1
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Wong ECN, Zhang Y, Yang T, Liu Y, Abtahi M, Chen X, Ajayi AJ, Li X, Majonis D, Winnik MA. Optimizing the Structure of a Pt Metal-Chelating Polymer to Reduce Nonspecific Binding for Mass Cytometry. Biomacromolecules 2024. [PMID: 39325685 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.4c00937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/28/2024]
Abstract
Mass cytometry is a bioanalytic tool based on atomic mass spectrometry for detecting biomarker expression on individual cells. Current reagents employ metal-chelating polymers binding isotopes of hard metal ions. Polymers bearing chelators for soft metal ions offer the promise for a large increase in multiplexing capabilities, but examples reported so far often have unacceptably high levels of nonspecific binding (NSB). We recently reported a new class of metal-chelating polymers with dipicolylamine (DPA) chelators that could bind Re and Pt. They also showed significant levels of NSB. Here, to reduce the NSB of the Pt-DPA polymer, we grafted water-soluble oligomers to the distal end of the dipicolylamine pendant group. Methoxy(polyethylene glycol) (DP = 24) was effective as was poly(sulfobetaine methacrylate) (DP = 29). Reacting the Pt-Cl bond of the metalated polymer with glutathione was remarkably effective at suppressing NSB. These results open the door to Pt-isotope-based metal-chelating polymers as new mass tags for mass cytometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edmond C N Wong
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Yefeng Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Tianjia Yang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Yang Liu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Mahtab Abtahi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Xu Chen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Ayonitemi J Ajayi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Xiaochong Li
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
| | | | - Mitchell A Winnik
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3E5, Canada
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2
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Hiller W, Grabe B, Schonert J. Molar Mass Determination for Small and Large Molecules Using Diffusion-Ordered Spectroscopy. Anal Chem 2024; 96:14902-14908. [PMID: 39235468 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.4c02874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/06/2024]
Abstract
The development of the most comprehensive universal calibration of molar mass dependences will be presented. For the first time, diffusion-ordered spectroscopy (DOSY) can now provide structure-, solvent-, and temperature-independent molar mass determinations for both small and large molecules. This fundamental theoretical approach provides only one single function which could perfectly describe all molar mass dependences. The new development using DOSY was tested on 477 diffusion coefficients representing altogether 56 molar mass dependences of 30 small molecules in 7 solvents, 5 different polymers in 10 solvents, and 11 temperature dependences of 2 polymers in 2 solvents, respectively. These samples cover a very large range of molar masses varying between 70 g/mol until 1 200 000 g/mol. The derived equation for the molar masses delivered a very good accuracy for all samples and might be one of the best tools for molar mass determinations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wolf Hiller
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, TU Dortmund University, Dortmund 44227, Germany
| | - Bastian Grabe
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, TU Dortmund University, Dortmund 44227, Germany
| | - Jan Schonert
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, TU Dortmund University, Dortmund 44227, Germany
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3
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Giubertoni G, Rachid MG, Moll C, Hilbers M, Samanipour S, Woutersen S. UV/Visible Diffusion-Ordered Spectroscopy: A Simultaneous Probe of Molecular Size and Electronic Absorption. Anal Chem 2024; 96. [PMID: 39255422 PMCID: PMC11428122 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.4c02026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2024] [Revised: 08/27/2024] [Accepted: 08/27/2024] [Indexed: 09/12/2024]
Abstract
Based on concepts from nuclear magnetic resonance, we have developed UV/vis diffusion-ordered spectroscopy, which simultaneously probes the size and electronic absorption spectrum of molecules and particles. We use simple flow technology to create a step-function concentration profile inside an optical sample cell, and by measuring the time-dependent absorption spectrum in an initially solvent-filled part of the sample volume, we obtain the diffusion coefficients and UV/vis spectra of the species present in the sample solution. From these data, we construct a two-dimensional spectrum with absorption wavelength on one axis and diffusion coefficient (or equivalently, size) on the other, in which the UV/vis spectrum of a mixture with different molecular sizes is separated into the spectra of the different species, sorted by size. We demonstrate this method on mixed solutions of fluorescent dyes, biomolecules, and the UV-absorbing components of coffee, caffeine, and chlorogenic acid, all with concentrations in the μM range.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Giubertoni
- Van ’t Hoff Institute
for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, Amsterdam 1098XH, The Netherlands
| | - Marina Gomes Rachid
- Van ’t Hoff Institute
for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, Amsterdam 1098XH, The Netherlands
| | - Carolyn Moll
- Van ’t Hoff Institute
for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, Amsterdam 1098XH, The Netherlands
| | - Michiel Hilbers
- Van ’t Hoff Institute
for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, Amsterdam 1098XH, The Netherlands
| | - Saer Samanipour
- Van ’t Hoff Institute
for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, Amsterdam 1098XH, The Netherlands
| | - Sander Woutersen
- Van ’t Hoff Institute
for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, Amsterdam 1098XH, The Netherlands
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4
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Brown AN, Kelleher JN, Brown AM, Saghy P, Bohl JJ, Robinson JR, Huh DN. Synthesis and reduction of [(C 5H 4SiMe 3) 2Ln(μ-OR)] 2 (Ln = La, Ce) complexes: structural effects of bridging alkoxides. Dalton Trans 2024. [PMID: 39188244 DOI: 10.1039/d4dt02137a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/28/2024]
Abstract
Alcoholysis of Cp'3Ln (Ln = La, Ce; Cp' = C5H4SiMe3) generate high-yielding (72-97%) bimetallic LnIII complexes of [Cp'2Ln(μ-OR)]2 [R = Et, iPr, or C6H4-4-tBu]. Single-crystal X-ray diffraction of these complexes reveal unexpected decreases in Ln⋯Ln distances, increasing Cpcent-Ln-Cpcent angles, and increasing intermolecular C⋯C contacts with bulkier bridging alkoxides, in line with structural control driven by significant dispersion forces. 1H NMR spectroscopy of [Cp'2Ce(μ-OEt)]2 and [Cp'2Ce(μ-OiPr)]2 revealed significantly upfield resonances assigned as methylene and methine moieties of -43.74 and -70.85 ppm, respectively. 2D 1H DOSY NMR experiments of [Cp'2Ce(μ-OiPr)]2 in C6D6 supported a dimeric structure in solution, including in the presence of a Lewis base (i.e., THF). Reduction of [Cp'2La(μ-OiPr)]2 using KC8 in the presence of 2.2.2-cryptand at -78 °C generated a purple solution and X-band EPR spectroscopy revealed an eight-line hyperfine pattern indicative of a LaII species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian N Brown
- Department of Chemistry, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI 02881, USA.
| | - Jack N Kelleher
- Department of Chemistry, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI 02881, USA.
| | - Alexander M Brown
- Department of Chemistry, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA.
| | - Peter Saghy
- Department of Chemistry, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA.
| | - Joshua J Bohl
- Department of Chemistry, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI 02881, USA.
| | - Jerome R Robinson
- Department of Chemistry, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA.
| | - Daniel N Huh
- Department of Chemistry, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI 02881, USA.
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5
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Wang Y, Qin Y, Wang F, Zhang H, Huangfu C, Shi Y, Chen X, Wang Z, Tian W, Feng L. The Synthesis of Functionalized Carbonized Polymer Dots via Reversible Assembly of Oligomers for Anti-Counterfeiting, Catalysis, and Gas storage. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024:e2405043. [PMID: 39120542 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202405043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2024] [Revised: 07/23/2024] [Indexed: 08/10/2024]
Abstract
Carbonized polymer dots (CPDs) have shown exceptional potential across a wide range of applications. However, their practical utilization is significantly greatly impeded by the lack of precise control over their structures and functionalities. Consequently, the development of controlled synthesis strategies for CPDs with well-defined structures and tailored functionalities remains a critical challenge in the field. Here, the controlled synthesis of functional CPDs with reversible assembly properties via airflow-assisted melt polymerization, followed by a one-step post-synthetic doping strategy, is reported. This synthetic approach achieves high product yield, uniform and tunable structures, as well as customized functionalities including solid-state emission, enhanced catalytic performance (3.5-45 times higher than conventional methods), and selective gas storage in the resulting CPDs. The ability to tailor the properties of CPDs through controlled synthesis opens up new opportunities for their practical application in photocatalysis and gas storage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Wang
- Department of Instrumentation and Analytical Chemistry, CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 457 Zhongshan Road, Dalian, 116023, P. R. China
| | - Yingxi Qin
- Department of Instrumentation and Analytical Chemistry, CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 457 Zhongshan Road, Dalian, 116023, P. R. China
| | - Fengya Wang
- Department of Instrumentation and Analytical Chemistry, CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 457 Zhongshan Road, Dalian, 116023, P. R. China
| | - Hongyu Zhang
- Department of Instrumentation and Analytical Chemistry, CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 457 Zhongshan Road, Dalian, 116023, P. R. China
| | - Changxin Huangfu
- Department of Instrumentation and Analytical Chemistry, CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 457 Zhongshan Road, Dalian, 116023, P. R. China
| | - Yushu Shi
- Department of Instrumentation and Analytical Chemistry, CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 457 Zhongshan Road, Dalian, 116023, P. R. China
| | - Xize Chen
- Department of Instrumentation and Analytical Chemistry, CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 457 Zhongshan Road, Dalian, 116023, P. R. China
| | - Zhenming Wang
- Department of Instrumentation and Analytical Chemistry, CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 457 Zhongshan Road, Dalian, 116023, P. R. China
| | - Wenming Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics and the Dynamic Research Center for Energy and Environmental Materials, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, 116023, P. R. China
| | - Liang Feng
- Department of Instrumentation and Analytical Chemistry, CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 457 Zhongshan Road, Dalian, 116023, P. R. China
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6
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Song Y. Solubility and Mass Transfer Performance of Ethane and n-Butane in Menthol and Decanoic Acid Deep Eutectic Solvent. ACS OMEGA 2024; 9:30935-30944. [PMID: 39035921 PMCID: PMC11256098 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.4c03895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2024] [Revised: 06/19/2024] [Accepted: 06/21/2024] [Indexed: 07/23/2024]
Abstract
The absorption performance and mechanism of the deep eutectic solvent (DES), composed of menthol and decanoic acid, were investigated. The solubility of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in the DES was studied through saturation solution experiments, wherein the solubility of ethane and n-butane increases with a decrease in temperature and increasing pressure. Henry's law constants of ethane and n-butane in the DES at 288.2 K were 2.089 and 0.136 MPa, respectively, demonstrating the high solubility for light hydrocarbons that surpasses or equals that of ionic liquids. The mass transfer and regeneration performance of the DES were investigated by using dynamic bubbling experiments. Results demonstrated that the removal rate of both ethane and n-butane increased as the gas flow rate decreased and the VOC concentration in the model gas increased. Specifically, the removal rate of ethane reached 99.50% at a temperature of 293.2 K, a VOC concentration VOC of 10,000 μmol/mol, and a gas flow rate of 30 mL/min, while the removal rate of n-butane was higher than that of ethane under the same conditions, achieving a removal rate exceeding 99.99%. Furthermore, no significant decrease in the removal rate for n-butane was observed during the four regeneration processes. Interaction energies between the VOC molecule and DES were calculated using the quantum chemistry method. It was found that the interactions between the VOC molecule and DES are primarily attributed to dispersion attractive effects which belong to weak interactions; therefore, the absorption of light hydrocarbon by the DES belongs to a physical process. The DES has been proven to be effective for the recovery of light hydrocarbons, providing a promising approach to address the key challenge in comprehensive treatment of VOCs in the petrochemical industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunfei Song
- State
Key Laboratory of Chemical Safety, Qingdao, Shandong 266000, China
- SINOPEC
Research Institute of Safety Engineering Co., Ltd., Qingdao, Shandong 266000, China
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7
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Robson ME, Johnson AL. Zinc and cadmium thioamidate complexes: rational design of single-source precursors for the AACVD of ZnS. Dalton Trans 2024; 53:11380-11392. [PMID: 38896487 DOI: 10.1039/d4dt01278j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/21/2024]
Abstract
A series of zinc(II) thioamidate complexes [Zn{SC(iPr)NR}2]n for R = iPr (n = 2) (2), tBu (3) (n = 1), Ph (4) (n = 2) and Cy (5) (n = 2) and one cadmium(II) thioamidate complex [Cd{SC(iPr)NtBu}2]3, (6), were designed and synthesised as single-source precursors for AACVD ZnS and CdS. Solid-state structures of all four zinc(II) compounds revealed distorted tetrahedral or trigonal bipyramidal geometries, with varying tendencies for dimeric association, mediated by {Zn-S} bridging bonds. The thermogravimetric analysis identified the {tBu} derivertive, 3, as the most promising precursor based on its low decomposition onset (118 °C) and clean conversion to ZnS. This was attributed to the greater availability of β-hydrogen atoms promoting the pyrolysis mechanism. The corresponding cadmium thioamide 6 was found to crystallise as a trimetallic molecule which lacked the thermal stability to be considered viable for AACVD. Hence, 3 was used to deposit ZnS thin films by AACVD at 200-300 °C. Powder X-ray diffraction confirmed phase-pure growth of hexagonal wurtzite ZnS, with approximate crystallite sizes of 15-20 nm. Scanning electron microscopy revealed densely packed spherical nanoclusters. The morphology and crystallinity were most consistent for depositions between 250-300 °C. Energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy indicated slightly sulfur-deficient stoichiometries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Max E Robson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath, BA2 7AY, UK.
