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Lai YJ, Yeh YH, Huang YL, De Almeida C, Chang GJ, Chen WJ, Hsu HH. Empagliflozin Attenuates Pulmonary Arterial Remodeling Through Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor Gamma Activation. ACS Pharmacol Transl Sci 2024; 7:2725-2738. [PMID: 39296270 PMCID: PMC11406702 DOI: 10.1021/acsptsci.4c00127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2024] [Revised: 07/19/2024] [Accepted: 07/25/2024] [Indexed: 09/21/2024]
Abstract
The loss of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) exacerbates pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH), while its upregulation reduces cell proliferation and vascular remodeling, thereby decreasing PAH severity. SGLT2 inhibitors, developed for type 2 diabetes, might also affect signal transduction in addition to modulating sodium-glucose cotransporters. Pulmonary arterial smooth muscle cells (PASMCs) isolated from patients with idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension (IPAH) were treated with three SGLT2 inhibitors, canagliflozin (Cana), dapagliflozin (Dapa), and empagliflozin (Empa), to investigate their antiproliferative effects. To assess the impact of Empa on PPARγ, luciferase reporter assays and siRNA-mediated PPARγ knockdown were employed to examine regulation of the γ-secretase complex and its downstream target Notch3. Therapy involving daily administration of Empa was initiated 21 days after inducing hypoxia-induced PAH in mice. Empa exhibited significant antiproliferative effects on fast-growing IPAH PASMCs. Empa activated PPARγ to prevent formation of the γ-secretase complex, with specific impacts on presenilin enhancer 2 (PEN2), which plays a crucial role in maintaining γ-secretase complex stability, thereby inhibiting Notch3. Similar results were obtained in lung tissue of chronically hypoxic mice. Empa attenuated pulmonary arterial remodeling and right ventricle hypertrophy in a hypoxic PAH mouse model. Moreover, PPARγ expression was significantly decreased and PEN2, and Notch3 levels were increased in lung tissue from PAH patients compared with non-PAH lung tissue. Empa reverses vascular remodeling by activating PPARγ to suppress the γ-secretase-Notch3 axis. We propose Empa as a PPARγ activator and potential therapeutic for PAH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Ju Lai
- Cardiovascular Division, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Tao-Yuan 333, Taiwan
- Department of Respiratory Therapy, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Chang-Gung University, Tao-Yuan 33353, Taiwan
- Department of Respiratory Care, Chang-Gung University of Science and Technology, Chia-Yi 61363, Taiwan
| | - Yung-Hsin Yeh
- Cardiovascular Division, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Tao-Yuan 333, Taiwan
| | - Yen-Lin Huang
- Department of Pathology, National Taiwan University Cancer Center and National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei 106328, Taiwan
| | - Celina De Almeida
- Department of Respiratory Therapy, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Chang-Gung University, Tao-Yuan 33353, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medical Sciences, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Tao-Yuan 33353, Taiwan
| | - Gwo-Jyh Chang
- Cardiovascular Division, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Tao-Yuan 333, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medical Sciences, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Tao-Yuan 33353, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Jan Chen
- Cardiovascular Division, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Tao-Yuan 333, Taiwan
| | - Hsao-Hsun Hsu
- Division of Thoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, National Taiwan University Hospital and National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei 10002, Taiwan
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2
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Liu E, Zhang Y, Wang JZ. Updates in Alzheimer's disease: from basic research to diagnosis and therapies. Transl Neurodegener 2024; 13:45. [PMID: 39232848 PMCID: PMC11373277 DOI: 10.1186/s40035-024-00432-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2024] [Accepted: 07/11/2024] [Indexed: 09/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common neurodegenerative disorder, characterized pathologically by extracellular deposition of β-amyloid (Aβ) into senile plaques and intracellular accumulation of hyperphosphorylated tau (pTau) as neurofibrillary tangles. Clinically, AD patients show memory deterioration with varying cognitive dysfunctions. The exact molecular mechanisms underlying AD are still not fully understood, and there are no efficient drugs to stop or reverse the disease progression. In this review, we first provide an update on how the risk factors, including APOE variants, infections and inflammation, contribute to AD; how Aβ and tau become abnormally accumulated and how this accumulation plays a role in AD neurodegeneration. Then we summarize the commonly used experimental models, diagnostic and prediction strategies, and advances in periphery biomarkers from high-risk populations for AD. Finally, we introduce current status of development of disease-modifying drugs, including the newly officially approved Aβ vaccines, as well as novel and promising strategies to target the abnormal pTau. Together, this paper was aimed to update AD research progress from fundamental mechanisms to the clinical diagnosis and therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enjie Liu
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, China
| | - Yao Zhang
- Department of Endocrine, Liyuan Hospital, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Neurological Disorders, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430077, China
| | - Jian-Zhi Wang
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, China.
- Department of Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Neurological Disorders, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China.
- Co-Innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, 226000, China.
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3
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Yao K, Zhan XY, Feng M, Yang KF, Zhou MS, Jia H. Furin, ADAM, and γ-secretase: Core regulatory targets in the Notch pathway and the therapeutic potential for breast cancer. Neoplasia 2024; 57:101041. [PMID: 39208688 PMCID: PMC11399603 DOI: 10.1016/j.neo.2024.101041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2024] [Revised: 08/14/2024] [Accepted: 08/22/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
The activation of the Notch pathway promotes the occurrence and progression of breast cancer. The Notch signal plays different roles in different molecular subtypes of breast cancer. In estrogen receptor-positive (ER+) breast cancer, the Notch pathway regulates the activity of estrogen receptors. In human epidermal growth factor receptor 2-positive (HER2+) breast cancer, crosstalk between Notch and HER2 enhances HER2 signal expression. In triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC), Notch pathway activation is closely linked to tumor invasion and drug resistance. This article offers a comprehensive review of the structural domains, biological functions, and key targets of Notch with a specific focus on the roles of Furin protease, ADAM metalloprotease, and γ-secretase in breast cancer and their potential as therapeutic targets. We discuss the functions and mutual regulatory mechanisms of these proteinases in the Notch pathway as well as other potential targets in the Notch pathway, such as the glycosylation process and key transcription factors. This article also introduces new approaches in the treatment of breast cancer, with a special focus on the molecular characteristics and treatment response differences of different subtypes. We propose that the core regulatory molecules of the Notch pathway may become key targets for development of personalized treatment, which may significantly improve treatment outcomes and prognosis for patients with breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuo Yao
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shenyang Medical College, Shenyang, 110034, China.
| | - Xiang-Yi Zhan
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shenyang Medical College, No. 146 Huanghe North Street, Yuhong District, Shenyang City 110034, Liaoning Province, PR China.
| | - Mei Feng
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shenyang Medical College, Shenyang, 110034, China.
| | - Ke-Fan Yang
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shenyang Medical College, Shenyang, 110034, China.
| | - Ming-Sheng Zhou
- Shenyang Key Laboratory of Vascular Biology, No. 146 Huanghe North Street, Yuhong District, Shenyang City 110034, Liaoning Province, PR China; Science and Experimental Research Center of Shenyang Medical College, No. 146 Huanghe North Street, Yuhong District, Shenyang City 110034, Liaoning Province, PR China.
| | - Hui Jia
- Shenyang Key Laboratory of Vascular Biology, No. 146 Huanghe North Street, Yuhong District, Shenyang City 110034, Liaoning Province, PR China; School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shenyang Medical College, No. 146 Huanghe North Street, Yuhong District, Shenyang City 110034, Liaoning Province, PR China.
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4
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Schultheis N, Connell A, Kapral A, Becker RJ, Mueller R, Shah S, O'Donnell M, Roseman M, Swanson L, DeGuara S, Wang W, Yin F, Saini T, Weiss RJ, Selleck SB. Altering heparan sulfate suppresses cell abnormalities and neuron loss in Drosophila presenilin model of Alzheimer Disease. iScience 2024; 27:110256. [PMID: 39109174 PMCID: PMC11302002 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2024.110256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2024] [Revised: 05/06/2024] [Accepted: 06/10/2024] [Indexed: 08/10/2024] Open
Abstract
We examined the function of heparan-sulfate-modified proteoglycans (HSPGs) in pathways affecting Alzheimer disease (AD)-related cell pathology in human cell lines and mouse astrocytes. Mechanisms of HSPG influences on presenilin-dependent cell loss were evaluated in Drosophila using knockdown of the presenilin homolog, Psn, together with partial loss-of-function of sulfateless (sfl), a gene specifically affecting HS sulfation. HSPG modulation of autophagy, mitochondrial function, and lipid metabolism were shown to be conserved in human cell lines, Drosophila, and mouse astrocytes. RNA interference (RNAi) of Ndst1 reduced intracellular lipid levels in wild-type mouse astrocytes or those expressing humanized variants of APOE, APOE3, and APOE4. Neuron-directed knockdown of Psn in Drosophila produced apoptosis and cell loss in the brain, phenotypes suppressed by reductions in sfl expression. Abnormalities in mitochondria, liposomes, and autophagosome-derived structures in animals with Psn knockdown were also rescued by reduction of sfl. These findings support the direct involvement of HSPGs in AD pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas Schultheis
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Alyssa Connell
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Alexander Kapral
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Robert J. Becker
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Richard Mueller
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Shalini Shah
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Mackenzie O'Donnell
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Matthew Roseman
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Lindsey Swanson
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Sophia DeGuara
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Weihua Wang
- Center for Innovation in Brain Science and Department of Pharmacology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | - Fei Yin
- Center for Innovation in Brain Science and Department of Pharmacology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | - Tripti Saini
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Ryan J. Weiss
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Scott B. Selleck
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
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Barrera-Ocampo A. Monoclonal antibodies and aptamers: The future therapeutics for Alzheimer's disease. Acta Pharm Sin B 2024; 14:2795-2814. [PMID: 39027235 PMCID: PMC11252463 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2024.03.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2024] [Revised: 03/06/2024] [Accepted: 03/14/2024] [Indexed: 07/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is considered the most common and prevalent form of dementia of adult-onset with characteristic progressive impairment in cognition and memory. The cure for AD has not been found yet and the treatments available until recently were only symptomatic. Regardless of multidisciplinary approaches and efforts made by pharmaceutical companies, it was only in the past two years that new drugs were approved for the treatment of the disease. Amyloid beta (Aβ) immunotherapy is at the core of this therapy, which is one of the most innovative approaches looking to change the course of AD. This technology is based on synthetic peptides or monoclonal antibodies (mAb) to reduce Aβ levels in the brain and slow down the advance of neurodegeneration. Hence, this article reviews the state of the art about AD neuropathogenesis, the traditional pharmacologic treatment, as well as the modern active and passive immunization describing approved drugs, and drug prototypes currently under investigation in different clinical trials. In addition, future perspectives on immunotherapeutic strategies for AD and the rise of the aptamer technology as a non-immunogenic alternative to curb the disease progression are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alvaro Barrera-Ocampo
- Facultad de Ingeniería, Diseño y Ciencias Aplicadas, Departamento de Ciencias Farmacéuticas y Químicas, Grupo Natura, Universidad Icesi, Cali 760031, Colombia
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6
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Bhole RP, Chikhale RV, Rathi KM. Current biomarkers and treatment strategies in Alzheimer disease: An overview and future perspectives. IBRO Neurosci Rep 2024; 16:8-42. [PMID: 38169888 PMCID: PMC10758887 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibneur.2023.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2023] [Revised: 11/06/2023] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD), a progressive degenerative disorder first identified by Alois Alzheimer in 1907, poses a significant public health challenge. Despite its prevalence and impact, there is currently no definitive ante mortem diagnosis for AD pathogenesis. By 2050, the United States may face a staggering 13.8 million AD patients. This review provides a concise summary of current AD biomarkers, available treatments, and potential future therapeutic approaches. The review begins by outlining existing drug targets and mechanisms in AD, along with a discussion of current treatment options. We explore various approaches targeting Amyloid β (Aβ), Tau Protein aggregation, Tau Kinases, Glycogen Synthase kinase-3β, CDK-5 inhibitors, Heat Shock Proteins (HSP), oxidative stress, inflammation, metals, Apolipoprotein E (ApoE) modulators, and Notch signaling. Additionally, we examine the historical use of Estradiol (E2) as an AD therapy, as well as the outcomes of Randomized Controlled Trials (RCTs) that evaluated antioxidants (e.g., vitamin E) and omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids as alternative treatment options. Notably, positive effects of docosahexaenoic acid nutriment in older adults with cognitive impairment or AD are highlighted. Furthermore, this review offers insights into ongoing clinical trials and potential therapies, shedding light on the dynamic research landscape in AD treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ritesh P. Bhole
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Dr. D. Y. Patil institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Research, Pimpri, Pune, India
- Dr. D. Y. Patil Dental College and Hospital, Dr. D. Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Pimpri, Pune 411018, India
| | | | - Karishma M. Rathi
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Dr. D. Y. Patil institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Research, Pimpri, Pune, India
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Zhao M, Ma G, Yan X, Li X, Wang E, Xu XX, Zhao JB, Ma X, Zeng J. Microbial infection promotes amyloid pathology in a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease via modulating γ-secretase. Mol Psychiatry 2024; 29:1491-1500. [PMID: 38273109 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-024-02428-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Revised: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 01/27/2024]
Abstract
Microbial infection as a type of environmental risk factors is considered to be associated with long-term increased risk of dementia, including Alzheimer's disease (AD). AD is characterized by two neuropathologically molecular hallmarks of hyperphosphorylated tau and amyloid-β (Aβ), the latter generated by several biochemically reactive enzymes, including γ-secretase. However, how infectious risk factors contribute to pathological development of the AD core molecules remains to be addressed. In this work, we utilized a modified herpes simplex virus type 1 (mHSV-1) and found that its hippocampal infection locally promotes Aβ pathology in 5 × FAD mice, the commonly used amyloid model. Mechanistically, we identified HSV-1 membrane glycoprotein US7 (Envelope gI) that interacts with and modulates γ-secretase and consequently facilitates Aβ production. Furthermore, we presented evidence that adenovirus-associated virus-mediated locally hippocampal overexpression of the US7 aggravates Aβ pathology in 5 × FAD mice. Collectively, these findings identify a herpesviral factor regulating γ-secretase in the development and progression of AD and represent a causal molecular link between infectious pathogens and neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Zhao
- Songjiang Research Institute, Songjiang Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 201600, China
- Department of Neurology, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150001, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Guanqin Ma
- Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201, Yunnan, China
- Kunming College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650204, Yunnan, China
| | - Xiaoxu Yan
- Songjiang Research Institute, Songjiang Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 201600, China
- Department of Neurology, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150001, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Xiaohong Li
- Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201, Yunnan, China
| | - Erlin Wang
- Songjiang Research Institute, Songjiang Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 201600, China
- Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201, Yunnan, China
| | - Xiang-Xiong Xu
- Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201, Yunnan, China
- Kunming College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650204, Yunnan, China
| | - Jie-Bin Zhao
- Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201, Yunnan, China
- Kunming College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650204, Yunnan, China
| | - Xueling Ma
- Department of Neurology, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150001, Heilongjiang, China.
| | - Jianxiong Zeng
- Songjiang Research Institute, Songjiang Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 201600, China.
- Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201, Yunnan, China.
- Kunming College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650204, Yunnan, China.
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Biodiversity Information, Kunming, 650201, Yunnan, China.
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De Strooper B, Karran E. New precision medicine avenues to the prevention of Alzheimer's disease from insights into the structure and function of γ-secretases. EMBO J 2024; 43:887-903. [PMID: 38396302 PMCID: PMC10943082 DOI: 10.1038/s44318-024-00057-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2023] [Revised: 01/20/2024] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Two phase-III clinical trials with anti-amyloid peptide antibodies have met their primary goal, i.e. slowing of Alzheimer's disease (AD) progression. However, antibody therapy may not be the optimal therapeutic modality for AD prevention, as we will discuss in the context of the earlier small molecules described as "γ-secretase modulators" (GSM). We review here the structure, function, and pathobiology of γ-secretases, with a focus on how mutations in presenilin genes result in early-onset AD. Significant progress has been made in generating compounds that act in a manner opposite to pathogenic presenilin mutations: they stabilize the proteinase-substrate complex, thereby increasing the processivity of substrate cleavage and altering the size spectrum of Aβ peptides produced. We propose the term "γ-secretase allosteric stabilizers" (GSAS) to distinguish these compounds from the rather heterogenous class of GSM. The GSAS represent, in theory, a precision medicine approach to the prevention of amyloid deposition, as they specifically target a discrete aspect in a complex cell biological signalling mechanism that initiates the pathological processes leading to Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bart De Strooper
- Dementia Research Institute, Institute of Neurology, University College London, at the Francis Crick Institute, London, NW1 AT, UK.
- Laboratory for the Research of Neurodegenerative Diseases, VIB Center for Brain & Disease Research, and Leuven Brain Institute, KU Leuven, Leuven, 3000, Belgium.
| | - Eric Karran
- Cambridge Research Center, AbbVie, Inc., Cambridge, MA, USA
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Aldworth H, Hooper NM. Post-translational regulation of the low-density lipoprotein receptor provides new targets for cholesterol regulation. Biochem Soc Trans 2024; 52:431-440. [PMID: 38329179 PMCID: PMC10903450 DOI: 10.1042/bst20230918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2023] [Revised: 01/16/2024] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 02/09/2024]
Abstract
The amount of the low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR) on the surface of hepatocytes is the primary determinant of plasma low-density lipoprotein (LDL)-cholesterol level. Although the synthesis and cellular trafficking of the LDLR have been well-documented, there is growing evidence of additional post-translational mechanisms that regulate or fine tune the surface availability of the LDLR, thus modulating its ability to bind and internalise LDL-cholesterol. Proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 and the asialoglycoprotein receptor 1 both independently interact with the LDLR and direct it towards the lysosome for degradation. While ubiquitination by the E3 ligase inducible degrader of the LDLR also targets the receptor for lysosomal degradation, ubiquitination of the LDLR by a different E3 ligase, RNF130, redistributes the receptor away from the plasma membrane. The activity of the LDLR is also regulated by proteolysis. Proteolytic cleavage of the transmembrane region of the LDLR by γ-secretase destabilises the receptor, directing it to the lysosome for degradation. Shedding of the extracellular domain of the receptor by membrane-type 1 matrix metalloprotease and cleavage of the receptor in its LDL-binding domain by bone morphogenetic protein-1 reduces the ability of the LDLR to bind and internalise LDL-cholesterol at the cell surface. A better understanding of how the activity of the LDLR is regulated will not only unravel the complex biological mechanisms controlling LDL-cholesterol metabolism but also could help inform the development of alternative pharmacological intervention strategies for the treatment of hypercholesterolaemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harry Aldworth
- Division of Neuroscience, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, U.K
| | - Nigel M Hooper
- Division of Neuroscience, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, U.K
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Zimmer VC, Lauer AA, Haupenthal V, Stahlmann CP, Mett J, Grösgen S, Hundsdörfer B, Rothhaar T, Endres K, Eckhardt M, Hartmann T, Grimm HS, Grimm MOW. A bidirectional link between sulfatide and Alzheimer's disease. Cell Chem Biol 2024; 31:265-283.e7. [PMID: 37972592 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2023.10.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Revised: 09/05/2023] [Accepted: 10/27/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
Reduced sulfatide level is found in Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients. Here, we demonstrate that amyloid precursor protein (APP) processing regulates sulfatide synthesis and vice versa. Different cell culture models and transgenic mice models devoid of APP processing or in particular the APP intracellular domain (AICD) reveal that AICD decreases Gal3st1/CST expression and subsequently sulfatide synthesis. In return, sulfatide supplementation decreases Aβ generation by reducing β-secretase (BACE1) and γ-secretase processing of APP. Increased BACE1 lysosomal degradation leads to reduced BACE1 protein level in endosomes. Reduced γ-secretase activity is caused by a direct effect on γ-secretase activity and reduced amounts of γ-secretase components in lipid rafts. Similar changes were observed by analyzing cells and mice brain samples deficient of arylsulfatase A responsible for sulfatide degradation or knocked down in Gal3st1/CST. In line with these findings, addition of sulfatides to brain homogenates of AD patients resulted in reduced γ-secretase activity. Human brain APP level shows a significant negative correlation with GAL3ST1/CST expression underlining the in vivo relevance of sulfatide homeostasis in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valerie Christin Zimmer
- Deutsches Institut für Demenzprävention (DIDP), Neurodegeneration and Neurobiology and Experimental Neurology, Saarland University, 66424 Homburg/Saar, Germany
| | - Anna Andrea Lauer
- Deutsches Institut für Demenzprävention (DIDP), Neurodegeneration and Neurobiology and Experimental Neurology, Saarland University, 66424 Homburg/Saar, Germany; Nutrition Therapy and Counseling, Campus Rheinland, SRH University of Applied Health Sciences, 51377 Leverkusen, Germany
| | - Viola Haupenthal
- Deutsches Institut für Demenzprävention (DIDP), Neurodegeneration and Neurobiology and Experimental Neurology, Saarland University, 66424 Homburg/Saar, Germany
| | - Christoph Peter Stahlmann
- Deutsches Institut für Demenzprävention (DIDP), Neurodegeneration and Neurobiology and Experimental Neurology, Saarland University, 66424 Homburg/Saar, Germany
| | - Janine Mett
- Deutsches Institut für Demenzprävention (DIDP), Neurodegeneration and Neurobiology and Experimental Neurology, Saarland University, 66424 Homburg/Saar, Germany; Biosciences Zoology/Physiology-Neurobiology, ZHMB (Center of Human and Molecular Biology), Faculty NT-Natural Science and Technology, Saarland University, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Sven Grösgen
- Deutsches Institut für Demenzprävention (DIDP), Neurodegeneration and Neurobiology and Experimental Neurology, Saarland University, 66424 Homburg/Saar, Germany
| | - Benjamin Hundsdörfer
- Deutsches Institut für Demenzprävention (DIDP), Neurodegeneration and Neurobiology and Experimental Neurology, Saarland University, 66424 Homburg/Saar, Germany
| | - Tatjana Rothhaar
- Deutsches Institut für Demenzprävention (DIDP), Neurodegeneration and Neurobiology and Experimental Neurology, Saarland University, 66424 Homburg/Saar, Germany
| | - Kristina Endres
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Johannes Gutenberg-University, 55099 Mainz, Germany
| | - Matthias Eckhardt
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical Faculty, University of Bonn, 53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Tobias Hartmann
- Deutsches Institut für Demenzprävention (DIDP), Neurodegeneration and Neurobiology and Experimental Neurology, Saarland University, 66424 Homburg/Saar, Germany
| | - Heike Sabine Grimm
- Deutsches Institut für Demenzprävention (DIDP), Neurodegeneration and Neurobiology and Experimental Neurology, Saarland University, 66424 Homburg/Saar, Germany; Nutrition Therapy and Counseling, Campus Rheinland, SRH University of Applied Health Sciences, 51377 Leverkusen, Germany
| | - Marcus Otto Walter Grimm
- Deutsches Institut für Demenzprävention (DIDP), Neurodegeneration and Neurobiology and Experimental Neurology, Saarland University, 66424 Homburg/Saar, Germany; Nutrition Therapy and Counseling, Campus Rheinland, SRH University of Applied Health Sciences, 51377 Leverkusen, Germany.
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Cowan AJ, Green DJ. Unveiling the link between genetic alterations in gamma secretase and BCMA surface density in multiple myeloma. Br J Haematol 2024; 204:391-392. [PMID: 38014717 DOI: 10.1111/bjh.19222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2023] [Accepted: 11/10/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
Cattaneo et al. report a unique case of a multiple myeloma patient with elevated B-cell maturation antigen (BCMA) surface density, potentially due to genetic alterations in the gamma-secretase protease complex-responsible for BCMA cleavage from plasma cells. No mutations in the BCMA gene were detected, but there was partial deletion of PSEN1 and amplification of PSEN2 (components of the gamma-secretase complex), which may explain the lack of response to the gamma-secretase inhibitor DAPT. This case, along with recent published literature, underscores the significance of gamma secretase in modulating BCMA density and the potential impact of its genetic alterations. Commentary on: Cattaneo et al. Genetic defects of gamma-secretase genes in a multiple myeloma patient with high and dysregulated BCMA surface density: A case report. Br J Haematol 2024;204:571-575.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J Cowan
- Fred Hutch Cancer Center, UW Medicine, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Damian J Green
- Fred Hutch Cancer Center, UW Medicine, Seattle, Washington, USA
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12
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Ajore R, Mattsson J, Pertesi M, Ekdahl L, Ali Z, Hansson M, Nilsson B. Genome-wide CRISPR/Cas9 screen identifies regulators of BCMA expression on multiple myeloma cells. Blood Cancer J 2024; 14:21. [PMID: 38272874 PMCID: PMC10811322 DOI: 10.1038/s41408-024-00986-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2023] [Revised: 01/06/2024] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ram Ajore
- Division of Hematology and Transfusion Medicine, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, 221 84, Lund, Sweden
- Lund Stem Cell Center, Lund University, 221 84, Lund, Sweden
| | - Jenny Mattsson
- Division of Hematology and Transfusion Medicine, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, 221 84, Lund, Sweden
- Lund Stem Cell Center, Lund University, 221 84, Lund, Sweden
- BioInvent International AB, Ideongatan 1, 223 70, Lund, Sweden
| | - Maroulio Pertesi
- Division of Hematology and Transfusion Medicine, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, 221 84, Lund, Sweden
- Lund Stem Cell Center, Lund University, 221 84, Lund, Sweden
| | - Ludvig Ekdahl
- Division of Hematology and Transfusion Medicine, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, 221 84, Lund, Sweden
- Lund Stem Cell Center, Lund University, 221 84, Lund, Sweden
| | - Zain Ali
- Division of Hematology and Transfusion Medicine, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, 221 84, Lund, Sweden
- Lund Stem Cell Center, Lund University, 221 84, Lund, Sweden
| | - Markus Hansson
- Division of Hematology and Transfusion Medicine, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, 221 84, Lund, Sweden
- Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, Sahlgrenska Academy, Göteborg University, 41346, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Björn Nilsson
- Division of Hematology and Transfusion Medicine, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, 221 84, Lund, Sweden.
- Lund Stem Cell Center, Lund University, 221 84, Lund, Sweden.
- Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA.
