1
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Chen X, Shen J, Hu Z, Huo X. Manufacturing methods and applications of membranes in microfluidics. Biomed Microdevices 2016; 18:104. [DOI: 10.1007/s10544-016-0130-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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2
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Mathur S, Park JD, Kim DH, Hartmann RW. A Method for Screening Enzyme Inhibitors Using Size Exclusion Chromatography and ESI-LC-MS/MS. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 10:30-5. [PMID: 15695341 DOI: 10.1177/1087057104270270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
A pilot study was performed for the development of a method to screen compound libraries using an electrospray mass spectrometer interfaced with liquid chromatography (LC). The mixture of compounds was obtained by combining low-molecular weight inhibitors of carboxypeptidase A (CPA), a representative zinc-containing proteolytic enzyme. After the incubation of the mixture with CPA, the enzyme-bound compounds were separated by size exclusion chromatography (SEC) from unbound compounds. The separation of compounds was affected by LC. Three compounds were identified, which represent the tight binding inhibitors of the library. These compounds were quantitated using an automatic switching valve to avoid the interference of buffer salts with the detection of analytes. The quantitated amounts of the compounds were found to be in good accordance with the Ki values. ( Journal of Biomolecular Screening 2005:30-35)
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonal Mathur
- FR 8.5, Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Saarland University, Saarbruecken, Germany
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3
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Zhai H, Li J, Chen Z, Su Z, Liu Z, Yu X. A glass/PDMS electrophoresis microchip embedded with molecular imprinting SPE monolith for contactless conductivity detection. Microchem J 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2014.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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4
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Hu B, So PK, Yao ZP. Electrospray ionization with aluminum foil: A versatile mass spectrometric technique. Anal Chim Acta 2014; 817:1-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2014.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2013] [Revised: 01/26/2014] [Accepted: 02/01/2014] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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5
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Lu Y, Liu F, Lion N, Girault HH. Dual-channel electrospray microchip. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2013; 24:454-457. [PMID: 23385957 DOI: 10.1007/s13361-012-0547-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2012] [Revised: 11/11/2012] [Accepted: 11/21/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
A dual-channel electrospray microchip has been developed for electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) where aqueous samples are mixed at the Taylor cone with an organic buffer. Due to the fast and effective mixing in the Taylor cone, the aqueous sample can be well ionized with a high ion intensity. The influence of geometric parameters such as the distance between the two microchannels at their junction at the tip of the emitter has been investigated together with chemical parameters such as the organic buffer composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Lu
- Laboratoire d'Electrochimie Physique et Analytique, Station 6, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
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6
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Chao TC, Hansmeier N. Microfluidic devices for high-throughput proteome analyses. Proteomics 2012; 13:467-79. [PMID: 23135952 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.201200411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2012] [Revised: 09/06/2012] [Accepted: 10/05/2012] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Over the last decades, microfabricated bioanalytical platforms have gained enormous interest due to their potential to revolutionize biological analytics. Their popularity is based on several key properties, such as high flexibility of design, low sample consumption, rapid analysis time, and minimization of manual handling steps, which are of interest for proteomics analyses. An ideal totally integrated chip-based microfluidic device could allow rapid automated workflows starting from cell cultivation and ending with MS-based proteome analysis. By reducing or eliminating sample handling and transfer steps and increasing the throughput of analyses these workflows would dramatically improve the reliability, reproducibility, and throughput of proteomic investigations. While these complete devices do not exist for routine use yet, many improvements have been made in the translation of proteomic sample handling and separation steps into microfluidic formats. In this review, we will focus on recent developments and strategies to enable and integrate proteomic workflows into microfluidic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tzu-Chiao Chao
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
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7
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Bead affinity chromatography in a temperature-controllable microsystem for biomarker detection. Anal Bioanal Chem 2012; 404:2267-75. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-012-6380-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2012] [Revised: 08/17/2012] [Accepted: 08/22/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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8
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Olivero D, LaPlaca M, Kottke PA. Ambient nanoelectrospray ionization with in-line microdialysis for spatially resolved transient biochemical monitoring within cell culture environments. Anal Chem 2012; 84:2072-5. [PMID: 22263997 DOI: 10.1021/ac203009s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
We have developed a new mass spectrometry (MS) based approach for continuous, spatially resolved in vitro biochemical detection and demonstrated its utility in a 3-D cell culture system. Extracellular liquid is passively extracted at a low flow rate (~10 nL/s) through a small bore silica capillary (ID 50 μm); inline microdialysis (MD) removes ions that would interfere with mass spectrometric analysis, and the sample is ionized by nanoelectrospray ionization (nano-ESI) and mass analyzed in a time-of-flight mass spectrometer. The system successfully detects low-volume, low-concentration releases of a small protein (8 μL of 5 μM cytochrome-c, molecular mass ~12 kDa) and exhibits ~1 min temporal resolution. The system also displays sensitivity to probe proximity to the sample release point. Due to the sensitivity of ESI-MS and its ability to simultaneously detect and identify multiple unanticipated biochemicals, this approach shows considerable potential as a biomarker discovery tool.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Olivero
- George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
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9
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Wei H, Li H, Mao S, Lin JM. Cell signaling analysis by mass spectrometry under coculture conditions on an integrated microfluidic device. Anal Chem 2011; 83:9306-13. [PMID: 22022860 DOI: 10.1021/ac201709f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
A microfluidic device was integrated in a controlled coculture system, in which the secreted proteins were qualitatively and semiquantitatively determined by a directly coupled mass spectrometer. PC12 cells and GH3 cells were cocultured under various conditions as a model of the regulation of the organism by the nervous system. A micro-solid phase extraction (SPE) column was integrated in order to remove salts from the cells secretion prior to mass spectrometry detection. A three layer polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) microfluidic device was fabricated to integrate valves for avoiding contamination between the cells coculture zone and the pretreatment zone. Electrospray ionization (ESI)-quadrupole (Q)-time of flight (TOF)-mass spectrometry was employed to realize highly sensitive qualitative analysis and to implement semiquantitative analysis. Furthermore, cell migrations under various coculture conditions were observed and discussed. The inhibition on growth hormone secretion from GH3 cells by dopamine released from PC12 cells was investigated and demonstrated. Thus, the developed platform provides a useful tool on cell to cell signaling studies for disease monitoring and drug delivery control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huibin Wei
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Analytical Methods and Instrumentation, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
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10
