibiotic delivery against intracellular infections. Biomater Sci 2018; 6:1976-1985. [PMID: 29850694 PMCID: PMC6195317 DOI: 10.1039/c8bm00282g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Pulmonary intracellular infections, such as tuberculosis, anthrax, and tularemia, have remained a significant challenge to conventional antibiotic therapy. Ineffective antibiotic treatment of these infections can lead not only to undesired side effects, but also to the emergence of antibiotic resistance. Aminoglycosides (e.g., streptomycin) have long been part of the therapeutic regiment for many pulmonary intracellular infections. Their bioavailability for intracellular bacterial pools, however, is limited by poor membrane permeability and rapid elimination. To address this challenge, polymer-augmented liposomes (PALs) were developed to provide improved cytosolic delivery of streptomycin to alveolar macrophages, an important host cell for intracellular pathogens. A multifunctional diblock copolymer was engineered to functionalize PALs with carbohydrate-mediated targeting, pH-responsive drug release, and endosomal release activity with a single functional polymer that replaces the pegylated lipid component to simplify the liposome formulation. The pH-sensing functionality enabled PALs to provide enhanced release of streptomycin under endosomal pH conditions (70% release in 6 hours) with limited release at physiological pH 7.4 (16%). The membrane-destabilizing activity connected to endosomal release was characterized in a hemolysis assay and PALs displayed a sharp pH profile across the endosomal pH development target range. The direct connection of this membrane-destabilizing pH profile to model drug release was demonstrated in an established pyranine/p-xylene bispyridinium dibromide (DPX) fluorescence dequenching assay. PALs displayed similar sharp pH-responsive release, whereas PEGylated control liposomes did not, and similar profiles were then shown for streptomycin release. The mannose-targeting capability of the PALs was also demonstrated with 2.5 times higher internalization compared to non-targeted PEGylated liposomes. Finally, the streptomycin-loaded PALs were shown to have a significantly improved intracellular antibacterial activity in a Francisella-macrophage co-culture model, compared with free streptomycin or streptomycin delivered by control PEGylated liposomes (13× and 16×, respectively). This study suggests the potential of PALs as a useful platform to deliver antibiotics for the treatment of intracellular macrophage infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang-Yi Su
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Jasmin Chen
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Hye-Nam Son
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Abby M. Kelly
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | | | - Daniel M. Ratner
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Patrick S. Stayton
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
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Strong P, Ito K, Murray J, Rapeport G. Current approaches to the discovery of novel inhaled medicines. Drug Discov Today 2018; 23:1705-1717. [PMID: 29775668 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2018.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2018] [Revised: 04/11/2018] [Accepted: 05/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Inhaled administration is underutilised because the drug discovery process is viewed as challenging, risky, and expensive. However, unmet medical need continues to grow, and significant opportunities exist to discover novel inhaled medicines delivering the required lung concentrations while minimising systemic exposure. This profile could be achieved by a combination of properties, including lung retention and low oral bioavailability. Property-based rules exist for orally administered compounds, but there has been limited progress defining in silico predictors to guide the discovery of novel inhaled drugs. Recently, the use of informative cell- and tissue-based screens has greatly facilitated the identification of compounds with optimal characteristics for inhaled delivery. Here, we address opportunities for novel inhaled drugs, and the key challenges and uncertainties hampering progress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Strong
- Pulmocide Ltd, 52 Princes Gate, Exhibition Road, London SW7 2 PG, UK
| | - Kazuhiro Ito
- Pulmocide Ltd, 52 Princes Gate, Exhibition Road, London SW7 2 PG, UK
| | - John Murray
- Pulmocide Ltd, 52 Princes Gate, Exhibition Road, London SW7 2 PG, UK
| | - Garth Rapeport
- Pulmocide Ltd, 52 Princes Gate, Exhibition Road, London SW7 2 PG, UK.
