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Roohi A, Gharagozlou S. Vitamin D supplementation and calcium: Many-faced gods or nobody in fighting against Corona Virus Disease 2019. Clin Nutr ESPEN 2024; 62:172-184. [PMID: 38901939 DOI: 10.1016/j.clnesp.2024.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2023] [Revised: 05/07/2024] [Accepted: 05/22/2024] [Indexed: 06/22/2024]
Abstract
In December 2019, Corona Virus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) was first identified and designated as a pandemic in March 2020 due to rapid spread of the virus globally. At the beginning of the pandemic, only a few treatment options, mainly focused on supportive care and repurposing medications, were available. Due to its effects on immune system, vitamin D was a topic of interest during the pandemic, and researchers investigated its potential impact on COVID-19 outcomes. However, the results of studies about the impact of vitamin D on the disease are inconclusive. In the present narrative review, different roles of vitamin D regarding the COVID-19 have been discussed to show that vitamin D supplementation should be recommended carefully.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azam Roohi
- Department of Immunology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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2
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Gim H, Seo H, Chun BC. Vaccine Effectiveness Against Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 Reinfection by Type and Frequency of Vaccine: A Community-Based Case-Control Study. J Korean Med Sci 2024; 39:e174. [PMID: 38832478 PMCID: PMC11147786 DOI: 10.3346/jkms.2024.39.e174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2023] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 06/05/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although guidelines recommend vaccination for individuals who have recovered from the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection to prevent reinfection, comprehensive evaluation studies are limited. We aimed to evaluate vaccine effectiveness against SARS-CoV-2 reinfection according to the primary vaccination status, booster vaccination status, and vaccination methods used. METHODS This population-based case-control study enrolled all SARS-CoV-2-infected patients in Seoul between January 2020 and February 2022. Individuals were categorized into case (reinfection) and control (no reinfection) groups. Data were analyzed using conditional logistic regression after adjusting for underlying comorbidities using multiple regression. RESULTS The case group included 7,678 participants (average age: 32.26 years). In all vaccinated individuals, patients who received the first and second booster doses showed reduced reinfection rates compared with individuals who received basic vaccination (odds ratio [OR] = 0.605, P < 0.001 and OR = 0.002, P < 0.001). Patients who received BNT162b2 or mRNA-1273, NVX-CoV2373 and heterologous vaccination showed reduced reinfection rates compared with unvaccinated individuals (OR = 0.546, P < 0.001; OR = 0.356, P < 0.001; and OR = 0.472, P < 0.001). However, the ChAdOx1-S or Ad26.COV2.S vaccination group showed a higher reinfection rate than the BNT162b2 or mRNA-1273 vaccination group (OR = 4.419, P < 0.001). CONCLUSION In SARS-CoV-2-infected individuals, completion of the basic vaccination series showed significant protection against reinfection compared with no vaccination. If the first or second booster vaccination was received, the protective effect against reinfection was higher than that of basic vaccination; when vaccinated with BNT162b2 or mRNA-1273 only or heterologous vaccination, the protective effect was higher than that of ChAdOx1-S or Ad26.COV2.S vaccination only.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyerin Gim
- Infectious Disease Research Center, Citizens' Health Bureau, Seoul Metropolitan Government, Seoul, Korea
| | - Haesook Seo
- Infectious Disease Research Center, Citizens' Health Bureau, Seoul Metropolitan Government, Seoul, Korea
| | - Byung Chul Chun
- Department of Epidemiology & Health Informatics, Graduate School of Public Health, Korea University, Seoul, Korea
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
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3
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Taefehshokr N, Lac A, Vrieze AM, Dickson BH, Guo PN, Jung C, Blythe EN, Fink C, Aktar A, Dikeakos JD, Dekaban GA, Heit B. SARS-CoV-2 NSP5 antagonizes MHC II expression by subverting histone deacetylase 2. J Cell Sci 2024; 137:jcs262172. [PMID: 38682259 PMCID: PMC11166459 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.262172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2024] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 05/01/2024] Open
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 interferes with antigen presentation by downregulating major histocompatibility complex (MHC) II on antigen-presenting cells, but the mechanism mediating this process is unelucidated. Herein, analysis of protein and gene expression in human antigen-presenting cells reveals that MHC II is downregulated by the SARS-CoV-2 main protease, NSP5. This suppression of MHC II expression occurs via decreased expression of the MHC II regulatory protein CIITA. CIITA downregulation is independent of the proteolytic activity of NSP5, and rather, NSP5 delivers HDAC2 to the transcription factor IRF3 at an IRF-binding site within the CIITA promoter. Here, HDAC2 deacetylates and inactivates the CIITA promoter. This loss of CIITA expression prevents further expression of MHC II, with this suppression alleviated by ectopic expression of CIITA or knockdown of HDAC2. These results identify a mechanism by which SARS-CoV-2 limits MHC II expression, thereby delaying or weakening the subsequent adaptive immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nima Taefehshokr
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, and the Western Infection, Immunity and Inflammation Centre, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, CanadaN6A 5C1
| | - Alex Lac
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, and the Western Infection, Immunity and Inflammation Centre, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, CanadaN6A 5C1
| | - Angela M. Vrieze
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, and the Western Infection, Immunity and Inflammation Centre, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, CanadaN6A 5C1
| | - Brandon H. Dickson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, and the Western Infection, Immunity and Inflammation Centre, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, CanadaN6A 5C1
| | - Peter N. Guo
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, and the Western Infection, Immunity and Inflammation Centre, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, CanadaN6A 5C1
| | - Catherine Jung
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, and the Western Infection, Immunity and Inflammation Centre, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, CanadaN6A 5C1
| | - Eoin N. Blythe
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, and the Western Infection, Immunity and Inflammation Centre, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, CanadaN6A 5C1
- Robarts Research Institute, London, Ontario, CanadaN6A 3K7
| | - Corby Fink
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, and the Western Infection, Immunity and Inflammation Centre, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, CanadaN6A 5C1
- Robarts Research Institute, London, Ontario, CanadaN6A 3K7
| | - Amena Aktar
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, and the Western Infection, Immunity and Inflammation Centre, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, CanadaN6A 5C1
| | - Jimmy D. Dikeakos
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, and the Western Infection, Immunity and Inflammation Centre, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, CanadaN6A 5C1
- Robarts Research Institute, London, Ontario, CanadaN6A 3K7
| | - Gregory A. Dekaban
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, and the Western Infection, Immunity and Inflammation Centre, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, CanadaN6A 5C1
- Robarts Research Institute, London, Ontario, CanadaN6A 3K7
| | - Bryan Heit
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, and the Western Infection, Immunity and Inflammation Centre, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, CanadaN6A 5C1
- Robarts Research Institute, London, Ontario, CanadaN6A 3K7
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4
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Le HT, Tran LH, Phung HTT. SARS-CoV-2 omicron RBD forms a weaker binding affinity to hACE2 compared to Delta RBD in in-silico studies. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2024; 42:4087-4096. [PMID: 37345564 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2023.2222827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2023] [Accepted: 05/21/2023] [Indexed: 06/23/2023]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic sparked an unprecedented race in biotechnology in a search for effective therapies and a preventive vaccine. The continued appearance of SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern (VoCs) further swept the world. The entry of SARS-CoV-2 into cells is mediated by binding the receptor-binding domain (RBD) of the S protein to the cell-surface receptor, human angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (hACE2). In this study, using a coarse-grained force field to parameterize the system, we employed steered-molecular dynamics (SMD) simulations to reveal the binding of SARS-CoV-2 Delta/Omicron RBD to hACE2. Our benchmarked results demonstrate a good correlation between computed rupture force and experimental binding free energy for known protein-protein systems. Moreover, our findings show that the Omicron RBD has a weaker binding affinity to hACE2, consistent with the respective experimental results. This indicates that our method can effectively be applied to other emerging SARS-CoV-2 strains.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hoa Thanh Le
- Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Biophysics, Advanced Institute of Materials Science, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
- Faculty of Applied Sciences, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Linh Hoang Tran
- Faculty of Civil Engineering, Ho Chi Minh City University of Technology (HCMUT), Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
- Vietnam National University Ho Chi Minh City, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Huong Thi Thu Phung
- NTT Hi-Tech Institute, Nguyen Tat Thanh University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
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5
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Acuña-Castillo C, Vidal M, Vallejos-Vidal E, Luraschi R, Barrera-Avalos C, Inostroza-Molina A, Molina-Cabrera S, Valdes D, Schafer C, Maisey K, Imarai M, Vera R, Vargas S, Rojo LE, Leiva-Salcedo E, Escobar A, Reyes-Cerpa S, Gaete A, Palma-Vejares R, Travisany D, Torres C, Reyes-López FE, Sandino AM. A retrospective study suggests 55 days of persistence of SARS-CoV-2 during the first wave of the pandemic in Santiago de Chile. Heliyon 2024; 10:e24419. [PMID: 38601544 PMCID: PMC11004068 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e24419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2022] [Revised: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Background As the COVID-19 pandemic persists, infections continue to surge globally. Presently, the most effective strategies to curb the disease and prevent outbreaks involve fostering immunity, promptly identifying positive cases, and ensuring their timely isolation. Notably, there are instances where the SARS-CoV-2 virus remains infectious even after patients have completed their quarantine. Objective Understanding viral persistence post-quarantine is crucial as it could account for localized infection outbreaks. Therefore, studying and documenting such instances is vital for shaping future public health policies. Design This study delves into a unique case of SARS-CoV-2 persistence in a 60-year-old female healthcare worker with a medical history of hypertension and hypothyroidism. The research spans 55 days, marking the duration between her initial and subsequent diagnosis during Chile's first COVID-19 wave, with the analysis conducted using RT-qPCR. Results Genomic sequencing-based phylogenetic analysis revealed that the SARS-CoV-2 detected in both Nasopharyngeal swab samples (NPSs) was consistent with the 20B clade of the Nextstrain classification, even after a 55-day interval. Conclusion This research underscores the need for heightened vigilance concerning cases of viral persistence. Such instances, albeit rare, might be pivotal in understanding sporadic infection outbreaks that occur post-quarantine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudio Acuña-Castillo
- Centro de Biotecnología Acuícola, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Departamento de Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Mabel Vidal
- Centro de Biotecnología Acuícola, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Facultad de Ingeniería, Arquitectura y Diseño, Universidad San Sebastián, Concepción, Chile
| | - Eva Vallejos-Vidal
- Centro de Biotecnología Acuícola, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Centro de Nanociencia y Nanotecnología CEDENNA, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Chile
- Núcleo de Investigaciones Aplicadas en Ciencias Veterinarias y Agronómicas, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Agronomía, Universidad De Las Américas, La Florida, Santiago, Chile
| | - Roberto Luraschi
- Centro de Biotecnología Acuícola, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | | | | | | | - Daniel Valdes
- Centro de Biotecnología Acuícola, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Departamento de Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Carolina Schafer
- Centro de Biotecnología Acuícola, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Kevin Maisey
- Centro de Biotecnología Acuícola, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Mónica Imarai
- Centro de Biotecnología Acuícola, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Departamento de Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Rodrigo Vera
- Hospital de Urgencia Asistencia Pública (HUAP), Santiago, Chile
| | - Sergio Vargas
- Hospital de Urgencia Asistencia Pública (HUAP), Santiago, Chile
| | - Leonel E. Rojo
- Centro de Biotecnología Acuícola, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Departamento de Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | | | - Alejandro Escobar
- Laboratorio Biología Celular y Molecular, Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias Odontológicas, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Sebastián Reyes-Cerpa
- Centro de Genómica y Bioinformática, Facultad de Ciencias, Ingeniería y Tecnología, Universidad Mayor, Santiago, Chile
- Escuela de Biotecnología, Facultad de Ciencias, Ingeniería y Tecnología, Universidad Mayor, Santiago, Chile
| | - Alexis Gaete
- Laboratorio de Bioinformática y Expresión Génica, Instituto de Nutrición y Tecnología de Los Alimentos, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Fondap Center for Genome Regulation, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Ricardo Palma-Vejares
- Centro de Modelamiento Matemático UMI-CNRS 2807, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Dante Travisany
- Fondap Center for Genome Regulation, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Centro de Modelamiento Matemático UMI-CNRS 2807, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Inria Chile Research Center, Santiago, Chile
| | - Claudio Torres
- Department of Neurobiology Drexel University, Philadelphia, United States
| | | | - Ana María Sandino
- Centro de Biotecnología Acuícola, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Departamento de Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago, Chile
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6
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Fisman DN, Amoako A, Simmons A, Tuite AR. Impact of immune evasion, waning and boosting on dynamics of population mixing between a vaccinated majority and unvaccinated minority. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0297093. [PMID: 38574059 PMCID: PMC10994315 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0297093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 12/22/2023] [Indexed: 04/06/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND We previously demonstrated that when vaccines prevent infection, the dynamics of mixing between vaccinated and unvaccinated sub-populations is such that use of imperfect vaccines markedly decreases risk for vaccinated people, and for the population overall. Risks to vaccinated people accrue disproportionately from contact with unvaccinated people. In the context of the emergence of Omicron SARS-CoV-2 and evolving understanding of SARS-CoV-2 epidemiology, we updated our analysis to evaluate whether our earlier conclusions remained valid. METHODS We modified a previously published Susceptible-Infectious-Recovered (SIR) compartmental model of SARS-CoV-2 with two connected sub-populations: vaccinated and unvaccinated, with non-random mixing between groups. Our expanded model incorporates diminished vaccine efficacy for preventing infection with the emergence of Omicron SARS-CoV-2 variants, waning immunity, the impact of prior immune experience on infectivity, "hybrid" effects of infection in previously vaccinated individuals, and booster vaccination. We evaluated the dynamics of an epidemic within each subgroup and in the overall population over a 10-year time horizon. RESULTS Even with vaccine efficacy as low as 20%, and in the presence of waning immunity, the incidence of COVID-19 in the vaccinated subpopulation was lower than that among the unvaccinated population across the full 10-year time horizon. The cumulative risk of infection was 3-4 fold higher among unvaccinated people than among vaccinated people, and unvaccinated people contributed to infection risk among vaccinated individuals at twice the rate that would have been expected based on the frequency of contacts. These findings were robust across a range of assumptions around the rate of waning immunity, the impact of "hybrid immunity", frequency of boosting, and the impact of prior infection on infectivity in unvaccinated people. INTERPRETATION Although the emergence of the Omicron variants of SARS-CoV-2 has diminished the protective effects of vaccination against infection with SARS-CoV-2, updating our earlier model to incorporate loss of immunity, diminished vaccine efficacy and a longer time horizon, does not qualitatively change our earlier conclusions. Vaccination against SARS-CoV-2 continues to diminish the risk of infection among vaccinated people and in the population as a whole. By contrast, the risk of infection among vaccinated people accrues disproportionately from contact with unvaccinated people.