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Yeo LY, Chang HC, Chan PPY, Friend JR. Microfluidic devices for bioapplications. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2011; 7:12-48. [PMID: 21072867 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201000946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 299] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Harnessing the ability to precisely and reproducibly actuate fluids and manipulate bioparticles such as DNA, cells, and molecules at the microscale, microfluidics is a powerful tool that is currently revolutionizing chemical and biological analysis by replicating laboratory bench-top technology on a miniature chip-scale device, thus allowing assays to be carried out at a fraction of the time and cost while affording portability and field-use capability. Emerging from a decade of research and development in microfluidic technology are a wide range of promising laboratory and consumer biotechnological applications from microscale genetic and proteomic analysis kits, cell culture and manipulation platforms, biosensors, and pathogen detection systems to point-of-care diagnostic devices, high-throughput combinatorial drug screening platforms, schemes for targeted drug delivery and advanced therapeutics, and novel biomaterials synthesis for tissue engineering. The developments associated with these technological advances along with their respective applications to date are reviewed from a broad perspective and possible future directions that could arise from the current state of the art are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leslie Y Yeo
- Micro/Nanophysics Research Laboratory, Department of Mechanical & Aerospace Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
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11
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Osiri JK, Shadpour H, Witek MA, Soper SA. Integrated multifunctional microfluidics for automated proteome analyses. Top Curr Chem (Cham) 2011; 304:261-94. [PMID: 21678138 DOI: 10.1007/128_2011_152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Proteomics is a challenging field for realizing totally integrated microfluidic systems for complete proteome processing due to several considerations, including the sheer number of different protein types that exist within most proteomes, the large dynamic range associated with these various protein types, and the diverse chemical nature of the proteins comprising a typical proteome. For example, the human proteome is estimated to have >10(6) different components with a dynamic range of >10(10). The typical processing pipeline for proteomics involves the following steps: (1) selection and/or extraction of the particular proteins to be analyzed; (2) multidimensional separation; (3) proteolytic digestion of the protein sample; and (4) mass spectral identification of either intact proteins (top-down proteomics) or peptide fragments generated from proteolytic digestions (bottom-up proteomics). Although a number of intriguing microfluidic devices have been designed, fabricated and evaluated for carrying out the individual processing steps listed above, work toward building fully integrated microfluidic systems for protein analysis has yet to be realized. In this chapter, information will be provided on the nature of proteomic analysis in terms of the challenges associated with the sample type and the microfluidic devices that have been tested to carry out individual processing steps. These include devices such as those for multidimensional electrophoretic separations, solid-phase enzymatic digestions, and solid-phase extractions, all of which have used microfluidics as the functional platform for their implementation. This will be followed by an in-depth review of microfluidic systems, which are defined as units possessing two or more devices assembled into autonomous systems for proteome processing. In addition, information will be provided on the challenges involved in integrating processing steps into a functional system and the approaches adopted for device integration. In this chapter, we will focus exclusively on the front-end processing microfluidic devices and systems for proteome processing, and not on the interface technology of these platforms to mass spectrometry due to the extensive reviews that already exist on these types of interfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- John K Osiri
- Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70817, USA
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12
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Wang C, Jemere AB, Harrison DJ. Multifunctional protein processing chip with integrated digestion, solid-phase extraction, separation and electrospray. Electrophoresis 2010; 31:3703-10. [PMID: 20967777 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201000317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2010] [Revised: 07/16/2010] [Accepted: 07/21/2010] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
We describe a microfluidic device in which integrated tryptic digestion, SPE, CE separation and electrospray ionization for MS are performed. The chip comprised of 10 × 30 μm channels for CE, and two serially connected 150 μm deep, 800 μm wide channels packed with 40 to 60 μm diameter beads, loaded with either immobilized trypsin, reversed-phase packing or both. On-chip digestion of cytochrome c using the trypsin bed showed complete consumption of the protein in 3 min, in contrast to the 2 h required for conventional solution phase tryptic digestion. SPE of 0.25 μg/mL solutions of the peptides leu-enkephalin, angiotensin II and LHRH gave concentration enhancements in the range of 4.4-12, for a ten times nominal volume ratio. A 100 nM cytochrome c sample concentrated 13.3 times on-chip gave a sequence coverage of 85.6%, with recovery values ranging from 41.2 to 106%. The same sample run without SPE showed only five fragment peaks and a sequence coverage of 41.3%. When both on-chip digestion and SPE (13.3 volume ratio concentration enhancement) were performed on 200 nM cytochrome c samples, a sequence coverage of 76.0% and recovery values of 21-105% were observed. Performing on-chip digestion alone on the same sample gave only one significant fragment peak. The above digestion/peptide concentration step was compared to on-chip protein concentration by SPE followed by on-chip digestion with solution phase trypsin. Both procedures gave similar recovery results; however, much larger trypsin autodigestion interference in the latter approach was apparent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Can Wang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
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13
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Trends in the bioanalytical applications of microfluidic electrocapture. Anal Bioanal Chem 2010; 399:191-5. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-010-4092-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2010] [Revised: 08/02/2010] [Accepted: 08/03/2010] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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14
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Mao X, Reschke BR, Timperman AT. Analyte transport past a nanofluidic intermediate electrode junction in a microfluidic device. Electrophoresis 2010; 31:2686-94. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201000068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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15
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Gao D, Wei H, Guo GS, Lin JM. Microfluidic Cell Culture and Metabolism Detection with Electrospray Ionization Quadrupole Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometer. Anal Chem 2010; 82:5679-85. [DOI: 10.1021/ac101370p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Dan Gao
- The Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China, and State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Huibin Wei
- The Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China, and State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Guang-Sheng Guo
- The Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China, and State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Jin-Ming Lin
- The Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China, and State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
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16
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Wei H, Li H, Gao D, Lin JM. Multi-channel microfluidic devices combined with electrospray ionization quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry applied to the monitoring of glutamate release from neuronal cells. Analyst 2010; 135:2043-50. [PMID: 20526497 DOI: 10.1039/c0an00162g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
This paper describes an integrated system combining microfluidic devices with electrospray ionization quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (ESI-Q-TOF-MS) for monitoring cellular chemical release. To demonstrate the feasibility of this new system, the reported carnosine-protection process against Abeta42-induced glutamate released from PC12 cells, was monitored. Poly-L-lysine coated microchannels were used to culture cells. A multi-channel miniature extraction chip (MEC) was integrated into the design to remove salts and protein interference effects. ESI-Q-TOF-MS was employed to realize semi-quantitative and highly sensitive qualitative analysis. The protective effect of carnosine against Abeta42-induced neurotoxicity was evaluated under different conditions in microchannels in parallel. The secretion product analysis, carried out by ESI-Q-TOF-MS, was accomplished in 5 min using only 2.5 microL of solvent. Furthermore, we show that integrated microfluidic devices have significant potential for the analysis of cellular secretions, as well as for medical screening tests and for the diagnosis of specific diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huibin Wei