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42
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Filatova LY, Klyachko NL, Kudryashova EV. Targeted delivery of anti-tuberculosis drugs to macrophages: targeting mannose receptors. RUSSIAN CHEMICAL REVIEWS 2018. [DOI: 10.1070/rcr4740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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43
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Tukulula M, Gouveia L, Paixao P, Hayeshi R, Naicker B, Dube A. Functionalization of PLGA Nanoparticles with 1,3-β-glucan Enhances the Intracellular Pharmacokinetics of Rifampicin in Macrophages. Pharm Res 2018; 35:111. [PMID: 29600438 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-018-2391-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2017] [Accepted: 03/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Mycobacterium tuberculosis which causes tuberculosis, is primarily resident within macrophages. 1,3-β-glucan has been proposed as a ligand to target drug loaded nanoparticles (NPs) to macrophages. In this study we characterized the intracellular pharmacokinetics of the anti-tubercular drug rifampicin delivered by 1,3-β-glucan functionalized PLGA NPs (Glu-PLGA). We hypothesized that Glu-PLGA NPs would be taken up at a faster rate than PLGA NPs, and consequently deliver higher amounts of rifampicin into the macrophages. METHODS Carbodiimide chemistry was employed to conjugate 1,3-β-glucan and rhodamine to PLGA. Rifampicin loaded PLGA and Glu-PLGA NPs as well as rhodamine functionalized PLGA and Glu-PLGA NPs were synthesized using an emulsion solvent evaporation technique. Intracellular pharmacokinetics of rifampicin and NPs were evaluated in THP-1 derived macrophages. A pharmacokinetic model was developed to describe uptake, and modelling was performed using ADAPT 5 software. RESULTS The NPs increased the rate of uptake of rifampicin by a factor of 17 and 62 in case of PLGA and Glu-PLGA, respectively. Expulsion of NPs from the macrophages was also observed, which was 3 fold greater for Glu-PLGA NPs than for PLGA NPs. However, the ratio of uptake to expulsion was similar for both NPs. After 24 h, the amount of rifampicin delivered by the PLGA and Glu-PLGA NPs was similar. The NPs resulted in at least a 10-fold increase in the uptake of rifampicin. CONCLUSIONS Functionalization of PLGA NPs with 1,3-β-glucan resulted in faster uptake of rifampicin into macrophages. These NPs may be useful to achieve rapid intracellular eradication of Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Luis Gouveia
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa,, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Paulo Paixao
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa,, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Rose Hayeshi
- DST/NWU Preclinical Drug Development Platform, North-West University,, Potchefstroom, South Africa
| | - Brendon Naicker
- Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, Polymers and Composites, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Admire Dube
- Discipline of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, University of the Western Cape,, Bellville, 7535, South Africa.
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44
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Biological macromolecules based targeted nanodrug delivery systems for the treatment of intracellular infections. Int J Biol Macromol 2018; 110:2-6. [PMID: 29355638 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2018.01.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2017] [Revised: 12/22/2017] [Accepted: 01/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Intracellular infections are tricky to treat, the reason being the poor penetration of antibiotics/antimycotics into the microbial niche (host cell). Macrophages are primary targets of facultative and obligate intracellular bacteria/fungi to be abused as host cells. The need for drugs with better intracellular penetration led to the development of endocytosable drug carriers, which can cross the cell membrane of the host cells (macrophages) by imitating the entry path of the pathogens. Therefore, the drugs can be targeted to macrophages ensuring enhanced therapeutic effect. This review discusses the exploitation of various nanocarriers for targeted delivery of drugs to the macrophages in the last two decades.