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Affiliation(s)
- David N. Fisman
- Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Afia Amoako
- Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Alison Simmons
- Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ashleigh R. Tuite
- Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Centre for Immunization Programs, Public Health Agency of Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
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7
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Mann AE, Chakraborty B, O'Connell LM, Nascimento MM, Burne RA, Richards VP. Heterogeneous lineage-specific arginine deiminase expression within dental microbiome species. Microbiol Spectr 2024; 12:e0144523. [PMID: 38411054 PMCID: PMC10986539 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.01445-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 02/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Arginine catabolism by the bacterial arginine deiminase system (ADS) has anticariogenic properties through the production of ammonia, which modulates the pH of the oral environment. Given the potential protective capacity of the ADS pathway, the exploitation of ADS-competent oral microbes through pre- or probiotic applications is a promising therapeutic target to prevent tooth decay. To date, most investigations of the ADS in the oral cavity and its relation to caries have focused on indirect measures of activity or on specific bacterial groups, yet the pervasiveness and rate of expression of the ADS operon in diverse mixed microbial communities in oral health and disease remain an open question. Here, we use a multivariate approach, combining ultra-deep metatranscriptomic sequencing with paired metataxonomic and in vitro citrulline quantification to characterize the microbial community and ADS operon expression in healthy and late-stage cavitated teeth. While ADS activity is higher in healthy teeth, we identify multiple bacterial lineages with upregulated ADS activity on cavitated teeth that are distinct from those found on healthy teeth using both reference-based mapping and de novo assembly methods. Our dual metataxonomic and metatranscriptomic approach demonstrates the importance of species abundance for gene expression data interpretation and that patterns of differential expression can be skewed by low-abundance groups. Finally, we identify several potential candidate probiotic bacterial lineages within species that may be useful therapeutic targets for the prevention of tooth decay and propose that the development of a strain-specific, mixed-microbial probiotic may be a beneficial approach given the heterogeneity of taxa identified here across health groups. IMPORTANCE Tooth decay is the most common preventable chronic disease, affecting more than two billion people globally. The development of caries on teeth is primarily a consequence of acid production by cariogenic bacteria that inhabit the plaque microbiome. Other bacterial strains in the oral cavity may suppress or prevent tooth decay by producing ammonia as a byproduct of the arginine deiminase metabolic pathway, increasing the pH of the plaque biofilm. While the benefits of arginine metabolism on oral health have been extensively documented in specific bacterial groups, the prevalence and consistency of arginine deiminase system (ADS) activity among oral bacteria in a community context remain an open question. In the current study, we use a multi-omics approach to document the pervasiveness of the expression of the ADS operon in both health and disease to better understand the conditions in which ADS activity may prevent tooth decay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison E. Mann
- Department of Biological Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina, USA
| | - Brinta Chakraborty
- Department of Oral Biology, College of Dentistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Lauren M. O'Connell
- Department of Biological Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina, USA
| | - Marcelle M. Nascimento
- Division of Operative Dentistry, Department of Restorative Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Robert A. Burne
- Department of Oral Biology, College of Dentistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Vincent P. Richards
- Department of Biological Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina, USA
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8
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Collins CP, Longo DL, Murphy WJ. The immunobiology of SARS-CoV-2 infection and vaccine responses: potential influences of cross-reactive memory responses and aging on efficacy and off-target effects. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1345499. [PMID: 38469293 PMCID: PMC10925677 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1345499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2023] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 03/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Immune responses to both SARS-CoV-2 infection and its associated vaccines have been highly variable within the general population. The increasing evidence of long-lasting symptoms after resolution of infection, called post-acute sequelae of COVID-19 (PASC) or "Long COVID," suggests that immune-mediated mechanisms are at play. Closely related endemic common human coronaviruses (hCoV) can induce pre-existing and potentially cross-reactive immunity, which can then affect primary SARS-CoV-2 infection, as well as vaccination responses. The influence of pre-existing immunity from these hCoVs, as well as responses generated from original CoV2 strains or vaccines on the development of new high-affinity responses to CoV2 antigenic viral variants, needs to be better understood given the need for continuous vaccine adaptation and application in the population. Due in part to thymic involution, normal aging is associated with reduced naïve T cell compartments and impaired primary antigen responsiveness, resulting in a reliance on the pre-existing cross-reactive memory cell pool which may be of lower affinity, restricted in diversity, or of shorter duration. These effects can also be mediated by the presence of down-regulatory anti-idiotype responses which also increase in aging. Given the tremendous heterogeneity of clinical data, utilization of preclinical models offers the greatest ability to assess immune responses under a controlled setting. These models should now involve prior antigen/viral exposure combined with incorporation of modifying factors such as age on immune responses and effects. This will also allow for mechanistic dissection and understanding of the different immune pathways involved in both SARS-CoV-2 pathogen and potential vaccine responses over time and how pre-existing memory responses, including potential anti-idiotype responses, can affect efficacy as well as potential off-target effects in different tissues as well as modeling PASC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Craig P. Collins
- Graduate Program in Immunology, University of California (UC) Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Dan L. Longo
- Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
| | - William J. Murphy
- Departments of Dermatology and Internal Medicine (Hematology/Oncology), University of California (UC) Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA, United States
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9
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Saidarakath J, Joravarsinh Gadhavi B, Osman Awad M, AlSaadi MM, Chovar Kattil M, Alnuaimi AS. Anti-SARS-CoV-2 Antibody Response Among Spectators of Amir Cup 2020 With a History of Recovery From COVID-19 in Qatar: A Historic Cohort Study. Cureus 2024; 16:e54406. [PMID: 38505461 PMCID: PMC10948953 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.54406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/16/2024] [Indexed: 03/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Aim The aim of the study is to describe the antibody response after COVID-19 infection and assess its effectiveness against reinfection. Background COVID-19 has recently emerged as a contagious infectious disease caused by Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). This infection is followed by a humoral immune antibody response, which may remain in the blood for a number of weeks. Studies have shown that antibodies protect against reinfection for at least seven months. The current study is aimed at investigating the persistence of circulating SARS-CoV-2 antibodies after COVID-19 infection and its behavior over 18 months of follow-up period, in addition to assessing the risk of reinfection of COVID-19 in unvaccinated individuals. Methodology A longitudinal historical cohort study of 3378 COVID-19 recovered individuals in connection with the Amir Cup football tournament held in Qatar, in December 2020 was analyzed. The health records of study participants were followed for a maximum of 18 months after serology testing or until the first dose of COVID-19 vaccination to detect any evidence of recurrent infection. Results The study found a statistically significant association between recurrence risk and the duration of risk exposure since the first COVID-19 episode. Compared to those with the lowest risk of exposure to reinfection (shortest duration after first infection) those beyond 299 days of at-risk exposure since the first episode, have a 51-fold higher risk of developing recurrent COVID-19. Conclusion Immunity developed after primary infection with SARS-CoV-2 may protect against reinfection from subsequent exposure to the virus in seropositive individuals up to nine months post-infection.
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10
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Najimi N, Kadi C, Elmtili N, Seghrouchni F, Bakri Y. Unravelling humoral immunity in SARS-CoV-2: Insights from infection and vaccination. Hum Antibodies 2024; 32:85-106. [PMID: 38758995 DOI: 10.3233/hab-230017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2024]
Abstract
Following infection and vaccination against SARS-CoV-2, humoral components of the adaptive immune system play a key role in protecting the host. Specifically, B cells generate high-affinity antibodies against various antigens of the virus. In this review, we discuss the mechanisms of immunity initiation through both natural infection and vaccination, shedding light on the activation of B cell subsets in response to SARS-CoV-2 infection and vaccination. The innate immune system serves as the initial line of primary and nonspecific defence against viruses. However, within several days following infection or a vaccine dose, a virus-specific immune response is initiated, primarily by B cells that produce antibodies. These antibodies contribute to the resolution of the disease. Subsequently, these B cells transition into memory B cells, which play a crucial role in providing long-term immunity against the virus. CD4+ T helper cells initiate a cascade, leading to B cell somatic hypermutation, germinal center memory B cells, and the production of neutralizing antibodies. B-cell dysfunction can worsen disease severity and reduce vaccine efficacy. Notably, individuals with B cell immunodeficiency show lower IL-6 production. Furthermore, this review delves into several aspects of immune responses, such as hybrid immunity, which has shown promise in boosting broad-spectrum protection. Cross-reactive immunity is under scrutiny as well, as pre-existing antibodies can offer protection against the disease. We also decipher breakthrough infection mechanisms, especially with the novel variants of the virus. Finally, we discuss some potential therapeutic solutions regarding B cells including convalescent plasma therapy, B-1 cells, B regulatory cell (Breg) modulation, and the use of neutralizing monoclonal antibodies in combating the infection. Ongoing research is crucial to grasp population immunity trends and assess the potential need for booster doses in maintaining effective immune responses against potential viral threats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nouhaila Najimi
- Laboratory of Human Pathologies Biology and Center of Genomic of Human Pathologies Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Mohammed V University, Rabat, Morocco
- Mohammed VI Center for Research and Innovation, Rabat, Morocco
- Mohammed VI University of Sciences and Health, Casablanca, Morocco
| | - Chaimae Kadi
- Mohammed VI Center for Research and Innovation, Rabat, Morocco
- Mohammed VI University of Sciences and Health, Casablanca, Morocco
- Laboratory of Biology and Health, Faculty of Sciences of Tétouan, Abdelmalek Essaâdi University, Tétouan, Morocco
| | - Noureddine Elmtili
- Laboratory of Biology and Health, Faculty of Sciences of Tétouan, Abdelmalek Essaâdi University, Tétouan, Morocco
| | - Fouad Seghrouchni
- Mohammed VI Center for Research and Innovation, Rabat, Morocco
- Mohammed VI University of Sciences and Health, Casablanca, Morocco
| | - Youssef Bakri
- Laboratory of Human Pathologies Biology and Center of Genomic of Human Pathologies Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Mohammed V University, Rabat, Morocco
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11
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Townsend JP, Hassler HB, Lamb AD, Sah P, Alvarez Nishio A, Nguyen C, Tew AD, Galvani AP, Dornburg A. Seasonality of endemic COVID-19. mBio 2023; 14:e0142623. [PMID: 37937979 PMCID: PMC10746271 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.01426-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 10/04/2023] [Indexed: 11/09/2023] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE The seasonality of COVID-19 is important for effective healthcare and public health decision-making. Previous waves of SARS-CoV-2 infections have indicated that the virus will likely persist as an endemic pathogen with distinct surges. However, the timing and patterns of potentially seasonal surges remain uncertain, rendering effective public health policies uninformed and in danger of poorly anticipating opportunities for intervention, such as well-timed booster vaccination drives. Applying an evolutionary approach to long-term data on closely related circulating coronaviruses, our research provides projections of seasonal surges that should be expected at major temperate population centers. These projections enable local public health efforts that are tailored to expected surges at specific locales or regions. This knowledge is crucial for enhancing medical preparedness and facilitating the implementation of targeted public health interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey P. Townsend
- Department of Biostatistics, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, USA
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yale University, New Haven, USA
- Program in Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, Yale University, New Haven, USA
- Program in Microbiology, Yale University, New Haven, USA
| | - Hayley B. Hassler
- Department of Biostatistics, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, USA
| | - April D. Lamb
- Department of Bioinformatics and Genomics, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, USA
| | - Pratha Sah
- Center for Infectious Disease Modeling and Analysis, Yale University, New Haven, USA
| | | | - Cameron Nguyen
- Department of Bioinformatics and Genomics, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, USA
| | - Alexandra D. Tew
- Department of Bioinformatics and Genomics, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, USA
| | - Alison P. Galvani
- Center for Infectious Disease Modeling and Analysis, Yale University, New Haven, USA
| | - Alex Dornburg
- Department of Bioinformatics and Genomics, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, USA
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12
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Almazán NM, Rahbar A, Carlsson M, Hoffman T, Kolstad L, Rönnberg B, Pantalone MR, Fuchs IL, Nauclér A, Ohlin M, Sacharczuk M, Religa P, Amér S, Molnár C, Lundkvist Å, Susrud A, Sörensen B, Söderberg-Nauclér C. Influenza-A mediated pre-existing immunity levels to SARS-CoV-2 could predict early COVID-19 outbreak dynamics. iScience 2023; 26:108441. [PMID: 38144451 PMCID: PMC10746369 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.108441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2023] [Revised: 09/14/2023] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 12/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Susceptibility to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infections is highly variable and could be mediated by a cross-protective pre-immunity. We identified 14 cross-reactive peptides between SARS-CoV-2 and influenza A H1N1, H3N2, and human herpesvirus (HHV)-6A/B with potential relevance. The H1N1 peptide NGVEGF was identical to a peptide in the most critical receptor binding motif in SARS-CoV-2 spike protein that interacts with the angiotensin converting enzyme 2 receptor. About 62%-73% of COVID-19-negative blood donors in Stockholm had antibodies to this peptide in the early pre-vaccination phase of the pandemic. Seasonal flu vaccination enhanced neutralizing capacity to SARS-CoV-2 and T cell immunity to this peptide. Mathematical modeling taking the estimated pre-immunity levels to flu into account could fully predict pre-Omicron SARS-CoV-2 outbreaks in Stockholm and India. This cross-immunity provides mechanistic explanations to the epidemiological observation that influenza vaccination protected people against early SARS-CoV-2 infections and implies that flu-mediated cross-protective immunity significantly dampened the first SARS-CoV-2 outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nerea Martín Almazán
- Department of Medicine, Unit for Microbial Pathogenesis, Karolinska Institutet, 17164 Solna, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Neurology, Karolinska University Hospital, 171 76 Solna Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Division of Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, 141 86 Huddinge Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Afsar Rahbar
- Department of Medicine, Unit for Microbial Pathogenesis, Karolinska Institutet, 17164 Solna, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Neurology, Karolinska University Hospital, 171 76 Solna Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Marcus Carlsson
- Centre for the Mathematical Sciences, Lund University, 223 62 Lund, Sweden
| | - Tove Hoffman
- Zoonosis Science Center (ZSC), Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology (IMBIM), Uppsala University, 1477 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Linda Kolstad
- Zoonosis Science Center (ZSC), Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology (IMBIM), Uppsala University, 1477 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Bengt Rönnberg
- Zoonosis Science Center (ZSC), Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology (IMBIM), Uppsala University, 1477 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Mattia Russel Pantalone
- Department of Medicine, Unit for Microbial Pathogenesis, Karolinska Institutet, 17164 Solna, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Neurology, Karolinska University Hospital, 171 76 Solna Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ilona Lewensohn Fuchs
- Department of Labortory Medicine, Division of Clinical Microbiology, Karolinska Institutet, 141 86 Huddinge Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Karolinska University Hospital, 141 86 Huddinge Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anna Nauclér
- Department of Medicine, Unit for Microbial Pathogenesis, Karolinska Institutet, 17164 Solna, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Mats Ohlin
- Department of Immunotechnology and SciLifeLab Human Antibody Therapeutics Infrastructure Unit, Lund University, 223 62 Lund, Sweden
| | - Mariusz Sacharczuk
- Faculty of Pharmacy with the Laboratory Medicine Division, Department of Pharmacodynamics, Medical University of Warsaw, Centre for Preclinical Research and Technology, Banacha 1B, 02-091 Warsaw, Poland
- Department of Experimental Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Animal Biotechnology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Postępu 36A, 05-552 Magdalenka, Poland
| | - Piotr Religa
- Department of Medicine, Unit for Microbial Pathogenesis, Karolinska Institutet, 17164 Solna, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Neurology, Karolinska University Hospital, 171 76 Solna Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Experimental Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Animal Biotechnology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Postępu 36A, 05-552 Magdalenka, Poland
| | - Stefan Amér
- Familjeläkarna Saltsjöbaden, 133 34 Saltsjöbaden, Sweden
| | - Christian Molnár
- Familjeläkarna Saltsjöbaden, 133 34 Saltsjöbaden, Sweden
- Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, NVS, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Åke Lundkvist
- Zoonosis Science Center (ZSC), Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology (IMBIM), Uppsala University, 1477 Uppsala, Sweden
| | | | | | - Cecilia Söderberg-Nauclér
- Department of Medicine, Unit for Microbial Pathogenesis, Karolinska Institutet, 17164 Solna, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Neurology, Karolinska University Hospital, 171 76 Solna Stockholm, Sweden
- Institute of Biomedicine, Unit for Infection and Immunology, MediCity Research Laboratory, University of Turku, FI-20014 Turku, Finland
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13