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13
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Schultheis N, Connell A, Kapral A, Becker RJ, Mueller R, Shah S, O'Donnell M, Roseman M, Wang W, Yin F, Weiss R, Selleck SB. Heparan sulfate modified proteins affect cellular processes central to neurodegeneration and modulate presenilin function. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.01.23.576895. [PMID: 38328107 PMCID: PMC10849577 DOI: 10.1101/2024.01.23.576895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2024]
Abstract
Mutations in presenilin-1 (PSEN1) are the most common cause of familial, early-onset Alzheimer's disease (AD), typically producing cognitive deficits in the fourth decade. A variant of APOE, APOE3 Christchurch (APOE3ch) , was found associated with protection from both cognitive decline and Tau accumulation in a 70-year-old bearing the disease-causing PSEN1-E280A mutation. The amino acid change in ApoE3ch is within the heparan sulfate (HS) binding domain of APOE, and purified APOEch showed dramatically reduced affinity for heparin, a highly sulfated form of HS. The physiological significance of ApoE3ch is supported by studies of a mouse bearing a knock-in of this human variant and its effects on microglia reactivity and Aβ-induced Tau deposition. The studies reported here examine the function of heparan sulfate-modified proteoglycans (HSPGs) in cellular and molecular pathways affecting AD-related cell pathology in human cell lines and mouse astrocytes. The mechanisms of HSPG influences on presenilin- dependent cell loss and pathology were evaluated in Drosophila using knockdown of the presenilin homolog, Psn , together with partial loss of function of sulfateless (sfl) , a homolog of NDST1 , a gene specifically affecting HS sulfation. HSPG modulation of autophagy, mitochondrial function, and lipid metabolism were shown to be conserved in cultured human cell lines, Drosophila , and mouse astrocytes. RNAi of Ndst1 reduced intracellular lipid levels in wild-type mouse astrocytes or those expressing humanized variants of APOE, APOE3 , and APOE4 . RNA-sequence analysis of human cells deficient in HS synthesis demonstrated effects on the transcriptome governing lipid metabolism, autophagy, and mitochondrial biogenesis and showed significant enrichment in AD susceptibility genes identified by GWAS. Neuron-directed knockdown of Psn in Drosophila produced cell loss in the brain and behavioral phenotypes, both suppressed by simultaneous reductions in sfl mRNA levels. Abnormalities in mitochondria, liposome morphology, and autophagosome-derived structures in animals with Psn knockdown were also rescued by simultaneous reduction of sfl. sfl knockdown reversed Psn- dependent transcript changes in genes affecting lipid transport, metabolism, and monocarboxylate carriers. These findings support the direct involvement of HSPGs in AD pathogenesis.
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14
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Serneels L, Bammens L, Zwijsen A, Tolia A, Chávez-Gutiérrez L, De Strooper B. Functional and topological analysis of PSENEN, the fourth subunit of the γ-secretase complex. J Biol Chem 2024; 300:105533. [PMID: 38072061 PMCID: PMC10790097 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2023.105533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Revised: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 11/26/2023] [Indexed: 01/01/2024] Open
Abstract
The γ-secretase complexes are intramembrane cleaving proteases involved in the generation of the Aβ peptides in Alzheimer's disease. The complex consists of four subunits, with Presenilin harboring the catalytic site. Here, we study the role of the smallest subunit, PSENEN or Presenilin enhancer 2, encoded by the gene Psenen, in vivo and in vitro. We find a profound Notch deficiency phenotype in Psenen-/- embryos confirming the essential role of PSENEN in the γ-secretase complex. We used Psenen-/- fibroblasts to explore the structure-function of PSENEN by the scanning cysteine accessibility method. Glycine 22 and proline 27, which border the membrane domains 1 and 2 of PSENEN, are involved in complex formation and stabilization of γ-secretase. The hairpin structured hydrophobic membrane domains 1 and 2 are exposed to a water-containing cavity in the complex, while transmembrane domain 3 is not water exposed. We finally demonstrate the essential role of PSENEN for the cleavage activity of the complex. PSENEN is more than a structural component of the γ-secretase complex and might contribute to the catalytic mechanism of the enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lutgarde Serneels
- Laboratory for the Research of Neurodegenerative Diseases, VIB Center for Brain & Disease Research, VIB, Leuven, Belgium; Department of Neurosciences and Leuven Brain Institute, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Leen Bammens
- Laboratory for the Research of Neurodegenerative Diseases, VIB Center for Brain & Disease Research, VIB, Leuven, Belgium; Department of Neurosciences and Leuven Brain Institute, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - An Zwijsen
- Laboratory of Developmental Signaling, Center for Human Genetics, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Alexandra Tolia
- Laboratory for the Research of Neurodegenerative Diseases, VIB Center for Brain & Disease Research, VIB, Leuven, Belgium; Department of Neurosciences and Leuven Brain Institute, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Lucía Chávez-Gutiérrez
- Laboratory for the Research of Neurodegenerative Diseases, VIB Center for Brain & Disease Research, VIB, Leuven, Belgium; Department of Neurosciences and Leuven Brain Institute, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Bart De Strooper
- Laboratory for the Research of Neurodegenerative Diseases, VIB Center for Brain & Disease Research, VIB, Leuven, Belgium; Department of Neurosciences and Leuven Brain Institute, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
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15
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Bauer C, Duplan E, Saint-George-Hyslop P, Checler F. Potentially Pathogenic SORL1 Mutations Observed in Autosomal-Dominant Cases of Alzheimer's Disease Do Not Modulate APP Physiopathological Processing. Cells 2023; 12:2802. [PMID: 38132122 PMCID: PMC10742224 DOI: 10.3390/cells12242802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2023] [Revised: 11/24/2023] [Accepted: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The SORL1 gene encodes LR11/SorLA, a protein that binds β-amyloid precursor protein (APP) and drives its intracellular trafficking. SORL1 mutations, occurring frequently in a subset of familial cases of Alzheimer's disease (AD), have been documented, but their pathogenic potential is not yet clear and questions remain concerning their putative influence on the physiopathological processing of APP. We have assessed the influence of two SORL1 mutations that were described as likely disease-causing and that were associated with either benign (SorLA924) or severe (SorLA511) AD phenotypes. We examined the influence of wild-type and mutants SorLA in transiently transfected HEK293 cells expressing either wild-type or Swedish mutated APP on APP expression, secreted Aβ and sAPPα levels, intracellular Aβ 40 and Aβ42 peptides, APP-CTFs (C99 and C83) expressions, α-, β- and γ-secretases expressions and activities as well as Aβ and CTFs-degrading enzymes. These paradigms were studied in control conditions or after pharmacological proteasomal modulation. We also established stably transfected CHO cells expressing wild-type SorLA and established the colocalization of APP and either wild-type or mutant SorLA. SorLA mutations partially disrupt co-localization of wild-type sorLA with APP. Overall, although we mostly confirmed previous data concerning the influence of wild-type SorLA on APP processing, we were unable to evidence significant alterations triggered by our set of SorLA mutants, whatever the cells or pharmacological conditions examined. Our study , however, does not rule out the possibility that other AD-linked SORL1 mutations could indeed affect APP processing, and that pathogenic mutations examined in the present study could interfere with other cellular pathways/triggers in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Bauer
- INSERM, CNRS, IPMC, Team Labeled “Laboratory of Excellence (LABEX) Distalz”, Université Côte d’Azur, 660 Route des Lucioles, Sophia-Antipolis, 06560 Valbonne, France; (C.B.); (E.D.)
| | - Eric Duplan
- INSERM, CNRS, IPMC, Team Labeled “Laboratory of Excellence (LABEX) Distalz”, Université Côte d’Azur, 660 Route des Lucioles, Sophia-Antipolis, 06560 Valbonne, France; (C.B.); (E.D.)
| | - Peter Saint-George-Hyslop
- Center for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, Department of Medicine, Toronto Western Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada;
| | - Frédéric Checler
- INSERM, CNRS, IPMC, Team Labeled “Laboratory of Excellence (LABEX) Distalz”, Université Côte d’Azur, 660 Route des Lucioles, Sophia-Antipolis, 06560 Valbonne, France; (C.B.); (E.D.)
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16
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Hou P, Zielonka M, Serneels L, Martinez-Muriana A, Fattorelli N, Wolfs L, Poovathingal S, T'Syen D, Balusu S, Theys T, Fiers M, Mancuso R, Howden AJM, De Strooper B. The γ-secretase substrate proteome and its role in cell signaling regulation. Mol Cell 2023; 83:4106-4122.e10. [PMID: 37977120 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2023.10.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2023] [Revised: 06/22/2023] [Accepted: 10/20/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
γ-Secretases mediate the regulated intramembrane proteolysis (RIP) of more than 150 integral membrane proteins. We developed an unbiased γ-secretase substrate identification (G-SECSI) method to study to what extent these proteins are processed in parallel. We demonstrate here parallel processing of at least 85 membrane proteins in human microglia in steady-state cell culture conditions. Pharmacological inhibition of γ-secretase caused substantial changes of human microglial transcriptomes, including the expression of genes related to the disease-associated microglia (DAM) response described in Alzheimer disease (AD). While the overall effects of γ-secretase deficiency on transcriptomic cell states remained limited in control conditions, exposure of mouse microglia to AD-inducing amyloid plaques strongly blocked their capacity to mount this putatively protective DAM cell state. We conclude that γ-secretase serves as a critical signaling hub integrating the effects of multiple extracellular stimuli into the overall transcriptome of the cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengfei Hou
- Laboratory for the Research of Neurodegenerative Diseases, VIB Center for Brain & Disease Research, VIB, Leuven 3000, Belgium; Department of Neurosciences and Leuven Brain Institute, KU Leuven, Leuven 3000, Belgium
| | - Magdalena Zielonka
- Laboratory for the Research of Neurodegenerative Diseases, VIB Center for Brain & Disease Research, VIB, Leuven 3000, Belgium; Department of Neurosciences and Leuven Brain Institute, KU Leuven, Leuven 3000, Belgium
| | - Lutgarde Serneels
- Laboratory for the Research of Neurodegenerative Diseases, VIB Center for Brain & Disease Research, VIB, Leuven 3000, Belgium; Department of Neurosciences and Leuven Brain Institute, KU Leuven, Leuven 3000, Belgium
| | - Anna Martinez-Muriana
- Laboratory for the Research of Neurodegenerative Diseases, VIB Center for Brain & Disease Research, VIB, Leuven 3000, Belgium; Department of Neurosciences and Leuven Brain Institute, KU Leuven, Leuven 3000, Belgium
| | - Nicola Fattorelli
- Laboratory for the Research of Neurodegenerative Diseases, VIB Center for Brain & Disease Research, VIB, Leuven 3000, Belgium; Department of Neurosciences and Leuven Brain Institute, KU Leuven, Leuven 3000, Belgium
| | - Leen Wolfs
- Laboratory for the Research of Neurodegenerative Diseases, VIB Center for Brain & Disease Research, VIB, Leuven 3000, Belgium; Department of Neurosciences and Leuven Brain Institute, KU Leuven, Leuven 3000, Belgium
| | - Suresh Poovathingal
- Department of Neurosciences and Leuven Brain Institute, KU Leuven, Leuven 3000, Belgium; Single Cell & Microfluidics Expertise Unit, VIB Center for Brain & Disease Research, VIB, Leuven 3000, Belgium
| | - Dries T'Syen
- Laboratory for the Research of Neurodegenerative Diseases, VIB Center for Brain & Disease Research, VIB, Leuven 3000, Belgium; Department of Neurosciences and Leuven Brain Institute, KU Leuven, Leuven 3000, Belgium
| | - Sriram Balusu
- Laboratory for the Research of Neurodegenerative Diseases, VIB Center for Brain & Disease Research, VIB, Leuven 3000, Belgium; Department of Neurosciences and Leuven Brain Institute, KU Leuven, Leuven 3000, Belgium
| | - Tom Theys
- Department of Neurosciences, Research Group Experimental Neurosurgery and Neuroanatomy, KU Leuven, Leuven 3000, Belgium
| | - Mark Fiers
- Laboratory for the Research of Neurodegenerative Diseases, VIB Center for Brain & Disease Research, VIB, Leuven 3000, Belgium; Department of Neurosciences and Leuven Brain Institute, KU Leuven, Leuven 3000, Belgium; Center for Human Genetics, KU Leuven, Leuven 3000, Belgium; Dementia Research Institute, Institute of Neurology, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Renzo Mancuso
- Microglia and Inflammation in Neurological Disorders (MIND) Lab, VIB Center for Molecular Neurology, VIB, Antwerp 2610, Belgium; Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp 2610, Belgium
| | - Andrew J M Howden
- Division of Cell Signaling and Immunology, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 4HN, UK
| | - Bart De Strooper
- Laboratory for the Research of Neurodegenerative Diseases, VIB Center for Brain & Disease Research, VIB, Leuven 3000, Belgium; Department of Neurosciences and Leuven Brain Institute, KU Leuven, Leuven 3000, Belgium; Center for Human Genetics, KU Leuven, Leuven 3000, Belgium; Dementia Research Institute, Institute of Neurology, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK.