- Centre of Doctoral Training in Aerosol Science, University of Bristol, School of Chemistry, Cantock's Close, BS8 1TS, UK
| | - Andrew L Johnson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath, BA2 7AY, UK.
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8
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Papp D, Carlström G, Nylander T, Sandahl M, Turner C. A Complementary Multitechnique Approach to Assess the Bias in Molecular Weight Determination of Lignin by Derivatization-Free Gel Permeation Chromatography. Anal Chem 2024; 96:10612-10619. [PMID: 38888104 PMCID: PMC11223100 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.4c01187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2024] [Revised: 05/29/2024] [Accepted: 05/30/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024]
Abstract
The growing interest in lignin valorization in the past decades calls for analytical techniques for lignin characterization, ranging from wet chemistry techniques to highly sophisticated chromatographic and spectroscopic methods. One of the key parameters to consider is the molecular weight profile of lignin, which is routinely determined by size-exclusion chromatography; however, this is by no means straightforward and is prone to being hampered by considerable errors. Our study expands the fundamental understanding of the bias-inducing mechanisms in gel permeation chromatography (GPC), the magnitude of error originating from using polystyrene standards for mass calibration, and an evaluation of the effects of the solvent and type of lignin on the observed bias. The developed partial least-squares (PLS) regression model for lignin-related monomers revealed that lignin is prone to association mainly via hydrogen bonding. This hypothesis was supported by functional group-based analysis of the bias as well as pulse field gradient (pfg) diffusion NMR spectroscopy of model compounds in THF-d8. Furthermore, although the lack of standards hindered drawing conclusions based on functionalities, direct infusion electrospray ionization mass spectrometry indicated that the relative bias decreases considerably for higher molecular weight species. The results from pfg-diffusion NMR spectroscopy on whole lignin samples were comparable when the same solvents were used in both experiments; in addition, the comparison between results obtained by pfg-diffusion NMR in different solvents gives some additional insights into the aggregation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Papp
- Department
of Chemistry, Centre for Analysis and Synthesis, Lund University, P.O. Box 124, Lund SE-22100, Sweden
| | - Göran Carlström
- Department
of Chemistry, Centre for Analysis and Synthesis, Lund University, P.O. Box 124, Lund SE-22100, Sweden
| | - Tommy Nylander
- Department
of Chemistry, Physical Chemistry, Lund University, P.O. Box 124, Lund SE-22100, Sweden
| | - Margareta Sandahl
- Department
of Chemistry, Centre for Analysis and Synthesis, Lund University, P.O. Box 124, Lund SE-22100, Sweden
| | - Charlotta Turner
- Department
of Chemistry, Centre for Analysis and Synthesis, Lund University, P.O. Box 124, Lund SE-22100, Sweden
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9
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Takeuchi S, Yamazaki T, Yamaguchi K, Komura F, Tabata T, Nishi H, Azumai S, Miura K, Hirokawa M, Ikemoto K, Kawakami K. Toward the Establishment of a Harmonized Physicochemical Profiling Platform for Therapeutic Oligonucleotides: A Case Study for Aptamers Where the Higher-Order Structure Influences Physical Properties. Mol Pharm 2024; 21:3471-3484. [PMID: 38872243 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.4c00177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2024]
Abstract
Oligonucleotides are short nucleic acids that serve as one of the most promising classes of drug modality. However, attempts to establish a physicochemical evaluation platform of oligonucleotides for acquiring a comprehensive view of their properties have been limited. As the chemical stability and the efficacy as well as the solution properties at a high concentration should be related to their higher-order structure and intra-/intermolecular interactions, their detailed understanding enables effective formulation development. Here, the higher-order structure and the thermodynamic stability of the thrombin-binding aptamer (TBA) and four modified TBAs, which have similar sequences but were expected to have different higher-order structures, were evaluated using ultraviolet spectroscopy (UV), circular dichroism (CD), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). Then, the relationship between the higher-order structure and the solution properties including solubility, viscosity, and stability was investigated. The impact of the higher-order structure on the antithrombin activity was also confirmed. The higher-order structure and intra-/intermolecular interactions of the oligonucleotides were affected by types of buffers because of different potassium concentrations, which are crucial for the formation of the G-quadruplex structure. Consequently, solution properties, such as solubility and viscosity, chemical stability, and antithrombin activity, were also influenced. Each instrumental analysis had a complemental role in investigating the higher-order structure of TBA and modified TBAs. The utility of each physicochemical characterization method during the preclinical developmental stages is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shoko Takeuchi
- Analytical Development, Pharmaceutical Sciences, Takeda Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 26-1 Muraoka Higashi 2-Chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 2518555, Japan
| | - Tomohiko Yamazaki
- Medical Soft Matter Group, Research Center for Macromolecules and Biomaterials, National Institute for Materials Science, 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 3050044, Japan
| | - Katsutoshi Yamaguchi
- Pharmaceutical Developability, CMC Research, Astellas Pharma Inc., 21 Miyukigaoka, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 3058585, Japan
| | - Fusae Komura
- Analytical Research, Pharmaceutical Science & Technology Unit, Pharmaceutical Profiling & Development Function, Deep Human Biology Learning, Eisai Co., Ltd., 5-1-3 Tokodai, Tsukuba-shi, Ibaraki 3002635, Japan
| | - Takahiro Tabata
- Pharmacokinetics Group, Biological Research Development, Sawai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 5-2-30 Miyahara, Yodogawa-ku, Osaka 5320003, Japan
| | - Hirotaka Nishi
- Formulation Technology Research Laboratories, Pharmaceutical Technology Division, Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd., 1-2-58 Hiromachi, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 1408710, Japan
| | - Satomi Azumai
- Formulation Technology Research Laboratories, Pharmaceutical Technology Division, Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd., 1-2-58 Hiromachi, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 1408710, Japan
| | - Kanako Miura
- Formulation Technology Research Laboratories, Pharmaceutical Technology Division, Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd., 1-2-58 Hiromachi, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 1408710, Japan
| | - Mai Hirokawa
- Modality Pharmaceutical Research Group, CMC Modality Technology Laboratories, Production Technology & Supply Chain Management Division, Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma Corporation, 7473-2, Onoda, Sanyo-Onoda, Yamaguchi 7560054, Japan
| | - Keisuke Ikemoto
- Modality Pharmaceutical Research Group, CMC Modality Technology Laboratories, Production Technology & Supply Chain Management Division, Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma Corporation, 7473-2, Onoda, Sanyo-Onoda, Yamaguchi 7560054, Japan
| | - Kohsaku Kawakami
- Medical Soft Matter Group, Research Center for Macromolecules and Biomaterials, National Institute for Materials Science, 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 3050044, Japan
- Graduate School of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 3058577, Japan
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10
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Tica J, Chen H, Luo S, Chen M, Isalan M. Engineering Tunable, Low Latency Spatial Computation with Dual Input Quorum Sensing Promoters. ACS Synth Biol 2024; 13:1750-1761. [PMID: 38781598 PMCID: PMC11197083 DOI: 10.1021/acssynbio.4c00068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2024] [Revised: 05/10/2024] [Accepted: 05/10/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
Quorum sensing signals have evolved for population-level signaling in bacterial communities and are versatile tools for engineering cell-cell signaling in synthetic biology projects. Here, we characterize the spatial diffusion of a palette of quorum sensing signals and find that their diffusion in agar can be predicted from their molecular weight with a simple power law. We also engineer novel dual- and multi-input promoters that respond to quorum-sensing diffusive signals for use in engineered genetic systems. We engineer a promoter scaffold that can be adapted for activation and repression by multiple diffusers simultaneously. Lastly, we combine the knowledge on diffusion dynamics with the novel genetic components to build a new generation of spatial, stripe-forming systems with a simplified design, improved robustness, tuneability, and response time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jure Tica
- Department
of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, U.K.
| | - Haobin Chen
- Department
of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, U.K.
| | - Shulei Luo
- Department
of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, U.K.
| | - Manman Chen
- Department
of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, U.K.
| | - Mark Isalan
- Department
of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, U.K.