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Xu K, Liang ZC, Ding X, Hu H, Liu S, Nurmik M, Bi S, Hu F, Ji Z, Ren J, Yang S, Yang YY, Li L. Nanomaterials in the Prevention, Diagnosis, and Treatment of Mycobacterium Tuberculosis Infections. Adv Healthc Mater 2018; 7. [PMID: 28941042 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.201700509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2017] [Revised: 06/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Despite the tremendous advancements that have been made in biomedical research, Mycobacterium tuberculosis (TB) still remains one of the top 10 causes of death worldwide, outpacing the Human Immunodeficiency Virus as a leading cause of death from an infectious disease. In the light of such significant disease burden, tremendous efforts have been made worldwide to stem this burgeoning spread of disease. The use of nanomaterials in TB management has increased in the past decade, particularly in the areas of early TB detection, prevention, and treatment. Nanomaterials have been proven to be efficacious in the rapid and accurate detection of TB pathogens. Novel nanocarriers have also shown tremendous promise in improving drug delivery, potentially enhancing drug concentrations in target organs while at the same time, reducing treatment frequency. In addition, the engineering of antigen nanocarriers represents an exciting front in TB research, potentially paving the way for the successful development of a new class of effective TB vaccines. This article discusses epidemiology and pathogenesis of TB infections, current TB therapeutics, advanced nanomaterials for anti-TB drug delivery, and TB vaccines. In addition, challenges and future perspectives in developing safe and effective nanomaterials in TB diagnosis and therapy are also presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaijin Xu
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases; Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases; The First Affiliated Hospital; College of Medicine; Zhejiang University; Hangzhou 310003 P. R. China
| | - Zhen Chang Liang
- Institute of Bioengineering and Nanotechnology; 31 Biopolis Way The Nanos 138669 Singapore
| | - Xin Ding
- Institute of Bioengineering and Nanotechnology; 31 Biopolis Way The Nanos 138669 Singapore
| | - Haiyang Hu
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases; Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases; The First Affiliated Hospital; College of Medicine; Zhejiang University; Hangzhou 310003 P. R. China
| | - Shaoqiong Liu
- Institute of Bioengineering and Nanotechnology; 31 Biopolis Way The Nanos 138669 Singapore
| | - Martin Nurmik
- Institute of Bioengineering and Nanotechnology; 31 Biopolis Way The Nanos 138669 Singapore
| | - Sheng Bi
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases; Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases; The First Affiliated Hospital; College of Medicine; Zhejiang University; Hangzhou 310003 P. R. China
| | - Feishu Hu
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases; Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases; The First Affiliated Hospital; College of Medicine; Zhejiang University; Hangzhou 310003 P. R. China
| | - Zhongkang Ji
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases; Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases; The First Affiliated Hospital; College of Medicine; Zhejiang University; Hangzhou 310003 P. R. China
| | - Jingjing Ren
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases; Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases; The First Affiliated Hospital; College of Medicine; Zhejiang University; Hangzhou 310003 P. R. China
| | - Shigui Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases; Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases; The First Affiliated Hospital; College of Medicine; Zhejiang University; Hangzhou 310003 P. R. China
| | - Yi Yan Yang
- Institute of Bioengineering and Nanotechnology; 31 Biopolis Way The Nanos 138669 Singapore
| | - Lanjuan Li
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases; Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases; The First Affiliated Hospital; College of Medicine; Zhejiang University; Hangzhou 310003 P. R. China
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Shah K, Chan LW, Wong TW. Critical physicochemical and biological attributes of nanoemulsions for pulmonary delivery of rifampicin by nebulization technique in tuberculosis treatment. Drug Deliv 2017; 24:1631-1647. [PMID: 29063794 PMCID: PMC8241194 DOI: 10.1080/10717544.2017.1384298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2017] [Revised: 09/18/2017] [Accepted: 09/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The study investigated aerosolization, pulmonary inhalation, intracellular trafficking potential in macrophages and pharmacokinetics profiles of rifampicin-oleic acid first-generation nanoemulsion and its respective chitosan- and chitosan-folate conjugate-decorated second and third-generation nanoemulsions, delivered via nebulization technique. The nanoemulsions were prepared by conjugate synthesis and spontaneous emulsification techniques. They were subjected to physicochemical, drug release, aerosolization, inhalation, cell culture and pharmacokinetics analysis. The nanoemulsions had average droplet sizes of 40-60 nm, with narrow polydispersity indices. They exhibited desirable pH, surface tension, viscosity, refractive index, density and viscosity attributes for pulmonary rifampicin administration. All nanoemulsions demonstrated more than 95% aerosol output and inhalation efficiency greater than 75%. The aerosol output, aerosolized and inhaled fine particle fractions were primarily governed by the size and surface tension of nanoemulsions in an inverse relationship. The nanoemulsions were found to be safe with third-generation nanoemulsion exhibiting higher cell internalization potential, reduced plasma drug concentration, and higher lung drug content.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kifayatullah Shah