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17
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Narlawar R, Serneels L, Gaffric C, Gijsen HJM, De Strooper B, Bischoff F. Discovery of brain permeable 2-Azabicyclo[2.2.2]octane sulfonamides as a novel class of presenilin-1 selective γ-secretase inhibitors. Eur J Med Chem 2023; 260:115725. [PMID: 37657269 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2023.115725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Revised: 08/04/2023] [Accepted: 08/13/2023] [Indexed: 09/03/2023]
Abstract
This paper describes the rational design, synthesis, structure-activity relationship (SAR), and biological profile of presenilin-1 (PSEN-1) complex selective γ-secretase inhibitors, assessed for selectivity using a unique set of four γ-secretase subtype complexes. A set of known PSEN-1 selective γ-Secretase inhibitors (GSIs) was analyzed to understand the pharmacophoric features required for selective inhibition. Conformational modeling suggests that a characteristic 'U' shape orientation between aromatic sulfone/sulfonamide and aryl ring is crucial for PSEN-1 selectivity and potency. Using these insights, a series of brain-penetrant 2-azabicyclo[2,2,2]octane sulfonamides was devised and synthesized as a new class of PSEN-1 selective inhibitors. Compounds 13c and 13k displayed high potency towards PSEN1-APH1B complex but moderate selectivity towards PSEN2 complexes. However, compound (+)-13b displayed low nanomolar potency towards the PSEN1-APH1B complex, little (∼4-fold) selectivity towards PSEN1-APH1A, and high selectivity (>350-fold) versus PSEN2 complexes. Excellent brain penetration, no significant CYP inhibition, or cardiotoxicity, good solubility, and permeability make (+)-13b an excellent candidate for further lead optimization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajeshwar Narlawar
- Discovery Chemistry, Therapeutics Discovery, Janssen Research & Development, Janssen Pharmaceutica NV, Turnhoutseweg 30, B-2340, Beerse, Belgium; KU Leuven, Department of Neurosciences, Leuven Institute for Neuroscience and Disease, (LIND), Leuven, Belgium.
| | | | - Celia Gaffric
- Discovery Chemistry, Therapeutics Discovery, Janssen Research & Development, Janssen Pharmaceutica NV, Turnhoutseweg 30, B-2340, Beerse, Belgium
| | - Harrie J M Gijsen
- Discovery Chemistry, Therapeutics Discovery, Janssen Research & Development, Janssen Pharmaceutica NV, Turnhoutseweg 30, B-2340, Beerse, Belgium
| | - Bart De Strooper
- KU Leuven, Department of Neurosciences, Leuven Institute for Neuroscience and Disease, (LIND), Leuven, Belgium; VIB Center for Brain and Disease Research, Leuven, Belgium; Dementia Research Institute, University College London, London, UK
| | - François Bischoff
- Discovery Chemistry, Therapeutics Discovery, Janssen Research & Development, Janssen Pharmaceutica NV, Turnhoutseweg 30, B-2340, Beerse, Belgium.
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18
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Agarwal D, Malik J, Bhanwala N, Ambatwar R, Kumar S, Chandrakar L, Datusalia AK, Khatik GL. Networkodynamic approach to perceive the key phytoconstituents of E. officinalis (Amla) as natural BACE1 inhibitors: an in-silico study. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2023:1-13. [PMID: 37861402 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2023.2269260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Accepted: 10/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a deteriorating neural disorder, and currently, available drugs are ineffective in its treatment. Emblica officinalis (Amla) is widely recognised in the Indian medicinal system for ameliorative effects in managing diabetes, hyperlipidaemia and neurological diseases. Thus, we aimed to identify the active phytoconstituents of E. officinalis and their role in inhibiting the potential targets for the possible treatment of AD. The network pharmacology approach, gene ontology, molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulation (MDS) studies were performed. A total of 36 bioactive components in E. officinalis, 95 predicted anti-AD targets, and 3398 AD-related targets were identified from different databases. The network analysis showed that BACE1, ABCB1 and AChE, CA2 are the most potential AD targets. Based on gene ontology and topology analysis results, BACE1 was a significant target related to AD pathways, and quercetin, kaempferol and myricetin showed the highest interaction with target genes. The molecular docking results found that rutin and quercetin displayed better binding affinities -7.5, -5.67 kcal/mol than the BACE1 bound internal ligand. Furthermore, MDS results suggested that quercetin and rutin could be potential inhibitors against BACE-1 protein and may have therapeutic effects in treating AD. Such promising results could be further helpful in new drug discovery against AD.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dhairiya Agarwal
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Raebareli, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Jatin Malik
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Raebareli, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Neeru Bhanwala
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Raebareli, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Ramesh Ambatwar
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Raebareli, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Sumit Kumar
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Raebareli, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Lokesh Chandrakar
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Raebareli, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Ashok Kumar Datusalia
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Raebareli, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Gopal L Khatik
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Raebareli, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
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19
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Li X, Ni J, Qing H, Quan Z. The Regulatory Mechanism of Rab21 in Human Diseases. Mol Neurobiol 2023; 60:5944-5953. [PMID: 37369821 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-023-03454-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2023] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023]
Abstract
Rab proteins are important components of small GTPases and play crucial roles in regulating intracellular transportation and cargo delivery. Maintaining the proper functions of Rab proteins is essential for normal cellular activities such as cell signaling, division, and survival. Due to their vital and irreplaceable role in regulating intracellular vesicle transportation, accumulated researches have shown that the abnormalities of Rab proteins and their effectors are closely related to human diseases. Here, this review focused on Rab21, a member of the Rab family, and introduced the structures and functions of Rab21, as well as the regulatory mechanisms of Rab21 in human diseases, including neurodegenerative diseases, cancer, and inflammation. In summary, we described in detail the role of Rab21 in human diseases and provide insights into the potential of Rab21 as a therapeutic target for diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinjian Li
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and Biotherapy, School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Junjun Ni
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and Biotherapy, School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Hong Qing
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and Biotherapy, School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Zhenzhen Quan
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and Biotherapy, School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, China.
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20
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Orobets KS, Karamyshev AL. Amyloid Precursor Protein and Alzheimer's Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:14794. [PMID: 37834241 PMCID: PMC10573485 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241914794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2023] [Revised: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is one of the most common neurodegenerative disorders associated with age or inherited mutations. It is characterized by severe dementia in the late stages that affect memory, cognitive functions, and daily life overall. AD progression is linked to the accumulation of cytotoxic amyloid beta (Aβ) and hyperphosphorylated tau protein combined with other pathological features such as synaptic loss, defective energy metabolism, imbalances in protein, and metal homeostasis. Several treatment options for AD are under investigation, including antibody-based therapy and stem cell transplantation. Amyloid precursor protein (APP) is a membrane protein considered to play a main role in AD pathology. It is known that APP in physiological conditions follows a non-amyloidogenic pathway; however, it can proceed to an amyloidogenic scenario, which leads to the generation of extracellular deleterious Aβ plaques. Not all steps of APP biogenesis are clear so far, and these questions should be addressed in future studies. AD is a complex chronic disease with many factors that contribute to disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Andrey L. Karamyshev
- Department of Cell Biology and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX 79430, USA;
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21
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Sammeta SS, Banarase TA, Rahangdale SR, Wankhede NL, Aglawe MM, Taksande BG, Mangrulkar SV, Upaganlawar AB, Koppula S, Kopalli SR, Umekar MJ, Kale MB. Molecular understanding of ER-MT communication dysfunction during neurodegeneration. Mitochondrion 2023; 72:59-71. [PMID: 37495165 DOI: 10.1016/j.mito.2023.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2023] [Revised: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 07/23/2023] [Indexed: 07/28/2023]
Abstract
Biological researchers are seeing organelles in a new light. These cellular entities have been believed to be singular and distinctive structures that performed specialized purposes for a very long time. But in recentpast years, scientists have learned that organelles become dynamic and make physical contact. Additionally, Biological processes are regulated by organelles interactions and its alteration play an important role in cell malfunctioning and several pathologies, including neurodegenerative diseases. Mitochondrial-ER contact sites (MERCS) have received considerable attention in the domain of cell homeostasis and dysfunction, specifically in the area of neurodegeneration. This is largely due to the significant role of this subcellular compartment in a diverse array of vital cellular functions, including Ca2+ homeostasis, transport, bioenergetics and turnover, mitochondrial dynamics, apoptotic signaling, ER stress, and inflammation. A significant number of disease-associated proteins were found to physically interact with the ER-Mitochondria (ER-MT) interface, causing structural and/or functional alterations in this compartment. In this review, we summarize current knowledge about the structure and functions of the ER-MT contact sites, as well as the possible repercussions of their alteration in notable neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and fronto-temporal dementia. The constraints and complexities in defining the nature and origin of the highlighted defects in ER-MT communication, as well as their concise contribution to the neurodegenerative process, are illustrated in particular. The possibility of using MERCS as a potential drug target to prevent neuronal damage and ultimately neurodegeneration is the topic of our final discussion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shivkumar S Sammeta
- Smt. Kishoritai Bhoyar College of Pharmacy, Kamptee, Nagpur, Maharashtra 441002, India
| | - Trupti A Banarase
- Smt. Kishoritai Bhoyar College of Pharmacy, Kamptee, Nagpur, Maharashtra 441002, India
| | - Sandip R Rahangdale
- Smt. Kishoritai Bhoyar College of Pharmacy, Kamptee, Nagpur, Maharashtra 441002, India
| | - Nitu L Wankhede
- Smt. Kishoritai Bhoyar College of Pharmacy, Kamptee, Nagpur, Maharashtra 441002, India
| | - Manish M Aglawe
- Smt. Kishoritai Bhoyar College of Pharmacy, Kamptee, Nagpur, Maharashtra 441002, India
| | - Brijesh G Taksande
- Smt. Kishoritai Bhoyar College of Pharmacy, Kamptee, Nagpur, Maharashtra 441002, India
| | - Shubhada V Mangrulkar
- Smt. Kishoritai Bhoyar College of Pharmacy, Kamptee, Nagpur, Maharashtra 441002, India
| | - Aman B Upaganlawar
- SNJB's Shriman Sureshdada Jain College of Pharmacy, Neminagar, Chandwad, Nashik, Maharashtra, India
| | - Sushruta Koppula
- College of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Konkuk University, Chungju-Si, Chungcheongbuk Do 27478, Republic of Korea
| | - Spandana Rajendra Kopalli
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Sejong University, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05006, Republic of Korea
| | - Milind J Umekar
- Smt. Kishoritai Bhoyar College of Pharmacy, Kamptee, Nagpur, Maharashtra 441002, India
| | - Mayur B Kale
- Smt. Kishoritai Bhoyar College of Pharmacy, Kamptee, Nagpur, Maharashtra 441002, India.
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22
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Liu C, Nikain C, Li YM. γ-Secretase fanning the fire of innate immunity. Biochem Soc Trans 2023; 51:1597-1610. [PMID: 37449907 PMCID: PMC11212119 DOI: 10.1042/bst20221445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2023] [Revised: 06/29/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
Innate immunity is the first line of defense against pathogens, alerting the individual cell and surrounding area to respond to this potential invasion. γ-secretase is a transmembrane protease complex that plays an intricate role in nearly every stage of this innate immune response. Through regulation of pattern recognition receptors (PRR) such as TREM2 and RAGE γ-secretase can modulate pathogen recognition. γ-secretase can act on cytokine receptors such as IFNαR2 and CSF1R to dampen their signaling capacity. While γ-secretase-mediated regulated intramembrane proteolysis (RIP) can further moderate innate immune responses through downstream signaling pathways. Furthermore, γ-secretase has also been shown to be regulated by the innate immune system through cytokine signaling and γ-secretase modulatory proteins such as IFITM3 and Hif-1α. This review article gives an overview of how γ-secretase is implicated in innate immunity and the maintenance of its responses through potentially positive and negative feedback loops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenge Liu
- Chemical Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center
- Programs of Pharmacology, Weill Graduate School of Medical Sciences of Cornell University
| | - Cyrus Nikain
- Chemical Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center
- Programs of Pharmacology, Weill Graduate School of Medical Sciences of Cornell University
| | - Yue-Ming Li
- Chemical Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center
- Programs of Pharmacology, Weill Graduate School of Medical Sciences of Cornell University
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23
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Trasviña-Arenas CH, Ayala Medina LA, Vique-Sánchez JL. γ-Secretase Inhibitors Selected by Molecular Docking, to Develop a New Drug Against Alzheimer's Disease. Rep Biochem Mol Biol 2023; 12:340-349. [PMID: 38317814 PMCID: PMC10838598 DOI: 10.61186/rbmb.12.2.340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2023] [Accepted: 09/15/2023] [Indexed: 02/07/2024]
Abstract
Background Alzheimer´s disease (AD) is one of the most common forms of dementia, is characterized by memory loss and cognitive impairment that affects more than 30 million people worldwide. The pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease is primary driven by brain accumulation of the amyloid β peptide generated from the amyloid-β precursor protein (APP) via cleavages by β- and γ-secretase. In this study, we propose an approach by molecular docking to select compounds as γ-secretase inhibitors for decreasing the APP generation. Methods We selected potential γ-secretase inhibitors by molecular docking in the potential site between Asp257, Lue268, Asp385, Ile387, Phe388, and Leu432 amino acids in presenilin-1 (PS-1), using a chemical library of over 500,000 compounds. Results Eight compounds (AZ1 - AZ8) were selected by molecular docking to develop γ-secretase inhibitors for decreasing the APP generation. Conclusions AZ1 - AZ8 compounds could be interacting in the potential site between Asp257, Lue268, Asp385, Ile387, Phe388, and Leu432 amino acids in PS-1. These compounds could specifically interact in the binding pocket in PS-1 to prevent/decrease the APP generation, to develop a new drug against Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Humberto Trasviña-Arenas
- Research Center on Aging, Center for Research and Advanced Studies of the National Polytechnic Institute (CINVESTAV), Calzada de los Tenorios No. 235, 14330, Mexico City, Mexico.
| | | | - José Luis Vique-Sánchez
- School of Medicine Campus Mexicali, Autonomous University of Baja California, Mexicali, 21000, BC, México.