- The Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
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17
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Yang W, Woolley AT. Integrated Multi-process Microfluidic Systems for Automating Analysis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 15:198-209. [PMID: 20514343 DOI: 10.1016/j.jala.2010.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Microfluidic technologies have been applied extensively in rapid sample analysis. Some current challenges for standard microfluidic systems are relatively high detection limits, and reduced resolving power and peak capacity compared to conventional approaches. The integration of multiple functions and components onto a single platform can overcome these separation and detection limitations of microfluidics. Multiplexed systems can greatly increase peak capacity in multidimensional separations and can increase sample throughput by analyzing many samples simultaneously. On-chip sample preparation, including labeling, preconcentration, cleanup and amplification, can all serve to speed up and automate processes in integrated microfluidic systems. This paper summarizes advances in integrated multi-process microfluidic systems for automated analysis, their benefits and areas for needed improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weichun Yang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602
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Sikanen T, Franssila S, Kauppila TJ, Kostiainen R, Kotiaho T, Ketola RA. Microchip technology in mass spectrometry. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2010; 29:351-391. [PMID: 19514079 DOI: 10.1002/mas.20238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Microfabrication of analytical devices is currently of growing interest and many microfabricated instruments have also entered the field of mass spectrometry (MS). Various (atmospheric pressure) ion sources as well as mass analyzers have been developed exploiting microfabrication techniques. The most common approach thus far has been the miniaturization of the electrospray ion source and its integration with various separation and sampling units. Other ionization techniques, mainly atmospheric pressure chemical ionization and photoionization, have also been subject to miniaturization, though they have not attracted as much attention. Likewise, all common types of mass analyzers have been realized by microfabrication and, in most cases, successfully applied to MS analysis in conjunction with on-chip ionization. This review summarizes the latest achievements in the field of microfabricated ion sources and mass analyzers. Representative applications are reviewed focusing on the development of fully microfabricated systems where ion sources or analyzers are integrated with microfluidic separation devices or microfabricated pums and detectors, respectively. Also the main microfabrication methods, with their possibilities and constraints, are briefly discussed together with the most commonly used materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiina Sikanen
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
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Pan J, Xu K, Yang X, Choy WY, Konermann L. Solution-Phase Chelators for Suppressing Nonspecific Protein−Metal Interactions in Electrospray Mass Spectrometry. Anal Chem 2009; 81:5008-15. [DOI: 10.1021/ac900423x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jingxi Pan
- Departments of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, N6A 5B7, Canada, State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116012, People’s Republic of China, and School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and National Research Laboratories of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Peking University, Beijing 100083, People’s Republic of China
| | - Kun Xu
- Departments of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, N6A 5B7, Canada, State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116012, People’s Republic of China, and School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and National Research Laboratories of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Peking University, Beijing 100083, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiaoda Yang
- Departments of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, N6A 5B7, Canada, State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116012, People’s Republic of China, and School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and National Research Laboratories of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Peking University, Beijing 100083, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wing-Yiu Choy
- Departments of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, N6A 5B7, Canada, State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116012, People’s Republic of China, and School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and National Research Laboratories of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Peking University, Beijing 100083, People’s Republic of China
| | - Lars Konermann
- Departments of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, N6A 5B7, Canada, State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116012, People’s Republic of China, and School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and National Research Laboratories of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Peking University, Beijing 100083, People’s Republic of China
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Lee J, Soper SA, Murray KK. Microfluidic chips for mass spectrometry-based proteomics. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2009; 44:579-93. [PMID: 19373851 DOI: 10.1002/jms.1585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Microfluidic devices coupled to mass spectrometers have emerged as excellent tools for solving the complex analytical challenges associated with the field of proteomics. Current proteome identification procedures are accomplished through a series of steps that require many hours of labor-intensive work. Microfluidics can play an important role in proteomic sample preparation steps prior to mass spectral identification such as sample cleanup, digestion, and separations due to its ability to handle small sample quantities with the potential for high-throughput parallel analysis. To utilize microfluidic devices for proteomic analysis, an efficient interface between the microchip and the mass spectrometer is required. This tutorial provides an overview of the technologies and applications of microfluidic chips coupled to mass spectrometry for proteome analysis. Various approaches for combining microfluidic devices with electrospray ionization (ESI) and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) are summarized and applications of chip-based separations and digestion technologies to proteomic analysis are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeonghoon Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, USA
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Bindila L, Peter-Katalinić J. Chip-mass spectrometry for glycomic studies. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2009; 28:223-253. [PMID: 19145581 DOI: 10.1002/mas.20197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The introduction of micro- and nanochip front end technologies for electrospray mass spectrometry addressed a major challenge in carbohydrate analysis: high sensitivity structural determination and heterogeneity assessment in high dynamic range mixtures of biological origin. Chip-enhanced electrospray ionization was demonstrated to provide reproducible performance irrespective of the type of carbohydrate, while the amenability of chip systems for coupling with different mass spectrometers greatly advance the chip/MS technique as a versatile key tool in glycomic studies. A more accurate representation of the glycan repertoire to include novel biologically-relevant information was achieved in different biological sources, asserting this technique as a valuable tool in glycan biomarker discovery and monitoring. Additionally, the integration of various analytical functions onto chip devices and direct hyphenation to MS proved its potential for glycan analysis during the recent years, whereby a new analytical tool is on the verge of maturation: lab-on-chip MS glycomics. The achievements until early beginning of 2007 on the implementation of chip- and functional integrated chip/MS in systems glycobiology studies are reviewed here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Bindila
- Institute for Medical Physics and Biophysics, University of Münster, Robert Koch Str. 31, 48149 Münster, Germany.