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Townsend JP, Hassler HB, Emu B, Dornburg A. Infection with alternate frequencies of SARS-CoV-2 vaccine boosting for patients undergoing antineoplastic cancer treatments. J Natl Cancer Inst 2023; 115:1626-1628. [PMID: 37599438 PMCID: PMC10699797 DOI: 10.1093/jnci/djad158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Revised: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 08/04/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Patients undergoing antineoplastic therapies often exhibit reduced immune response to COVID-19 vaccination, necessitating assessment of alternate booster vaccination frequencies. However, data on reinfection risks to guide clinical decision making are limited. Here, we quantified reinfection risks for patients undergoing distinct antineoplastic therapies, given alternative frequencies of boosting with Pfizer-BioNTech BNT162b2. Integrating antibody data following vaccination with long-term antibody data from other coronaviruses in an evolutionary framework, we estimated infection probabilities based on antibody levels and calculated cumulative probabilities of breakthrough infection for alternate booster schedules over 2 years. Annual boosting reduced risks for targeted or hormonal treatments, immunotherapy, and chemotherapy-immunotherapy combinations similarly to the general population. Patients receiving no treatment or chemotherapy exhibited higher risks, suggesting that accelerated vaccination schedules should be considered. Patients treated with rituximab therapy presented the highest infection risk, suggesting that a combination of frequent boosting and additional interventions may be warranted for mitigating SARS-CoV-2 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey P Townsend
- Department of Biostatistics, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Hayley B Hassler
- Department of Biostatistics, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Brinda Emu
- Department of Internal Medicine (Infectious Diseases), Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Alex Dornburg
- Department of Bioinformatics and Genomics, University of North Carolina, Charlotte, NC, USA
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14
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Lan Q, Yan Y, Zhang G, Xia S, Zhou J, Lu L, Jiang S. Clinical development of antivirals against SARS-CoV-2 and its variants. CURRENT RESEARCH IN MICROBIAL SCIENCES 2023; 6:100208. [PMID: 38149085 PMCID: PMC10750039 DOI: 10.1016/j.crmicr.2023.100208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The unceasing global spread of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) calls for the development of novel therapeutics. Although many newly developed antivirals and repurposed antivirals have been applied to the treatment of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), antivirals showing satisfactory clinical efficacy are few in number. In addition, the loss of sensitivity to variants of concern (VOCs) and lack of oral bioavailability have also limited the clinical application of some antivirals. These facts remind us to develop more potent and broad-spectrum antivirals with better pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic properties to fight against infections from SARS-CoV-2, its variants, and other human coronaviruses (HCoVs). In this review, we summarize the latest advancements in the clinical development of antivirals against infections by SARS-CoV-2 and its variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiaoshuai Lan
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (MOE/NHC/CAMS), School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Pathogenic Microbes and Infection, Shanghai Institute of Infectious Disease and Biosecurity, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Centre for Virology, Vaccinology and Therapeutics, Hong Kong Science and Technology Park, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yan Yan
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (MOE/NHC/CAMS), School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Pathogenic Microbes and Infection, Shanghai Institute of Infectious Disease and Biosecurity, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Guangxu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (MOE/NHC/CAMS), School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Pathogenic Microbes and Infection, Shanghai Institute of Infectious Disease and Biosecurity, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shuai Xia
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (MOE/NHC/CAMS), School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Pathogenic Microbes and Infection, Shanghai Institute of Infectious Disease and Biosecurity, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jie Zhou
- Centre for Virology, Vaccinology and Therapeutics, Hong Kong Science and Technology Park, Hong Kong, China
- Department of Microbiology, School of Clinical Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Lu Lu
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (MOE/NHC/CAMS), School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Pathogenic Microbes and Infection, Shanghai Institute of Infectious Disease and Biosecurity, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shibo Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (MOE/NHC/CAMS), School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Pathogenic Microbes and Infection, Shanghai Institute of Infectious Disease and Biosecurity, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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15
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Kenfack DD, Nguefack-Tsague G, Penlap VB, Maidadi MF, Godwe C, Njayou NF, Bigoga JD, Ntoumi F, Mpoudi-Ngole E, Tongo M. Comparative evaluation of SARS-CoV-2 serological tests shows significant variability in performance across different years of infection and between the tests. JOURNAL OF CLINICAL VIROLOGY PLUS 2023; 3:100168. [PMID: 38911322 PMCID: PMC7616113 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcvp.2023.100168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction While the global COVID-19 pandemic is slowly coming under control, current efforts are focused on understanding the epidemiology of endemic SARS-CoV-2. The tool of choice for doing so remains serological tests that detect SARS-CoV-2 induced antibodies. However, the performance of these tests should be evaluated to ensure they comply with the specific performance criteria desired by each country that they are used in. Methods Here, we use pre-COVID-19 plasma and plasma from SARS-CoV-2-infected individuals collected in 2020, 2021 and 2022 to evaluate the performance of two commercial Rapid Lateral Flow (RLF) tests (the PANBIO™ COVID-19 IgG/IgM rapid test and the LABNOVATION™ COVID-19 (SARS-CoV-2) IgG/IgM rapid test) and one commercial ELISA test (the PLATELIA™ SARS-CoV-2 total Ab). Results We find that whereas the specificity of the two RLF tests is ≥ 95%, it was 91% for the ELISA tests. However, at 14 days post-COVID-19 date of diagnosis (DoD), only the ELISA test constantly achieved a sensitivity of ≥80% over all the three years. In addition, the rate of detection of the two RLF tests varied across the years with a sensitivity ranging from <80% in 2021 to >80% in 2022. More importantly the capacity of these two RLF tests to detect IgG antibodies decreased with time. On the contrary, the sensitivity of the ELISA test was still above 80% more than six months post DoD. Conclusion We recommend that sero-epidemiological surveys focused on testing antibodies should not rely on performances reported by the assay manufacturers. They should include a formal evaluation of the selected assays to ensure its limitations and strengths conform with the data-accuracy requirements of the surveys.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dell-Dylan Kenfack
- Centre of Research on Emerging and Re-Emerging Diseases (CREMER), Institute of Medical Research and Studies of Medicinal Plants (IMPM), Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | | | - Veronique B Penlap
- Faculty of Science, The University of Yaoundé I, Yaoundé, Cameroon
- The Biotechnological Center, The University of Yaoundé I, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Martin F Maidadi
- Centre of Research on Emerging and Re-Emerging Diseases (CREMER), Institute of Medical Research and Studies of Medicinal Plants (IMPM), Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Celestin Godwe
- Centre of Research on Emerging and Re-Emerging Diseases (CREMER), Institute of Medical Research and Studies of Medicinal Plants (IMPM), Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Nico F Njayou
- Faculty of Science, The University of Yaoundé I, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Jude D Bigoga
- The Biotechnological Center, The University of Yaoundé I, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Francine Ntoumi
- Fondation Congolaise pour la Recherche Médicale, Brazzaville, People’s Republic of Congo
| | - Eitel Mpoudi-Ngole
- Centre of Research on Emerging and Re-Emerging Diseases (CREMER), Institute of Medical Research and Studies of Medicinal Plants (IMPM), Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Marcel Tongo
- Centre of Research on Emerging and Re-Emerging Diseases (CREMER), Institute of Medical Research and Studies of Medicinal Plants (IMPM), Yaoundé, Cameroon
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16
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Fan T, Li C, Liu X, Xu H, Li W, Wang M, Mei X, Li D. Development of practical techniques for simultaneous detection and distinction of current and emerging SARS-CoV-2 variants. ANAL SCI 2023; 39:1839-1856. [PMID: 37517003 DOI: 10.1007/s44211-023-00396-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023]
Abstract
Countless individuals have fallen victim to the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and have generated antibodies, reducing the risk of secondary infection in the short term. However, with the emergence of mutated strains, the probability of subsequent infections remains high. Consequently, the demand for simple and accessible methods for distinguishing between different variants is soaring. Although monitoring viral gene sequencing is an effective approach for differentiating between various types of SARS-CoV-2 variants, it may not be easily accessible to the general public. In this article, we provide an overview of the reported techniques that use combined approaches and adaptable testing methods that use editable recognition receptors for simultaneous detection and distinction of current and emerging SARS-CoV-2 variants. These techniques employ straightforward detection strategies, including tests capable of simultaneously identifying and differentiating between different variants. Furthermore, we recommend advancing the development of uncomplicated protocols for distinguishing between current and emerging variants. Additionally, we propose further development of facile protocols for the differentiation of existing and emerging variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tuocen Fan
- Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, 121000, China
| | - Chengjie Li
- Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, 121000, China
| | - Xinlei Liu
- Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, 121000, China
| | - Hongda Xu
- Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, 121000, China
| | - Wenhao Li
- Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, 121000, China
| | - Minghao Wang
- Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, 121000, China
| | - Xifan Mei
- Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, 121000, China.
| | - Dan Li
- Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, 121000, China.
- College of Pharmacy, Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, 121000, China.
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17
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Acuti Martellucci C, Flacco ME, Soldato G, Di Martino G, Carota R, Rosso A, De Benedictis M, Di Marco G, Di Luzio R, Lisbona F, Caponetti A, Manzoli L. Risk of SARS-CoV-2 Reinfection 3 Years after the Start of the Pandemic: A Population-Level Observational Study. Life (Basel) 2023; 13:2111. [PMID: 38004251 PMCID: PMC10672528 DOI: 10.3390/life13112111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2023] [Revised: 10/21/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The risk of SARS-CoV-2 reinfections changes as new variants emerge, but the follow-up time for most of the available evidence is shorter than two years. This study evaluated SARS-CoV-2 reinfection rates in the total population of an Italian province up to three years since the pandemic's start. This retrospective cohort study used official National Healthcare System data on SARS-CoV-2 testing and vaccinations, demographics, and hospitalizations in the Province of Pescara, Italy, from 2 March 2020 to 31 December 2022. A total of 6541 (5.4%) reinfections and 33 severe and 18 lethal COVID-19 cases were recorded among the 121,412 subjects who recovered from a primary infection. There were no severe events following reinfection in the young population, whereas 1.1% of reinfected elderly died. A significantly higher reinfection risk was observed among females; unvaccinated individuals; adults (30-59 y); and subjects with hypertension, COPD, and kidney disease. Up to three years after a primary SARS-CoV-2 infection, the majority of the population did not experience a reinfection. The risk of severe COVID-19 following a reinfection was very low for young and adult individuals but still high for the elderly. The subjects with hybrid immunity showed a lower reinfection risk than the unvaccinated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia Acuti Martellucci
- Department of Environmental and Prevention Sciences, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy; (C.A.M.); (M.E.F.); (A.R.)
| | - Maria Elena Flacco
- Department of Environmental and Prevention Sciences, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy; (C.A.M.); (M.E.F.); (A.R.)
| | - Graziella Soldato
- Local Health Unit of Pescara, 65124 Pescara, Italy; (G.S.); (G.D.M.); (R.C.); (M.D.B.); (G.D.M.); (R.D.L.); (A.C.)
| | - Giuseppe Di Martino
- Local Health Unit of Pescara, 65124 Pescara, Italy; (G.S.); (G.D.M.); (R.C.); (M.D.B.); (G.D.M.); (R.D.L.); (A.C.)
| | - Roberto Carota
- Local Health Unit of Pescara, 65124 Pescara, Italy; (G.S.); (G.D.M.); (R.C.); (M.D.B.); (G.D.M.); (R.D.L.); (A.C.)
| | - Annalisa Rosso
- Department of Environmental and Prevention Sciences, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy; (C.A.M.); (M.E.F.); (A.R.)
| | - Marco De Benedictis
- Local Health Unit of Pescara, 65124 Pescara, Italy; (G.S.); (G.D.M.); (R.C.); (M.D.B.); (G.D.M.); (R.D.L.); (A.C.)
| | - Graziano Di Marco
- Local Health Unit of Pescara, 65124 Pescara, Italy; (G.S.); (G.D.M.); (R.C.); (M.D.B.); (G.D.M.); (R.D.L.); (A.C.)
| | - Rossano Di Luzio
- Local Health Unit of Pescara, 65124 Pescara, Italy; (G.S.); (G.D.M.); (R.C.); (M.D.B.); (G.D.M.); (R.D.L.); (A.C.)
| | - Francesco Lisbona
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, 40100 Bologna, Italy;
| | - Antonio Caponetti
- Local Health Unit of Pescara, 65124 Pescara, Italy; (G.S.); (G.D.M.); (R.C.); (M.D.B.); (G.D.M.); (R.D.L.); (A.C.)
| | - Lamberto Manzoli
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, 40100 Bologna, Italy;
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18
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Vlad AI, Romanyukha AA, Sannikova TE. Circulation of Respiratory Viruses in the City: Towards an Agent-Based Ecosystem model. Bull Math Biol 2023; 85:100. [PMID: 37690100 DOI: 10.1007/s11538-023-01203-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023]
Abstract
Mathematical models play an important role in management of outbreaks of acute respiratory infections (ARI). While such models are generally used to study the spread of a solitary virus, in reality multiple viruses co-circulate in the population. These viruses have been studied in detail, including the course of infection and immune defense mechanisms. We developed an agent-based model, called ABM-ARI, assimilating heterogeneous data and theoretical knowledge into a biologically motivated system, that allows to reproduce the seasonal patterns of ARI incidence and simulate interventions. ABM-ARI uses city-specific data to create a synthetic population and to construct realistic contact networks in different activity settings. Characteristics of infection, immune protection and non-specific resistance were varied between individuals to account for the population heterogeneity. For the calibration, we minimised the normalised mean absolute error between simulated and observed epidemic curves. ABM-ARI was built based on the quantitative assessment of features of predominant respiratory viruses and epidemiological characteristics of the population. It provides a good fit to the observed epidemic curves for different age groups and viruses. We also simulated one-week school closures when student absences were at or above 10%, 20% or 30% and found that only 10% and 20% thresholds resulted in a reduction of the incidence. ABM-ARI has a great potential in tackling the challenge of emerging infections by simulating and evaluating the effectiveness of various interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- A I Vlad
- Marchuk Institute of Numerical Mathematics of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia.
| | - A A Romanyukha
- Marchuk Institute of Numerical Mathematics of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - T E Sannikova
- Marchuk Institute of Numerical Mathematics of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
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19
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Bullen M, Heriot GS, Jamrozik E. Herd immunity, vaccination and moral obligation. JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ETHICS 2023; 49:636-641. [PMID: 37277175 PMCID: PMC10511978 DOI: 10.1136/jme-2022-108485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2022] [Accepted: 11/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The public health benefits of herd immunity are often used as the justification for coercive vaccine policies. Yet, 'herd immunity' as a term has multiple referents, which can result in ambiguity, including regarding its role in ethical arguments. The term 'herd immunity' can refer to (1) the herd immunity threshold, at which models predict the decline of an epidemic; (2) the percentage of a population with immunity, whether it exceeds a given threshold or not; and/or (3) the indirect benefit afforded by collective immunity to those who are less immune. Moreover, the accumulation of immune individuals in a population can lead to two different outcomes: elimination (for measles, smallpox, etc) or endemic equilibrium (for COVID-19, influenza, etc). We argue that the strength of a moral obligation for individuals to contribute to herd immunity through vaccination, and by extension the acceptability of coercion, will depend on how 'herd immunity' is interpreted as well as facts about a given disease or vaccine. Among other things, not all uses of 'herd immunity' are equally valid for all pathogens. The optimal conditions for herd immunity threshold effects, as illustrated by measles, notably do not apply to the many pathogens for which reinfections are ubiquitous (due to waning immunity and/or antigenic variation). For such pathogens, including SARS-CoV-2, mass vaccination can only be expected to delay rather than prevent new infections, in which case the obligation to contribute to herd immunity is much weaker, and coercive policies less justifiable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Bullen
- Box Hill Hospital, Eastern Health, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - George S Heriot
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Melbourne Medical School, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Euzebiusz Jamrozik
- Ethox Centre and Pandemic Sciences Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Royal Melbourne Hospital Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Monash Bioethics Centre, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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20
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Gim H, Lee S, Seo H, Park Y, Chun BC. Effects of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus Vaccination on Reinfection: A Community-Based Retrospective Cohort Study. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:1408. [PMID: 37766086 PMCID: PMC10535171 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11091408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Revised: 08/18/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a disease that is characterized by frequent reinfection. However, the factors influencing reinfection remain poorly elucidated, particularly regarding the effect of COVID-19 vaccination on preventing reinfection and its effects on symptomatology and the interval until reinfection. METHODS This retrospective cohort study examined patients with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus reinfection between January 2020 and February 2022. This study included patients aged >17 years who were reinfected at least 90 days between two infections with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus. The main outcome measure was a reduction in symptoms during reinfection, and reinfection interval. RESULTS Overall, 712 patients (average age: 40.52 ± 16.41 years; 312 males) were included. The reduction rate of symptoms at reinfection than that at first infection was significantly higher in the vaccinated group than in the unvaccinated group (p < 0.001). The average reinfection interval was 265.81 days. The interval between the first and second infection was 63.47 days longer in the vaccinated group than in the unvaccinated group. The interval was also 57.23 days, significantly longer in the asymptomatic group than in the symptomatic group (p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS Besides its role in preventing severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus infection, vaccination reduces the rate of symptomatic reinfection and increases the reinfection interval; thus, it is necessary to be vaccinated even after a previous infection. The findings may inform the decision to avail COVID-19 vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyerin Gim
- Infectious Disease Research Center, Citizens’ Health Bureau, Seoul Metropolitan Government, Seoul 04524, Republic of Korea; (H.G.); (S.L.); (H.S.)