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24
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Alsaqati M, Thomas RS, Kidd EJ. Upregulation of endocytic protein expression in the Alzheimer's disease male human brain. AGING BRAIN 2023; 4:100084. [PMID: 37449017 PMCID: PMC10336166 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbas.2023.100084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Revised: 06/14/2023] [Accepted: 06/16/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Amyloid-beta (Aβ) is produced from amyloid precursor protein (APP) primarily after APP is internalised by endocytosis and clathrin-mediated endocytic processes are altered in Alzheimer's disease (AD). There is also evidence that cholesterol and flotillin affect APP endocytosis. We hypothesised that endocytic protein expression would be altered in the brains of people with AD compared to non-diseased subjects which could be linked to increased Aβ generation. We compared protein expression in frontal cortex samples from men with AD compared to age-matched, non-diseased controls. Soluble and insoluble Aβ40 and Aβ42, the soluble Aβ42/Aβ40 ratio, βCTF, BACE1, presenilin-1 and the ratio of phosphorylated:total GSK3β were significantly increased while the insoluble Aβ42:Aβ40 ratio was significantly decreased in AD brains. Total and phosphorylated tau were markedly increased in AD brains. Significant increases in clathrin, AP2, PICALM isoform 4, Rab-5 and caveolin-1 and 2 were seen in AD brains but BIN1 was decreased. However, using immunohistochemistry, caveolin-1 and 2 were decreased. The results obtained here suggest an overall increase in endocytosis in the AD brain, explaining, at least in part, the increased production of Aβ during AD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Emma J. Kidd
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cardiff University, Redwood Building, King Edward VII Avenue, Cardiff CF10 3NB, UK
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25
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Susmitha G, Kumar R. Role of microbial dysbiosis in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease. Neuropharmacology 2023; 229:109478. [PMID: 36871788 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2023.109478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Revised: 02/08/2023] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/07/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the leading cause of dementia in the elderly and detected during the advanced stages where the chances of reversal are minimum. The gut-brain axis mediates a bidirectional communication between the gut and brain, which is dependent on bacterial products such as short chain fatty acids (SCFA) and neurotransmitters. Accumulating lines of evidence suggests that AD is associated with significant alteration in the composition of gut microbiota. Furthermore, transfer of gut microbiota from healthy individuals to patients can reshape the gut microbiota structure and thus holds the potential to be exploited for the treatment of various neurodegenerative disease. Moreover, AD-associated gut dysbiosis can be partially reversed by using probiotics, prebiotics, natural compounds and dietary modifications, but need further validations. Reversal of AD associated gut dysbiosis alleviate AD-associated pathological feature and therefore can be explored as a therapeutic approach in the future. The current review article will describe various studies suggesting that AD dysbiosis occurs with AD and highlights the causal role by focussing on the interventions that hold the potential to reverse the gut dysbiosis partially.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gudimetla Susmitha
- Department of Biotechnology, GITAM Institute of Sciences, GITAM (Deemed to be) University, Vishakhapatnam, India
| | - Rahul Kumar
- Department of Biotechnology, GITAM Institute of Sciences, GITAM (Deemed to be) University, Vishakhapatnam, India.
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26
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Huang T, Lin Y, Chen J, Hu J, Chen H, Zhang Y, Zhang B, He X. CD51 Intracellular Domain Promotes Cancer Cell Neurotropism through Interacting with Transcription Factor NR4A3 in Colorectal Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:cancers15092623. [PMID: 37174090 PMCID: PMC10177513 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15092623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2023] [Revised: 04/29/2023] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The abundant nervous system in intestine provides the basis for perineural invasion (PNI) of colorectal cancer (CRC). PNI is defined as the invasion of the nerves by cancer cells. Although PNI is already known to be an independent prognostic factor in CRC, the molecular mechanism underlying PNI remains obscure. In this study, we first demonstrated that CD51 could promote the neurotropism of tumor cells through cleavage with γ-secretase to generate an intracellular domain (ICD). Mechanistically, ICD of CD51 could bind to the transcription factor NR4A3, and act as a coactivator to promote the expression of downstream effectors, such as NTRK1, NTRK3, and SEMA3E. Pharmacological inhibition of γ-secretase impedes PNI mediated by CD51 in CRC both in vitro and in vivo and may become a potential therapeutic target for PNI in CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianze Huang
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510655, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Colorectal and Pelvic Floor Diseases, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510655, China
| | - Yanyun Lin
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510655, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Colorectal and Pelvic Floor Diseases, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510655, China
| | - Junguo Chen
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510655, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Colorectal and Pelvic Floor Diseases, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510655, China
| | - Jiancong Hu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Colorectal and Pelvic Floor Diseases, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510655, China
| | - Hao Chen
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510655, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Colorectal and Pelvic Floor Diseases, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510655, China
| | - Yanhong Zhang
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510655, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Colorectal and Pelvic Floor Diseases, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510655, China
| | - Bin Zhang
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510655, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Colorectal and Pelvic Floor Diseases, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510655, China
| | - Xiaosheng He
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510655, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Colorectal and Pelvic Floor Diseases, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510655, China
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27
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Bae H, Shim KH, Yoo J, Yang YS, An SSA, Kang MJ. Double Mutations in a Patient with Early-Onset Alzheimer's Disease in Korea: An APP Val551Met and a PSEN2 His169Asn. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24087446. [PMID: 37108607 PMCID: PMC10140908 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24087446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2023] [Revised: 04/05/2023] [Accepted: 04/15/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The etiology of early-onset Alzheimer's disease (EOAD) is associated with alterations in the production of amyloid beta (Aβ) species caused by mutations in the APP, PSEN1, and PSEN2 genes. Mutations affect intra- or inter-molecular interactions and processes between the γ-secretase complex and amyloid precursor protein (APP), leading to the aberrant sequential cleavage of Aβ species. A 64-year-old woman presented with progressive memory decline, mild right hippocampal atrophy, and a family history of Alzheimer's dementia (AD). Whole exome sequencing was performed to evaluate AD-related gene mutations, which were verified by Sanger sequencing. A mutation-caused structural alteration of APP was predicted using in silico prediction programs. Two AD-related mutations, in APP (rs761339914; c.G1651A; p.V551M) and PSEN2 (rs533813519; c.C505A; p.H169N), were identified. The APP Val551Met mutation in the E2 domain may influence APP homodimerization through changes in intramolecular interactions between adjacent amino acids, altering Aβ production. The second mutation was PSEN2 His169Asn mutation, which was previously reported in five EOAD patients from Korea and China, with a relatively high frequency in the East Asian population. According to a previous report, the presenilin 2 protein was predicted to result in a major helical torsion by PSEN2 His169Asn mutation. Notably, the co-existence of APP Val551Met and PSEN2 His169Asn may induce a synergistic effect by both mutations. Future functional studies are needed to clarify the pathological effects of these double mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heewon Bae
- Department of Neurology, Veterans Medical Research Institute, Veterans Health Service Medical Center, Seoul 05368, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyu Hwan Shim
- Department of Bionano Technology, Gachon University, Seongnam 13120, Republic of Korea
| | - Jang Yoo
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Veterans Health Service Medical Center, Seoul 05368, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Soon Yang
- Department of Neurology, Soonchunhyang University College of Medicine, Cheonan Hospital, Cheonan 31151, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong Soo A An
- Department of Bionano Technology, Gachon University, Seongnam 13120, Republic of Korea
| | - Min-Ju Kang
- Department of Neurology, Veterans Medical Research Institute, Veterans Health Service Medical Center, Seoul 05368, Republic of Korea
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28
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Jia YZ, Liu J, Wang GQ, Pan H, Huang TZ, Liu R, Zhang Y. HIG1 domain family member 1A is a crucial regulator of disorders associated with hypoxia. Mitochondrion 2023; 69:171-182. [PMID: 36804467 DOI: 10.1016/j.mito.2023.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Revised: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondria play a central role in cellular energy conversion, metabolism, and cell proliferation. The regulation of mitochondrial function by HIGD1A, which is located on the inner membrane of the mitochondria, is essential to maintain cell survival under hypoxic conditions. In recent years, there have been shown other cellular pathways and mechanisms involving HIGD1A diametrically or through its interaction. As a novel regulator, HIGD1A maintains mitochondrial integrity and enhances cell viability under hypoxic conditions, increasing cell resistance to hypoxia. HIGD1A mainly targets cytochrome c oxidase by regulating downstream signaling pathways, which affects the ATP generation system and subsequently alters mitochondrial respiratory function. In addition, HIGD1A plays a dual role in cell survival in distinct degree hypoxia regions of the tumor. Under mild and moderate anoxic areas, HIGD1A acts as a positive regulator to promote cell growth. However, HIGD1A plays a role in inhibiting cell growth but retaining cellular activity under severe anoxic areas. We speculate that HIGD1A engages in tumor recurrence and drug resistance mechanisms. This review will focus on data concerning how HIGD1A regulates cell viability under hypoxic conditions. Therefore, HIGD1A could be a potential therapeutic target for hypoxia-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yin-Zhao Jia
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Jing Liu
- Key Laboratory of Coal Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, Shanxi, China
| | - Geng-Qiao Wang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Hao Pan
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Tie-Zeng Huang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Ran Liu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Yong Zhang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China.
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29
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Wang M, Liu K, Ma Y, Han W. Probing the Mechanisms of Inhibitors Binding to Presenilin Homologue Using Molecular Dynamics Simulations. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28052076. [PMID: 36903320 PMCID: PMC10004098 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28052076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2023] [Revised: 02/18/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023] Open
Abstract
γ-secretase is an intramembrane proteolytic enzyme that is mainly involved in the cleavage and hydrolysis of the amyloid precursor (APP). The catalytic subunit presenilin 1 (PS1) is the catalytic subunit of γ-secretase. Since it was found that PS1 is responsible for Aβ-producing proteolytic activity, which is involved in Alzheimer's disease, it is believed that reducing the activity of PS1 and preventing or delaying the production of Aβ could help treat Alzheimer's disease. Consequently, in recent years, researchers have begun investigating the potential clinical efficacy of PS1 inhibitors. Currently, most PS1 inhibitors are only used as a tool to study the structure and function of PS1, and a few inhibitors with a high selectivity have been tested in clinics. Less-selective PS1 inhibitors were found to not only inhibit Aβ production but also inhibit Notch cleavage, which led to serious adverse events. The archaeal presenilin homologue (PSH) is a surrogate protease of presenilin that is useful for agent screening. In this study, we performed 200 ns molecular dynamics simulations (MD) of four systems to explore the conformational changes of different ligands binding to PSH. Our results indicated that the PSH-L679 system formed 3-10 helices in TM4, loosening up TM4 and allowing substrates to enter the catalytic pocket, thereby making it less inhibitory. Additionally, we found that III-31-C can bring TM4 and TM6 closer, resulting in the contraction of the PSH active pocket. Altogether, these results provide the basis for the potential design of newer PS1 inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Weiwei Han
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-(431)-85155218
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30
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Analysis of Non-Amyloidogenic Mutations in APP Supports Loss of Function Hypothesis of Alzheimer's Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24032092. [PMID: 36768421 PMCID: PMC9916408 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24032092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2023] [Revised: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Proteolytic processing of amyloid precursor protein (APP) plays a critical role in pathogenesis of Azheimer's disease (AD). Sequential cleavage of APP by β- and γ-secretases leads to generation of Aβ40 (non-amyloidogenic) and Aβ42 (amyloidogenic) peptides. Presenilin-1 (PS1) or presenilin-2 (PS2) act as catalytic subunits of γ-secretase. Multiple familial AD (FAD) mutations in APP, PS1, or PS2 affect APP proteolysis by γ-secretase and influence levels of generated Aβ40 and Aβ42 peptides. The predominant idea in the field is the "amyloid hypothesis" that states that the resulting increase in Aβ42:Aβ40 ratio leads to "toxic gain of function" due to the accumulation of toxic Aβ42 plaques and oligomers. An alternative hypothesis based on analysis of PS1 conditional knockout mice is that "loss of function" of γ-secretase plays an important role in AD pathogenesis. In the present paper, we propose a mechanistic hypothesis that may potentially reconcile these divergent ideas and observations. We propose that the presence of soluble Aβ peptides in endosomal lumen (and secreted to the extracellular space) is essential for synaptic and neuronal function. Based on structural modeling of Aβ peptides, we concluded that Aβ42 peptides and Aβ40 peptides containing non-amyloidogenic FAD mutations in APP have increased the energy of association with the membranes, resulting in reduced levels of soluble Aβ in endosomal compartments. Analysis of PS1-FAD mutations also revealed that all of these mutations lead to significant reduction in both total levels of Aβ produced and in the Aβ40/Aβ42 ratio, suggesting that the concentration of soluble Aβ in the endosomal compartments is reduced as a result of these mutations. We further reasoned that similar changes in Aβ production may also occur as a result of age-related accumulation of cholesterol and lipid oxidation products in postsynaptic spines. Our analysis more easily reconciled with the "loss of γ-secretase function" hypothesis than with the "toxic gain of Aβ42 function" idea. These results may also explain why inhibitors of β- and γ- secretase failed in clinical trials, as these compounds are also expected to significantly reduce soluble Aβ levels in the endosomal compartments.