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22
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23
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Freire SLS, Yang H, Wheeler AR. A practical interface for microfluidics and nanoelectrospray mass spectrometry. Electrophoresis 2008; 29:1836-43. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.200700661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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Li Y, Yin XB, Yan XP. Recent advances in on-line coupling of capillary electrophoresis to atomic absorption and fluorescence spectrometry for speciation analysis and studies of metal–biomolecule interactions. Anal Chim Acta 2008; 615:105-14. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2008.03.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2007] [Revised: 03/22/2008] [Accepted: 03/26/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Pandhal J, Wright PC, Biggs CA. Proteomics with a pinch of salt: a cyanobacterial perspective. SALINE SYSTEMS 2008; 4:1. [PMID: 18412952 PMCID: PMC2386806 DOI: 10.1186/1746-1448-4-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2008] [Accepted: 04/15/2008] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Cyanobacteria are ancient life forms and have adapted to a variety of extreme environments, including high salinity. Biochemical, physiological and genetic studies have contributed to uncovering their underlying survival mechanisms, and as recent studies demonstrate, proteomics has the potential to increase our overall understanding further. To date, most salt-related cyanobacterial proteomic studies have utilised gel electrophoresis with the model organism Synechocystis sp. PCC6803. Moreover, focus has been on 2-4% w/v NaCl concentrations within different cellular compartments. Under these conditions, Synechocystis sp. PCC6803 was found to respond and adapt to salt stress through synthesis of general and specific stress proteins, altering the protein composition of extracellular layers, and re-directing control of complex central intermediary pathways. Post-transcriptional control was also predicted through non-correlating transcript level data and identification of protein isoforms.In this paper, we also review technical developments with emphasis on improving the quality and quantity of proteomic data and overcoming the detrimental effects of salt on sample preparation and analysis. Developments in gel-free methods include protein and peptide fractionation workflows, which can increase coverage of the proteome (20% in Synechocystis sp. PCC6803). Quantitative techniques have also improved in accuracy, resulting in confidence in quantitation approaching or even surpassing that seen in transcriptomic techniques (better than 1.5-fold in differential expression). Furthermore, in vivo metabolic labelling and de novo protein sequencing software have improved the ability to apply proteomics to unsequenced environmental isolates. The example used in this review is a cyanobacterium isolated from a Saharan salt lake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jagroop Pandhal
- Biological and Environmental Systems Group, Department of Chemical and Process Engineering, The University of Sheffield, Mappin Street, Sheffield, S1 3JD, UK
| | - Phillip C Wright
- Biological and Environmental Systems Group, Department of Chemical and Process Engineering, The University of Sheffield, Mappin Street, Sheffield, S1 3JD, UK
| | - Catherine A Biggs
- Biological and Environmental Systems Group, Department of Chemical and Process Engineering, The University of Sheffield, Mappin Street, Sheffield, S1 3JD, UK
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18 Coupling CE and microchip-based devices with mass spectrometry. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/s0149-6395(07)00018-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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27
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Koster S, Verpoorte E. A decade of microfluidic analysis coupled with electrospray mass spectrometry: an overview. LAB ON A CHIP 2007; 7:1394-1412. [PMID: 17960264 DOI: 10.1039/b709706a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
This review presents a thorough overview covering the period 1997-2006 of microfluidic chips coupled to mass spectrometry through an electrospray interface. The different types of fabrication processes and materials used to fabricate these chips throughout this period are discussed. Three 'eras' of interfaces are clearly distinguished. The earliest approach involves spraying from the edge of a chip, while later devices either incorporate a standard fused-silica emitter inserted into the device or fully integrated emitters formed during chip fabrication. A summary of microfluidic-electrospray devices for performing separations and sample pretreatment steps before sample introduction into the mass spectrometer is also presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sander Koster
- Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713AV Groningen, The Netherlands.
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Noblitt SD, Kraly JR, VanBuren JM, Hering SV, Collett JL, Henry CS. Integrated membrane filters for minimizing hydrodynamic flow and filtering in microfluidic devices. Anal Chem 2007; 79:6249-54. [PMID: 17636868 PMCID: PMC2435596 DOI: 10.1021/ac070943f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Microfluidic devices have gained significant scientific interest due to the potential to develop portable, inexpensive analytical tools capable of quick analyses with low sample consumption. These qualities make microfluidic devices attractive for point-of-use measurements where traditional techniques have limited functionality. Many samples of interest in biological and environmental analysis, however, contain insoluble particles that can block microchannels, and manual filtration prior to analysis is not desirable for point-of-use applications. Similarly, some situations involve limited control of the sample volume, potentially causing unwanted hydrodynamic flow due to differential fluid heads. Here, we present the successful inclusion of track-etched polycarbonate membrane filters into the reservoirs of poly(dimethylsiloxane) capillary electrophoresis microchips. The membranes were shown to filter insoluble particles with selectivity based on the membrane pore diameter. Electrophoretic separations with membrane-containing microchips were performed on cations, anions, and amino acids and monitored using conductivity and fluorescence detection. The dependence of peak areas on head pressure in gated injection was shown to be reduced by up to 92%. Results indicate that separation performance is not hindered by the addition of membranes. Incorporating membranes into the reservoirs of microfluidic devices will allow for improved analysis of complex solutions and samples with poorly controlled volume.