- Imperial
College Centre for Synthetic Biology, Imperial
College London, London SW7 2AZ, U.K.
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11
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Ryan A, Brookes A, Straiton AJ, Wildsmith T, Lowe JP, Molloy KC, Hill MS, Johnson AL. Heteroallene Insertions into Tin(II) Alkoxide Bonds. Inorg Chem 2024; 63:10967-10979. [PMID: 38832535 PMCID: PMC11190973 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.3c04551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2023] [Revised: 05/21/2024] [Accepted: 05/22/2024] [Indexed: 06/05/2024]
Abstract
A series of iso-carbamate complexes have been synthesized by the reaction of [SnII(OiPr)2] or [SnII(OtBu)2] with either aryl or alkyl isocyanates, ONC-R (R = 2,4,6-trimethylphenyl (Mes), 2,6-diisopropylphenyl (Dipp), isopropyl (iPr), cyclohexyl (Cy) and tert-butyl (tBu)). In the case of aryl isocyanates, mono-insertion occurs to form structurally characterized complexes [Sn{κ2-N,O-R-NC(OiPr)O}(μ-OiPr)]2 (1: R = Mes, 2: R = Dipp) and [Sn{κ2-N,O-R-NC(OtBu)O}(μ-OtBu)]2 (3: R = Mes, 4: R = Dipp). The complicated solution-state chemistry of these species has been explored using 1H DOSY experiments. In contrast, reactions of tin(II) alkoxides with alkyl isocyanates result in the formation of bis-insertion products [Sn{κ2-N,O-R-NC(OiPr)O}2] (5: R = iPr, and 6: R = Cy) and [Sn{κ2-N,O-R-NC(OtBu)O}2] (7: R = iPr, 8: R = Cy), of which complexes 6-8 have also been structurally characterized. 1H NMR studies show that the reaction of tBu-NCO with either [Sn(OiPr)2] or [Sn(OtBu)2] results in a reversible mono-insertion. Variable-temperature 2D 1H-1H exchange spectroscopy (VT-2D-EXSY) was used to determine the rate of exchange between free tBu-NCO and the coordinated tBu-iso-carbamate ligand for the {OiPr} alkoxide complex, as well as the activation energy (Ea = 92.2 ± 0.8 kJ mol-1), enthalpy (ΔH‡ = 89.4 ± 0.8 kJ mol-1), and entropy (ΔS‡ = 12.6 ± 2.9 J mol-1 K-1) for the process [Sn(OiPr)2] + tBu-NCO ↔ [Sn{κ2-N,O-tBu-NC(OiPr)O}(OiPr)]. Attempts to form Sn(II) alkyl carbonates by the insertion of CO2 into either [Sn(OiPr)2] or [Sn(OtBu)2] proved unsuccessful. However, 119Sn{1H} NMR spectroscopy of the reaction of excess CO2 with [Sn(OiPr)2] reveals the presence of a new Sn(II) species, i.e., [(iPrO)Sn(O2COiPr)], VT-2D-EXSY (1H) of which confirms the reversible alkyl carbonate formation (Ea = 70.3 ± 13.0 kJ mol-1; ΔH‡ = 68.0 ± 1.3 kJ mol-1 and ΔS‡ = -8.07 ± 2.8 J mol-1 K-1).
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Affiliation(s)
- Aidan
T. Ryan
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew Brookes
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY, United Kingdom
- Center
for Sustainable Chemical Technologies, University
of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew J. Straiton
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY, United Kingdom
| | - Thomas Wildsmith
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY, United Kingdom
- Center
for Sustainable Chemical Technologies, University
of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, United Kingdom
| | - John P. Lowe
- Material
and Chemical Characterisation Facility (MC), University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, United Kingdom
| | - Kieran C. Molloy
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY, United Kingdom
| | - Michael S. Hill
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew L. Johnson
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY, United Kingdom
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12
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Cheng Y, Huh DN, Tonks IA. Mechanistic study of pyrazole synthesis via oxidation-induced N-N coupling of diazatitanacycles. Dalton Trans 2024; 53:9510-9515. [PMID: 38767913 DOI: 10.1039/d4dt01412j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2024]
Abstract
Metal-mediated inner-sphere N-N coupling is an uncommon route to N-N bond formation. Herein, we report a mechanistic study of pyrazole formation via oxidation-induced N-N coupling of diazatitanacycles. In TEMPO oxidation reactions, the first of two oxidations is rate limiting and TEMPO coordination to Ti is critical for reactivity. In oxidations with Fc+ salts, coordinating counteranions such (eg. Cl-) aid an "inner-sphere-like" oxidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukun Cheng
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, 365 Spencer T. Olin Research Wing, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Daniel N Huh
- Department of Chemistry, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, Rhode Island, USA
| | - Ian A Tonks
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, 207 Pleasant St SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA.
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13
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McCarney ER, Kristoffersen KA, Anderssen KE. Quantitative at-line monitoring of enzymatic hydrolysis using benchtop diffusion nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. MAGNETIC RESONANCE IN CHEMISTRY : MRC 2024; 62:452-462. [PMID: 38237933 DOI: 10.1002/mrc.5427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Revised: 12/16/2023] [Accepted: 12/27/2023] [Indexed: 04/23/2024]
Abstract
Benchtop diffusion nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy was used to perform quantitative monitoring of enzymatic hydrolysis. The study aimed to test the feasibility of the technology to characterize enzymatic hydrolysis processes in real time. Diffusion ordered spectroscopy (DOSY) was used to measure the signal intensity and apparent self-diffusion constant of solubilized protein in hydrolysate. The NMR technique was tested on an enzymatic hydrolysis reaction of red cod, a lean white fish, by the endopeptidase alcalase at 50°C. Hydrolysate samples were manually transferred from the reaction vessel to the NMR equipment. Measurement time was approximately 3 min per time point. The signal intensity from the DOSY experiment was used to measure protein concentration and the apparent self-diffusion constant was converted into an average molecular weight and an estimated degree of hydrolysis. These values were plotted as a function of time and both the rate of solubilization and the rate of protein breakdown could be calculated. In addition to being rapid and noninvasive, DOSY using benchtop NMR spectroscopy has an advantage compared with other enzymatic hydrolysis characterization methods as it gives a direct measure of average protein size; many functional properties of proteins are strongly influenced by protein size. Therefore, a method to give protein concentration and average size in real time will allow operators to more tightly control production from enzymatic hydrolysis. Although only one type of material was tested, it is anticipated that the method should be applicable to a broad variety of enzymatic hydrolysis feedstocks.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kenneth A Kristoffersen
- Nofima AS-Norwegian Institute of Food, Fisheries and Aquaculture Research, Ås, Norway
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, NMBU-Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway
| | - Kathryn E Anderssen
- Nofima AS-Norwegian Institute of Food, Fisheries and Aquaculture Research, Ås, Norway
- Department of seafood industry, Nofima AS, Tromsø, Norway
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14
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Seo WTM, Riffel MN, Oliver AG, Tsui EY. Metal-cation-induced shifts in thiolate redox and reduced sulfur speciation. Chem Sci 2024; 15:7332-7341. [PMID: 38756819 PMCID: PMC11095376 DOI: 10.1039/d4sc01025f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2024] [Accepted: 04/10/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Sulfur-containing anions (e.g. thiolates, polysulfides) readily exchange in solution, making control over their solution speciation and distribution challenging. Here, we demonstrate that different redox-inactive alkali, alkaline earth, and transition metals (Li+, Na+, K+, Mg2+, Ca2+, Zn2+, and Cd2+) shift the equilibria of sulfur catenation or sulfur reduction/oxidation between thiolate, polysulfanide, and polysulfide anions in acetonitrile solution. The thermodynamic factors that govern these equilibria are examined by identification of intermediate metal thiolate and metal polysulfide species using a combination of NMR spectroscopy, electronic absorption spectroscopy, and mass spectrometry. Electrochemical measurements demonstrate that the metal cation of the electrolyte modulates both sulfur reduction and thiolate oxidation potentials. DFT calculations suggest that the changes in equilibria are driven by stronger covalent interactions between polysulfide anions and more highly charged cations.
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Affiliation(s)
- W T Michael Seo
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame Notre Dame IN USA
| | - Madeline N Riffel
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame Notre Dame IN USA
| | - Allen G Oliver
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame Notre Dame IN USA
| | - Emily Y Tsui
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame Notre Dame IN USA
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15
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Pollit AA, Garg G, Tahir MN, Nyayachavadi A, Xiang P, Landry E, Ebied A, Rondeau-Gagné S. Supramolecular complexation of C 60 with branched polyethylene. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2024; 26:11073-11077. [PMID: 38529757 DOI: 10.1039/d4cp00651h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/27/2024]
Abstract
Fullerene C60 is a ubiquitous material for application in organic electronics and nanotechnology, due to its desirable optoelectronic properties including good molecular orbital alignment with electron-rich donor materials, as well as high and isotropic charge carrier mobility. However, C60 possesses two limitations that hinder its integration into large-scale devices: (1) poor solubility in common organic solvents leading to expensive device processing, and (2) poor optical absorbance in the visible portion of the spectrum. Covalent functionalization has long been the standard for introducing structural tunability into molecular design, but non-covalent interactions have emerged as an alternative strategy to tailor C60-based materials, offering a versatile and tuneable alternative to novel functional materials and applications. In this work, we report a straightforward non-covalent functionalization of C60 with a branched polyethylene (BPE), which occurs spontaneously in dilute chloroform solution under ambient conditions. A detailed characterization strategy, based on UV-vis spectroscopy and size-exclusion chromatography was performed to verify and investigate the structure of the C60+BPE complex. Among others, our work reveals that the supramolecular complex has an order of magnitude higher molecular weight than its C60 and BPE constituents and points towards oxidation as the driving force behind complexation. The C60+BPE complex also possesses significantly broadened optical absorbance compared to unfunctionalized C60, extending further into the visible portion of the spectrum. This non-covalent approach presents an inexpensive route to address the shortcomings of C60 for electronic applications, situating the C60+BPE complex as a promising candidate for further investigation in organic electronic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam A Pollit
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Windsor, Essex Centre of Research (CORe), Windsor, Ontario, N9B 3P4, Canada.