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31
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Szénási T, Turu G, Hunyady L. Interactions between β-arrestin proteins and the cytoskeletal system, and their relevance to neurodegenerative disorders. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2023; 14:957981. [PMID: 36843600 PMCID: PMC9947276 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.957981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
Abstract
β-arrestins, which have multiple cellular functions, were initially described as proteins that desensitize rhodopsin and other G protein-coupled receptors. The cytoskeletal system plays a role in various cellular processes, including intracellular transport, cell division, organization of organelles, and cell cycle. The interactome of β-arrestins includes the major proteins of the three main cytoskeletal systems: tubulins for microtubules, actins for the actin filaments, and vimentin for intermediate filaments. β-arrestins bind to microtubules and regulate their activity by recruiting signaling proteins and interacting with assembly proteins that regulate the actin cytoskeleton and the intermediate filaments. Altered regulation of the cytoskeletal system plays an essential role in the development of Alzheimer's, Parkinson's and other neurodegenerative diseases. Thus, β-arrestins, which interact with the cytoskeleton, were implicated in the pathogenesis progression of these diseases and are potential targets for the treatment of neurodegenerative disorders in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tibor Szénási
- Institute of Enzymology, Research Center for Natural Sciences, Centre of Excellence of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Gábor Turu
- Institute of Enzymology, Research Center for Natural Sciences, Centre of Excellence of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - László Hunyady
- Institute of Enzymology, Research Center for Natural Sciences, Centre of Excellence of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
- *Correspondence: László Hunyady,
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32
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de Lima IB, Ribeiro FM. The Implication of Glial Metabotropic Glutamate Receptors in Alzheimer's Disease. Curr Neuropharmacol 2023; 21:164-182. [PMID: 34951388 PMCID: PMC10190153 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x20666211223140303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2021] [Revised: 12/05/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) was first identified more than 100 years ago, yet aspects pertaining to its origin and the mechanisms underlying disease progression are not well known. To this date, there is no therapeutic approach or disease-modifying drug that could halt or at least delay disease progression. Until recently, glial cells were seen as secondary actors in brain homeostasis. Although this view was gradually refuted and the relevance of glial cells for the most diverse brain functions such as synaptic plasticity and neurotransmission was vastly proved, many aspects of its functioning, as well as its role in pathological conditions, remain poorly understood. Metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs) in glial cells were shown to be involved in neuroinflammation and neurotoxicity. Besides its relevance for glial function, glutamatergic receptors are also central in the pathology of AD, and recent studies have shown that glial mGluRs play a role in the establishment and progression of AD. AD-related alterations in Ca2+ signalling, APP processing, and Aβ load, as well as AD-related neurodegeneration, are influenced by glial mGluRs. However, different types of mGluRs play different roles, depending on the cell type and brain region that is being analysed. Therefore, in this review, we focus on the current understanding of glial mGluRs and their implication in AD, providing an insight for future therapeutics and identifying existing research gaps worth investigating.
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Affiliation(s)
- Izabella B.Q. de Lima
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Fabíola M. Ribeiro
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
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33
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Comparative proteomic profiles of Schistosoma japonicum male worms derived from single-sex and bisexual infections. Int J Parasitol 2022; 52:815-828. [PMID: 36265673 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2022.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2022] [Revised: 08/29/2022] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Schistosomiasis, which is caused by parasitic schistosomes, remains the second most prevalent parasitic disease of mammals worldwide. To successfully maintain fecundity, schistosomes have evolved a lifecycle that involves the cooperation of morphologically distinct male and female forms. Eggs produced by worm pairs are vital to the lifecycle of the parasite and are responsible for pathogenesis. Understanding the reproductive mechanism of schistosomes will help to control infection. In this study, the proteomic profiles of single-sex infected male (SM) worms and bisexual infected mated male (MM) worms of Schistosoma japonicum at 18, 21, 23, and 25 days p.i. were identified through data-independent acquisition. In total, 674 differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) were identified for the SM and MM worms at all four timepoints. Bioinformatic analysis demonstrated that most of the DEPs were involved in biosynthetic processes including locomotion, cell growth and death, cell motility, and metabolic processes such as protein metabolism and glucose metabolism. Schistosoma japonicum glycosyltransferase (SjGT) and S. japonicum nicastrin protein (SjNCSTN) were selected for quantitative real‑time PCR analysis and long-term interference with small interfering RNA (siRNA) to further explore the functions of the DEPs. Sjgt mRNA expression was mainly enriched in male worms, while Sjncstn was enriched in both sexes. siRNA against SjGT and SjNCSTN resulted in minor morphological changes in the testes of male worms and significant decreased vitality and fertility. The present study provides comprehensive proteomic profiles of S. japonicum SM and MM worms at 18, 21, 23, and 25 days p.i. and offers insights into the mechanisms underlying the growth and maturation of schistosomes.
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Kumar N, Gupta P, Bansal S. Progress and Development of Carbazole Scaffold Based as Potential Anti-
Alzheimer Agents Using MTDL Approach. LETT DRUG DES DISCOV 2022. [DOI: 10.2174/1570180819666220314144219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Abstract:
Alzheimer’s is a neurodegenerative disease (NDs) found in old age people with associated
most common symptom dementia. MTDLs (Multi-Target Direct Ligand strategy) is based on a combination
of two or more bioactive pharmacophores into a single molecule and this phenomenon has received a
great attention in the new era of modern drug discovery and emerging as a choice to treat this complex
Alzheimer’s disease (AD). In last fifteen years, many research groups designed, and synthesized new
carbazole integrated molecules linked with other bioactive pharmacophores like thiazoles, carvedilol, α-
naphthylaminopropan-2-ol, tacrine, ferulic acid, piperazine, coumarin, chalcones, stilbene, benzyl piperidine,
adamantane, quinoline, phthalocyanines, α-amino phosphonate, thiosemicarbazones, hydrazones,
etc. derivatives using MTDLs approach to confront AD. The present review entails the scientific data on
carbazole hybrids as potential Anti-Alzheimer activities from 2007 to 2021 that have shown potential
anti-Alzheimer activities through multiple target pathways thereby promising hope for new drug development
to confront AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nitin Kumar
- School of Medical and Allied Sciences (SMAS), K.R. Mangalam University, Sohna road, Gurugram, Haryana, India
- Sanskar College of Pharmacy and Research (SCPR), NH-24, Ahead Masuri Canal, Ghaziabad 201302, India
| | - Pankaj Gupta
- School of Medical and Allied Sciences (SMAS), K.R. Mangalam University, Sohna road, Gurugram, Haryana, India
| | - Sahil Bansal
- School of Medical and Allied Sciences (SMAS), K.R. Mangalam University, Sohna road, Gurugram, Haryana, India
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Lang AL, Eulalio T, Fox E, Yakabi K, Bukhari SA, Kawas CH, Corrada MM, Montgomery SB, Heppner FL, Capper D, Nachun D, Montine TJ. Methylation differences in Alzheimer's disease neuropathologic change in the aged human brain. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2022; 10:174. [PMID: 36447297 PMCID: PMC9710143 DOI: 10.1186/s40478-022-01470-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common cause of dementia with advancing age as its strongest risk factor. AD neuropathologic change (ADNC) is known to be associated with numerous DNA methylation changes in the human brain, but the oldest old (> 90 years) have so far been underrepresented in epigenetic studies of ADNC. Our study participants were individuals aged over 90 years (n = 47) from The 90+ Study. We analyzed DNA methylation from bulk samples in eight precisely dissected regions of the human brain: middle frontal gyrus, cingulate gyrus, entorhinal cortex, dentate gyrus, CA1, substantia nigra, locus coeruleus and cerebellar cortex. We deconvolved our bulk data into cell-type-specific (CTS) signals using computational methods. CTS methylation differences were analyzed across different levels of ADNC. The highest amount of ADNC related methylation differences was found in the dentate gyrus, a region that has so far been underrepresented in large scale multi-omic studies. In neurons of the dentate gyrus, DNA methylation significantly differed with increased burden of amyloid beta (Aβ) plaques at 5897 promoter regions of protein-coding genes. Amongst these, higher Aβ plaque burden was associated with promoter hypomethylation of the Presenilin enhancer 2 (PEN-2) gene, one of the rate limiting genes in the formation of gamma-secretase, a multicomponent complex that is responsible in part for the endoproteolytic cleavage of amyloid precursor protein into Aβ peptides. In addition to novel ADNC related DNA methylation changes, we present the most detailed array-based methylation survey of the old aged human brain to date. Our open-sourced dataset can serve as a brain region reference panel for future studies and help advance research in aging and neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna-Lena Lang
- Department of Neuropathology, Charité–Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität Zu Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Tiffany Eulalio
- Department of Biomedical Data Science, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305 USA
| | - Eddie Fox
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University, 300 Pasteur Drive, Stanford, CA 94305 USA
| | - Koya Yakabi
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University, 300 Pasteur Drive, Stanford, CA 94305 USA
| | - Syed A. Bukhari
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University, 300 Pasteur Drive, Stanford, CA 94305 USA
| | - Claudia H. Kawas
- Department of Neurology, University of California Irvine, Orange, CA 92868-4280 USA
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697 USA
| | - Maria M. Corrada
- Department of Neurology, University of California Irvine, Orange, CA 92868-4280 USA
- Department of Epidemiology, University of California, Irvine, CA 92617 USA
| | - Stephen B. Montgomery
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University, 300 Pasteur Drive, Stanford, CA 94305 USA
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305 USA
- Department of Biomedical Data Science, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305 USA
| | - Frank L. Heppner
- Department of Neuropathology, Charité–Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität Zu Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), 10117 Berlin, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence, NeuroCure, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - David Capper
- Department of Neuropathology, Charité–Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität Zu Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Daniel Nachun
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305 USA
| | - Thomas J. Montine
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University, 300 Pasteur Drive, Stanford, CA 94305 USA
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Ganguly D, Thomas JA, Ali A, Kumar R. Mechanistic and therapeutic implications of EphA-4 receptor tyrosine kinase in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease. Eur J Neurosci 2022; 56:5532-5546. [PMID: 34989046 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.15591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Revised: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Erythropoietin-producing hepatoma (Eph) receptors belong to a family of tyrosine kinase receptors that plays a pivotal role in the development of the brain. Eph can be divided broadly into two groups, namely, EphA and EphB, comprising nine and five members, respectively. In recent years, the role of EphA-4 has become increasingly apparent in the onset of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Emerging evidence suggests that EphA-4 results in synaptic dysfunction, which in turn promotes the progression of AD. Moreover, pharmacological or genetic ablation of EphA-4 in the murine model of AD can alleviate the symptoms. The current review summarizes different pathways by which EphA-4 can influence pathogenesis. Since, majority of the studies had reported the protective effect of EphA-4 inhibition during AD, designing therapeutics based on decreasing its enzymatic activity might be necessary for introducing the novel interventions. Therefore, the review described peptide and nanobodies inhibitors of EphA-4 that exhibit the potential to modulate EphA-4 and could be used as lead molecules for the targeted therapy of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devargya Ganguly
- Department of Biotechnology, GITAM Institute of Sciences, GITAM (Deemed to be) University, Vishakhapatnam, India
| | - Joshua Abby Thomas
- Department of Biotechnology, GITAM Institute of Sciences, GITAM (Deemed to be) University, Vishakhapatnam, India
| | - Abid Ali
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, India
| | - Rahul Kumar
- Department of Biotechnology, GITAM Institute of Sciences, GITAM (Deemed to be) University, Vishakhapatnam, India
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Bera A, Lavanya G, Reshmi R, Dev K, Kumar R. Mechanistic and therapeutic role of Drp1 in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease. Eur J Neurosci 2022; 56:5516-5531. [PMID: 35078269 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.15611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Revised: 12/31/2021] [Accepted: 01/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD), a progressive neurodegenerative disorder, has emerged as the most common form of dementia in the elderly. Two major pathological hallmarks have been identified for AD: extracellular amyloid plaques and intracellular neurofibrillary tangles (NFT). Recently, dynamin-related protein 1 (Drp1) was recognized to contribute significantly towards the pathogenesis of AD. Drp1 is primarily located in the cytosol, from where it translocates to the mitochondrial outer membrane and drives the mitochondrial fission via GTP hydrolysis. Drp1 interacts with Aβ and phosphorylated tau, leading to excessive mitochondrial fragmentation, which in turn results in synaptic dysfunction, neuronal damage and cognitive decline. Several studies suggest an increase in the level of Drp1 in the post-mortem brain specimen collected from the AD patients and murine models of AD. Interestingly, heterozygous deletion of Drp1 in the transgenic murine model of AD ameliorates the mitochondrial dysfunction, improving learning and memory. The current review article discusses the possible mechanistic pathways by which Drp1 can influence the pathogenesis of AD. Besides, it will describe various inhibitors for Drp1 and their potential role as therapeutics for AD in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arpita Bera
- Department of Biotechnology, GITAM Institute of Sciences, GITAM (Deemed to be) University, Visakhapatnam, India
| | - Gantyada Lavanya
- Department of Biotechnology, GITAM Institute of Sciences, GITAM (Deemed to be) University, Visakhapatnam, India
| | - Ravada Reshmi
- Department of Biotechnology, GITAM Institute of Sciences, GITAM (Deemed to be) University, Visakhapatnam, India
| | - Kapil Dev
- Department of Biotechnology, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, India
| | - Rahul Kumar
- Department of Biotechnology, GITAM Institute of Sciences, GITAM (Deemed to be) University, Visakhapatnam, India
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38
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Kumar R, Tiwari V, Dey S. Role of proline-rich tyrosine kinase 2 (Pyk2) in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease. Eur J Neurosci 2022; 56:5442-5452. [PMID: 34905657 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.15569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2021] [Revised: 12/02/2021] [Accepted: 12/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD), a progressive neurodegenerative disorder, is the most common form of dementia in the elderly. Two major pathological hallmarks have been identified for AD: extracellular amyloid plaques and intracellular neurofibrillary tangles (NFT). Recently, proline-rich tyrosine kinase 2 (Pyk2), which belongs to the focal adhesion kinase (FAK) non-receptor tyrosine kinase family, was recognized to contribute significantly towards the pathogenesis of AD. Pyk2 can influence the formation of amyloid plaques as well as NFTs. The kinase can directly phosphorylate tau, which is a significant component of NFTs and enhances tau pathology. Several competitive inhibitors have been developed for Pyk2, tested in several cancer models, as Pyk2 is known to be overexpressed under those conditions. The current review article discusses the possible mechanistic pathways by which Pyk2 can influence the pathogenesis of AD. Besides, it describes various inhibitors for Pyk2 and their potential role as therapeutics for AD in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahul Kumar
- Department of Biotechnology, GITAM Institute of Sciences, GITAM University, Visakhapatnam, India
| | - Vishvanath Tiwari
- Department of Biochemistry, Central University of Rajasthan, Ajmer, India
| | - Sharmistha Dey
- Department of Biophysics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
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39
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Alexander C, Li T, Hattori Y, Chiu D, Frost GR, Jonas L, Liu C, Anderson CJ, Wong E, Park L, Iadecola C, Li YM. Hypoxia Inducible Factor-1α binds and activates γ-secretase for Aβ production under hypoxia and cerebral hypoperfusion. Mol Psychiatry 2022; 27:4264-4273. [PMID: 35764706 PMCID: PMC9722522 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-022-01676-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2021] [Revised: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Hypoxic-ischemic injury has been linked with increased risk for developing Alzheimer's disease (AD). The underlying mechanism of this association is poorly understood. Here, we report distinct roles for hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (Hif-1α) in the regulation of BACE1 and γ-secretase activity, two proteases involved in the production of amyloid-beta (Aβ). We have demonstrated that Hif-1α upregulates both BACE1 and γ-secretase activity for Aβ production in brain hypoxia-induced either by cerebral hypoperfusion or breathing 10% O2. Hif-1α binds to γ-secretase, which elevates the amount of active γ-secretase complex without affecting the level of individual subunits in hypoxic-ischemic mouse brains. Additionally, the expression of full length Hif-1α increases BACE1 and γ-secretase activity in primary neuronal culture, whereas a transcriptionally incompetent Hif-1α variant only activates γ-secretase. These findings indicate that Hif-1α transcriptionally upregulates BACE1 and nontranscriptionally activates γ-secretase for Aβ production in hypoxic-ischemic conditions. Consequently, Hif-1α-mediated Aβ production may be an adaptive response to hypoxic-ischemic injury, subsequently leading to increased risk for AD. Preventing the interaction of Hif-1α with γ-secretase may therefore be a promising therapeutic strategy for AD treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Courtney Alexander
- Chemical Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
- Programs of Neurosciences and Weill Graduate School of Medical Sciences of Cornell University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Thomas Li
- Chemical Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
- Programs of Neurosciences and Weill Graduate School of Medical Sciences of Cornell University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Yorito Hattori
- Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Danica Chiu
- Chemical Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
- Programs of Pharmacology, Weill Graduate School of Medical Sciences of Cornell University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Georgia R Frost
- Chemical Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
- Programs of Neurosciences and Weill Graduate School of Medical Sciences of Cornell University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Lauren Jonas
- Chemical Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
- Programs of Pharmacology, Weill Graduate School of Medical Sciences of Cornell University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Chenge Liu
- Chemical Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
- Programs of Pharmacology, Weill Graduate School of Medical Sciences of Cornell University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Corey J Anderson
- Programs of Neurosciences and Weill Graduate School of Medical Sciences of Cornell University, New York, NY, USA
- Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Eitan Wong
- Chemical Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Laibaik Park
- Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Costantino Iadecola
- Programs of Neurosciences and Weill Graduate School of Medical Sciences of Cornell University, New York, NY, USA
- Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Yue-Ming Li
- Chemical Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA.