- Department of Epidemiology & Health Informatics, Graduate School of Public Health, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Seul Lee
- Infectious Disease Research Center, Citizens’ Health Bureau, Seoul Metropolitan Government, Seoul 04524, Republic of Korea; (H.G.); (S.L.); (H.S.)
| | - Haesook Seo
- Infectious Disease Research Center, Citizens’ Health Bureau, Seoul Metropolitan Government, Seoul 04524, Republic of Korea; (H.G.); (S.L.); (H.S.)
| | - Yumi Park
- Citizens’ Health Bureau, Seoul Metropolitan Government, Seoul 04524, Republic of Korea;
| | - Byung Chul Chun
- Department of Epidemiology & Health Informatics, Graduate School of Public Health, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
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21
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Yang Y, Guo L, Yuan J, Xu Z, Gu Y, Zhang J, Guan Y, Liang J, Lu H, Liu Y. Viral and antibody dynamics of acute infection with SARS-CoV-2 omicron variant (B.1.1.529): a prospective cohort study from Shenzhen, China. THE LANCET. MICROBE 2023; 4:e632-e641. [PMID: 37459867 DOI: 10.1016/s2666-5247(23)00139-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Revised: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Elucidating viral dynamics within the host is important for designing public health measures against SARS-CoV-2, particularly during the early stages of infection when transmission potential rapidly increases. We aimed to analyse the viral and antibody dynamics of the omicron variant in relation to symptom onset or laboratory confirmation and replication dynamics throughout the infection course. METHODS In this prospective cohort study, patients with laboratory-confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection who were admitted to Shenzhen Third People's Hospital (Shenzhen, China) between Jan 11, 2020, and April 24, 2022, were screened for eligibility. We included immunocompetent individuals with acute SARS-CoV-2 infection without antiviral agents targeting SARS-CoV-2. Serial nasopharyngeal swabs and plasma samples were analysed for viral RNAs and specific IgG antibodies of SARS-CoV-2. The comparative viral and antibody kinetics in association with symptom onset or laboratory confirmation and replication dynamics throughout the infection course were calculated by the locally estimated scatterplot smoothing curve fitting polynomial regression. The associations between viral and antibody dynamics and vaccination, age, sex, disease severity, and underlying health conditions were analysed using the Mann-Whitney U test and the Gehan-Breslow-Wilcoxon method. FINDINGS 15 406 serial nasopharyngeal swabs and 2324 plasma samples were taken from 2043 individuals with acute SARS-CoV-2 infection (n=217 prototype [A.1] and D614G [B.1] variant [wild-type]; n=105 delta variant [B.1.617.2]; n=1721 omicron variant [B.1.1.529]) and were included for the analyses. The mean Ct value of omicron variant on the first day post symptom onset (dpo; defined as the first day post laboratory confirmation in asymptomatic participants) was 22·65 (95% CI 22·05-23·26). Peak viral load was reached with a mean Ct value of 17·63 (17·47-17·79) at a mean of 3·19 dpo (95% CI 3·09-3·28), and viral clearance (Ct values ≥35) was reached at a mean of 13·50 dpo (95% CI 13·32-13·67). Omicron variant showed faster viral replication and clearance than wild-type SARS-CoV-2 and delta variant, and the viral load at the first dpo and the peak viral load was lower than delta variant but higher than wild-type SARS-CoV-2. Age, sex, disease severity, and underlying health conditions were associated with the viral dynamics of omicron variant, with faster viral clearance found in young (aged 0-14 years), male, and asymptomatic participants, and those without underlying health conditions. Replication dynamics thoughout the infection course showed that peak viral load was reached at a mean of 5·06 dpo (4·76-5·36) and viral clearance took a mean of 14·27 days (13·6-14·93) for omicron variant. SARS-CoV-2-specific IgG increased earlier and faster to significantly higher concentrations in breakthrough infection than naive infection with omicron variant, despite long intervals (≥7 months) between the last dose of vaccination and infection. INTERPRETATION Our data provide a comprehensive overview of the longitudinal viral and antibody dynamics of omicron variant in people with acute SARS-CoV-2 infection, with important implications for public health strategies, including population screening, antiviral treatment, isolation periods, and vaccination. FUNDING National Natural Science Foundation of China and Emergency Key Program of Guangzhou Laboratory. TRANSLATION For the Chinese translation of the abstract see Supplementary Materials section.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Yang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Immunity, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Disease, State Key Discipline of Infectious Disease, Shenzhen Third People's Hospital, Second Hospital Affiliated to Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
| | - Liping Guo
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Immunity, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Disease, State Key Discipline of Infectious Disease, Shenzhen Third People's Hospital, Second Hospital Affiliated to Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jing Yuan
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Immunity, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Disease, State Key Discipline of Infectious Disease, Shenzhen Third People's Hospital, Second Hospital Affiliated to Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
| | - Zhixiang Xu
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Immunity, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Disease, State Key Discipline of Infectious Disease, Shenzhen Third People's Hospital, Second Hospital Affiliated to Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yuchen Gu
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Immunity, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Disease, State Key Discipline of Infectious Disease, Shenzhen Third People's Hospital, Second Hospital Affiliated to Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jiaqi Zhang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Immunity, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Disease, State Key Discipline of Infectious Disease, Shenzhen Third People's Hospital, Second Hospital Affiliated to Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yuan Guan
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Immunity, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Disease, State Key Discipline of Infectious Disease, Shenzhen Third People's Hospital, Second Hospital Affiliated to Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jinhu Liang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Immunity, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Disease, State Key Discipline of Infectious Disease, Shenzhen Third People's Hospital, Second Hospital Affiliated to Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
| | - Hongzhou Lu
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Immunity, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Disease, State Key Discipline of Infectious Disease, Shenzhen Third People's Hospital, Second Hospital Affiliated to Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China.
| | - Yingxia Liu
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Immunity, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Disease, State Key Discipline of Infectious Disease, Shenzhen Third People's Hospital, Second Hospital Affiliated to Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China.
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22
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Nill F. Endemic oscillations for SARS-CoV-2 Omicron-A SIRS model analysis. CHAOS, SOLITONS, AND FRACTALS 2023; 173:113678. [PMID: 37351485 PMCID: PMC10272968 DOI: 10.1016/j.chaos.2023.113678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2023] [Revised: 06/01/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/24/2023]
Abstract
The SIRS model with constant vaccination and immunity waning rates is well known to show a transition from a disease-free to an endemic equilibrium as the basic reproduction number r 0 is raised above threshold. It is shown that this model maps to Hethcote's classic endemic model originally published in 1973. In this way one obtains unifying formulas for a whole class of models showing endemic bifurcation. In particular, if the vaccination rate is smaller than the recovery rate and r - < r 0 < r + for certain upper and lower bounds r ± , then trajectories spiral into the endemic equilibrium via damped infection waves. Latest data of the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant suggest that according to this simplified model continuous vaccination programs will not be capable to escape the oscillating endemic phase. However, in view of the strong damping factors predicted by the model, in reality these oscillations will certainly be overruled by time-dependent contact behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Nill
- Department of Physics, Free University Berlin, Arnimallee 14, 14195 Berlin, Germany
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23
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Lee CYS, Suzuki JB. COVID-19: Variants, Immunity, and Therapeutics for Non-Hospitalized Patients. Biomedicines 2023; 11:2055. [PMID: 37509694 PMCID: PMC10377623 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11072055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2023] [Revised: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 07/14/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The continuing transmission of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) remains a world-wide 21st-century public health emergency of concern. Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has caused greater than 600 million cases of COVID-19 and over 6 million deaths globally. COVID-19 continues to be a highly transmissible disease despite efforts by public health officials and healthcare providers to manage and control the disease. Variants identified in selected worldwide epicenters add to the complexity of vaccine efficacy, overage, and antibody titer maintenance and bioactivity. The identification of the SARS-CoV-2 variants is described with respect to evading protective efficacy of COVID-19 vaccines and breakthrough infections. Vaccines and other therapeutics have prevented millions of SARS-CoV-2 infections and thousands of deaths in the United States. We explore aspects of the immune response in a condensed discussion to understand B and T cell lymphocyte regulatory mechanisms and antibody effectiveness and senescence. Finally, COVID-19 therapies including Paxlovid, Remdisivir, Molnupiravir and convalescent plasma in non-hospitalized patients are presented with limitations for identification, collection, and distribution to infected patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cameron Y S Lee
- Private Practice in Oral, Maxillofacial and Reconstructive Surgery, Aiea, HI 96701, USA
- Department of Periodontology and Oral Implantology, Kornberg School of Dentistry, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
| | - Jon B Suzuki
- Department of Periodontology and Oral Implantology, Kornberg School of Dentistry, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
- Department of Graduate Periodontics, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD 20742, USA
- Department of Graduate Prosthodontics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
- Department of Graduate Periodontics, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, FL 33314, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
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24
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O’Gara D, Rosenblatt SF, Hébert-Dufresne L, Purcell R, Kasman M, Hammond RA. TRACE-Omicron: Policy Counterfactuals to Inform Mitigation of COVID-19 Spread in the United States. ADVANCED THEORY AND SIMULATIONS 2023; 6:2300147. [PMID: 38283383 PMCID: PMC10812885 DOI: 10.1002/adts.202300147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2023] [Indexed: 01/30/2024]
Abstract
The Omicron wave was the largest wave of COVID-19 pandemic to date, more than doubling any other in terms of cases and hospitalizations in the United States. In this paper, we present a large-scale agent-based model of policy interventions that could have been implemented to mitigate the Omicron wave. Our model takes into account the behaviors of individuals and their interactions with one another within a nationally representative population, as well as the efficacy of various interventions such as social distancing, mask wearing, testing, tracing, and vaccination. We use the model to simulate the impact of different policy scenarios and evaluate their potential effectiveness in controlling the spread of the virus. Our results suggest the Omicron wave could have been substantially curtailed via a combination of interventions comparable in effectiveness to extreme and unpopular singular measures such as widespread closure of schools and workplaces, and highlight the importance of early and decisive action.
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Affiliation(s)
- David O’Gara
- Division of Computational and Data Sciences, Washington University in St. Louis
| | - Samuel F. Rosenblatt
- Vermont Complex Systems Center, University of Vermont
- Department of Computer Science, University of Vermont
| | - Laurent Hébert-Dufresne
- Vermont Complex Systems Center, University of Vermont
- Department of Computer Science, University of Vermont
| | - Rob Purcell
- Center On Social Dynamics and Policy, Brookings Institution
| | - Matt Kasman
- Center On Social Dynamics and Policy, Brookings Institution
| | - Ross A. Hammond
- Center On Social Dynamics and Policy, Brookings Institution
- Division of Computational and Data Sciences, Washington University in St. Louis
- Brown School, Washington University in St. Louis
- Santa Fe Institute
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25
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Martin CA, Woolf K, Bryant L, Goss C, Gogoi M, Lagrata S, Papineni P, Qureshi I, Wobi F, Nellums L, Khunti K, Pareek M. Coverage, completion and outcomes of COVID-19 risk assessments in a multi-ethnic nationwide cohort of UK healthcare workers: a cross-sectional analysis from the UK-REACH Study. Occup Environ Med 2023; 80:399-406. [PMID: 37221040 PMCID: PMC10314065 DOI: 10.1136/oemed-2022-108700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Accepted: 03/31/2023] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION There are limited data on the outcomes of COVID-19 risk assessment in healthcare workers (HCWs) or the association of ethnicity, other sociodemographic and occupational factors with risk assessment outcomes. METHODS We used questionnaire data from UK-REACH (UK Research study into Ethnicity And COVID-19 outcomes in Healthcare workers), an ethnically diverse, nationwide cohort of UK HCWs. We derived four binary outcomes: (1) offered a risk assessment; (2) completed a risk assessment; (3) working practices changed as a result of the risk assessment; (4) wanted changes to working practices after risk assessment but working practices did not change.We examined the association of ethnicity, other sociodemographic/occupational factors and actual/perceived COVID-19 risk variables on our outcomes using multivariable logistic regression. RESULTS 8649 HCWs were included in total. HCWs from ethnic minority groups were more likely to report being offered a risk assessment than white HCWs, and those from Asian and black ethnic groups were more likely to report having completed an assessment if offered. Ethnic minority HCWs had lower odds of reporting having their work change as a result of risk assessment. Those from Asian and black ethnic groups were more likely to report no changes to their working practices despite wanting them.Previous SARS-CoV-2 infection was associated with lower odds of being offered a risk assessment and having adjustments made to working practices. DISCUSSION We found differences in risk assessment outcomes by ethnicity, other sociodemographic/occupational factors and actual/perceived COVID-19 risk factors. These findings are concerning and warrant further research using actual (rather than reported) risk assessment outcomes in an unselected cohort.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher A Martin
- Department of Respiratory Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
- Department of Infection and HIV Medicine, University Hospitals of Leicester NHS Trust, Leicester, UK
| | - Katherine Woolf
- Research Department of Medical Education, University College London Medical School, London, UK
| | - Luke Bryant
- Department of Respiratory Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - Charles Goss
- Department of Occupational Health, University Hospitals of Leicester NHS Trust, Leicester, UK
| | - Mayuri Gogoi
- Department of Respiratory Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - Susie Lagrata
- Queen Square Insitute of Neurology and National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Padmasayee Papineni
- Department of Infectious Diseases, London North West University Healthcare NHS Trust, Harrow, UK
| | - Irtiza Qureshi
- Population and Lifespan Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Fatimah Wobi
- Public Health Institute, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
- School of Law, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - Laura Nellums
- Population and Lifespan Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Kamlesh Khunti
- Diabetes Research Centre, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - Manish Pareek
- Department of Infection and HIV Medicine, University Hospitals of Leicester NHS Trust, Leicester, UK
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26
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Mohankumar N, Rajagopal L. Dynamics of a fractional COVID-19 model with immunity using harmonic incidence mean-type. JOURNAL OF APPLIED MATHEMATICS & COMPUTING 2023; 69:1-16. [PMID: 37361055 PMCID: PMC10231860 DOI: 10.1007/s12190-023-01877-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Revised: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 05/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
The transmission dynamics of COVID-19 is investigated through the prism of the Atangana-Baleanu fractional model with acquired immunity. Harmonic incidence mean-type aims to drive exposed and infected populations towards extinction in a finite time frame. The reproduction number is calculated based on the next-generation matrix. A disease-free equilibrium point can be achieved globally using the Castillo-Chavez approach. Using the additive compound matrix approach, the global stability of endemic equilibrium can be demonstrated. Utilizing Pontryagin's maximum principle, we introduce three control variables to obtain the optimal control strategies. Laplace transform allows simulating the fractional-order derivatives analytically. Analysis of the graphical results led to a better understanding of the transmission dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nandhini Mohankumar
- Department of Mathematics, Coimbatore Institute of Technology, Civil Aerodrome (PO), Coimbatore, Tamilnadu 641014 India
| | - Lavanya Rajagopal
- Department of Mathematics, Coimbatore Institute of Technology, Civil Aerodrome (PO), Coimbatore, Tamilnadu 641014 India
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27
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Moore SM, España G, Perkins TA, Guido RM, Jucaban JB, Hall TL, Huhtanen ME, Peel SA, Modjarrad K, Hakre S, Scott PT. Community incidence patterns drive the risk of SARS-CoV-2 outbreaks and alter intervention impacts in a high-risk institutional setting. Epidemics 2023; 43:100691. [PMID: 37267710 DOI: 10.1016/j.epidem.2023.100691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2022] [Revised: 04/20/2023] [Accepted: 05/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Optimization of control measures for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) in high-risk institutional settings (e.g., prisons, nursing homes, or military bases) depends on how transmission dynamics in the broader community influence outbreak risk locally. We calibrated an individual-based transmission model of a military training camp to the number of RT-PCR positive trainees throughout 2020 and 2021. The predicted number of infected new arrivals closely followed adjusted national incidence and increased early outbreak risk after accounting for vaccination coverage, masking compliance, and virus variants. Outbreak size was strongly correlated with the predicted number of off-base infections among staff during training camp. In addition, off-base infections reduced the impact of arrival screening and masking, while the number of infectious trainees upon arrival reduced the impact of vaccination and staff testing. Our results highlight the importance of outside incidence patterns for modulating risk and the optimal mixture of control measures in institutional settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean M Moore
- Department of Biological Sciences and Eck Institute for Global Health, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA.