- PolyAnalytik Inc., 700 Collip Circle, Suite 202, London, Ontario, N6G 4X8, Canada
| | - Garima Garg
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Windsor, Essex Centre of Research (CORe), Windsor, Ontario, N9B 3P4, Canada.
| | - M Nazir Tahir
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Windsor, Essex Centre of Research (CORe), Windsor, Ontario, N9B 3P4, Canada.
| | - Audithya Nyayachavadi
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Windsor, Essex Centre of Research (CORe), Windsor, Ontario, N9B 3P4, Canada.
| | - Peng Xiang
- PolyAnalytik Inc., 700 Collip Circle, Suite 202, London, Ontario, N6G 4X8, Canada
| | - Eric Landry
- PolyAnalytik Inc., 700 Collip Circle, Suite 202, London, Ontario, N6G 4X8, Canada
| | - Amer Ebied
- PolyAnalytik Inc., 700 Collip Circle, Suite 202, London, Ontario, N6G 4X8, Canada
| | - Simon Rondeau-Gagné
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Windsor, Essex Centre of Research (CORe), Windsor, Ontario, N9B 3P4, Canada.
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16
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Mulder EJ, Moser B, Delgado J, Steinhardt R, Esser-Kahn AP. Protocol for localized macrophage stimulation with small-molecule TLR agonist via fluidic force microscopy. STAR Protoc 2024; 5:102873. [PMID: 38427566 PMCID: PMC10918328 DOI: 10.1016/j.xpro.2024.102873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2023] [Revised: 12/19/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Here, we present a protocol to deliver nanoliter volumes of Toll-like receptor (TLR) agonist onto a culture of nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) reporter macrophages using fluidic force microscopy and a micron-scale probe. We describe steps for quantifying the dose of agonist by modeling their diffusion with experimental inputs. We then detail procedures for quantifying and categorizing macrophage responses to individual and varied doses and combining agonist concentration and macrophage response to analyze the NF-κB response to localized TLR stimulation. For complete details on the use and execution of this protocol, please refer to Mulder et al. (2024).1.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Brittany Moser
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Jennifer Delgado
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Rachel Steinhardt
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Aaron P Esser-Kahn
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA.
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17
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Araújo-Cordero AM, Caddeo F, Mahmoudi B, Bron M, Wouter Maijenburg A. Direct Electrochemical Synthesis of Metal-Organic Frameworks: Cu 3 (BTC) 2 and Cu(TCPP) on Copper Thin films and Copper-Based Microstructures. Chempluschem 2024; 89:e202300378. [PMID: 37997644 DOI: 10.1002/cplu.202300378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2023] [Revised: 11/22/2023] [Accepted: 11/23/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023]
Abstract
Cu thin films and Cu2 O microstructures were partially converted to the Metal-Organic Frameworks (MOFs) Cu3 (BTC)2 or Cu(TCPP) using an electrochemical process with a higher control and at milder conditions compared to the traditional solvothermal MOF synthesis. Initially, either a Cu thin film was sputtered, or different kinds of Cu or Cu2 O microstructures were electrochemically deposited onto a conductive ITO glass substrate. Then, these Cu thin films or Cu-based microstructures were subsequently coated with a thin layer of either Cu3 (BTC)2 or Cu(TCPP) by controlled anodic dissolution of the Cu-based substrate at room temperature and in the presence of the desired organic linker molecules: 1,3,5-benzenetricarboxylic acid (BTC) or photoactive 4,4',4'',4'''-(Porphine-5,10,15,20-tetrayl) tetrakis(benzoic acid) (TCPP) in the electrolyte. An increase in size of the Cu micro cubes with exposed planes [100] of 38,7 % for the Cu2 O@Cu3 (BTC)2 and a 68,9 % increase for the Cu2 O@Cu(TCPP) was roughly estimated. Finally, XRD, Raman spectroscopy and UV-vis absorption spectroscopy were used to characterize the initial Cu films or Cu-based microstructures, and the obtained core-shell Cu2 O@Cu(BTC) and Cu2 O@Cu(TCPP) microstructures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana María Araújo-Cordero
- Center for Innovation Competence SiLi-nano, Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg, Karl-Freiherr-von-Fritsch-Straße 3, 06120, Halle, Germany
- Institut für Chemie, Technische Chemie, Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg, Von-Danckelmann-Platz 4, 06120, Halle, Germany
| | - Francesco Caddeo
- Center for Innovation Competence SiLi-nano, Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg, Karl-Freiherr-von-Fritsch-Straße 3, 06120, Halle, Germany
- Institute for Nanostructures and Solid State Physics, University of Hamburg, Luruper Chaussee 149, Bld. 600, Room 2.59, 22761, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Behzad Mahmoudi
- Center for Innovation Competence SiLi-nano, Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg, Karl-Freiherr-von-Fritsch-Straße 3, 06120, Halle, Germany
| | - Michael Bron
- Institut für Chemie, Technische Chemie, Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg, Von-Danckelmann-Platz 4, 06120, Halle, Germany
| | - A Wouter Maijenburg
- Center for Innovation Competence SiLi-nano, Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg, Karl-Freiherr-von-Fritsch-Straße 3, 06120, Halle, Germany
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18
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Kumar S, Lis T, Bury W, Chmielewski PJ, Garbicz M, Stępień M. Hierarchical Self-Assembly of Curved Aromatics: From Donor-Acceptor Porphyrins to Triply Periodic Minimal Surfaces. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202316243. [PMID: 38198178 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202316243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2023] [Revised: 12/16/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 01/11/2024]
Abstract
A saddle-shaped π-extended zinc porphyrin containing a peripheral pyridyl ligand undergoes quantitative self-assembly into a cyclic trimer. The trimer has a prismatic structure with negatively curved side walls, which promote the formation of supramolecular organic frameworks stabilized by dispersion interactions. The first framework type, UWr-1, has the npo topology, with a hexagonal structure analogous to the Schwartz H triply periodic minimal surface. Co-crystallization of the trimer with either C60 and C70 produces the isomorphous cubic UWr-2 and UWr-3 phases, characterized by the ctn network topology and a structural relationship to the Fischer-Koch minimal surface S. All three phases contain complex labyrinths of solvent-filled channels, corresponding to very large probe-accessible volumes (68 % to 76 %). The UWr-2 network could be partly desolvated while retaining its long range dimensional order, indicating remarkable strength of the dispersion interactions in the crystal. A theoretical analysis of noncovalent interactions shows the role of geometrical matching between the negatively curved porphyrin units and positively curved fullerenes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunit Kumar
- Wydział Chemii, Uniwersytet Wrocławski, ul. F. Joliot-Curie 14, 50-383, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Tadeusz Lis
- Wydział Chemii, Uniwersytet Wrocławski, ul. F. Joliot-Curie 14, 50-383, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Wojciech Bury
- Wydział Chemii, Uniwersytet Wrocławski, ul. F. Joliot-Curie 14, 50-383, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Piotr J Chmielewski
- Wydział Chemii, Uniwersytet Wrocławski, ul. F. Joliot-Curie 14, 50-383, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Mateusz Garbicz
- Wydział Chemii, Uniwersytet Wrocławski, ul. F. Joliot-Curie 14, 50-383, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Marcin Stępień
- Wydział Chemii, Uniwersytet Wrocławski, ul. F. Joliot-Curie 14, 50-383, Wrocław, Poland
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19
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Colberg M, Schofield J. Diffusive dynamics of a model protein chain in solution. J Chem Phys 2024; 160:075101. [PMID: 38375905 DOI: 10.1063/5.0182607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 02/21/2024] Open
Abstract
A Markov state model is a powerful tool that can be used to track the evolution of populations of configurations in an atomistic representation of a protein. For a coarse-grained linear chain model with discontinuous interactions, the transition rates among states that appear in the Markov model when the monomer dynamics is diffusive can be determined by computing the relative entropy of states and their mean first passage times, quantities that are unchanged by the specification of the energies of the relevant states. In this paper, we verify the folding dynamics described by a diffusive linear chain model of the crambin protein in three distinct solvent systems, each differing in complexity: a hard-sphere solvent, a solvent undergoing multi-particle collision dynamics, and an implicit solvent model. The predicted transition rates among configurations agree quantitatively with those observed in explicit molecular dynamics simulations for all three solvent models. These results suggest that the local monomer-monomer interactions provide sufficient friction for the monomer dynamics to be diffusive on timescales relevant to changes in conformation. Factors such as structural ordering and dynamic hydrodynamic effects appear to have minimal influence on transition rates within the studied solvent densities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margarita Colberg
- Chemical Physics Theory Group, Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Jeremy Schofield
- Chemical Physics Theory Group, Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
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20
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Rucker G, Zhang L. Comparison of the Interaction and Structure of Lignin in Pure Systems and in Asphalt Media by Molecular Dynamics Simulations. Biomacromolecules 2024; 25:626-643. [PMID: 38157476 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.3c00776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Lignin is a class of organic aromatic polymers contributing to the rigidity and strength of plants and has been proposed as a modifier to improve asphalt performance on road pavement. However, contradicting experimental results on the lignin miscibility in asphalt were found from different studies, and lignin has been found to self-assemble in different solutions. Thus, investigating the interaction and microstructure of lignin in asphalt media in molecular detail is necessary. Molecular dynamics (MD) simulations using both the LAMMPS program with the OPLS-aa force field and the NAMD program with the CHARMM force field have been conducted on pure lignin (including lignin monomer, dimer, and polymer with 17 and 31 units) and their mixtures with model asphalt molecules at different temperatures. Consistent results were observed from both programs and force fields in terms of density, hydrogen bonds, diffusion coefficient, radius of gyration, and radial distribution function. Glass transition was observed in the pure lignin systems based on density and diffusion coefficient calculations at different temperatures. Lignin can form intramolecular hydrogen bonds and intermolecular hydrogen bonds with other lignin and 1,7-dimethylnapthalene in the asphalt mixture, which has dependence on temperature and lignin chain length. Correlating the lignin size and chain length using the power-law relationship showed that lignin polymers in pure systems are in quasi-relaxed structures at different temperatures; lignin molecules stay in quasi-relaxed structures in asphalt mixtures at high temperatures but in collapsed structures at low temperatures. Implementing lignin monomer, dimer, and polymer into the model asphalt mixture can improve its density. Although lignin in different chain lengths aggregates in asphalt, lignin can modify the packing between different components in asphalt media at different temperatures. The work suggests that temperature can significantly influence the miscibility of lignin polymer in asphalt and that lignin can function as both a modifier and a resin in asphalt.