- Programs of Neurosciences and Weill Graduate School of Medical Sciences of Cornell University, New York, NY, USA.
- Programs of Pharmacology, Weill Graduate School of Medical Sciences of Cornell University, New York, NY, USA.
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40
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Kosyreva AM, Sentyabreva AV, Tsvetkov IS, Makarova OV. Alzheimer’s Disease and Inflammaging. Brain Sci 2022; 12:brainsci12091237. [PMID: 36138973 PMCID: PMC9496782 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci12091237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Revised: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 09/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease is one of the most common age-related neurodegenerative disorders. The main theory of Alzheimer’s disease progress is the amyloid-β cascade hypothesis. However, the initial mechanisms of insoluble forms of amyloid-β formation and hyperphosphorylated tau protein in neurons remain unclear. One of the factors, which might play a key role in senile plaques and tau fibrils generation due to Alzheimer’s disease, is inflammaging, i.e., systemic chronic low-grade age-related inflammation. The activation of the proinflammatory cell phenotype is observed during aging, which might be one of the pivotal mechanisms for the development of chronic inflammatory diseases, e.g., atherosclerosis, metabolic syndrome, type 2 diabetes mellitus, and Alzheimer’s disease. This review discusses the role of the inflammatory processes in developing neurodegeneration, activated during physiological aging and due to various diseases such as atherosclerosis, obesity, type 2 diabetes mellitus, and depressive disorders.
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41
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Eden A, Zhao J, Xiao Y, Gibson J, Wang C. Covalent fragment inhibits intramembrane proteolysis. Front Mol Biosci 2022; 9:958399. [PMID: 36158579 PMCID: PMC9490316 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2022.958399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 07/01/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a serious public health crisis with only one current modifying treatment. The reduction of amyloid load by targeting γ-secretase (GS) has been a leading approach in AD drug discovery and development. Despite the focus on GS inhibition, multiple GS inhibitors (GSIs) have failed in clinical trials as a result of side effects including exacerbated cognitive decline. These side effects are largely attributable to inhibition of normal GS function. Standard enzyme inhibitors target catalytic or allosteric sites of the enzyme, including the active site presenilin, as previous GSIs did. To avoid issues observed from broad-spectrum GSIs we discovered that fragment 6H8 that covalently binds to the substrate of GS, the transmembrane domain of amyloid precursor protein (APPTM). Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) Spectroscopy combined with MALDI-TOF-MS established 6H8 covalently binds to APPTM. 6H8 acts as a Michael acceptor and covalently links to the side chain amines of lysine residues, specifically targeting a cluster of C-terminal lysines K53-K55. Through this modification, 6H8 can inhibit intramembrane proteolysis of an archaeal homolog of presenilin (the active subunit of GS) via substrate binding with a 2-4 μM IC50, determined by a gel-based cleavage assay. 6H8, while too small to be an effective drug candidate, can be combined with a specific non-covalent partner and function as an effective covalent warhead of a targeted covalent inhibitor (TCI). The future development of the 6H8 fragment into the covalent warhead of a TCI is, to our knowledge, a novel approach to AD drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Eden
- Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Troy, NY, United States
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Troy, NY, United States
- Department of Biological Sciences, Troy, NY, United States
| | - Jing Zhao
- Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Troy, NY, United States
| | - Yuanyuan Xiao
- Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Troy, NY, United States
| | - James Gibson
- Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Troy, NY, United States
| | - Chunyu Wang
- Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Troy, NY, United States
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Troy, NY, United States
- Department of Biological Sciences, Troy, NY, United States
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42
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Li D, Que Y, Ding S, Hu G, Wang W, Mao X, Wang Y, Li C, Huang L, Zhou J, Zhang W, Xiao M. Anti-BCMA CAR-T cells therapy for a patient with extremely high membrane BCMA expression: a case report. J Immunother Cancer 2022; 10:jitc-2022-005403. [PMID: 36137648 PMCID: PMC9511648 DOI: 10.1136/jitc-2022-005403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
B cell maturation antigen (BCMA)-directed CAR-T cell therapy is a disruptive approach for treating relapsed/refractory multiple myeloma (R/R MM); however, optimization is necessary to maximize patient benefit. We report the case of a 61-year-old woman with primary refractory MM who presented with high expression of membrane BCMA and low expression of soluble BCMA (sBCMA), experienced grade 4 cytokine release syndrome, and died fromsevere pneumonia after receiving anti-BCMA CAR-T (CT103A) therapy. This case highlights the importance of assessing the expression range of BCMA for its efficacy and safety in patients receiving BCMA CAR-T therapy. For patients who present with extremely high membrane BCMA expression and extremely low sBCMA expression, the presence of γ-secretase-related gene mutations should be considered. Special attention should also be paid to the prevention and treatment of cytokine release syndrome in such patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Li
- Department of Hematology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China.,Immunotherapy Research Center for Hematologic Diseases of Hubei Province, Immunotherapy Research, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Yimei Que
- Department of Hematology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Shengnan Ding
- Department of Hematology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China.,Immunotherapy Research Center for Hematologic Diseases of Hubei Province, Immunotherapy Research, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Guang Hu
- Nanjing IASO Biotherapeutics Ltd, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Wen Wang
- Nanjing IASO Biotherapeutics Ltd, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xia Mao
- Department of Hematology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China.,Immunotherapy Research Center for Hematologic Diseases of Hubei Province, Immunotherapy Research, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Ying Wang
- Department of Hematology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China.,Immunotherapy Research Center for Hematologic Diseases of Hubei Province, Immunotherapy Research, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Chunrui Li
- Department of Hematology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China.,Immunotherapy Research Center for Hematologic Diseases of Hubei Province, Immunotherapy Research, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Liang Huang
- Department of Hematology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China.,Immunotherapy Research Center for Hematologic Diseases of Hubei Province, Immunotherapy Research, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Jianfeng Zhou
- Department of Hematology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China.,Immunotherapy Research Center for Hematologic Diseases of Hubei Province, Immunotherapy Research, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Hematology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China .,Immunotherapy Research Center for Hematologic Diseases of Hubei Province, Immunotherapy Research, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Min Xiao
- Department of Hematology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China .,Immunotherapy Research Center for Hematologic Diseases of Hubei Province, Immunotherapy Research, Wuhan, Hubei, China
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43
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Todd NK, Huang Y, Lee JY, Doruker P, Krieger JM, Salisbury R, MacDonald M, Bahar I, Thathiah A. GPCR kinases generate an APH1A phosphorylation barcode to regulate amyloid-β generation. Cell Rep 2022; 40:111110. [PMID: 35858570 PMCID: PMC9373432 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.111110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Revised: 05/05/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Emerging evidence suggests that G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) kinases (GRKs) are associated with the pathophysiology of Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, GRKs have not been directly implicated in regulation of the amyloid-β (Aβ) pathogenic cascade in AD. Here, we determine that GRKs phosphorylate a non-canonical substrate, anterior pharynx-defective 1A (APH1A), an integral component of the γ-secretase complex. Significantly, we show that GRKs generate distinct phosphorylation barcodes in intracellular loop 2 (ICL2) and the C terminus of APH1A, which differentially regulate recruitment of the scaffolding protein β-arrestin 2 (βarr2) to APH1A and γ-secretase-mediated Aβ generation. Further molecular dynamics simulation studies reveal an interaction between the βarr2 finger loop domain and ICL2 and ICL3 of APH1A, similar to a GPCR-β-arrestin complex, which regulates γ-secretase activity. Collectively, these studies provide insight into the molecular and structural determinants of the APH1A-βarr2 interaction that critically regulate Aβ generation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas K Todd
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; Graduate Program in Molecular Pharmacology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Yunhong Huang
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Ji Young Lee
- Department of Computational and Systems Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Pemra Doruker
- Department of Computational and Systems Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - James M Krieger
- Department of Computational and Systems Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Ryan Salisbury
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Matthew MacDonald
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Ivet Bahar
- Department of Computational and Systems Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Amantha Thathiah
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; University of Pittsburgh Brain Institute, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; Pittsburgh Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA.