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Hardouin J, Joubert-Caron R, Caron M. HPLC-chip-mass spectrometry for protein signature identifications. J Sep Sci 2007; 30:1482-7. [PMID: 17623429 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.200600444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
This work investigates the use of an HPLC-chip microfluidic device interfaced to an IT mass spectrometer to search for biomarker signatures. To that end, the identification of autoantigens is chosen as a model. It not only constitutes a proof of concept model but also the growing interest in autoantibodies and autoantigens as new markers of diseases provides a practical application at the same time. The peptides are separated by the HPLC-chip system allowing suitable resolution and reproducibility. The determination of two parameters that characterize a peptide sequence during LC-MS/MS analyses, retention time (RT) and m/z ratio, improves the identification of a number of peptides derived from protein digests. These findings illustrate that accurate RT measurement obtained in a microfluidic device is useful to obtain mass/retention time (MRT) pairs for a given peptide, which can contribute to the definition of biomarker signatures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Hardouin
- Laboratory of Protein Biochemistry and Proteomics, UMR CNRS 7033, UFR SMBH, Paris13 University, Bobigny, France.
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30
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Wang X, Yang X, Zhang X. Preparation of the capillary-based microchips for solid phase extraction by using the monolithic frits prepared by UV-initiated polymerization. ANAL SCI 2007; 22:1099-104. [PMID: 16896250 DOI: 10.2116/analsci.22.1099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
A microfluidic solid phase extraction (SPE) array for sample enrichment was prepared by a simple method, a hot embossing technique. Five fused-silica capillaries (250 microm i.d., 380 microm o.d.) were partly embedded parallel in a polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) microchip to serve as the extraction channels. Within each of the channels, a 2-mm-long monolithic porous polymer was prepared by in-situ photoinitiated polymerization. This then acted as the frit for packing of the extraction materials (octadecylsilica beads, ODS). By defining the light-exposure window on the channels, one can easily control the length and location of the polymer frits and the ODS beads can be packed at the desired location. With this method, solid phase extraction channels for microfluidic use can be easily prepared without complex fabrication of microstructures. Several SPE channels can be conveniently made in one microchip since the frits can be prepared in different channels through one polymerization; packing of the different channels can also be performed simultaneously. With the use of dilute ephedrine solutions, the sample loading capacity, linearity, and reproducibility were characterized. Coupled with the fast capillary electrophoresis separation, this microchip SPE array was applied for the detection of ephedrines in human urine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaochuan Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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31
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Wilson DJ, Konermann L. Ultrarapid desalting of protein solutions for electrospray mass spectrometry in a microchannel laminar flow device. Anal Chem 2007; 77:6887-94. [PMID: 16255586 DOI: 10.1021/ac050902o] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The adverse effects of nonvolatile salts on the electrospray (ESI) mass spectra of proteins and other biological analytes are a major obstacle for a wide range of applications. Numerous sample cleanup approaches have been devised to facilitate ESI-MS analyses. Recently developed microdialysis techniques can shorten desalting times down to several minutes, the bottleneck being diffusion of the contaminant through a semipermeable membrane. This work introduces an approach that allows the on-line desalting of macromolecule solutions within tens of milliseconds. The device does not employ a membrane; instead, it uses a two-layered laminar flow geometry that exploits the differential diffusion of macromolecular analytes and low molecular weight contaminants. To maximize desalting efficiency, diffusive exchange between the flow layers is permitted only for such a time as to allow full exchange of salt, while incurring minimal macromolecule exchange. Computer simulations and optical studies show that the device can reduce the salt concentration by roughly 1 order of magnitude, while retaining approximately 70% of the original protein concentration. Application of this approach to the on-line purification of salt-contaminated protein solutions in ESI-MS results in dramatic improvements of both the signal-to-noise ratio and the absolute signal intensity. However, efficient desalting requires the diffusion coefficients of salt and analyte to differ by roughly 1 order of magnitude or more. This technique has potential to facilitate high-throughput analyses of biological macromolecules directly from complex matrixes. In addition, it may become a valuable tool for process monitoring and for on-line kinetic studies on biological systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derek J Wilson
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6A 5B7, Canada
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Foret F, Kusý P. Microdevices in mass spectrometry. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY (CHICHESTER, ENGLAND) 2007; 13:41-4. [PMID: 17878537 DOI: 10.1255/ejms.834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Miniaturization of laboratory instrumentation is becoming critical in achieving the speed and throughput required by the current revolutionary progress in biology. This mini review critically summarizes the present status of microfluidic devices designed for use in mass spectrometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Foret
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Veverí 97, 60200 Brno, Czech Republic
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Chen W, Shen J, Yin X, Yu Y. Optimization of microfabricated nanoliter-scale solid-phase extraction device for detection of gel-separated proteins in low abundance by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2007; 21:35-43. [PMID: 17133336 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.2802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
A nano-scale solid-phase extraction (SPE) device was developed for the detection of gel-separated proteins in low abundance by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF-MS) with a simplified microfabrication technology. By using SU-8 photoresist instead of epoxy glue to connect the microchannel and transfer capillary, polymeric contaminant signals in MS analysis were significantly reduced. Micro SPE columns with different capacities and geometric characteristics were investigated in order to increase the detection sensitivity and decrease spot size for MALDI-TOF-MS analysis. It is shown that enhancements in sensitivities for the detection of proteins in low abundance were correlated with the reduction in column capacity and increase in column aspect ratio. Fifty nanoliters of matrix solution were sufficient to elute the sample completely from the optimized micro SPE column with 3.5 nL capacity. The mass spectrum of a 5 fmol in-gel tryptic digest of bovine serum albumin (BSA), processed by the micro SPE column, demonstrated that 29 peptides matched the protein giving a sequence coverage of 51%, which was better than that obtained from analysis of 25 fmol of the same sample prepared by the dried-droplet method. With the micro SPE column treatment of 2 microL of digestion supernatant of a gel spot of the IQGAP1 protein, 15 peptides were detected from the mass spectrum with the highest individual score of 111, while, with a ZipTip procedure, only nine peaks were detected with the highest individual score of 71. Analytical results demonstrated that this approach greatly improved the sequence coverage and identification specificity for the tested protein. It can serve as a very useful tool in proteomics studies, especially for low abundance proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenzhang Chen
- Institute of Microanalytical Systems, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
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34
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Abstract
Recent advances of microfluidics systems suitable for multiplexed MS analysis are reviewed with respect to fabrication technologies and applications.