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Affiliation(s)
- George Rucker
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Tennessee Technological University, Cookeville, Tennessee 38505, United States
| | - Liqun Zhang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Tennessee Technological University, Cookeville, Tennessee 38505, United States
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21
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Xu G, Onyianta AJ, Eloi JC, Harniman RL, Laverock J, Bond I, Diejomaoh OA, Koev TT, Khimyak YZ, Eichhorn SJ. Self-Healing Composite Coating Fabricated with a Cystamine Cross-Linked Cellulose Nanocrystal-Stabilized Pickering Emulsion. Biomacromolecules 2024; 25:715-728. [PMID: 38271957 PMCID: PMC10865351 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.3c00915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Revised: 01/09/2024] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 01/27/2024]
Abstract
A gelled Pickering emulsion system was fabricated by first stabilizing linseed oil droplets in water with dialdehyde cellulose nanocrystals (DACNCs) and then cross-linking with cystamine. Cross-linking of the DACNCs was shown to occur by a reaction between the amine groups on cystamine and the aldehyde groups on the CNCs, causing gelation of the nanocellulose suspension. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy were used to characterize the cystamine-cross-linked CNCs (cysCNCs), demonstrating their presence. Transmission electron microscopy images evidenced that cross-linking between cysCNCs took place. This cross-linking was utilized in a linseed oil-in-water Pickering emulsion system, creating a novel gelled Pickering emulsion system. The rheological properties of both DACNC suspensions and nanocellulose-stabilized Pickering emulsions were monitored during the cross-linking reaction. Dynamic light scattering and confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) of the Pickering emulsion before gelling imaged CNC-stabilized oil droplets along with isolated CNC rods and CNC clusters, which had not been adsorbed to the oil droplet surfaces. Atomic force microscopy imaging of the air-dried gelled Pickering emulsion also demonstrated the presence of free CNCs alongside the oil droplets and the cross-linked CNC network directly at the oil-water interface on the oil droplet surfaces. Finally, these gelled Pickering emulsions were mixed with poly(vinyl alcohol) solutions and fabricated into self-healing composite coating systems. These self-healing composite coatings were then scratched and viewed under both an optical microscope and a scanning electron microscope before and after self-healing. The linseed oil was demonstrated to leak into the scratches, healing the gap automatically and giving a practical approach for a variety of potential applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guofan Xu
- Bristol
Composites Institute, School of Civil, Aerospace and Design Engineering
(CADE), University of Bristol, University
Walk, Bristol BS8 1TR, U.K.
| | - Amaka J. Onyianta
- Bristol
Composites Institute, School of Civil, Aerospace and Design Engineering
(CADE), University of Bristol, University
Walk, Bristol BS8 1TR, U.K.
| | | | | | - Jude Laverock
- School
of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TS, U.K.
| | - Ian Bond
- Bristol
Composites Institute, School of Civil, Aerospace and Design Engineering
(CADE), University of Bristol, University
Walk, Bristol BS8 1TR, U.K.
| | - Onajite Abafe Diejomaoh
- Bristol
Composites Institute, School of Civil, Aerospace and Design Engineering
(CADE), University of Bristol, University
Walk, Bristol BS8 1TR, U.K.
| | - Todor T. Koev
- School
of Pharmacy, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park NR4 7TJ, U.K.
| | - Yaroslav Z. Khimyak
- School
of Pharmacy, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park NR4 7TJ, U.K.
| | - Stephen J. Eichhorn
- Bristol
Composites Institute, School of Civil, Aerospace and Design Engineering
(CADE), University of Bristol, University
Walk, Bristol BS8 1TR, U.K.
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22
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Major CJ, Chen SM, Stephan DW. Boron diamide derivatives containing N-N and N-P molecular fragments. Dalton Trans 2024; 53:2159-2166. [PMID: 38189199 DOI: 10.1039/d3dt03665k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2024]
Abstract
The cationic and neutral boron-diamide precursors are employed to target the inclusion of N2 and N-P molecular fragments. The species (HCN(Dipp))2BNH25, and (H2CN(Dipp))2BNH26 were prepared. While efforts to oxidize with [NO]+ gave mixtures of products, reactions with N2H4 gave the salts [(HCN(Dipp))2B(NHNH3)][O3SCF3] 7 [(H2CN(Dipp))2B(NHNH3)][O3SCF3] 8. Excess N2H4 gave the neutral species (HCN(Dipp))2B(NHNH2) 9 and (H2CN(Dipp))2B(NHNH2) 10, respectively. The species (H2CN(Dipp))2B(N3) 11 was prepared for comparative purposes. Turning to related NP species, compound 6 was converted to (HCN(Dipp))2B(NHPCl2) 12, while (HCN(Dipp))2BNK(SiMe3) 14 was used to give (HCN(Dipp))2BN(SiMe3)PCl215. Replacement of one of the chlorides gave (HCN(Dipp))2BN(SiMe3)PCl(OSO2CF3) 16 which converts to [(HCN(Dipp))2BNPCl]217. Similarly heating 15 afforded 17. The insights for the synthesis of further boron-N2 and boron-NP derivatives are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher J Major
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George St, Toronto, ON, M5S3H6, Canada.
| | - Shi-Ming Chen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George St, Toronto, ON, M5S3H6, Canada.
| | - Douglas W Stephan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George St, Toronto, ON, M5S3H6, Canada.
- Institute of Drug Discovery Technology, Ningbo University, Zhejiang, P. R. China
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23
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Sousa DA, Berberan-Santos MN, Prata JV. Are "Carbon Dots" Always Carbon Dots? Evidence for their Supramolecular Nature from Structural and Dynamic Studies in Solution and in the Pure Solid. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202302955. [PMID: 37943001 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202302955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Revised: 11/06/2023] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 11/10/2023]
Abstract
A model for the morphology (size, shape, and crystallinity) of carbon dots (CDs) in the solid state consistent with the observed photoluminescence in solution is proposed herein. Overwhelming evidence has been collected that links the data coming from solid-state analysis (high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM), and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) mass spectrometry (MS)) to that of solution (pulsed-field gradient (PFG)-NMR spectroscopy, time-resolved fluorescence anisotropy (TRFA), and steady-state/time-resolved fluorescence), allowing the establishment of an overall structural model for CDs. According to this model, the so-called carbon dots, observed under HRTEM imaging, are in fact supramolecular organized structures dynamically assembled from small to medium-sized molecular species when the solvent is removed to give the solid form. In this way, the imaged nanoparticles (TEM/AFM) are not covalently bound entities formed during the synthetic process, but instead supramolecular entities formed by noncovalent interactions. These particles, if at all present in solution, have the form of loose associations of relatively small molecules. This study was conducted on CDs obtained from the hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) of a biomass waste (olive wet pomace).
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Affiliation(s)
- Diogo A Sousa
- Department of Chemical Engineering Instituto Superior de Engenharia de Lisboa, Instituto Politécnico de Lisboa, 1959-007, Lisbon, Portugal
- BSIRG-iBB-Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, and Associate Laboratory i4HB - Institute for Health and Bioeconomy Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, 1049-001, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Mário N Berberan-Santos
- BSIRG-iBB-Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, and Associate Laboratory i4HB - Institute for Health and Bioeconomy Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, 1049-001, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - José V Prata
- Department of Chemical Engineering Instituto Superior de Engenharia de Lisboa, Instituto Politécnico de Lisboa, 1959-007, Lisbon, Portugal
- CQ-VR-Centro de Química-Vila Real, Universidade de Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, 5001-801, Vila Real, Portugal
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24
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Rana A, Renault C, Dick JE. Measuring Liquid-into-Liquid Diffusion Coefficients by Dissolving Microdroplet Electroanalysis. Anal Chem 2023; 95:18748-18753. [PMID: 38082457 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.3c03256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2023]
Abstract
Diffusion is a fundamental process in various domains, such as pollution control, drug delivery, and isotope separation. Accurately measuring the diffusion coefficients (D) of one liquid into another often encounters challenges stemming from intermolecular interactions, precise observations at the liquid interface, convection, etc. Here, we present an innovative electrochemical methodology for determining the diffusion coefficient of a liquid into another liquid. The method involves precisely tracking the lifetime of a nonaqueous droplet. An organic droplet is placed on an ultramicroelectrode surrounded by an aqueous solution of potassium hexacyanoferrate(II/III). The droplet initially blocks the reduction or oxidation of the redox species. As the droplet dissolves, giving access to the conductive microelectrode surface, a continuously increasing current is observed in voltammetry and the amperometric i-t response. The electrochemical response thus directly reports on the flux of redox species on the electrode surface, allowing us to precisely determine the lifetime of the droplet. D values are directly determined through a combination of electrochemical analysis and the principles of droplet dissolution. We demonstrate the quantification of 1,2-dichloroethane and nitrobenzene into water, yielding diffusion coefficients of (11.3 ± 1.2) × 10-6 cm2/s and (5.2 ± 1.1) × 10-6 cm2/s, respectively. This work establishes a reliable electrochemical approach for quantifying diffusion coefficients based on droplet lifetime analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashutosh Rana
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Christophe Renault
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Jeffrey E Dick
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
- Elmore Family School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
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25
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Solozabal N, Tapia L, Solà J, Pérez Y, Alfonso I. Molecular Recognition of Tyrosine-Containing Polypeptides with Pseudopeptidic Cages Unraveled by Fluorescence and NMR Spectroscopies. Bioconjug Chem 2023; 34:2345-2357. [PMID: 38078839 PMCID: PMC10859922 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.3c00455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Revised: 11/18/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023]
Abstract
The molecular recognition of Tyr-containing peptide copolymers with pseudopeptidic cages has been studied using a combination of fluorescence and NMR spectroscopies. Fluorescence titrations rendered a reasonable estimation of the affinities, despite the presence of dynamic quenching masking the unambiguous detection of the supramolecular complexes. Regarding NMR, the effect of polypeptide (PP) binding on relaxation and diffusion parameters of the cages is much more reliable than the corresponding chemical shift perturbations. To that, purification of the commercial PPs is mandatory to obtain biopolymers with lower polydispersity. Thus, the relaxation/diffusion-filtered 1H spectra of the cages in the absence vs presence of the PPs represent a suitable setup for the fast detection of the noncovalent interactions. Additional key intermolecular NOE cross-peaks supported by molecular models allow the proposal of a structure of the supramolecular species, stabilized by the Tyr encapsulation within the cage cavity and additional attractive polar interactions between the side chains of cage and PP, thus defining a binding epitope with a potential for implementing sequence selectivity. Accordingly, the cages bearing positive/negative residues prefer to bind the peptides having complementary negative/positive side chains close to the target Tyr, suggesting an electrostatic contribution to the interaction. Overall, our results show that both techniques represent a powerful and complementary combination for studying cage-to-PP molecular recognition processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naiara Solozabal
- NMR