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44
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Konstantinidis E, Molisak A, Perrin F, Streubel-Gallasch L, Fayad S, Kim DY, Petri K, Aryee MJ, Aguilar X, György B, Giedraitis V, Joung JK, Pattanayak V, Essand M, Erlandsson A, Berezovska O, Ingelsson M. CRISPR-Cas9 treatment partially restores amyloid-β 42/40 in human fibroblasts with the Alzheimer's disease PSEN 1 M146L mutation. MOLECULAR THERAPY. NUCLEIC ACIDS 2022; 28:450-461. [PMID: 35505961 PMCID: PMC9043867 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtn.2022.03.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Presenilin 1 (PS1) is a central component of γ-secretase, an enzymatic complex involved in the generation of the amyloid-β (Aβ) peptide that deposits as plaques in the Alzheimer's disease (AD) brain. The M146L mutation in the PS1 gene (PSEN1) leads to an autosomal dominant form of early-onset AD by promoting a relative increase in the generation of the more aggregation-prone Aβ42. This change is evident not only in the brain but also in peripheral cells of mutation carriers. In this study we used the CRISPR-Cas9 system from Streptococcus pyogenes to selectively disrupt the PSEN1 M146L allele in human fibroblasts. A disruption of more than 50% of mutant alleles was observed in all CRISPR-Cas9-treated samples, resulting in reduced extracellular Aβ42/40 ratios. Fluorescence resonance energy transfer-based conformation and western blot analyses indicated that CRISPR-Cas9 treatment also affects the overall PS1 conformation and reduces PS1 levels. Moreover, our guide RNA did not lead to any detectable editing at the highest-ranking candidate off-target sites identified by ONE-seq and CIRCLE-seq. Overall, our data support the effectiveness of CRISPR-Cas9 in selectively targeting the PSEN1 M146L allele and counteracting the AD-associated phenotype. We believe that this system could be developed into a therapeutic strategy for patients with this and other dominant mutations leading to early-onset AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evangelos Konstantinidis
- Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences, Molecular Geriatrics, Rudbeck Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Agnieszka Molisak
- Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences, Molecular Geriatrics, Rudbeck Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Florian Perrin
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Memory Disorders Unit, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, USA
| | - Linn Streubel-Gallasch
- Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences, Molecular Geriatrics, Rudbeck Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Sarah Fayad
- Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences, Molecular Geriatrics, Rudbeck Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Daniel Y. Kim
- Molecular Pathology Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA, USA
- Center for Cancer Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA, USA
- Center for Computational and Integrative Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA, USA
| | - Karl Petri
- Molecular Pathology Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA, USA
- Center for Cancer Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA, USA
- Center for Computational and Integrative Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA, USA
- Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Martin J. Aryee
- Molecular Pathology Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA, USA
- Center for Cancer Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA, USA
- Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ximena Aguilar
- Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences, Molecular Geriatrics, Rudbeck Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Bence György
- Institute of Molecular and Clinical Ophthalmology Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Vilmantas Giedraitis
- Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences, Molecular Geriatrics, Rudbeck Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - J. Keith Joung
- Molecular Pathology Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA, USA
- Center for Cancer Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA, USA
- Center for Computational and Integrative Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA, USA
- Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Vikram Pattanayak
- Molecular Pathology Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA, USA
- Center for Cancer Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA, USA
- Center for Computational and Integrative Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA, USA
- Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Magnus Essand
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Anna Erlandsson
- Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences, Molecular Geriatrics, Rudbeck Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Oksana Berezovska
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Memory Disorders Unit, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, USA
| | - Martin Ingelsson
- Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences, Molecular Geriatrics, Rudbeck Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- Krembil Brain Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Medicine and Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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45
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Notch signaling in malignant gliomas: supporting tumor growth and the vascular environment. Cancer Metastasis Rev 2022; 41:737-747. [PMID: 35624227 DOI: 10.1007/s10555-022-10041-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2022] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Glioblastoma is the most malignant form of glioma, which is the most commonly occurring tumor of the central nervous system. Notch signaling in glioblastoma is considered to be a marker of an undifferentiated tumor cell state, associated with tumor stem cells. Notch is also known for facilitating tumor dormancy escape, recurrence and progression after treatment. Studies in vitro suggest that reducing, removing or blocking the expression of this gene triggers tumor cell differentiation, which shifts the phenotype away from stemness status and consequently facilitates treatment. In contrast, in the vasculature, Notch appears to also function as an important receptor that defines mature non-leaking vessels, and increasing its expression promotes tumor normalization in models of cancer in vivo. Failures in clinical trials with Notch inhibitors are potentially related to their opposing effects on the tumor versus the tumor vasculature, which points to the need for a greater understanding of this signaling pathway.
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46
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Xia Y, Zhang Y, Xu M, Zou X, Gao J, Ji MH, Chen G. Presenilin enhancer 2 is crucial for the transition of apical progenitors into neurons but into not basal progenitors in the developing hippocampus. Development 2022; 149:275418. [PMID: 35575074 DOI: 10.1242/dev.200272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Recent evidence has shown that presenilin enhancer 2 (Pen2; Psenen) plays an essential role in corticogenesis by regulating the switch of apical progenitors (APs) to basal progenitors (BPs). The hippocampus is a brain structure required for advanced functions, including spatial navigation, learning and memory. However, it remains unknown whether Pen2 is important for hippocampal morphogenesis. To address this question, we generated Pen2 conditional knockout (cKO) mice, in which Pen2 is inactivated in neural progenitor cells (NPCs) in the hippocampal primordium. We showed that Pen2 cKO mice exhibited hippocampal malformation and decreased population of NPCs in the neuroepithelium of the hippocampus. We found that deletion of Pen2 neither affected the proliferative capability of APs nor the switch of APs to BPs in the hippocampus, and that it caused enhanced transition of APs to neurons. We demonstrated that expression of the Notch1 intracellular domain (N1ICD) significantly increased the population of NPCs in the Pen2 cKO hippocampus. Collectively, this study uncovers a crucial role for Pen2 in the maintenance of NPCs during hippocampal development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingqian Xia
- Ministry of Education (MOE) Key Laboratory of Model Animal for Disease Study, Model Animal Research Center, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Medical School, Nanjing University, 12 Xuefu Avenue, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China, 210061
| | - Yizhi Zhang
- Ministry of Education (MOE) Key Laboratory of Model Animal for Disease Study, Model Animal Research Center, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Medical School, Nanjing University, 12 Xuefu Avenue, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China, 210061
| | - Min Xu
- Department of Neurobiology, Key Laboratory of Human Functional Genomics of Jiangsu, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China, 211166
| | - Xiaochuan Zou
- Ministry of Education (MOE) Key Laboratory of Model Animal for Disease Study, Model Animal Research Center, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Medical School, Nanjing University, 12 Xuefu Avenue, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China, 210061
| | - Jun Gao
- Department of Neurobiology, Key Laboratory of Human Functional Genomics of Jiangsu, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China, 211166
| | - Mu-Huo Ji
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China, 210003
| | - Guiquan Chen
- Ministry of Education (MOE) Key Laboratory of Model Animal for Disease Study, Model Animal Research Center, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Medical School, Nanjing University, 12 Xuefu Avenue, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China, 210061.,Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, China, 226001
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47
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Pahrudin Arrozi A, Shukri SNS, Mohd Murshid N, Ahmad Shahzalli AB, Wan Ngah WZ, Ahmad Damanhuri H, Makpol S. Alpha- and Gamma-Tocopherol Modulates the Amyloidogenic Pathway of Amyloid Precursor Protein in an in vitro Model of Alzheimer's Disease: A Transcriptional Study. Front Cell Neurosci 2022; 16:846459. [PMID: 35614968 PMCID: PMC9125555 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2022.846459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Accepted: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The amyloid precursor protein (APP) processing pathway was altered in Alzheimer's disease (AD) and contributed to abnormal amyloid-beta (Aβ) production, which forms insoluble interneuron protein aggregates known as amyloid plaques in the brain. Targeting the APP processing pathway is still fundamental for AD modifying therapy. Extensive research has evaluated the protective effects of vitamin E as an antioxidant and as a signaling molecule. The present study aimed to investigate the modulatory effects of different tocopherol isomers on the expression of genes involved in regulating the APP processing pathway in vitro. The screening for the effective tocopherol isomers in reducing APP expression and Aβ-42 was carried out in SH-SY5Y stably overexpressed APP Swedish. Subsequently, quantitative one-step real-time PCR was performed to determine the modulatory effects of selected tocopherol isomers on the expression of genes in SH-SY5Y stably overexpressed three different types of APP (wild-type, APP Swedish, and APP Swedish/Indiana). Our results showed that all tocopherol isomers, especially at higher concentrations (80-100 μM), significantly increased (p < 0.05) the cell viability in all cells group, but only α-tocopherol (ATF) and γ-tocopherol (GTF) significantly decreased (p < 0.05) the APP mRNA level without statistically significant APP protein level, accompanied with a reduced significance (p < 0.05) on the level of Aβ-42 in SH-SY5Y APP Swedish. On the other hand, β- and δ-tocopherol (BTF and DTF) showed no effects on the level of APP expression and Aβ-42. Subsequent results demonstrated that ATF and GTF significantly decreased (p < 0.05) the expression of gene beta-site APP cleaving enzyme (BACE1), APH1B, and Nicastrin (NCSTN), but significantly increased (p < 0.05) the expression of Sirtuin 1 (SIRT1) in SH-SY5Y stably expressed the mutant APP form. These findings suggested that ATF and GTF could modulate altered pathways and may help ameliorate the burden of amyloid load in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Suzana Makpol
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre, Cheras, Malaysia
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48
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Wolfe MS, Miao Y. Structure and mechanism of the γ-secretase intramembrane protease complex. Curr Opin Struct Biol 2022; 74:102373. [PMID: 35461161 DOI: 10.1016/j.sbi.2022.102373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2022] [Revised: 02/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
γ-Secretase is a membrane protein complex that proteolyzes within the transmembrane domain of >100 substrates, including those derived from the amyloid precursor protein and the Notch family of cell surface receptors. The nine-transmembrane presenilin is the catalytic component of this aspartyl protease complex that carries out hydrolysis in the lipid bilayer. Advances in cryoelectron microscopy have led to the elucidation of the structure of the γ-secretase complex at atomic resolution. Recently, structures of the enzyme have been determined with bound APP- or Notch-derived substrates, providing insight into the nature of substrate recognition and processing. Molecular dynamics simulations of substrate-bound enzymes suggest dynamic mechanisms of intramembrane proteolysis. Structures of the enzyme bound to small-molecule inhibitors and modulators have also been solved, setting the stage for rational structure-based drug discovery targeting γ-secretase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael S Wolfe
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, 66045, USA.
| | - Yinglong Miao
- Center for Computational Biology, Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, 66045, USA. https://twitter.com/yinglongmiao
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49
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Modulation of amyloid precursor protein cleavage by γ-secretase activating protein through phase separation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2122292119. [PMID: 35298330 PMCID: PMC8944281 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2122292119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Significanceγ-secretase activating protein (GSAP) has emerged as a key regulator of γ-secretase. In cells, GSAP exists primarily in the form of a 16-kDa fragment known as GSAP-16K. In this study, we report the finding that GSAP-16K undergoes phase separation in vitro and in cells. Importantly, the outcome of GSAP-16K phase separation directly regulates the protease activity of human γ-secretase. Through direct interaction with the substrate amyloid precursor protein-C-terminal 99-residue fragment, GSAP-16K in dilute phase favors the production of β-amyloid peptide 42 (Aβ42) but not Aβ40. These observations not only explain how GSAP activates γ-secretase but also identify their interaction as a target of potential therapeutic intervention.
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50
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De Herdt MJ, van der Steen B, Baatenburg de Jong RJ, Looijenga LHJ, Koljenović S, Hardillo JA. The Occurrence of MET Ectodomain Shedding in Oral Cancer and Its Potential Impact on the Use of Targeted Therapies. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14061491. [PMID: 35326642 PMCID: PMC8946088 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14061491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2021] [Revised: 02/18/2022] [Accepted: 03/10/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Head and neck cancer is the sixth most common cancer type worldwide, comprising tumors of the upper aero/digestive tract. Approximately 50% of these cancers originate in the oral cavity. Depending on disease stage, oral cancer patients are treated with single-modality surgery, or in combination with radiotherapy with or without chemotherapy. Despite advances in these modalities, the 5-year survival rate is merely 50%. Therefore, implementation of targeted therapies, directed against signaling molecules, has gained attention. One potential target is the MET protein, which can be present on the surface of cancer cells, orchestrating aggressive behavior. As cancer cells can shed the extracellular part of MET from their surface, it is important to identify for MET positive patients whether they possess the entire and/or only the intracellular part of the receptor to assess whether targeted therapies directed against the extracellular, intracellular, or both parts of MET need to be implemented. Abstract The receptor tyrosine kinase MET has gained attention as a therapeutic target. Although MET immunoreactivity is associated with progressive disease, use of targeted therapies has not yet led to major survival benefits. A possible explanation is the lack of companion diagnostics (CDx) that account for proteolytic processing. During presenilin-regulated intramembrane proteolysis, MET’s ectodomain is shed into the extracellular space, which is followed by γ-secretase-mediated cleavage of the residual membranous C-terminal fragment. The resulting intracellular fragment is degraded by the proteasome, leading to downregulation of MET signaling. Conversely, a membrane-bound MET fragment lacking the ectodomain (MET-EC-) can confer malignant potential. Use of C- and N-terminal MET monoclonal antibodies (moAbs) has illustrated that MET-EC- occurs in transmembranous C-terminal MET-positive oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). Here, we propose that ectodomain shedding, resulting from G-protein-coupled receptor transactivation of epidermal growth factor receptor signaling, and/or overexpression of ADAM10/17 and/or MET, stabilizes and possibly activates MET-EC- in OSCC. As MET-EC- is associated with poor prognosis in OSCC, it potentially has impact on the use of targeted therapies. Therefore, MET-EC- should be incorporated in the design of CDx to improve patient stratification and ultimately prolong survival. Hence, MET-EC- requires further investigation seen its oncogenic and predictive properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria J. De Herdt
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Erasmus MC, Cancer Institute, University Medical Center Rotterdam, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands; (B.v.d.S.); (R.J.B.d.J.); (J.A.H.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +31-10-7044490
| | - Berdine van der Steen
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Erasmus MC, Cancer Institute, University Medical Center Rotterdam, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands; (B.v.d.S.); (R.J.B.d.J.); (J.A.H.)
| | - Robert J. Baatenburg de Jong
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Erasmus MC, Cancer Institute, University Medical Center Rotterdam, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands; (B.v.d.S.); (R.J.B.d.J.); (J.A.H.)
| | - Leendert H. J. Looijenga
- Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, 3584 CS Utrecht, The Netherlands;
- Department of Pathology, Erasmus MC, Cancer Institute, University Medical Center Rotterdam, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Senada Koljenović
- Department of Pathology, Antwerp University Hospital, 2650 Edegem, Belgium;
| | - Jose A. Hardillo
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Erasmus MC, Cancer Institute, University Medical Center Rotterdam, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands; (B.v.d.S.); (R.J.B.d.J.); (J.A.H.)
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