| | - Guido España
- Department of Biological Sciences and Eck Institute for Global Health, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
| | - T Alex Perkins
- Department of Biological Sciences and Eck Institute for Global Health, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
| | - Robert M Guido
- Moncrief Army Health Clinic, Fort Jackson, SC 29207, USA
| | | | - Tara L Hall
- Moncrief Army Health Clinic, Fort Jackson, SC 29207, USA
| | - Mark E Huhtanen
- United States Army Training Center, Fort Jackson, SC 29207, USA
| | - Sheila A Peel
- Diagnostics and Countermeasures Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA
| | - Kayvon Modjarrad
- Emerging Infectious Diseases Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA
| | - Shilpa Hakre
- Emerging Infectious Diseases Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA; Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Inc., Bethesda, MD 20817, USA
| | - Paul T Scott
- Emerging Infectious Diseases Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA
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28
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Naveca FG, Nascimento VA, Nascimento F, Ogrzewalska M, Pauvolid-Corrêa A, Araújo MF, Arantes I, Batista ÉR, Magalhães AÁ, Vinhal F, Mattos TP, Riediger I, Debur MDC, Grinsztejn B, Veloso VG, Brasil P, Rodrigues RR, Rovaris DB, Fernandes SB, Fernandes C, Santos JHA, Abdalla LF, Costa-Filho R, Silva M, Souza V, Costa ÁA, Mejía M, Brandão MJ, Gonçalves LF, Silva GA, de Jesus MS, Pessoa K, Corado ADLG, Duarte DCG, Machado AB, Zukeram KDA, Valente N, Lopes RS, Pereira EC, Appolinario LR, Rocha AS, Tort LFL, Sekizuka T, Itokawa K, Hashino M, Kuroda M, Dezordi FZ, Wallau GL, Delatorre E, Gräf T, Siqueira MM, Bello G, Resende PC. SARS-CoV-2 intra-host diversity, antibody response, and disease severity after reinfection by the variant of concern Gamma in Brazil. Sci Rep 2023; 13:7306. [PMID: 37147348 PMCID: PMC10160723 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-33443-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The rapid spread of the SARS-CoV-2 Variant of Concern (VOC) Gamma in Amazonas during early 2021 fueled a second large COVID-19 epidemic wave and raised concern about the potential role of reinfections. Very few cases of reinfection associated with the VOC Gamma have been reported to date, and their potential impact on clinical, immunological, and virological parameters remains largely unexplored. Here we describe 25 cases of SARS-CoV-2 reinfection in Brazil. SARS-CoV-2 genomic analysis confirmed that individuals were primo-infected with distinct viral lineages between March and December 2020 (B.1.1, B.1.1.28, B.1.1.33, B.1.195, and P.2) and reinfected with the VOC Gamma between 3 to 12 months after primo-infection. We found a similar mean cycle threshold (Ct) value and limited intra-host viral diversity in both primo-infection and reinfection samples. Sera of 14 patients tested 10-75 days after reinfection displayed detectable neutralizing antibodies (NAb) titers against SARS-CoV-2 variants that circulated before (B.1.*), during (Gamma), and after (Delta and Omicron) the second epidemic wave in Brazil. All individuals had milder or no symptoms after reinfection, and none required hospitalization. These findings demonstrate that individuals reinfected with the VOC Gamma may display relatively high RNA viral loads at the upper respiratory tract after reinfection, thus contributing to onward viral transmissions. Despite this, our study points to a low overall risk of severe Gamma reinfections, supporting that the abrupt increase in hospital admissions and deaths observed in Amazonas and other Brazilian states during the Gamma wave was mostly driven by primary infections. Our findings also indicate that most individuals analyzed developed a high anti-SARS-CoV-2 NAb response after reinfection that may provide some protection against reinfection or disease by different SARS-CoV-2 variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felipe Gomes Naveca
- Laboratório de Ecologia de Doenças Transmissíveis na Amazônia, Instituto Leônidas e Maria Deane, Fiocruz, Manaus, Brazil.
- Laboratório de Flavivírus, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
| | - Valdinete Alves Nascimento
- Laboratório de Ecologia de Doenças Transmissíveis na Amazônia, Instituto Leônidas e Maria Deane, Fiocruz, Manaus, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Nascimento
- Laboratório de Ecologia de Doenças Transmissíveis na Amazônia, Instituto Leônidas e Maria Deane, Fiocruz, Manaus, Brazil
| | - Maria Ogrzewalska
- Laboratory of Respiratory Viruses and Measles, Oswaldo Cruz Institute (IOC), Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Alex Pauvolid-Corrêa
- Laboratory of Respiratory Viruses and Measles, Oswaldo Cruz Institute (IOC), Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Mia Ferreira Araújo
- Laboratory of Respiratory Viruses and Measles, Oswaldo Cruz Institute (IOC), Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Ighor Arantes
- Laboratory of Respiratory Viruses and Measles, Oswaldo Cruz Institute (IOC), Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
- Laboratório de AIDS e Imunologia Molecular, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Tirza Peixoto Mattos
- Laboratório Central de Saúde Pública do Amazonas (LACEN-AM, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
| | - Irina Riediger
- Laboratório Central de Saúde Pública do Paraná (LACEN-PR) Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Maria do Carmo Debur
- Laboratório Central de Saúde Pública do Paraná (LACEN-PR) Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Beatriz Grinsztejn
- Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas (INI), Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Valdiléa G Veloso
- Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas (INI), Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Patrícia Brasil
- Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas (INI), Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - Darcita Buerger Rovaris
- Laboratório Central de Saúde Pública do Estado de Santa Catarina (LACEN-SC), Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Sandra Bianchini Fernandes
- Laboratório Central de Saúde Pública do Estado de Santa Catarina (LACEN-SC), Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Cristiano Fernandes
- Fundação de Vigilância em Saúde do Amazonas-Dra Rosemary Costa Pinto, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Marineide Silva
- Laboratório Central de Saúde Pública do Amazonas (LACEN-AM, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
| | - Victor Souza
- Laboratório de Ecologia de Doenças Transmissíveis na Amazônia, Instituto Leônidas e Maria Deane, Fiocruz, Manaus, Brazil
| | - Ágatha Araújo Costa
- Laboratório de Ecologia de Doenças Transmissíveis na Amazônia, Instituto Leônidas e Maria Deane, Fiocruz, Manaus, Brazil
| | - Matilde Mejía
- Laboratório de Ecologia de Doenças Transmissíveis na Amazônia, Instituto Leônidas e Maria Deane, Fiocruz, Manaus, Brazil
| | - Maria Júlia Brandão
- Laboratório de Ecologia de Doenças Transmissíveis na Amazônia, Instituto Leônidas e Maria Deane, Fiocruz, Manaus, Brazil
| | - Luciana Fé Gonçalves
- Laboratório de Ecologia de Doenças Transmissíveis na Amazônia, Instituto Leônidas e Maria Deane, Fiocruz, Manaus, Brazil
- Fundação de Vigilância em Saúde do Amazonas-Dra Rosemary Costa Pinto, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
| | - George Allan Silva
- Laboratório de Ecologia de Doenças Transmissíveis na Amazônia, Instituto Leônidas e Maria Deane, Fiocruz, Manaus, Brazil
| | - Michele Silva de Jesus
- Laboratório de Ecologia de Doenças Transmissíveis na Amazônia, Instituto Leônidas e Maria Deane, Fiocruz, Manaus, Brazil
| | - Karina Pessoa
- Laboratório de Ecologia de Doenças Transmissíveis na Amazônia, Instituto Leônidas e Maria Deane, Fiocruz, Manaus, Brazil
| | - André de Lima Guerra Corado
- Laboratório de Ecologia de Doenças Transmissíveis na Amazônia, Instituto Leônidas e Maria Deane, Fiocruz, Manaus, Brazil
| | - Debora Camila Gomes Duarte
- Laboratório de Ecologia de Doenças Transmissíveis na Amazônia, Instituto Leônidas e Maria Deane, Fiocruz, Manaus, Brazil
| | - Ana Beatriz Machado
- Laboratory of Respiratory Viruses and Measles, Oswaldo Cruz Institute (IOC), Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Ketiuce de Azevedo Zukeram
- Laboratory of Respiratory Viruses and Measles, Oswaldo Cruz Institute (IOC), Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Natalia Valente
- Laboratory of Respiratory Viruses and Measles, Oswaldo Cruz Institute (IOC), Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Renata Serrano Lopes
- Laboratory of Respiratory Viruses and Measles, Oswaldo Cruz Institute (IOC), Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Elisa Cavalcante Pereira
- Laboratory of Respiratory Viruses and Measles, Oswaldo Cruz Institute (IOC), Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Luciana Reis Appolinario
- Laboratory of Respiratory Viruses and Measles, Oswaldo Cruz Institute (IOC), Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Alice Sampaio Rocha
- Laboratory of Respiratory Viruses and Measles, Oswaldo Cruz Institute (IOC), Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Luis Fernando Lopez Tort
- Laboratory of Respiratory Viruses and Measles, Oswaldo Cruz Institute (IOC), Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
- CENUR Litoral Norte, Universidad de la República, Salto, Uruguay
| | - Tsuyoshi Sekizuka
- Pathogen Genomics Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1-23-1 Toyama, Shinjuku-Ku, Tokyo, 162-8640, Japan
| | - Kentaro Itokawa
- Pathogen Genomics Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1-23-1 Toyama, Shinjuku-Ku, Tokyo, 162-8640, Japan
| | - Masanori Hashino
- Pathogen Genomics Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1-23-1 Toyama, Shinjuku-Ku, Tokyo, 162-8640, Japan
| | - Makoto Kuroda
- Pathogen Genomics Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1-23-1 Toyama, Shinjuku-Ku, Tokyo, 162-8640, Japan
| | | | - Gabriel Luz Wallau
- Instituto Aggeu Magalhães, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Edson Delatorre
- Departamento de Biologia, Centro de Ciências Exatas, Naturais e da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, Alegre, Brazil
| | - Tiago Gräf
- Instituto Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Marilda Mendonça Siqueira
- Laboratory of Respiratory Viruses and Measles, Oswaldo Cruz Institute (IOC), Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Gonzalo Bello
- Laboratório de AIDS e Imunologia Molecular, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Paola Cristina Resende
- Laboratory of Respiratory Viruses and Measles, Oswaldo Cruz Institute (IOC), Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
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Lee J, Mendoza R, Mendoza VMP, Lee J, Seo Y, Jung E. Modelling the effects of social distancing, antiviral therapy, and booster shots on mitigating Omicron spread. Sci Rep 2023; 13:6914. [PMID: 37106066 PMCID: PMC10139668 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-34121-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
As the COVID-19 situation changes because of emerging variants and updated vaccines, an elaborate mathematical model is essential in crafting proactive and effective control strategies. We propose a COVID-19 mathematical model considering variants, booster shots, waning, and antiviral drugs. We quantify the effects of social distancing in the Republic of Korea by estimating the reduction in transmission induced by government policies from February 26, 2021 to February 3, 2022. Simulations show that the next epidemic peak can be estimated by investigating the effects of waning immunity. This research emphasizes that booster vaccination should be administered right before the next epidemic wave, which follows the increasing waned population. Policymakers are recommended to monitor the waning population immunity using mathematical models or other predictive methods. Moreover, our simulations considering a new variant's transmissibility, severity, and vaccine evasion suggest intervention measures that can reduce the severity of COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jongmin Lee
- Department of Mathematics, Konkuk University, Seoul, 05029, South Korea
| | - Renier Mendoza
- Institute of Mathematics, University of the Philippines Diliman, Quezon City, 1101, Philippines
| | - Victoria May P Mendoza
- Institute of Mathematics, University of the Philippines Diliman, Quezon City, 1101, Philippines
| | - Jacob Lee
- Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Internal Medicine, Kangnam Sacred Heart Hospital, Hallym University College of Medicine, Seoul, 07441, South Korea
| | - Yubin Seo
- Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Internal Medicine, Kangnam Sacred Heart Hospital, Hallym University College of Medicine, Seoul, 07441, South Korea
| | - Eunok Jung
- Department of Mathematics, Konkuk University, Seoul, 05029, South Korea.
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Kyei-Arthur F, Agyekum MW, Afrifa-Anane GF, Larbi RT, Kisaakye P. Perceptions about COVID-19 preventive measures among Ghanaian women. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0284362. [PMID: 37043460 PMCID: PMC10096443 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0284362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2023] [Indexed: 04/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Though the advent of COVID-19 vaccines has significantly reduced severe morbidity and mortality, infection rates continue to rise. Therefore, adhering to COVID-19 preventive measures remains essential in the fight against the pandemic, particularly in Africa, where vaccination rates remain low. However, the perceived risk associated with COVID-19 and public education and awareness campaigns has waned over time. COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy is consistently high among women globally. This study, therefore, assessed the facilitators, and barriers to adherence to COVID-19 preventive measures. A qualitative descriptive study was conducted among Ghanaian women. Twenty-seven in-depth interviews were conducted with women in the Greater Accra and Ashanti regions. All interviews were audio-recorded and transcribed verbatim into English. The data were analysed using NVivo 10 software. While some participants found the use of face masks as the easiest, others found it as the most difficult. In addition, institutional and policy decisions such as access to water and the use of public transport impacted individual level adherence to preventive measures. In conclusion, the fight against COVID-19 is not over; hence public education and the provision of facilities that would enhance compliance with preventive measures should continue to be prioritised.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank Kyei-Arthur
- Department of Environment and Public Health, University of Environment and Sustainable Development, Somanya, Ghana
| | - Martin Wiredu Agyekum
- Institute for Educational Research and Innovation Studies, University of Education Winneba, Winneba, Ghana
| | - Grace Frempong Afrifa-Anane
- Department of Environment and Public Health, University of Environment and Sustainable Development, Somanya, Ghana
| | - Reuben Tete Larbi
- Regional Institute for Population Studies, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana
| | - Peter Kisaakye
- Department of Population Studies, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
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Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection remains asymptomatic in 33% to 90% of older adults depending on their immune status from prior infection, vaccination, and circulating strain. Older adults symptomatic with SARS-CoV-2 often both present atypically, such as with a blunted fever response, and develop more severe disease. Early and late reports showed that older adults have increased severity of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) with higher case fatality rates and higher intensive care needs compared with younger adults. Infection and vaccine-induced antibody response and long-term effects of COVID-19 also differ in older adults.