Facility, Institute for Advanced Chemistry of Catalonia, IQAC-CSIC, Jordi Girona 18-26, Barcelona 08034, Spain
| | - Lucía Tapia
- Department
of Biological Chemistry, Institute for Advanced Chemistry of Catalonia, IQAC-CSIC, Jordi Girona 18-26, Barcelona 08034, Spain
| | - Jordi Solà
- Department
of Biological Chemistry, Institute for Advanced Chemistry of Catalonia, IQAC-CSIC, Jordi Girona 18-26, Barcelona 08034, Spain
| | - Yolanda Pérez
- NMR
Facility, Institute for Advanced Chemistry of Catalonia, IQAC-CSIC, Jordi Girona 18-26, Barcelona 08034, Spain
| | - Ignacio Alfonso
- Department
of Biological Chemistry, Institute for Advanced Chemistry of Catalonia, IQAC-CSIC, Jordi Girona 18-26, Barcelona 08034, Spain
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26
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Deiser S, Drexler M, Moreno-Alcántar G, Irl M, Schmidt C, Günther T, Casini A. Synthesis of 177Lu-Labeled, Somatostatin-2 Receptor-Targeted Metalla-Assemblies: Challenges in the Design of Supramolecular Radiotherapeutics. Inorg Chem 2023; 62:20710-20720. [PMID: 37556427 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.3c02090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/11/2023]
Abstract
Self-assembled supramolecular coordination complexes (SCCs) hold promise for biomedical applications in cancer therapy, although their potential in the field of nuclear medicine is still substantially unexplored. Therefore, in this study an exo-functionalized cationic [Pd2L2]4+ metallacycle (L = 3,5-bis(3-ethynylpyridine)phenyl), targeted to the somatostatin-2 receptor (sst2R) and featuring the DOTA chelator (1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane-1,4,7,10-tetraacetic acid) in order to bind the β-- and γ-emitter lutetium-177, was synthesized by self-assembly following ligand synthesis via standard solid-phase peptide synthesis (SPPS). This metallacycle was then characterized by reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC), electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS), and 1H and 1H-DOSY NMR (DOSY = diffusion-ordered spectroscopy). A procedure for the radiolabeling of the metallacycle with 177Lu was also optimized. The resulting [nat/177Lu]Lu-DOTA-metallacycle, termed [nat/177Lu]Lu-Cy, was evaluated concerning its stability and in vitro properties. The compound was more lipophilic compared to the reference [177Lu]Lu-DOTA-TATE (logPOct/H2O = -0.85 ± 0.10 versus -3.67 ± 0.04, respectively). While [natLu]Lu-Cy revealed low stability in a DMEM/F12 GlutaMax medium, it demonstrated good stability in other aqueous media as well as in DMSO. A high sst2R binding affinity (expressed as IC50) was determined in CHOsst2 cells (Chinese hamster ovary cells that were stably transfected with human sst2R). Moreover, the metallacycle exhibited high human serum albumin binding, as assessed by high-performance affinity chromatography (HPAC), and moderate stability in human serum compared to [177Lu]Lu-DOTA-TATE (TATE = (Tyr3)-octreotate). In order to improve stability, a heteroleptic approach was used to develop a less sterically hindered cage-like SCC that is potentially endowed with host-guest chemistry capability, which has been preliminarily characterized by RP-HPLC and ESI-MS. Overall, our initial results encourage future studies on sst2R-directed SCCs and have led to new insights into the chemistry of ss2R-directed SCCs for radiopharmaceutical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Deiser
- Chair of Pharmaceutical Radiochemistry, Department of Chemistry, School of Natural Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Walther-Meißner-Str. 3, 85748 Garching b. München, Germany
- Chair of Medicinal and Bioinorganic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, School of Natural Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Lichtenbergstr. 4, 85748 Garching b. München, Germany
| | - Marike Drexler
- Chair of Pharmaceutical Radiochemistry, Department of Chemistry, School of Natural Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Walther-Meißner-Str. 3, 85748 Garching b. München, Germany
- Chair of Medicinal and Bioinorganic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, School of Natural Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Lichtenbergstr. 4, 85748 Garching b. München, Germany
| | - Guillermo Moreno-Alcántar
- Chair of Medicinal and Bioinorganic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, School of Natural Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Lichtenbergstr. 4, 85748 Garching b. München, Germany
| | - Maximilian Irl
- Chair of Pharmaceutical Radiochemistry, Department of Chemistry, School of Natural Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Walther-Meißner-Str. 3, 85748 Garching b. München, Germany
| | - Claudia Schmidt
- Chair of Medicinal and Bioinorganic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, School of Natural Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Lichtenbergstr. 4, 85748 Garching b. München, Germany
| | - Thomas Günther
- Chair of Pharmaceutical Radiochemistry, Department of Chemistry, School of Natural Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Walther-Meißner-Str. 3, 85748 Garching b. München, Germany
| | - Angela Casini
- Chair of Medicinal and Bioinorganic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, School of Natural Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Lichtenbergstr. 4, 85748 Garching b. München, Germany
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27
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Graham TR, Wei Y, Walter ED, Nienhuis ET, Chun J, Schenter GK, Rosso KM, Pearce CI, Clark AE. Tracking nitrite's deviation from Stokes-Einstein predictions with pulsed field gradient 15N NMR spectroscopy. Chem Commun (Camb) 2023; 59:14407-14410. [PMID: 37975198 DOI: 10.1039/d3cc04168a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
Predicting the behavior of oxyanions in radioactive waste stored at the Department of Energy legacy nuclear sites requires the development of novel analytical methods. This work demonstrates 15N pulsed field gradient nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy to quantify the diffusivity of nitrite. Experimental results, supported by molecular dynamics simulations, indicate that the diffusivity of free hydrated nitrite exceeds that of free hydrated sodium despite the greater hydrodynamic radius of nitrite. Investigations are underway to understand how the compositional and dynamical heterogeneities of the ion networks at high concentrations affect rheological and transport properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trent R Graham
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99354, USA.
| | - Yihui Wei
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, 84112, USA
| | - Eric D Walter
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99354, USA.
| | - Emily T Nienhuis
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99354, USA.
| | - Jaehun Chun
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99354, USA.
| | | | - Kevin M Rosso
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99354, USA.
| | - Carolyn I Pearce
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99354, USA.
- Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164, USA
| | - Aurora E Clark
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, 84112, USA
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28
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Ivanova S, Adamski P, Köster E, Schramm L, Fröhlich R, Beuerle F. Size Determination of Organic Cages by Diffusion NMR Spectroscopy. Chemistry 2023:e202303318. [PMID: 37966964 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202303318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2023] [Revised: 11/15/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 11/17/2023]
Abstract
Reliable structure elucidation of covalent organic cage compounds remains challenging as routine analysis might leave ambiguities. Diffusion-ordered NMR spectroscopy (DOSY) allows insight into the molecular size and mass of the species present in solution, but a systematic evaluation of the diffusion behavior for cage assemblies is rarely considered. Here we report the synthesis of four series of covalent organic cages based on tribenzotriquinacenes and diboronic acids with varying geometry and exohedral substituents. We provide a guideline for the consistent measurement of diffusion coefficients from 1 H-DOSY NMR spectroscopy, which was utilized to study the diffusion behavior for the whole set of cages and selected examples from the literature. For structurally similar cages, a linear correlation between the solvodynamic volume and the molecular mass allows precise size determination. For more complex systems, multiple parameters, such as window size or rigid exohedral functionalization. further modulate cage diffusion in solution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Svetlana Ivanova
- Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Institut für Organische Chemie, Am Hubland, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
- Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Center for Nanosystems Chemistry (CNC), Theodor-Boveri-Weg, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Paul Adamski
- Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Institut für Organische Chemie, Am Hubland, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
- Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Center for Nanosystems Chemistry (CNC), Theodor-Boveri-Weg, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Eva Köster
- Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Institut für Organische Chemie, Am Hubland, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
- Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Center for Nanosystems Chemistry (CNC), Theodor-Boveri-Weg, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Louis Schramm
- Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Institut für Organische Chemie, Am Hubland, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
- Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Center for Nanosystems Chemistry (CNC), Theodor-Boveri-Weg, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Rebecca Fröhlich
- Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Institut für Organische Chemie, Am Hubland, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
- Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Center for Nanosystems Chemistry (CNC), Theodor-Boveri-Weg, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Florian Beuerle
- Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Institut für Organische Chemie, Am Hubland, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
- Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Center for Nanosystems Chemistry (CNC), Theodor-Boveri-Weg, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
- Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen, Institut für Organische Chemie, Auf der Morgenstelle 18, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
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29
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Bae C, Chung G, Chung SJ. Prediction of the Time to Reach Equilibrium for Improved Estimation of the Unbound Fraction of Compounds in Equilibrium Dialysis Using kinetic Modeling. J Pharm Sci 2023; 112:2901-2909. [PMID: 37392902 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2023.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Revised: 06/26/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/03/2023]
Abstract
Equilibrium dialysis (ED) is widely used in pharmacokinetics to determine the fraction of unbound (fu) compounds in plasma; however, the kinetics of drugs in the ED system with respect to their permeation across semi-permeable membranes has not been systemically studied. Here, the kinetics of the ED system, including the binding of drugs to plasma proteins, non-specific binding, and permeation across the membrane, was described to enable verification of the equilibrium, prediction of the time to reach equilibrium, and estimations of fu with data obtained during pre-equilibrium. Using data obtained during pre-equilibrium, the time to reach 90% equilibrium (t90%) and fu were estimated with reasonable accuracy. Notably, fu could be estimated reasonably well using one-time-point data for the calculation. Furthermore, the current modeling approach allowed concurrent estimations of fu and the decomposition rate of compounds that were metabolically unstable in the plasma. Reasonable metabolic rate constants were determined for cefadroxil and diltiazem, demonstrating the practicality of this method for determining kinetics related to fu characterization. Because the determination of fu of compounds with 'unfavorable' physicochemical properties is known to be experimentally challenging, the current method may be useful in determining the fu of compounds in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chan Bae
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Gujin Chung
- Seoul National University Bundang Hospital Healthcare Innovation Park 6F, 172 Dolma-ro, Bundang-gu, Seongnam-si, 13605, Republic of Korea
| | - Suk-Jae Chung
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea.