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35
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Abstract
Proteomics has emerged as the next great scientific challenge in the post-genome era. But even the most basic form of proteomics, proteome profiling, i.e., identifying all of the proteins expressed in a given sample, has proven to be a demanding task. The proteome presents unique analytical challenges, including significant molecular diversity, an extremely wide concentration range, and a tendency to adsorb to solid surfaces. Microfluidics has been touted as being a useful tool for developing new methods to solve complex analytical challenges, and, as such, seems a natural fit for application to proteome profiling. In this review, we summarize the recent progress in the field of microfluidics in four key areas related to this application: chemical processing, sample preconcentration and cleanup, chemical separations, and interfaces with mass spectrometry. We identify the bright spots and challenges for the marriage of microfluidics and proteomics, and speculate on the outlook for progress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio L S Freire
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George St., Toronto, ON M5S 3H6, Canada.
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36
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Lin SL, Li Y, Tolley HD, Humble PH, Lee ML. Tandem electric field gradient focusing system for isolation and concentration of target proteins. J Chromatogr A 2006; 1125:254-62. [PMID: 16828105 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2006.05.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2006] [Revised: 05/10/2006] [Accepted: 05/16/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Two electric field gradient focusing (EFGF) systems, one based on a hollow dialysis fiber and the other based on a shaped ionically conductive polymer were serially integrated to trap and concentrate selected proteins while simultaneously desalting and removing other unwanted proteins from the sample. A series of experiments were performed to test the EFGF systems individually and after integration. Online concentration of amyloglucosidase indicated a concentration limit of detection of approximately 20 ng mL(-1) (200 pM) from a sample volume of 100 microL. Concentration of human alpha1-acid glycoprotein with simultaneous removal of human serum albumin was also demonstrated. Elimination of small buffer components while concentrating trypsin inhibitor, and selective concentration and separation of myoglobin from a mixture were performed using the integrated EFGF system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Ling Lin
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, USA
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37
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de Jong J, Lammertink RGH, Wessling M. Membranes and microfluidics: a review. LAB ON A CHIP 2006; 6:1125-39. [PMID: 16929391 DOI: 10.1039/b603275c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 258] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
The integration of mass transport control by means of membrane functionality into microfluidic devices has shown substantial growth over the last 10 years. Many different examples of mass transport control have been reported, demonstrating the versatile use of membranes. This review provides an overview of the developments in this area of research. Furthermore, it aims to bridge the fields of microfabrication and membrane science from a membrane point-of-view. First the basic terminology of membrane science will be discussed. Then the integration of membrane characteristics on-chip will be categorized based on the used fabrication method. Subsequently, applications in various fields will be reviewed. Considerations for the use of membranes will be discussed and a checklist with selection criteria will be provided that can serve as a starting point for those researchers interested in applying membrane-technology on-chip. Finally, opportunities for microfluidics based on proven membrane technology will be outlined. A special focus in this review is made on the membrane properties of polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS), since this material is frequently used nowadays in master replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- J de Jong
- Membrane Technology Group, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Twente, NL-7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands
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38
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Lazar IM, Grym J, Foret F. Microfabricated devices: A new sample introduction approach to mass spectrometry. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2006; 25:573-94. [PMID: 16508917 DOI: 10.1002/mas.20081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Instrument miniaturization is one way of addressing the issues of sensitivity, speed, throughput, and cost of analysis in DNA diagnostics, proteomics, and related biotechnology areas. Microfluidics is of special interest for handling very small sample amounts, with minimal concerns related to sample loss and cross-contamination, problems typical for standard fluidic manipulations. Furthermore, the small footprint of these microfabricated structures leads to instrument designs suitable for high-density, parallel sample processing, and high-throughput analyses. In addition to miniaturized systems designed with optical or electrochemical detection, microfluidic devices interfaced to mass spectrometry have also been demonstrated. Instruments for automated sample infusion analysis are now commercially available, and microdevices utilizing chromatographic or capillary electrophoresis separation techniques are under development. This review aims at documenting the technologies and applications of microfluidic mass spectrometry for the analysis of proteomic samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iulia M Lazar
- Virginia Bioinformatics Institute and Department of Biological Sciences, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, USA.
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39
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Qu H, Wang H, Huang Y, Zhong W, Lu H, Kong J, Yang P, Liu B. Stable microstructured network for protein patterning on a plastic microfluidic channel: strategy and characterization of on-chip enzyme microreactors. Anal Chem 2006; 76:6426-33. [PMID: 15516137 DOI: 10.1021/ac049466g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Chemical modification of a poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) microchannel surface has been explored to functionalize microfluidic chip systems. A craft copolymer was designed and synthesized to introduce the silane functional groups onto the plastic surface first. Furthermore, it has been found that, through a silicon-oxygen-silicon bridge that formed by tethering to these functional groups, a stable patterning network of gel matrix could be achieved. Thus, anchorage of proteins could be realized onto the hydrophobic PMMA microchannels with bioactivity preserved as far as possible. The protein homogeneous patterning in a microfluidic channel has been demonstrated by performing microchip capillary electrophoresis with laser-induced fluorescence detection and confocal fluorescence microscopy. To investigate the bioactivity of enzymes entrapped within stable silica gel-derived microchannels, the suggested scheme was employed to the construction of immobilized enzyme microreactor-on-a-chip. The proteolytic activity of immobilized trypsin has been demonstrated with the digestion of cytochrome c and bovine serum albumin at a fast flow rate of 4.0 microL/min, which affords the short residence time less than 5 s. The digestion products were characterized using MALDI-TOF MS with sequence coverage of 75 and 31% observed, respectively. This research exhibited a simple but effective strategy of plastic microchip surface modification for protein immobilization in biological and proteomic research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiyun Qu
- Department of Chemistry, The Key Laboratory of the Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, P. R. China
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40
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Lindberg P, Dahlin AP, Bergström SK, Thorslund S, Andrén PE, Nikolajeff F, Bergquist J. Sample pretreatment on a microchip with an integrated electrospray emitter. Electrophoresis 2006; 27:2075-82. [PMID: 16645978 DOI: 10.1002/elps.200500763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
This study presents a microbead-packed PDMS microchip with an integrated electrospray emitter for sample pretreatment prior to sheathless ESI-MS. We prove the concept of analytical functions integrated onto a cm-sized area of a single bulk material. The microchip consists of two PDMS substrates replicated from SU-8 fabricated silicon wafer masters, bonded together after oxidation by corona discharge treatment. The channel within the microchip contains a grid structure that was used to trap 5 microm hypercross-linked polystyrene beads. The beads acted as a medium for sample desalting and enrichment. Electrical contact for the sheathless ESI process was achieved by coating the integrated emitter with conductive graphite powder after applying a thin layer of PDMS as glue. The coating as well as the bond of the PDMS structures showed excellent durability. A continuous spray was obtained from the microchip for over 800 h in a long-term electrospray stability experiment. Desalting and enrichment of neuropeptides from a physiological salt solution was successful by loading the sample onto the packed beads, followed by a washing and an eluting step. The results were obtained and evaluated using a TOF MS. An LOD of approximately 20 fmol (loaded onto the beads) for angiotensin II was obtained from a sample of neuropeptides dissolved in physiological salt solution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Lindberg