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32
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Townsend JP, Hassler HB, Dornburg A. Infection by SARS-CoV-2 with alternate frequencies of mRNA vaccine boosting. J Med Virol 2023; 95:e28461. [PMID: 36602045 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.28461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2022] [Revised: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 12/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
One of the most consequential unknowns of the COVID-19 pandemic is the frequency at which vaccine boosting provides sufficient protection from infection. We quantified the statistical likelihood of breakthrough infections over time following different boosting schedules with messenger RNA (mRNA)-1273 (Moderna) and BNT162b2 (Pfizer-BioNTech). We integrated anti-Spike IgG antibody optical densities with profiles of the waning of antibodies and corresponding probabilities of infection associated with coronavirus endemic transmission. Projecting antibody levels over time given boosting every 6 months, 1, 1.5, 2, or 3 years yielded respective probabilities of fending off infection over a 6-year span of >93%, 75%, 55%, 40%, and 24% (mRNA-1273) and >89%, 69%, 49%, 36%, and 23% (BNT162b2). Delaying the administration of updated boosters has bleak repercussions. It increases the probability of individual infection by SARS-CoV-2, and correspondingly, ongoing disease spread, prevalence, morbidity, hospitalization, and mortality. Instituting regular, population-wide booster vaccination updated to predominant variants has the potential to substantially forestall-and with global, widespread uptake, eliminate-COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey P Townsend
- Department of Biostatistics, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut, USA.,Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA.,Program in Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA.,Program in Microbiology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Hayley B Hassler
- Department of Biostatistics, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Alex Dornburg
- Department of Bioinformatics and Genomics, University of North Carolina, Charlotte, North Carolina, USA
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Spinardi JR, Srivastava A. Hybrid Immunity to SARS-CoV-2 from Infection and Vaccination-Evidence Synthesis and Implications for New COVID-19 Vaccines. Biomedicines 2023; 11:370. [PMID: 36830907 PMCID: PMC9953148 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11020370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2022] [Revised: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
COVID-19 has taken a severe toll on the global population through infections, hospitalizations, and deaths. Elucidating SARS-CoV-2 infection-derived immunity has led to the development of multiple effective COVID-19 vaccines and their implementation into mass-vaccination programs worldwide. After ~3 years, a substantial proportion of the human population possesses immunity from infection and/or vaccination. With waning immune protection over time against emerging SARS-CoV-2 variants, it is essential to understand the duration of protection, breadth of coverage, and effects on reinfection. This targeted review summarizes available research literature on SARS-CoV-2 infection-derived, vaccination-elicited, and hybrid immunity. Infection-derived immunity has shown 93-100% protection against severe COVID-19 outcomes for up to 8 months, but reinfection is observed with some virus variants. Vaccination elicits high levels of neutralizing antibodies and a breadth of CD4+ and CD8+ T-cell responses. Hybrid immunity enables strong, broad responses, with high-quality memory B cells generated at 5- to 10-fold higher levels, versus infection or vaccination alone and protection against symptomatic disease lasting for 6-8 months. SARS-CoV-2 evolution into more transmissible and immunologically divergent variants has necessitated the updating of COVID-19 vaccines. To ensure continued protection against SARS-CoV-2 variants, regulators and vaccine technical committees recommend variant-specific or bivalent vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia R. Spinardi
- Vaccine Medical Affairs—Emerging Markets, Pfizer Inc., Sao Paulo 04717-904, Brazil
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Aksyuk AA, Bansal H, Wilkins D, Stanley AM, Sproule S, Maaske J, Sanikommui S, Hartman WR, Sobieszczyk ME, Falsey AR, Kelly EJ. AZD1222-induced nasal antibody responses are shaped by prior SARS-CoV-2 infection and correlate with virologic outcomes in breakthrough infection. Cell Rep Med 2023; 4:100882. [PMID: 36610390 PMCID: PMC9750884 DOI: 10.1016/j.xcrm.2022.100882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2022] [Revised: 11/11/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The nasal mucosa is an important initial site of host defense against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection. However, intramuscularly administered vaccines typically do not achieve high antibody titers in the nasal mucosa. We measure anti-SARS-CoV-2 spike immunoglobulin G (IgG) and IgA in nasal epithelial lining fluid (NELF) following intramuscular vaccination of 3,058 participants from the immunogenicity substudy of a phase 3, double-blind, placebo-controlled study of AZD1222 vaccination (ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT04516746). IgG is detected in NELF collected 14 days following the first AZD1222 vaccination. IgG levels increase with a second vaccination and exceed pre-existing levels in baseline-SARS-CoV-2-seropositive participants. Nasal IgG responses are durable and display strong correlations with serum IgG, suggesting serum-to-NELF transudation. AZD1222 induces short-lived increases to pre-existing nasal IgA levels in baseline-seropositive vaccinees. Vaccinees display a robust recall IgG response upon breakthrough infection, with overall magnitudes unaffected by time between vaccination and illness. Mucosal responses correlate with reduced viral loads and shorter durations of viral shedding in saliva.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasia A Aksyuk
- Translational Medicine, Vaccines & Immune Therapies, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, MD 20878, USA
| | - Himanshu Bansal
- Biometrics, Vaccines & Immune Therapies, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, MD 20878, USA
| | - Deidre Wilkins
- Translational Medicine, Vaccines & Immune Therapies, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, MD 20878, USA
| | - Ann Marie Stanley
- Translational Medicine, Vaccines & Immune Therapies, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, MD 20878, USA
| | - Stephanie Sproule
- Biometrics, Vaccines & Immune Therapies, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, MD 20878, USA
| | - Jill Maaske
- Clinical Development, Vaccines & Immune Therapies, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, MD 20878, USA
| | - Satya Sanikommui
- Biometrics, Vaccines & Immune Therapies, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, MD 20878, USA
| | - William R Hartman
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53726, USA
| | - Magdalena E Sobieszczyk
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York Presbyterian/Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Ann R Falsey
- University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY 14642, USA; Rochester Regional Health, Rochester, NY 14621, USA.
| | - Elizabeth J Kelly
- Translational Medicine, Vaccines & Immune Therapies, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, MD 20878, USA.
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Erdik B. Antiviral treatment of COVID-19 is associated with lack of immune response. J Med Virol 2023; 95:e28233. [PMID: 36257836 PMCID: PMC9874897 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.28233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2022] [Revised: 10/13/2022] [Accepted: 10/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Baran Erdik
- CCM HealthBoard of AdvisorsBrooklynNew YorkUSA
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36
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Montes-González JA, Zaragoza-Jiménez CA, Antonio-Villa NE, Fermín-Martínez CA, Ramírez-García D, Vargas-Vázquez A, Gutiérrez-Vargas RI, García-Rodríguez G, López-Gatell H, Valdés-Ferrer SI, Bello-Chavolla OY. Protection of hybrid immunity against SARS-CoV-2 reinfection and severe COVID-19 during periods of Omicron variant predominance in Mexico. Front Public Health 2023; 11:1146059. [PMID: 37081954 PMCID: PMC10110947 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2023.1146059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 04/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Background With the widespread transmission of the Omicron SARS-CoV-2 variant, reinfections have become increasingly common. Here, we explored the role of immunity, primary infection severity, and variant predominance in the risk of reinfection and severe COVID-19 during Omicron predominance in Mexico. Methods We analyzed reinfections in Mexico in individuals with a primary infection separated by at least 90 days from reinfection using a national surveillance registry of SARS-CoV-2 cases from March 3rd, 2020, to August 13th, 2022. Immunity-generating events included primary infection, partial or complete vaccination, and booster vaccines. Reinfections were matched by age and sex with controls with primary SARS-CoV-2 infection and negative RT-PCR or antigen test at least 90 days after primary infection to explore reinfection and severe disease risk factors. We also compared the protective efficacy of heterologous and homologous vaccine boosters against reinfection. Results We detected 231,202 SARS-CoV-2 reinfections in Mexico, most occurring in unvaccinated individuals (41.55%). Over 207,623 reinfections occurred during periods of Omicron (89.8%), BA.1 (36.74%), and BA.5 (33.67%) subvariant predominance and a case-fatality rate of 0.22%. Vaccination protected against reinfection, without significant influence of the order of immunity-generating events and provided >90% protection against severe reinfections. Heterologous booster schedules were associated with ~11% and ~ 54% lower risk for reinfection and reinfection-associated severe COVID-19, respectively, modified by time-elapsed since the last immunity-generating event, when compared against complete primary schedules. Conclusion SARS-CoV-2 reinfections increased during Omicron predominance. Hybrid immunity provides protection against reinfection and associated severe COVID-19, with potential benefit from heterologous booster schedules.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Carlos A. Fermín-Martínez
- Dirección de Investigación, Instituto Nacional de Geriatría, Mexico City, Mexico
- MD/PhD (PECEM) Program, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Mexico, Mexico City, Mexico
| | | | - Arsenio Vargas-Vázquez
- MD/PhD (PECEM) Program, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Mexico, Mexico City, Mexico
| | | | | | - Hugo López-Gatell
- Subsecretaría de Prevención y Promoción de la Salud, Secretaría de Salud, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Sergio Iván Valdés-Ferrer
- Departamento de Neurología, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Omar Yaxmehen Bello-Chavolla
- Dirección de Investigación, Instituto Nacional de Geriatría, Mexico City, Mexico
- *Correspondence: Omar Yaxmehen Bello-Chavolla,
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Truszkowska A, Zino L, Butail S, Caroppo E, Jiang Z, Rizzo A, Porfiri M. Exploring a COVID-19 Endemic Scenario: High-Resolution Agent-Based Modeling of Multiple Variants. ADVANCED THEORY AND SIMULATIONS 2023; 6:2200481. [PMID: 36718198 PMCID: PMC9878004 DOI: 10.1002/adts.202200481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2022] [Revised: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Our efforts as a society to combat the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic are continuously challenged by the emergence of new variants. These variants can be more infectious than existing strains and many of them are also more resistant to available vaccines. The appearance of these new variants cause new surges of infections, exacerbated by infrastructural difficulties, such as shortages of medical personnel or test kits. In this work, a high-resolution computational framework for modeling the simultaneous spread of two COVID-19 variants: a widely spread base variant and a new one, is established. The computational framework consists of a detailed database of a representative U.S. town and a high-resolution agent-based model that uses the Omicron variant as the base variant and offers flexibility in the incorporation of new variants. The results suggest that the spread of new variants can be contained with highly efficacious tests and mild loss of vaccine protection. However, the aggressiveness of the ongoing Omicron variant and the current waning vaccine immunity point to an endemic phase of COVID-19, in which multiple variants will coexist and residents continue to suffer from infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Truszkowska
- Center for Urban Science and ProgressTandon School of EngineeringNew York University370 Jay StreetBrooklynNY11201USA
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace EngineeringTandon School of EngineeringNew York UniversitySix MetroTech CenterBrooklynNY11201USA
- Department of Chemical and Materials EngineeringUniversity of Alabama in Huntsville301 Sparkman DriveHuntsvilleAL35899USA
| | - Lorenzo Zino
- Engineering and Technology Institute GroningenUniversity of GroningenNijenborgh 4GroningenAG9747The Netherlands
- Department of Electronics and TelecommunicationsPolitecnico di TorinoCorso Duca degli Abruzzi 24Turin10129Italy
| | - Sachit Butail
- Department of Mechanical EngineeringNorthern Illinois UniversityDeKalbIL60115USA
| | - Emanuele Caroppo
- Department of Mental HealthLocal Health Unit ROMA 2Rome00159Italy
- University Research Center He.R.A.Université Cattolica del Sacro CuoreRome00168Italy
| | - Zhong‐Ping Jiang
- Department of Electrical and Computer EngineeringTandon School of EngineeringNew York University370 Jay StreetBrooklynNY11201USA
| | - Alessandro Rizzo
- Department of Electronics and TelecommunicationsPolitecnico di TorinoCorso Duca degli Abruzzi 24Turin10129Italy
- Institute for InventionInnovation and EntrepreneurshipTandon School of EngineeringNew York UniversitySix MetroTech CenterBrooklynNY11201USA
| | - Maurizio Porfiri
- Center for Urban Science and ProgressTandon School of EngineeringNew York University370 Jay StreetBrooklynNY11201USA
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace EngineeringTandon School of EngineeringNew York UniversitySix MetroTech CenterBrooklynNY11201USA
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringTandon School of EngineeringNew York UniversitySix MetroTech CenterBrooklynNY11201USA
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Halfon P, Jordana S, Blachier S, Cartlamy P, Kbaier L, Psomas CK, Philibert P, Antoniotti G, Allemand-Sourrieu J, Rebaudet S, Cavaille G, Stavris C, Retornaz F, Chiche L, Penaranda G. Anti-spike protein to determine SARS-CoV-2 antibody levels: Is there a specific threshold conferring protection in immunocompromised patients? PLoS One 2023; 18:e0281257. [PMID: 37115758 PMCID: PMC10146437 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0281257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Identifying a specific threshold level of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies that confers protection in immunocompromised patients has been very challenging. The aim was to assess the threshold of 264 binding antibody units (BAU)/ml using four different SARS-CoV-2 antibody assays (Abbott, Beckman, Roche, and Siemens) and to establish a new optimal threshold of protection for each of the four antibody assays. METHODS This study was performed on data retrieved from 69 individuals, who received at least one dose of the Pfizer/BioNTech BNT162b2 or Moderna COVID-19 vaccine (Spikevax) at the Alphabio Laboratory in Marseille, France (European Hospital, Alphabio-Biogroup). The results were compared to the percent inhibition calculated using a functional surrogate of a standardized virus neutralization test (Genscript). RESULTS Samples from 69 patients were analyzed. For a reference cutoff of 264 BAU/ml, assays showed moderate to good overall concordance with Genscript: 87% concordance for Abbott, 78% for Beckman, 75% for Roche, and 88% for Siemens. Overall concordance increased consistently after applying new thresholds, i.e., 148 BAU/ml (Abbott), 48 (Beckman), 559 (Roche), and 270 (Siemens). CONCLUSION We suggest specific adjusted thresholds (BAU/ml) for the four commercial antibody assays that are used to assess pre-exposure prophylaxis in immunocompromised patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippe Halfon
- Laboratoire Alphabio-Biogroup, Marseille, France
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Internal Medicine, Hôpital Européen, Marseille, France
| | | | | | | | | | - Christina K Psomas
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Internal Medicine, Hôpital Européen, Marseille, France
| | - Patrick Philibert
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Internal Medicine, Hôpital Européen, Marseille, France
| | | | - Julie Allemand-Sourrieu
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Internal Medicine, Hôpital Européen, Marseille, France
| | - Stanislas Rebaudet
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Internal Medicine, Hôpital Européen, Marseille, France
| | - Guilhem Cavaille
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Internal Medicine, Hôpital Européen, Marseille, France
| | - Chloé Stavris
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Internal Medicine, Hôpital Européen, Marseille, France
| | - Frédérique Retornaz
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Internal Medicine, Hôpital Européen, Marseille, France
| | - Laurent Chiche
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Internal Medicine, Hôpital Européen, Marseille, France
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Suarez-Cabello C, Valdivia E, Vergara-Buenaventura A. Clinical-Epidemiological Profile of Dental Professionals Associated with COVID-19 Infection in Southern Peru: A Cross-Sectional Study. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 20:672. [PMID: 36612988 PMCID: PMC9819377 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20010672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 12/23/2022] [Accepted: 12/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Dental professionals have been identified as being at high risk for COVID-19 infection due to close contact with patients and the nature of dental treatments. However, the prevalence of infected dentists in Peru has not been determined. An online electronic survey was sent to dentists registered with the College of Dentists of Arequipa to collect sociodemographic data, medical conditions, and employment characteristics during the COVID-19 pandemic. The clinical characteristics and adverse effects of dentists diagnosed with COVID-19 were also recorded. The overall prevalence of COVID-19 infection was 44%. The highest number of diagnosed patients ranged in age from 31 to 40 years (n = 111; 48.9%). A total of 45.9% of female and 41.6% of male dentists were diagnosed with COVID-19 (p = 0.425). A relationship was found between the district of origin and infection, and dentists working in the public sector during 2021 showed a greater trend of becoming infected (57.6%) (p < 0.05). The antigen swab test was the diagnostic test most frequently used (38%), and cough was the symptom most reported. Only 0.6% reported being hospitalized, 10.6% reported needing oxygen during hospitalization, and 0.6% were admitted to an intensive care unit. As in previous studies in other countries, the rate of COVID-19 infection among Peruvian dentists is high. It is recommended that dentists carry out infection control measures while ministries of health and dental associations take measures to ensure their safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Suarez-Cabello