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30
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Helling C, Jones C. Schlenk-Type Equilibria of Grignard-Analogous Arylberyllium Complexes: Steric Effects. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202302222. [PMID: 37528538 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202302222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Revised: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 08/03/2023]
Abstract
The presence of complex Schlenk equilibria is a central property of synthetically invaluable Grignard reagents substantially affecting their reactivity and selectivity in chemical transformations. In this work, the steric effects of aryl substituents on the Schlenk-type equilibria of their lighter congeners, arylberyllium bromides, are systematically studied. Combination of diarylberyllium complexes Ar2 Be(OEt2 ) (1Ar, Ar=Tip, Tcpp; Tip=2,4,6-iPr3 C6 H3 , Tcpp=2,4,6-Cyp3 C6 H3 , Cyp=c-C5 H9 ), containing sterically demanding aryl groups, and BeBr2 (OEt2 )2 (2) affords the Grignard-analogous arylberyllium bromides ArBeBr(OEt2 ) (3Ar, Ar=Tip, Tcpp). In contrast, Mes2 Be(OEt2 ) (1Mes, Mes=2,4,6-Me3 C6 H3 ) and 2 exist in a temperature-dependent equilibrium with MesBeBr(OEt2 ) (3Mes) and free OEt2 . Ph2 Be(OEt2 ) (1Ph) reacts with 2 to afford dimeric [PhBeBr(OEt2 )]2 ([3Ph]2 ). Moreover, the influence of replacing the OEt2 donor by an N-heterocyclic carbene, IPr2 Me2 (IPr2 Me2 =C(iPrNCMe)2 ), on the redistribution reactions was investigated. The solution- and solid-state structures of the diarylberyllium and arylberyllium bromide complexes were comprehensively characterized using multinuclear (1 H, 9 Be, 13 C) NMR spectroscopic methods and single-crystal X-ray diffraction, while DFT calculations were employed to support the experimental findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Helling
- School of Chemistry, Monash University, PO Box 23, Melbourne, VIC, 3800, Australia
| | - Cameron Jones
- School of Chemistry, Monash University, PO Box 23, Melbourne, VIC, 3800, Australia
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31
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Contreras-Montoya R, Smith JP, Boothroyd SC, Aguilar JA, Mirzamani M, Screen MA, Yufit DS, Robertson M, He L, Qian S, Kumari H, Steed JW. Pathway complexity in fibre assembly: from liquid crystals to hyper-helical gelmorphs. Chem Sci 2023; 14:11389-11401. [PMID: 37886106 PMCID: PMC10599479 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc03841f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Pathway complexity results in unique materials from the same components according to the assembly conditions. Here a chiral acyl-semicarbazide gelator forms three different gels of contrasting fibre morphology (termed 'gelmorphs') as well as lyotropic liquid crystalline droplets depending on the assembly pathway. The gels have morphologies that are either hyperhelical (HH-Gel), tape-fibre (TF-Gel) or thin fibril derived from the liquid crystalline phase (LC-Gels) and exhibit very different rheological properties. The gelator exists as three slowly interconverting conformers in solution. All three gels are comprised of an unsymmetrical, intramolecular hydrogen bonded conformer. The kinetics show that formation of the remarkable HH-Gel is cooperative and is postulated to involve association of the growing fibril with a non-gelling conformer. This single molecule dynamic conformational library shows how very different materials with different morphology and hence very contrasting materials properties can arise from pathway complexity as a result of emergent interactions during the assembly process.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - James P Smith
- Department of Chemistry, Durham University Durham DH1 3LE UK
| | | | - Juan A Aguilar
- Department of Chemistry, Durham University Durham DH1 3LE UK
| | - Marzieh Mirzamani
- James L. Winkle College of Pharmacy, University of Cincinnati 231 Albert Sabin Way, Medical Science Building 3109C Cincinnati OH 45267-0514 USA
| | - Martin A Screen
- Department of Chemistry, Durham University Durham DH1 3LE UK
| | - Dmitry S Yufit
- Department of Chemistry, Durham University Durham DH1 3LE UK
| | - Mark Robertson
- School of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Southern Mississippi 118 College Dr. Hattiesburg MS 39406 USA
| | - Lilin He
- Neutron Scattering Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory 1 Bethel Valley Rd. Oak Ridge TN 37831 USA
| | - Shuo Qian
- Neutron Scattering Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory 1 Bethel Valley Rd. Oak Ridge TN 37831 USA
| | - Harshita Kumari
- James L. Winkle College of Pharmacy, University of Cincinnati 231 Albert Sabin Way, Medical Science Building 3109C Cincinnati OH 45267-0514 USA
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32
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Farcaş-Johnson M, Gasperini D, King AK, Mohan S, Barrett AN, Lau S, Mahon MF, Sarazin Y, Kyne SH, Webster RL. Iron(II)-Catalyzed Activation of Si-N and Si-O Bonds Using Hydroboranes. Organometallics 2023; 42:3013-3024. [PMID: 37886624 PMCID: PMC10598884 DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.3c00339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023]
Abstract
We report the activation and functionalization of Si-N bonds with pinacol borane catalyzed by a three-coordinate iron(II) β-diketiminate complex. The reactions proceed via the mild activation of silazanes to yield useful hydrosilanes and aminoboranes. The reaction is studied by kinetic analysis, along with a detailed investigation of decomposition pathways using catecholborane as an analogue of the pinacol borane used in catalysis. We have extended the methodology to develop a polycarbosilazane depolymerization strategy, which generates hydrosilane quantitatively along with complete conversion to the Bpin-protected diamine. The analogous Si-O bond cleavage can also be achieved with heating, using silyl ether starting materials to generate hydrosilane and alkoxyborane products. Depolymerization of poly(silyl ether)s using our strategy successfully converts the polymer to 90% Bpin-protected alcohols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirela
A. Farcaş-Johnson
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY, United Kingdom
- School
of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University
of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Danila Gasperini
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew K. King
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY, United Kingdom
| | - Sakshi Mohan
- Institut
des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes, Université
de Rennes, Campus de Beaulieu, 35042 Rennes, France
| | - Adam N. Barrett
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY, United Kingdom
| | - Samantha Lau
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY, United Kingdom
| | - Mary F. Mahon
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY, United Kingdom
| | - Yann Sarazin
- Institut
des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes, Université
de Rennes, Campus de Beaulieu, 35042 Rennes, France
| | - Sara H. Kyne
- School
of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University
of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Ruth L. Webster
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY, United Kingdom
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33
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Sainju D, Lucas R, Le Gresley A. Evaluation of nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy for characterisation and quantitation of water-soluble polymers in river water. WATER RESEARCH 2023; 245:120650. [PMID: 37742403 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2023.120650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2023] [Revised: 08/14/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023]
Abstract
Water-soluble polymers (WSPs) are commonly used in industrial, commercial, agricultural and pharmaceutical products and their molecular weights and concentrations vary considerably. Methods commonly used in the analysis of WSPs are often for pure products or formulations with only a few other high MW constituents. These methods, like size exclusion chromatography (SEC) or Gel Permeation Chromatography coupled with Mass Spectrometry (MS) can be frustrated by the impact of the necessary separation steps prior to identification and the limitations of MS when identifying and quantifying polymers. To that end, the employment of a Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) method to identify, characterize and quantify WSPs in the real-world is reported for the first time. Samples were taken from fourteen UK inland river sites, concentrated via air-drying, freeze-drying or vacuum-drying and analyzed using 1D 1H NMR and 2D 1H Diffusion Ordered Spectroscopy (DOSY) NMR analysis. Seven of the river sites showed the presence of polyethylene glycol (PEG) with a range of molecular weights, evidencing the application of these techniques in analysis of WSPs. Soil percolation models evidenced the proof of principle that these techniques can also be used for the detection of polyacrylamide (PAM) and polyacrylic acid (PAA). This work should better enable the evaluation of the biological impact of WSPs on aquatic organisms in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Drishna Sainju
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, HSSCE Faculty, Kingston University, Kingston-upon-Thames, Surrey KT1 2EE, UK
| | - Robert Lucas
- Consumer Healthcare, Haleon PLC, Weybridge, Surrey, UK
| | - Adam Le Gresley
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, HSSCE Faculty, Kingston University, Kingston-upon-Thames, Surrey KT1 2EE, UK.
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34
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Mobili R, La Cognata S, Monteleone M, Longo M, Fuoco A, Serapian SA, Vigani B, Milanese C, Armentano D, Jansen JC, Amendola V. Gas Permeation through Mechanically Resistant Self-Standing Membranes of a Neat Amorphous Organic Cage. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202301437. [PMID: 37433050 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202301437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2023] [Revised: 06/27/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 07/13/2023]
Abstract
The synthesis and characterization of a novel film-forming organic cage and of its smaller analogue are here described. While the small cage produced single crystals suitable for X-ray diffraction studies, the large one was isolated as a dense film. Due to its remarkable film-forming properties, this latter cage could be solution processed into transparent thin-layer films and mechanically stable dense self-standing membranes of controllable thickness. Thanks to these peculiar features, the membranes were also successfully tested for gas permeation, reporting a behavior similar to that found with stiff glassy polymers such as polymers of intrinsic microporosity or polyimides. Given the growing interest in the development of molecular-based membranes, for example for separation technologies and functional coatings, the properties of this organic cage were investigated by thorough analysis of their structural, thermal, mechanical and gas transport properties, and by detailed atomistic simulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riccardo Mobili
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pavia, viale Torquato Taramelli 12, 27100, Pavia, Italy
| | - Sonia La Cognata
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pavia, viale Torquato Taramelli 12, 27100, Pavia, Italy
| | - Marcello Monteleone
- Institute on Membrane Technology, National Research Council of Italy (CNR-ITM), via P. Bucci 17/C, Rende (CS), 87036, Italy
| | - Mariagiulia Longo
- Institute on Membrane Technology, National Research Council of Italy (CNR-ITM), via P. Bucci 17/C, Rende (CS), 87036, Italy
| | - Alessio Fuoco
- Institute on Membrane Technology, National Research Council of Italy (CNR-ITM), via P. Bucci 17/C, Rende (CS), 87036, Italy
| | - Stefano A Serapian
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pavia, viale Torquato Taramelli 12, 27100, Pavia, Italy
| | - Barbara Vigani
- Department of Drug Sciences, University of Pavia, viale Torquato Taramelli 12, 27100, Pavia, Italy
| | - Chiara Milanese
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pavia, viale Torquato Taramelli 12, 27100, Pavia, Italy
| | - Donatella Armentano
- Department of Chemistry & Chemical Technologies, University of Calabria, Via P. Bucci, 13/C, 87036, Rende (CS), Italy
| | - Johannes C Jansen
- Institute on Membrane Technology, National Research Council of Italy (CNR-ITM), via P. Bucci 17/C, Rende (CS), 87036, Italy
| | - Valeria Amendola
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pavia, viale Torquato Taramelli 12, 27100, Pavia, Italy
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35
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Schmidt R, Giubertoni G, Caporaletti F, Kolpakov P, Shahidzadeh N, Ariese F, Woutersen S. Raman Diffusion-Ordered Spectroscopy. J Phys Chem A 2023; 127:7638-7645. [PMID: 37656920 PMCID: PMC10510375 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.3c03232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Revised: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 09/03/2023]
Abstract
The Stokes-Einstein relation, which relates the diffusion coefficient of a molecule to its hydrodynamic radius, is commonly used to determine molecular sizes in chemical analysis methods. Here, we combine the size sensitivity of such diffusion-based methods with the structure sensitivity of Raman spectroscopy by performing Raman diffusion-ordered spectroscopy (Raman-DOSY). The core of the Raman-DOSY setup is a flow cell with a Y-shaped channel containing two inlets: one for the sample solution and one for the pure solvent. The two liquids are injected at the same flow rate, giving rise to two parallel laminar flows in the channel. After the flow stops, the solute molecules diffuse from the solution-filled half of the channel into the solvent-filled half at a rate determined by their hydrodynamic radius. The arrival of the solute molecules in the solvent-filled half of the channel is recorded in a spectrally resolved manner by Raman microspectroscopy. From the time series of Raman spectra, a two-dimensional Raman-DOSY spectrum is obtained, which has the Raman frequency on one axis and the diffusion coefficient (or equivalently, hydrodynamic radius) on the other. In this way, Raman-DOSY spectrally resolves overlapping Raman peaks arising from molecules of different sizes. We demonstrate Raman-DOSY on samples containing up to three compounds and derive the diffusion coefficients of small molecules, proteins, and supramolecules (micelles), illustrating the versatility of Raman-DOSY. Raman-DOSY is label-free and does not require deuterated solvents and can thus be applied to samples and matrices that might be difficult to investigate with other diffusion-based spectroscopy methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert
W. Schmidt
- Vrije
Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1105, 1081HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- University
of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Giulia Giubertoni
- University
of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Federico Caporaletti
- University
of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Université
Libre de Bruxelles, Av.