- Non-Destructive Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Research Centre, iPROMISE, Selangor, Malaysia
- Particle Design Research Group, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Lai Wah Chan
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, Republic of Singapore
| | - Tin Wui Wong
- Non-Destructive Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Research Centre, iPROMISE, Selangor, Malaysia
- Particle Design Research Group, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Selangor, Malaysia
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47
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Karimi K, Katona G, Csóka I, Ambrus R. Physicochemical stability and aerosolization performance of dry powder inhalation system containing ciprofloxacin hydrochloride. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2017; 148:73-79. [PMID: 28965047 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2017.09.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2017] [Revised: 09/11/2017] [Accepted: 09/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Antibiotic delivery in form of dry powder inhalation has been studied for possible clinical treatment of respiratory tract infection in the recent years. Dry powder inhalation of ciprofloxacin hydrochloride (CIP) assures local antibacterial activity and comfort of easy application. The aim of this work was to test the stability of co-spray-dried CIP in carrier free system. Since the microparticles in the dry powder system are amorphous and do not contain any stabilizer, the effects of temperature and relative humidity (RH) on the physicochemical properties and aerosolization behavior are very important. Therefore investigation of the role of excipients (such as polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), l-leucine (LEU) and hydroxypropyl-beta-cyclodextrin (CD)) on physicochemical stability and aerosolization performance is essential element prior designing the final dosage form. Stability tests (stress and accelerated) were performed at 40±2°C and 75±5% RH during 6 months. Particle characterization and size measurement - as the most important parameters in aerodynamic behavior - were done by the laser diffraction method, the surface morphology of microparticles was evaluated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The physiochemical properties of microparticles were investigated by X-ray powder diffraction (XRPD) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The resulting aerodynamic behavior of microparticles was studied by Andersen cascade impactor. The overall stability results (against RH and temperature) showed that microparticles containing CIP and LEU alone and in combination with the other excipients were more stable than those containing PVA or CD alone. In relation to fine particle fraction and mass median aerodynamic diameter (determining the aerosolization parameters), it was found that the particle size and particle shape did not show significant changes after the storage. Among the excipients LEU was found to have many advantages, including relatively simple formulation, enhanced aerosolization behaviour, convenient portability and inherently improved stability. Such a composition may serve as an innovative drug delivery system for the local treatment of respiratory tract infection and cystic fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keyhaneh Karimi
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology and Regulatory Affairs, University of Szeged, Faculty of Pharmacy, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Gábor Katona
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology and Regulatory Affairs, University of Szeged, Faculty of Pharmacy, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Ildikó Csóka
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology and Regulatory Affairs, University of Szeged, Faculty of Pharmacy, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Rita Ambrus
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology and Regulatory Affairs, University of Szeged, Faculty of Pharmacy, Szeged, Hungary.
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Le-Deygen IM, Skuredina AA, Kudryashova EV. Drug delivery systems for fluoroquinolones: New prospects in tuberculosis treatment. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF BIOORGANIC CHEMISTRY 2017. [DOI: 10.1134/s1068162017050077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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49
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Chono S, Togami K, Itagaki S. Aerosolized liposomes with dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine enhance pulmonary absorption of encapsulated insulin compared with co-administered insulin. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 2017; 43:1892-1898. [PMID: 28689439 DOI: 10.1080/03639045.2017.1353521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We have previously shown that aerosolized liposomes with dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine (DPPC) enhance the pulmonary absorption of encapsulated insulin. In this study, we aimed to compare insulin encapsulated into the liposomes versus co-administration of empty liposomes and unencapsulated free insulin, where the DPCC liposomes would serve as absorption enhancer. SIGNIFICANCE The present study provides the useful information for development of noninvasive treatment of diabetes. METHODS Co-administration of empty DPPC liposomes and unencapsulated free insulin was investigated in vivo to assess the potential enhancement in protein pulmonary absorption. Co-administration was compared to DPPC liposomes encapsulating