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Cientifica del Sur, Panamericana Sur Km 19, Villa, Lima 15067, Peru
| | - Erick Valdivia
- Department of Periodontology, School of Dentistry, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre 91501-970, Brazil
- Sección de Periodoncia e Implantes, Departamento de Estomatología, Hospital Central de la Fuerza Aérea del Perú, Miraflores 15046, Peru
| | - Andrea Vergara-Buenaventura
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Cientifica del Sur, Panamericana Sur Km 19, Villa, Lima 15067, Peru
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Piazza MF, Amicizia D, Marchini F, Astengo M, Grammatico F, Battaglini A, Sticchi C, Paganino C, Lavieri R, Andreoli GB, Orsi A, Icardi G, Ansaldi F. Who Is at Higher Risk of SARS-CoV-2 Reinfection? Results from a Northern Region of Italy. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:vaccines10111885. [PMID: 36366393 PMCID: PMC9692964 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10111885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2022] [Revised: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 11/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The SARS-CoV-2 pandemic continues to spread worldwide, generating a high impact on healthcare systems. The aim of the study was to examine the epidemiological burden of SARS-CoV-2 reinfections and to identify potential related risk factors. A retrospective observational study was conducted in Liguria Region, combining data from National Vaccines Registry and Regional Chronic Condition Data Warehouse. In the study period (September 2021 to May 2022), 335,117 cases of SARS-CoV-2 infection were recorded in Liguria, of which 15,715 were reinfected once. During the Omicron phase (which predominated from 3 January 2022), the risk of reinfection was 4.89 times higher (p < 0.001) than during the Delta phase. Unvaccinated and vaccinated individuals with at least one dose for more than 120 days were at increased risk of reinfection compared with vaccinated individuals with at least one dose for ≤120 days, respectively (odds ratio (OR) of 1.26, p < 0.001; OR of 1.18, p < 0.001). Healthcare workers were more than twice as likely to be reinfected than non-healthcare workers (OR of 2.38, p < 0.001). Lower ORs were seen among people aged 60 to 79 years. Two doses or more of vaccination were found to be protective against the risk of reinfection rather than a single dose (mRNA vaccines: OR of 0.06, p < 0.0001, and OR of 0.1, p < 0.0001; vector vaccines: OR of 0.05, p < 0.0001). Patients with chronic renal failure, cardiovascular disease, bronchopneumopathy, neuropathy and autoimmune diseases were at increased risk of reinfection (OR of 1.38, p = 0.0003; OR of 1.09, p < 0.0296; OR of 1.14, p = 0.0056; OR of 1.78, p < 0.0001; OR of 1.18, p = 0.0205). Estimating the epidemiological burden of SARS-CoV-2 reinfections and the role played by risk factors in reinfections is relevant for identifying risk-based preventive strategies in a pandemic context characterized by a high circulation of the virus and a high rate of pathogen mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Francesca Piazza
- Regional Health Agency of Liguria (ALiSa), 16121 Genoa, Italy
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-010-548-4680
| | - Daniela Amicizia
- Regional Health Agency of Liguria (ALiSa), 16121 Genoa, Italy
- Department of Health Sciences (DiSSal), University of Genoa, 16132 Genoa, Italy
| | - Francesca Marchini
- Regional Health Agency of Liguria (ALiSa), 16121 Genoa, Italy
- Department of Health Sciences (DiSSal), University of Genoa, 16132 Genoa, Italy
| | - Matteo Astengo
- Regional Health Agency of Liguria (ALiSa), 16121 Genoa, Italy
| | - Federico Grammatico
- Regional Health Agency of Liguria (ALiSa), 16121 Genoa, Italy
- Department of Health Sciences (DiSSal), University of Genoa, 16132 Genoa, Italy
| | - Alberto Battaglini
- Regional Health Agency of Liguria (ALiSa), 16121 Genoa, Italy
- Department of Health Sciences (DiSSal), University of Genoa, 16132 Genoa, Italy
| | - Camilla Sticchi
- Regional Health Agency of Liguria (ALiSa), 16121 Genoa, Italy
| | - Chiara Paganino
- Regional Health Agency of Liguria (ALiSa), 16121 Genoa, Italy
| | - Rosa Lavieri
- Regional Health Agency of Liguria (ALiSa), 16121 Genoa, Italy
| | | | - Andrea Orsi
- Department of Health Sciences (DiSSal), University of Genoa, 16132 Genoa, Italy
- Hygiene Unit, San Martino Policlinico Hospital, IRCCS for Oncology and Neurosciences, 16132 Genoa, Italy
| | - Giancarlo Icardi
- Department of Health Sciences (DiSSal), University of Genoa, 16132 Genoa, Italy
- Hygiene Unit, San Martino Policlinico Hospital, IRCCS for Oncology and Neurosciences, 16132 Genoa, Italy
| | - Filippo Ansaldi
- Regional Health Agency of Liguria (ALiSa), 16121 Genoa, Italy
- Department of Health Sciences (DiSSal), University of Genoa, 16132 Genoa, Italy
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Panahi Y, Einollahi B, Beiraghdar F, Darvishi M, Fathi S, Javanbakht M, Shafiee S, Akhavan-Sigari R. Fully understanding the efficacy profile of the COVID-19 vaccination and its associated factors in multiple real-world settings. Front Immunol 2022; 13:947602. [PMID: 36389777 PMCID: PMC9641184 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.947602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
We performed a review study according to recent COVID-19 vaccines' real-world data to provide comparisons between COVID-19 vaccines regarding their relative efficacy. Although most vaccine platforms showed comparable effectiveness and efficacy, we highlight critical points and recent developments generated in studies that might affect vaccine efficacy including population-dependent effects of the vaccine (transplantation, adiposity, and specific comorbidities, as well as older age, male sex, ethnicity, and prior infection), vaccine type, variants of concern (VOC), and an extended vaccine schedule. Owing to these factors, community-based trials can be of great importance in determining vaccine effectiveness in a systematic manner; thus, uncertainty remains regarding vaccine efficacy. Long immune protection of vaccination with BNT162b2 or ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 has been demonstrated to be up to 61 months and 5-12 months after the previous infection, and boosting infection-acquired immunity for both the first and second doses of the BNT162b2 and ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccines was correlated with high and durable protection. However, large cohort and longitudinal studies are required for the evaluation of immunity dynamics and longevity in unvaccinated, vaccinated, and infected individuals, as well as vaccinated convalescent individuals in real-world settings. Regarding the likelihood of vaccine escape variants evolving, an ongoing examination of the protection conferred against an evolving virus (new variant) by an extended schedule can be crucial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunes Panahi
- Pharmacotherapy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Behzad Einollahi
- Nephrology and Urology Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Beiraghdar
- Nephrology and Urology Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Darvishi
- Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine Research Center (IDTMRC), Department of Aerospace and Subaquatic Medicine, AJA University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Saeid Fathi
- Department of Parasite Vaccine Research and Production, Razi Vaccine and Serum Research Institute, Agriculture Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Karaj, Iran
| | - Mohammad Javanbakht
- Nephrology and Urology Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sepehr Shafiee
- Department of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Reza Akhavan-Sigari
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Medical Center Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
- Department of Health Care Management and Clinical Research, Collegium Humanum Warsaw Management University, Warsaw, Poland
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Kotsiou OS, Karakousis N, Papagiannis D, Matsiatsiou E, Avgeri D, Fradelos EC, Siachpazidou DI, Perlepe G, Miziou A, Kyritsis A, Gogou E, Vavougios GD, Kalantzis G, Gourgoulianis KI. The Comparative Superiority of SARS-CoV-2 Antibody Response in Different Immunization Scenarios. J Pers Med 2022; 12:jpm12111756. [PMID: 36573718 PMCID: PMC9698429 DOI: 10.3390/jpm12111756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Revised: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 10/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Both SARS-CoV-2 infection and/or vaccination result in the production of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies. We aimed to compare the antibody titers against SARS-CoV-2 in different scenarios for antibody production. Methods: A surveillance program was conducted in the municipality of Deskati in January 2022. Antibody titers were obtained from 145 participants while parallel recording their infection and/or vaccination history. The SARS-CoV-2 IgG II Quant method (Architect, Abbott, IL, USA) was used for antibody testing. Results: Advanced age (>56 years old) was associated with higher antibody titers. No significant differences were detected in antibody titers among genders, BMI, smoking status, comorbidities, vaccine brands, and months after the last dose. Hospitalization length and re-infection were predictors of antibody titers. The individuals who were fully or partially vaccinated and were also double infected had the highest antibody levels (25,017 ± 1500 AU/mL), followed by people who were fully vaccinated (20,647 ± 500 AU/mL) or/partially (15,808 ± 1800 AU/mL) vaccinated and were infected once. People who were only vaccinated had lower levels of antibodies (9946 ± 300 AU/mL), while the lowest levels among all groups were found in individuals who had only been infected (1124 ± 200 AU/mL). Conclusions: Every hit (infection or vaccination) gives an additional boost to immunization status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ourania S. Kotsiou
- Faculty of Nursing, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, GAIOPOLIS, 41110 Larissa, Greece
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, BIOPOLIS, 41110 Larissa, Greece
- Correspondence: or
| | - Nikolaos Karakousis
- Primary Healthcare, Internal Medicine Department, Amarousion, 15125 Athens, Greece
| | - Dimitrios Papagiannis
- Public Health & Vaccines Lab, Department of Nursing, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, GAIOPOLIS, 41110 Larissa, Greece
| | - Elena Matsiatsiou
- Faculty of Nursing, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, GAIOPOLIS, 41110 Larissa, Greece
| | - Dimitra Avgeri
- Faculty of Nursing, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, GAIOPOLIS, 41110 Larissa, Greece
| | - Evangelos C. Fradelos
- Faculty of Nursing, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, GAIOPOLIS, 41110 Larissa, Greece
| | - Dimitra I. Siachpazidou
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, BIOPOLIS, 41110 Larissa, Greece
| | - Garifallia Perlepe
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, BIOPOLIS, 41110 Larissa, Greece
| | - Angeliki Miziou
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, BIOPOLIS, 41110 Larissa, Greece
| | - Athanasios Kyritsis
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, BIOPOLIS, 41110 Larissa, Greece
| | - Eudoxia Gogou
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, BIOPOLIS, 41110 Larissa, Greece
| | - George D. Vavougios
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, BIOPOLIS, 41110 Larissa, Greece
| | - George Kalantzis
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, BIOPOLIS, 41110 Larissa, Greece
| | - Konstantinos I. Gourgoulianis
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, BIOPOLIS, 41110 Larissa, Greece
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Thümmler L, Konik M, Lindemann M, Fisenkci N, Koldehoff M, Gäckler A, Horn PA, Theodoropoulos F, Taube C, Zettler M, Anastasiou OE, Braß P, Jansen S, Witzke O, Rohn H, Krawczyk A. Long-term cellular immune response in immunocompromised unvaccinated COVID-19 patients undergoing monoclonal antibody treatment. Front Immunol 2022; 13:980698. [PMID: 36311723 PMCID: PMC9606643 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.980698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunocompromised patients are at increased risk for a severe course of COVID-19. Treatment of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection with anti-SARS-CoV-2 monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) has become widely accepted. However, the effects of mAb treatment on the long-term primary cellular response to SARS-CoV-2 are unknown. In the following study, we investigated the long-term cellular immune responses to SARS-CoV-2 Spike S1, Membrane (M) and Nucleocapsid (N) antigens using the ELISpot assay in unvaccinated, mAb-treated immunocompromised high-risk patients. Anti-SARS-CoV-2 mAb untreated though vaccinated COVID-19 immunocompromised patients, vaccinated SARS-CoV-2 immunocompromised patients without COVID-19 and vaccinated healthy control subjects served as control groups. The cellular immune response was determined at a median of 5 months after SARS-CoV-2 infection. Our data suggest that immunocompromised patients develop an endogenous long-term cellular immune response after COVID-19, although at low levels. A better understanding of the cellular immune response will help guide clinical decision making for these vulnerable patient cohorts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Thümmler
- Department of Infectious Diseases, West German Centre of Infectious Diseases, University Medicine Essen, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
- Institute for Transfusion Medicine, University Medicine Essen, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Margarethe Konik
- Department of Infectious Diseases, West German Centre of Infectious Diseases, University Medicine Essen, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Monika Lindemann
- Institute for Transfusion Medicine, University Medicine Essen, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Neslinur Fisenkci
- Institute for Transfusion Medicine, University Medicine Essen, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Michael Koldehoff
- Department of Hematology and Stem Cell Transplantation, University Medicine Essen, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
- Department of Hygiene and Environmental Medicine, University Medicine Essen, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Anja Gäckler
- Department of Nephrology, University Medicine Essen, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Peter A. Horn
- Institute for Transfusion Medicine, University Medicine Essen, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Fotis Theodoropoulos
- Department of Pneumology, University Medicine Essen-Ruhrlandklinik, University Duisburg- Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Christian Taube
- Department of Pneumology, University Medicine Essen-Ruhrlandklinik, University Duisburg- Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Markus Zettler
- Department of Infectious Diseases, West German Centre of Infectious Diseases, University Medicine Essen, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Olympia Evdoxia Anastasiou
- Institute for Virology, University Medicine Essen, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Peer Braß
- Department of Infectious Diseases, West German Centre of Infectious Diseases, University Medicine Essen, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Sarah Jansen
- Department of Infectious Diseases, West German Centre of Infectious Diseases, University Medicine Essen, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Oliver Witzke
- Department of Infectious Diseases, West German Centre of Infectious Diseases, University Medicine Essen, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Hana Rohn
- Department of Infectious Diseases, West German Centre of Infectious Diseases, University Medicine Essen, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
- *Correspondence: Adalbert Krawczyk, ; Hana Rohn,
| | - Adalbert Krawczyk
- Department of Infectious Diseases, West German Centre of Infectious Diseases, University Medicine Essen, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
- Institute for Virology, University Medicine Essen, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
- *Correspondence: Adalbert Krawczyk, ; Hana Rohn,
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Solomon M, Liang C. Human coronaviruses: The emergence of SARS-CoV-2 and management of COVID-19. Virus Res 2022; 319:198882. [PMID: 35934258 PMCID: PMC9351210 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2022.198882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2022] [Revised: 07/28/2022] [Accepted: 07/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
To date, a total of seven human coronaviruses (HCoVs) have been identified, all of which are important respiratory pathogens. Recently, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the causative agent of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), has led to a global pandemic causing millions of infections and deaths. Here, we summarize the discovery and fundamental virology of HCoVs, discuss their zoonotic transmission and highlight the weak species barrier of SARS-CoV-2. We also discuss the possible origins of SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern identified to date and discuss the experimental challenges in characterizing mutations of interest and propose methods to circumvent them. As the COVID-19 treatment and prevention landscape rapidly evolves, we summarize current therapeutics and vaccines, and their implications on SARS-CoV-2 variants. Finally, we explore how interspecies transmission of SARS-CoV-2 may drive the emergence of novel strains, how disease severity may evolve and how COVID-19 will likely continue to burden healthcare systems globally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magan Solomon
- Lady Davis Institute, Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Chen Liang
- Lady Davis Institute, Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
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Mukerjee N, Maitra S, Das P, Malik S, Alexiou A, Ghosh A. Omicron with threatened antagonistic consequences and are convoyed by new fangled risks - Correspondence. Int J Surg 2022; 106:106947. [PMID: 36152924 PMCID: PMC9492386 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijsu.2022.106947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2022] [Accepted: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nobendu Mukerjee
- Department of Microbiology, Ramakrishna Mission Vivekananda Centenary College, West Bengal, Kolkata, 700118, India; Department of Health Sciences, Novel Global Community Educational Foundation, Australia.
| | | | - Padmashree Das
- Centre of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Dibrugarh University, Assam, 786004, India.
| | - Sumira Malik
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Jharkhand, India.
| | - Athanasios Alexiou
- Department of Science and Engineering, Novel Global Community Educational Foundation, Australia & AFNP Med, Wien, Austria.
| | - Arabinda Ghosh
- Microbiology Division, Department of Botany, Gauhati University, Guwahati, Assam, 781014, India.