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Uppsala University, Sweden
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41
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42
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Manisali I, Chen DD, Schneider BB. Electrospray ionization source geometry for mass spectrometry: past, present, and future. Trends Analyt Chem 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2005.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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43
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Hardouin J, Duchateau M, Joubert-Caron R, Caron M. Usefulness of an integrated microfluidic device (HPLC-Chip-MS) to enhance confidence in protein identification by proteomics. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2006; 20:3236-44. [PMID: 17016832 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.2725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Nanoflow liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (nanoLC/MS) has become a current tool in proteomics applications increasingly used in the search for new biomarkers. A new integrated microfluidic device (HPLC-Chip), coupled to ion trap mass spectrometry (ITMS), appears as an innovative and robust tool for improving the identifications commonly performed by nanoLC/MS/MS. We tested this device for the identification of proteins obtained from two-dimensional gel electrophoresis or chromatography. The chip allows the measurement of reproducible retention times that, in association with m/z ratios, was found useful for identifying peptide sequences without ambiguity. A sensitivity increase of a factor of at least 5-fold is obtained compared to the results obtained previously in our laboratory by conventional nanoLC/MS/MS on the same ion trap. We conclude that this recently available microfluidic device can be a valuable tool during biomarker discovery programs, particularly identifying low-abundance proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Hardouin
- Laboratory of Protein Biochemistry and Proteomics, UMR CNRS 7033 (BioMoCeTi), UFR SMBH, Paris13 University, 93017 Bobigny cedex, France.
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Abstract
It has now become apparent that a full understanding of a biological process (e.g. a disease state) is only possible if all biomolecular interactions are taken into account. Systems biology works towards understanding the intricacies of cellular life through the collaborative efforts of biologists, chemists, mathematicians and computer scientists and recently, a number of laboratories around the world have embarked upon such research agendas. The fields of genomics and proteomics are foundational in systems biology studies and a great deal of research is currently being conducted in each worldwide. Moreover, many technological advances (particularly in mass spectrometry) have led to a dramatic rise in the number of proteomic studies over the past two decades. This short review summarizes a selection of technological innovations in proteomics that contribute to systems biology studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey C Smith
- Ottawa Institute of Systems Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
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45
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Iannacone JM, Jakubowski JA, Bohn PW, Sweedler JV. A multilayer poly(dimethylsiloxane) electrospray ionization emitter for sample injection and online mass spectrometric detection. Electrophoresis 2005; 26:4684-90. [PMID: 16278909 DOI: 10.1002/elps.200500498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
An ESI emitter made of poly(dimethylsiloxane) interfaces on-chip sample preparation with MS detection. The unique multilayer design allows both the analyte and the spray solutions to reside on the device simultaneously in discrete microfluidic environments that are spatially separated by a polycarbonate track-etched, nanocapillary array membrane (NCAM). In direct spray mode, voltage is applied to the microchannel containing a spray solution delivered via a syringe pump. For injection, the spray potential is lowered and a voltage is applied that forward biases the membrane and permits the analyte to enter the spray channel. Once the injection is complete, the bias potential is switched off, and the spray voltage is increased to generate the ESI of the injected analyte plug. Consecutive injections of a 10 microM bovine insulin solution are reproducible and produce sample plugs with limited band broadening and high quality mass spectra. Peptide signals are observed following transport through the NCAM, even when the peptide is dissolved in solutions containing up to 20% seawater. The multilayer emitter shows great potential for performing multidimensional chemical manipulations on-chip, followed by direct ESI with negligible dead volume for online MS analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamie M Iannacone
- Department of Chemistry and the Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
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Tuomikoski S, Sikanen T, Ketola RA, Kostiainen R, Kotiaho T, Franssila S. Fabrication of enclosed SU-8 tips for electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry. Electrophoresis 2005; 26:4691-702. [PMID: 16283694 DOI: 10.1002/elps.200500475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
We describe a novel electrospray tip design for MS which is fabricated completely out of SU-8 photoepoxy. A three-layer SU-8 fabrication process provides fully enclosed channels and tips. The tip shape and alignment of all SU-8 layers is done lithographically and is therefore very accurate. Fabrication process enables easy integration of additional fluidic functions on the same chip. Separation channels can be made with exactly the same process. Fluidic inlets are made in SU-8 during the fabrication process and no drilling or other postprocessing is needed. Channels have been fabricated and tested in the size range of 10 microm x 10 microm-50 microm x 200 microm. Mass spectrometric performance of the tips has been demonstrated with both pressure-driven flow and EOF. SU-8 microtips have been shown to produce stable electrospray with EOF in a timescale of tens of minutes. With pressure driven flow stable spray is maintained for hours. Taylor cone was shown to be small in volume and well defined even with the largest channel cross section. The spray was also shown to be well directed with our tip design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santeri Tuomikoski
- Microelectronics Centre, Helsinki University of Technology, Helsinki, Finland
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47
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de Jong LAA, Uges DRA, Franke JP, Bischoff R. Receptor–ligand binding assays: Technologies and Applications. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2005; 829:1-25. [PMID: 16253574 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2005.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2005] [Revised: 09/26/2005] [Accepted: 10/02/2005] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Receptor-ligand interactions play a crucial role in biological systems and their measurement forms an important part of modern pharmaceutical development. Numerous assay formats are available that can be used to screen and quantify receptor ligands. In this review, we give an overview over both radioactive and non-radioactive assay technologies with emphasis on the latter. While radioreceptor assays are fast, easy to use and reproducible, their major disadvantage is that they are hazardous to human health, produce radioactive waste, require special laboratory conditions and are thus rather expensive on a large scale. This has led to the development of non-radioactive assays based on optical methods like fluorescence polarization, fluorescence resonance energy transfer or surface plasmon resonance. In light of their application in high-throughput screening environments, there has been an emphasis on so called "mix-and-measure" assays that do not require separation of bound from free ligand. The advent of recombinant production of receptors has contributed to the increased availability of specific assays and some aspects of the expression of recombinant receptors will be reviewed. Applications of receptor-ligand binding assays described in this review will relate to screening and the quantification of pharmaceuticals in biological matrices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lutea A A de Jong
- Department of Analytical Biochemistry, University Centre for Pharmacy, A. Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands.