insulin, and free insulin. RESULTS DPPC liposomes enhanced the pulmonary absorption of unencapsulated free insulin; however, the enhancing effect was lower than that of the DPPC liposomes encapsulating insulin. The mechanism of the pulmonary absorption of unencapsulated free insulin by DPPC liposomes involved the opening of epithelial cell space in alveolar mucosa, and not mucosal cell damage, similar to that of the DPPC liposomes encapsulating insulin. In an in vitro stability test, insulin in the alveolar mucus layer that covers epithelial cells was stable. These findings suggest that, although unencapsulated free insulin spreads throughout the alveolar mucus layer, the concentration of insulin released near the absorption surface is increased by the encapsulation of insulin into DPPC liposomes and the absorption efficiency is also increased. CONCLUSION We revealed that the encapsulation of insulin into DPPC liposomes is more effective for pulmonary insulin absorption than co-administration of DPPC liposomes and unencapsulated free insulin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumio Chono
- a Division of Pharmaceutics , Hokkaido Pharmaceutical University School of Pharmacy , Hokkaido , Japan
| | - Kohei Togami
- a Division of Pharmaceutics , Hokkaido Pharmaceutical University School of Pharmacy , Hokkaido , Japan
| | - Shirou Itagaki
- b Department of Pharmacy , Hirosaki University School of Medicine & Hospital , Aomori , Japan
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50
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Das D, Chen J, Srinivasan S, Kelly AM, Lee B, Son HN, Radella F, West TE, Ratner DM, Convertine AJ, Skerrett SJ, Stayton PS. Synthetic Macromolecular Antibiotic Platform for Inhalable Therapy against Aerosolized Intracellular Alveolar Infections. Mol Pharm 2017; 14:1988-1997. [PMID: 28394614 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.7b00093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Lung-based intracellular bacterial infections remain one of the most challenging infectious disease settings. For example, the current standard for treating Franciscella tularensis pneumonia (tularemia) relies on administration of oral or intravenous antibiotics that poorly achieve and sustain pulmonary drug bioavailability. Inhalable antibiotic formulations are approved and in clinical development for upper respiratory infections, but sustained drug dosing from inhaled antibiotics against alveolar intracellular infections remains a current unmet need. To provide an extended therapy against alveolar intracellular infections, we have developed a macromolecular therapeutic platform that provides sustained local delivery of ciprofloxacin with controlled dosing profiles. Synthesized using RAFT polymerization, these macromolecular prodrugs characteristically have high drug loading (16-17 wt % drug), tunable hydrolysis kinetics mediated by drug linkage chemistry (slow-releasing alkyllic vs fast-releasing phenolic esters), and, in general, represent new fully synthetic nanotherapeutics with streamlined manufacturing profiles. In aerosolized and completely lethal F.t. novicida mouse challenge models, the fast-releasing ciprofloxacin macromolecular prodrug provided high cure efficiencies (75% survival rate under therapeutic treatment), and the importance of release kinetics was demonstrated by the inactivity of the similar but slow-releasing prodrug system. Pharmacokinetics and biodistribution studies further demonstrated that the efficacious fast-releasing prodrug retained drug dosing in the lung above the MIC over a 48 h period with corresponding Cmax/MIC and AUC0-24h/MIC ratios being greater than 10 and 125, respectively; the thresholds for optimal bactericidal efficacy. These findings identify the macromolecular prodrug platform as a potential therapeutic system to better treat alveolar intracellular infections such as F. tularensis, where positive patient outcomes require tailored antibiotic pharmacokinetic and treatment profiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debobrato Das
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington , Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Jasmin Chen
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington , Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Selvi Srinivasan
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington , Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Abby M Kelly
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington , Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Brian Lee
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Harborview Medical Center, University of Washington , Seattle, Washington 98104, United States
| | - Hye-Nam Son
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington , Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Frank Radella
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Harborview Medical Center, University of Washington , Seattle, Washington 98104, United States
| | - T Eoin West
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Harborview Medical Center, University of Washington , Seattle, Washington 98104, United States.,Department of Global Health, University of Washington , Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Daniel M Ratner
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington , Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Anthony J Convertine
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington , Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Shawn J Skerrett
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Harborview Medical Center, University of Washington , Seattle, Washington 98104, United States
| | - Patrick S Stayton
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington , Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
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