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O'Carroll JE, Zucco L, Warwick E, Arbane G, Moonesinghe R, El-Boghdadly K, Guo N, Carvalho B, Sultan P. Obstetric services in the UK during the COVID-19 pandemic: A national survey. Anaesth Crit Care Pain Med 2022; 41:101137. [PMID: 35914704 PMCID: PMC9335395 DOI: 10.1016/j.accpm.2022.101137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Revised: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 06/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The management of obstetric patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) due to human-to-human transmission of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) requires unique considerations. Many aspects of labour and delivery practice required adaptation in response to the global pandemic and were supported by guidelines from the Royal College of Obstetrics and Gynaecologists. The adoption and adherence to these guidelines is unknown. METHODS Participating centres in "Quality of Recovery in Obstetric Anaesthesia study-a multicentre study" (ObsQoR) completed an electronic survey based on the provision of services and care related to COVID-19 in October 2021. The survey was designed against the Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists COVID-19 guidelines. RESULTS One hundred and five of the 107 participating centres completed the survey (98% response rate representing 54% of all UK obstetric units). The median [IQR] annual number of deliveries among the included sites was 4389 [3000-5325]. Ninety-nine of the 103 (94.3%) sites had guidelines for the management of peripartum women with COVID-19. Sixty-one of 105 (58.1%) sites had specific guidance for venous thromboembolism (VTE) prophylaxis. Thirty-seven of 104 (35.6%) centres restricted parturient birthing plans if a positive diagnosis of COVID-19 was made. A COVID-19 vaccination referral pathway encouraging full vaccination for all pregnant women was present in 63/103 centres (61.2%). CONCLUSION We found variability in care delivered and adherence to guidelines related to COVID-19. The clinical implications for this related to quality of peripartum care is unclear, however there remains scope to improve pathways for immunisation, birth plans and VTE prophylaxis.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Edward O'Carroll
- Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.
| | - Liana Zucco
- Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | | | - Gill Arbane
- Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Ramani Moonesinghe
- Surgical Outcomes Research Centre, Centre for Peri-Operative Medicine, University College London, London, UK
| | | | - N Guo
- Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Brendan Carvalho
- Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Pervez Sultan
- Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
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47
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Mahla RS, Dustin LB. Lessons from a large-scale COVID-19 vaccine trial. J Clin Invest 2022; 132:163202. [PMID: 36106630 PMCID: PMC9473721 DOI: 10.1172/jci163202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Global vaccination coverage remains indispensable in combatting the ongoing SARS-CoV-2 pandemic. Safety, efficacy, and durability of immune protection are the key parameters of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and are essential for vaccine approvals, global distribution, and comprehensive population-vaccination programs. Immune protection from either vaccination or natural infection decreases over time, further challenged by rapid viral evolution. In this issue of the JCI, Sobieszczyk and colleagues report an update on the safety, efficacy, and durability of immune protection of AZD12222 in a large-scale, multinational, Phase III RCT. They report that protection lasted through 6 months, with immunity waning after 180 days. The study also highlights challenges facing vaccine trials, including the need for early unblinding for vulnerable participants, which may affect outcome measurements. Another challenge is to ensure fair representation of marginalized and minority ethnic groups in vaccine safety and efficacy studies worldwide.
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48
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Yu ED, Narowski TM, Wang E, Garrigan E, Mateus J, Frazier A, Weiskopf D, Grifoni A, Premkumar L, da Silva Antunes R, Sette A. Immunological memory to common cold coronaviruses assessed longitudinally over a three-year period pre-COVID19 pandemic. Cell Host Microbe 2022; 30:1269-1278.e4. [PMID: 35932763 PMCID: PMC9296686 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2022.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Revised: 06/12/2022] [Accepted: 07/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
The immune memory to common cold coronaviruses (CCCs) influences SARS-CoV-2 infection outcome, and understanding its effect is crucial for pan-coronavirus vaccine development. We performed a longitudinal analysis of pre-COVID19-pandemic samples from 2016-2019 in young adults and assessed CCC-specific CD4+ T cell and antibody responses. Notably, CCC responses were commonly detected with comparable frequencies as with other common antigens and were sustained over time. CCC-specific CD4+ T cell responses were associated with low HLA-DR+CD38+ signals, and their magnitude did not correlate with yearly CCC infection prevalence. Similarly, CCC-specific and spike RBD-specific IgG responses were stable in time. Finally, high CCC-specific CD4+ T cell reactivity, but not antibody titers, was associated with pre-existing SARS-CoV-2 immunity. These results provide a valuable reference for understanding the immune response to endemic coronaviruses and suggest that steady and sustained CCC responses are likely from a stable pool of memory CD4+ T cells due to repeated earlier exposures and possibly occasional reinfections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esther Dawen Yu
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology (LJI), La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Tara M Narowski
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7290, USA
| | - Eric Wang
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology (LJI), La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Emily Garrigan
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology (LJI), La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Jose Mateus
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology (LJI), La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - April Frazier
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology (LJI), La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Daniela Weiskopf
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology (LJI), La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Alba Grifoni
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology (LJI), La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Lakshmanane Premkumar
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7290, USA
| | - Ricardo da Silva Antunes
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology (LJI), La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
| | - Alessandro Sette
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology (LJI), La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and Global Public Health, University of California, San Diego (UCSD), La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
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49
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Faizo AA, Qashqari FS, El‐Kafrawy SA, Barasheed O, Almashjary MN, Alfelali M, Bawazir AA, Albarakati BM, Khayyat SA, Hassan AM, Alandijany TA, Azhar EI. A potential association between obesity and reduced effectiveness of COVID-19 vaccine-induced neutralizing humoral immunity. J Med Virol 2022; 95:e28130. [PMID: 36068377 PMCID: PMC9539352 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.28130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2022] [Revised: 08/05/2022] [Accepted: 09/04/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Due to the adverse effects of obesity on host immunity, this study investigated the effectiveness of COVID-19 vaccines (BNT162b2, ChAdOx-nCov-2019, and mRNA-1273) in inducing anti-SARS-CoV-2 Spike (S) neutralizing antibodies among individuals with various obesity classes (class I, II, III, and super obesity). Sera from vaccinated obese individuals (n = 73) and normal BMI controls (n = 46) were subjected to S-based enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and serum-neutralization test (SNT) to determine the prevalence and titer of anti-SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing antibodies. Nucleocapsid-ELISA was also utilized to distinguish between immunity acquired via vaccination only versus vaccination plus recovery from infection. Data were linked to participant demographics including age, gender, past COVID-19 diagnosis, and COVID-19 vaccination profile. S-based ELISA demonstrated high seroprevalence rates (>97%) in the study and control groups whether samples with evidence of past infection were included or excluded. Interestingly, however, SNT demonstrated a slightly significant reduction in both the rate and titer of anti-SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing antibodies among vaccinated obese individuals (60/73; 82.19%) compared to controls (45/46; 97.83%). The observed reduction in COVID-19 vaccine-induced neutralizing humoral immunity among obese individuals occurs independently of gender, recovery from past infection, and period from last vaccination. Our data suggest that COVID-19 vaccines are highly effective in inducing protective humoral immunity. This effectiveness, however, is potentially reduced among obese individuals which highlight the importance of booster doses to improve their neutralizing immunity. Further investigations on larger sample size remain necessary to comprehensively conclude about the effect of obesity on COVID-19 vaccine effectiveness on humoral immunity induction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arwa A. Faizo
- Special Infectious Agents Unit, King Fahd Medical Research CenterKing Abdulaziz UniversityJeddahSaudi Arabia,Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Applied Medical SciencesKing Abdulaziz UniversityJeddahSaudi Arabia
| | - Fadi S. Qashqari
- Special Infectious Agents Unit, King Fahd Medical Research CenterKing Abdulaziz UniversityJeddahSaudi Arabia,Department of Microbiology, College of MedicineUmm Al‐Qura UniversityMakkahSaudi Arabia
| | - Sherif A. El‐Kafrawy
- Special Infectious Agents Unit, King Fahd Medical Research CenterKing Abdulaziz UniversityJeddahSaudi Arabia,Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Applied Medical SciencesKing Abdulaziz UniversityJeddahSaudi Arabia
| | - Osamah Barasheed
- Department of Research and InnovationKing Abdullah Medical CityMakkahSaudi Arabia
| | - Majed N. Almashjary
- Special Infectious Agents Unit, King Fahd Medical Research CenterKing Abdulaziz UniversityJeddahSaudi Arabia,Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Applied Medical SciencesKing Abdulaziz UniversityJeddahSaudi Arabia,Hematology Unit, King Fahd Medical Research CenterKing Abdulaziz UniversityJeddahSaudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed Alfelali
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, Faculty of MedicineKing Abdulaziz UniversityRabighSaudi Arabia
| | - Asma A. Bawazir
- Special Infectious Agents Unit, King Fahd Medical Research CenterKing Abdulaziz UniversityJeddahSaudi Arabia,Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Applied Medical SciencesKing Abdulaziz UniversityJeddahSaudi Arabia
| | - Boshra M. Albarakati
- Department of Microbiology, College of MedicineUmm Al‐Qura UniversityMakkahSaudi Arabia
| | - Soud A. Khayyat
- Department of Microbiology, College of MedicineUmm Al‐Qura UniversityMakkahSaudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed M. Hassan
- Special Infectious Agents Unit, King Fahd Medical Research CenterKing Abdulaziz UniversityJeddahSaudi Arabia,Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Applied Medical SciencesKing Abdulaziz UniversityJeddahSaudi Arabia
| | - Thamir A. Alandijany
- Special Infectious Agents Unit, King Fahd Medical Research CenterKing Abdulaziz UniversityJeddahSaudi Arabia,Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Applied Medical SciencesKing Abdulaziz UniversityJeddahSaudi Arabia
| | - Esam I. Azhar
- Special Infectious Agents Unit, King Fahd Medical Research CenterKing Abdulaziz UniversityJeddahSaudi Arabia,Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Applied Medical SciencesKing Abdulaziz UniversityJeddahSaudi Arabia
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50
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Kantauskaite M, Müller L, Hillebrandt J, Lamberti J, Fischer S, Kolb T, Ivens K, Koch M, Andree M, Lübke N, Schmitz M, Luedde T, Orth HM, Feldt T, Schaal H, Adams O, Schmidt C, Kittel M, Königshausen E, Rump LC, Timm J, Stegbauer J. Immune response to third SARS-CoV-2 vaccination in seronegative kidney transplant recipients: Possible improvement by mycophenolate mofetil reduction. Clin Transplant 2022; 36:e14790. [PMID: 35997031 PMCID: PMC9539238 DOI: 10.1111/ctr.14790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2022] [Revised: 07/07/2022] [Accepted: 08/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Modification of vaccination strategies is necessary to improve the immune response to SARS-CoV-2 vaccination in kidney transplant recipients (KTRs). This multicenter observational study analyzed the effects of the third SARS-CoV-2 vaccination in previously seronegative KTRs with the focus on temporary mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) dose reduction within propensity matched KTRs. 56 out of 174 (32%) previously seronegative KTRs became seropositive after the third vaccination with only three KTRs developing neutralizing antibodies against the omicron variant. Multivariate logistic regression revealed that initial antibody levels, graft function, time after transplantation and MMF trough levels had an influence on seroconversion (P < .05). After controlling for confounders, the effect of MMF dose reduction before the third vaccination was calculated using propensity score matching. KTRs with a dose reduction of ≥33% showed a significant decrease in MMF trough levels to 1.8 (1.2-2.5) μg/ml and were more likely to seroconvert than matched controls (P = .02). Therefore, a MMF dose reduction of 33% or more before vaccination is a promising approach to improve success of SARS-CoV-2 vaccination in KTRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Kantauskaite
- Department of NephrologyMedical FacultyUniversity Hospital DüsseldorfHeinrich‐Heine‐University DüsseldorfDüsseldorfGermany
| | - Lisa Müller
- Institute of VirologyMedical FacultyUniversity Hospital DüsseldorfHeinrich‐Heine‐University DüsseldorfDüsseldorfGermany
| | - Jonas Hillebrandt
- Department of NephrologyMedical FacultyUniversity Hospital DüsseldorfHeinrich‐Heine‐University DüsseldorfDüsseldorfGermany
| | - Joshua Lamberti
- Department of NephrologyMedical FacultyUniversity Hospital DüsseldorfHeinrich‐Heine‐University DüsseldorfDüsseldorfGermany
| | - Svenja Fischer
- Department of NephrologyMedical FacultyUniversity Hospital DüsseldorfHeinrich‐Heine‐University DüsseldorfDüsseldorfGermany
| | - Thilo Kolb
- Department of NephrologyMedical FacultyUniversity Hospital DüsseldorfHeinrich‐Heine‐University DüsseldorfDüsseldorfGermany,KfH Kuratorium für Dialyse und Nierentransplantation e.VKfH‐Nierenzentrum Moorenstrasse 5DüsseldorfGermany
| | - Katrin Ivens
- Department of NephrologyMedical FacultyUniversity Hospital DüsseldorfHeinrich‐Heine‐University DüsseldorfDüsseldorfGermany,KfH Kuratorium für Dialyse und Nierentransplantation e.VKfH‐Nierenzentrum Moorenstrasse 5DüsseldorfGermany
| | - Michael Koch
- Medizinisches VersorgungszentrumNephrocare MettmannMettmannGermany
| | - Marcel Andree
- Institute of VirologyMedical FacultyUniversity Hospital DüsseldorfHeinrich‐Heine‐University DüsseldorfDüsseldorfGermany
| | - Nadine Lübke
- Institute of VirologyMedical FacultyUniversity Hospital DüsseldorfHeinrich‐Heine‐University DüsseldorfDüsseldorfGermany
| | - Michael Schmitz
- Department of NephrologyStädtisches Klinikum SolingenSolingenGermany
| | - Tom Luedde
- Department of GastroenterologyHepatology and Infectious diseasesMedical FacultyUniversity Hospital DüsseldorfHeinrich‐Heine‐University DüsseldorfDüsseldorfGermany
| | - Hans Martin Orth
- Department of GastroenterologyHepatology and Infectious diseasesMedical FacultyUniversity Hospital DüsseldorfHeinrich‐Heine‐University DüsseldorfDüsseldorfGermany
| | - Torsten Feldt
- Department of GastroenterologyHepatology and Infectious diseasesMedical FacultyUniversity Hospital DüsseldorfHeinrich‐Heine‐University DüsseldorfDüsseldorfGermany
| | - Heiner Schaal
- Institute of VirologyMedical FacultyUniversity Hospital DüsseldorfHeinrich‐Heine‐University DüsseldorfDüsseldorfGermany
| | - Ortwin Adams
- Institute of VirologyMedical FacultyUniversity Hospital DüsseldorfHeinrich‐Heine‐University DüsseldorfDüsseldorfGermany
| | - Claudia Schmidt
- Department of NephrologyMedical FacultyUniversity Hospital DüsseldorfHeinrich‐Heine‐University DüsseldorfDüsseldorfGermany
| | - Margarethe Kittel
- Department of NephrologyMedical FacultyUniversity Hospital DüsseldorfHeinrich‐Heine‐University DüsseldorfDüsseldorfGermany
| | - Eva Königshausen
- Department of NephrologyMedical FacultyUniversity Hospital DüsseldorfHeinrich‐Heine‐University DüsseldorfDüsseldorfGermany,KfH Kuratorium für Dialyse und Nierentransplantation e.VKfH‐Nierenzentrum Moorenstrasse 5DüsseldorfGermany
| | - Lars C. Rump
- Department of NephrologyMedical FacultyUniversity Hospital DüsseldorfHeinrich‐Heine‐University DüsseldorfDüsseldorfGermany,KfH Kuratorium für Dialyse und Nierentransplantation e.VKfH‐Nierenzentrum Moorenstrasse 5DüsseldorfGermany
| | - Jörg Timm
- Institute of VirologyMedical FacultyUniversity Hospital DüsseldorfHeinrich‐Heine‐University DüsseldorfDüsseldorfGermany
| | - Johannes Stegbauer
- Department of NephrologyMedical FacultyUniversity Hospital DüsseldorfHeinrich‐Heine‐University DüsseldorfDüsseldorfGermany,KfH Kuratorium für Dialyse und Nierentransplantation e.VKfH‐Nierenzentrum Moorenstrasse 5DüsseldorfGermany
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