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Yang Y, Li C, Lee KH, Craighead HG. Coupling on-chip solid-phase extraction to electrospray mass spectrometry through an integrated electrospray tip. Electrophoresis 2005; 26:3622-30. [PMID: 16136527 DOI: 10.1002/elps.200500121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
We report the integration of solid-phase extraction (SPE) with mass spectrometry (MS) through an on-chip electrospray tip for sample precleaning and preconcentration. An in situ polymerized alkylacrylate-based monolithic column was used as the stationary phase for the on-chip SPE. Each microchip consists of two sets of microchannels and their respective integrated electrospray tips, with a common gold electrode. After the microchip was fabricated from cycloolefin polymer by hot embossing, thermal bonding, and annealing steps, a mixture of monomers and porogenic solvents was pumped into the microchannels and certain areas of the main microchannels were exposed to UV irradiation through a mask. The resulting porous monolithic beds that were polymerized from different compositions of the mixture were characterized by scanning electron microscopy. The microchip containing the monolithic column was then interfaced to an ion trap (IT) mass spectrometer by modifying a commercially available interfacing system. Makeup solution from the side channel was infused concurrently with the solution flowing into the main channel, and the mixture of these two solutions was sprayed into the MS orifice. Both the adsorption and elution of a pharmaceutical test compound, imipramine, to and from the on-chip SPE columns were monitored by MS. The potential application of this device for sample cleanup was demonstrated by pretreatment of urine samples spiked with imipramine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanou Yang
- School of Applied and Engineering Physics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
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Brivio M, Oosterbroek RE, Verboom W, van den Berg A, Reinhoudt DN. Simple chip-based interfaces for on-line monitoring of supramolecular interactions by nano-ESI MS. LAB ON A CHIP 2005; 5:1111-22. [PMID: 16175268 DOI: 10.1039/b510534j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Two simple interfaces were designed and realized, enabling on-line coupling of microfluidics reactor chips to a nanoflow electrospray ionization (NESI) time-of-flight (TOF) mass spectrometer (MS). The interfaces are based on two different approaches: a monolithically integrated design, in which ionization is assisted by on-chip gas nebulization, and a modular approach implying the use of commercially available Picospray tips. Using reserpine as a reference compound in a 1ratio1 mixture of acetonitrile and water revealed that both interfaces provide a remarkably stable mass spectrometric signal (standard deviations lower than 8% and 1% for the monolithic and modular approaches, respectively). Glass microreactors, containing mixing zones, were fabricated and coupled to the modular interface with perfluoroelastomer Nanoport fluidics connectors, providing a tool to study chemical reactions on-line. Investigation of the mixing dynamics showed that complete on-chip reagents mixing is achieved within a few tens of milliseconds. Metal-ligand interactions of Zn-porphyrin with pyridine (2), 4-ethylpyridine (3), 4-phenylpyridine (4), N-methylimidazole (5), and N-butylimidazole (6) in acetonitrile as well as host-guest complexations of beta-cyclodextrin (7) with N-(1-adamantyl)acetamide (8) or 4-tert-butylacetanilide (9) in water were studied by mass spectrometry using the modular NESI-chip interface. From on-chip dilution-based mass spectrometric titrations of Zn-porphyrin 1 with pyridine (2) or 4-phenylpyridine (4) in acetonitrile Ka-values of 4.6 +/- 0.4 x 10(3) M(-1) and 6.5 +/- 1.2 x 10(3) M(-1), respectively, were calculated. The Ka-values are about four times larger than those obtained with UV/vis spectroscopy in solution, probably due to a higher ionization efficiency of complexed compared to uncomplexed Zn-porphyrin. For the complexation of N-(1-adamantyl)acetamide (8) with beta-cyclodextrin (7), a Ka-value of 3.6 +/- 0.3 x 10(4) M(-1) was obtained, which is in good agreement with that determined by microcalorimetry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Brivio
- Laboratory of Supramolecular Chemistry and Technology, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Twente, P. O. Box 217, 7500 AE, Enschede, The Netherlands
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Zamfir AD, Bindila L, Lion N, Allen M, Girault HH, Peter-Katalinić J. Chip electrospray mass spectrometry for carbohydrate analysis. Electrophoresis 2005; 26:3650-73. [PMID: 16152660 DOI: 10.1002/elps.200500101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Currently two types of chip systems are used in conjunction with MS: out-of-plane devices, where hundreds of nozzles, nanospray emitters are integrated onto a single silicon substrate from which electrospray is established perpendicular to the substrate, and planar microchips, embedding a microchannel at the end of which electrospray is generated in-plane, on the edge of the microchip. In the last two years, carbohydrate research greatly benefited from the introduction and implementation of the chip-based MS. In two laboratories the advantages of the chip electrospray in terms of ionization efficiency, sensitivity, reproducibility, quality of data in combination with high mass accuracy, and resolution of detection were systematically explored for several carbohydrate classes: O- and N-glycopeptides, oligosaccharides, gangliosides and glycoprotein-derived O- and N-glycans, and glycopeptides. The current state-of-the-art in interfacing the chip electrospray devices to high-performance MS for carbohydrate analysis, and the particular requirements for method optimization in both positive and negative ion modes are reviewed here. The recent applications of these miniaturized devices and their general potential for glycomic-based surveys are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alina D Zamfir
- Institute for Medical Physics and Biophysics, University of Münster, Münster, Germany.
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