Franklin Roosevelt 50, 1050 Bruxelles, Belgium
| | - Paul Kolpakov
- University
of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Freek Ariese
- Vrije
Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1105, 1081HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Sander Woutersen
- University
of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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36
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Clapson M, Nelson DJ, Drover MW. Nickel Complexes of Allyl and Vinyldiphenylphosphine. ACS ORGANIC & INORGANIC AU 2023; 3:217-222. [PMID: 37545661 PMCID: PMC10401672 DOI: 10.1021/acsorginorgau.3c00010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2023] [Revised: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/08/2023]
Abstract
Monodentate phosphine-ligated nickel compounds, e.g., [Ni(PPh3)4] are relevant as active catalysts across a broad range of reactions. This report expands upon the coordination chemistry of this family, offering the reactivity of allyl- and vinyl-substituted diphenylphosphine (PPh2R) with [Ni(COD)2] (COD = 1,5-cyclooctadiene). These reactions provide three-coordinate dinickelacycles that are intermolecularly tethered through adjacent {Ni}-olefin interactions. The ring conformation of such cycles has been studied in the solid-state and using theoretical calculations. Here, a difference in reaction outcome is linked to the presence of an allyl vs vinyl group, where the former is observed to undergo rearrangement, bringing about challenges in clean product isolation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marissa
L. Clapson
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University
of Windsor, 401 Sunset Avenue, Windsor, ON N9B 3P4, Canada
| | - David J. Nelson
- WestCHEM
Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde, 295 Cathedral Street, Glasgow G1 1XL, Scotland,
U.K.
| | - Marcus W. Drover
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University
of Windsor, 401 Sunset Avenue, Windsor, ON N9B 3P4, Canada
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37
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Monaco S, Angulo J, Wallace M. Imaging Saturation Transfer Difference (STD) NMR: Affinity and Specificity of Protein-Ligand Interactions from a Single NMR Sample. J Am Chem Soc 2023. [PMID: 37487192 PMCID: PMC10401705 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c02218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/26/2023]
Abstract
We have combined saturation transfer difference NMR (STD NMR) with chemical shift imaging (CSI) and controlled concentration gradients of small molecule ligands to develop imaging STD NMR, a new tool for the assessment of protein-ligand interactions. Our methodology allows the determination of protein-ligand dissociation constants (KD) and assessment of the binding specificity in a single NMR tube, avoiding time-consuming titrations. We demonstrate the formation of suitable and reproducible concentration gradients of ligand along the vertical axis of the tube, against homogeneous protein concentration, and present a CSI pulse sequence for the acquisition of STD NMR experiments at different positions along the sample tube. Compared to the conventional methodology in which the [ligand]/[protein] ratio is increased manually, we can perform STD NMR experiments at a greater number of ratios and construct binding epitopes in a fraction (∼20%) of the experimental time. Second, imaging STD NMR also allows us to screen for non-specific binders, by monitoring any variation of the binding epitope map at increasing [ligand]/[protein] ratios. Hence, the proposed method does carry the potential to speed up and smooth out the drug discovery process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serena Monaco
- School of Pharmacy, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7TJ, U.K
| | - Jesus Angulo
- Instituto de Investigaciones Químicas (IIQ), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas and Universidad de Sevilla, Avenida Américo Vespucio, 49, Sevilla 41092, Spain
| | - Matthew Wallace
- School of Pharmacy, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7TJ, U.K
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38
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Pang Y, Nöthling N, Leutzsch M, Kang L, Bill E, van Gastel M, Reijerse E, Goddard R, Wagner L, SantaLucia D, DeBeer S, Neese F, Cornella J. Synthesis and isolation of a triplet bismuthinidene with a quenched magnetic response. Science 2023:eadg2833. [PMID: 37200451 DOI: 10.1126/science.adg2833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Large Spin-Orbit Coupling (SOC) is an intrinsic property of the heavy-elements that directly affects the electronic structures of the compounds. Herein we report the synthesis and characterization of a mono-coordinate bismuthinidene featuring a rigid and bulky ligand. All magnetic measurements (SQUID, NMR) point to a diamagnetic compound. However, multiconfigurational quantum chemical calculations predict the ground state of the compound to be dominated (76%) by a spin-triplet. The apparent diamagnetism is explained by an extremely large SOC induced positive zero-field-splitting of more than 4500 cm-1 that leaves the MS = 0 magnetic sublevel thermally isolated in the electronic ground state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Pang
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1, 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Nils Nöthling
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1, 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Markus Leutzsch
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1, 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Liqun Kang
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Energy Conversion, Stiftstrasse 34-36, 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Eckhard Bill
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Energy Conversion, Stiftstrasse 34-36, 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Maurice van Gastel
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1, 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Edward Reijerse
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Energy Conversion, Stiftstrasse 34-36, 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Richard Goddard
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1, 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Lucas Wagner
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1, 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Daniel SantaLucia
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1, 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Serena DeBeer
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Energy Conversion, Stiftstrasse 34-36, 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Frank Neese
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1, 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Josep Cornella
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1, 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
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39
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Purohit P, Dutta P, Roy PK. Empirically validated theoretical analysis of visual-spatial perception under change of nervous system arousal. Front Comput Neurosci 2023; 17:1136985. [PMID: 37251600 PMCID: PMC10213702 DOI: 10.3389/fncom.2023.1136985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Visual-spatial perception is a process for extracting the spatial relationship between objects in the environment. The changes in visual-spatial perception due to factors such as the activity of the sympathetic nervous system (hyperactivation) or parasympathetic nervous system (hypoactivation) can affect the internal representation of the external visual-spatial world. We formulated a quantitative model of the modulation of visual-perceptual space under action by hyperactivation or hypoactivation-inducing neuromodulating agents. We showed a Hill equation based relationship between neuromodulator agent concentration and alteration of visual-spatial perception utilizing the metric tensor to quantify the visual space. Methods We computed the dynamics of the psilocybin (hyperactivation-inducing agent) and chlorpromazine (hypoactivation-inducing agent) in brain tissue. Then, we validated our quantitative model by analyzing the findings of different independent behavioral studies where subjects were assessed for alterations in visual-spatial perception under the action of psilocybin and under chlorpromazine. To validate the neuronal correlates, we simulated the effect of the neuromodulating agent on the computational model of the grid-cell network, and also performed diffusion MRI-based tractography to find the neural tracts between the cortical areas involved: V2 and the entorhinal cortex. Results We applied our computational model to an experiment (where perceptual alterations were measured under psilocybin) and found that for n (Hill-coefficient) = 14.8 and k = 1.39, the theoretical prediction followed experimental observations very well (χ2 test robustly satisfied, p > 0.99). We predicted the outcome of another psilocybin-based experiment using these values (n = 14.8 and k = 1.39), whereby our prediction and experimental outcomes were well corroborated. Furthermore, we found that also under hypoactivation (chlorpromazine), the modulation of the visual-spatial perception follows our model. Moreover, we found neural tracts between the area V2 and entorhinal cortex, thus providing a possible brain network responsible for encoding visual-spatial perception. Thence, we simulated the altered grid-cell network activity, which was also found to follow the Hill equation. Conclusion We developed a computational model of visuospatial perceptual alterations under altered neural sympathetic/parasympathetic tone. We validated our model using analysis of behavioral studies, neuroimaging assessment, and neurocomputational evaluation. Our quantitative approach may be probed as a potential behavioral screening and monitoring methodology in neuropsychology to analyze perceptual misjudgment and mishaps by highly stressed workers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pratik Purohit
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (BHU), Varanasi, India
| | - Prasun Dutta
- Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Technology (BHU), Varanasi, India
| | - Prasun K. Roy
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (BHU), Varanasi, India
- Department of Life Sciences, Shiv Nadar University (SNU), Greater Noida, India
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40
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Betlejewska-Kielak K, Bednarek E, Budzianowski A, Michalska K, Maurin JK. Comprehensive Characterisation of the Flurbiprofen/β-Cyclodextrin Inclusion Complex Using X-ray Techniques and NMR Spectroscopy. J Mol Struct 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2023.135450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/29/2023]
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41
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Kraj P, Hewagama ND, Douglas T. Diffusion and molecular partitioning in hierarchically complex virus-like particles. Virology 2023; 580:50-60. [PMID: 36764014 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2023.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2022] [Revised: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Viruses are diverse infectious agents found in virtually every type of natural environment. Due to the range of conditions in which viruses have evolved, they exhibit a wide range of structure and function which has been exploited for biotechnology. The self-assembly process of virus-like particles (VLPs), derived from structural virus components, allows for the assembly of a hierarchy of materials. Because VLPs are robust in both their assembly and the final product, functionality can be incorporated through design of their building blocks or chemical modification after their synthesis and assembly. In particular, encapsulation of active enzymes inside VLP results in macromolecular concentration approximating that of cells, introducing excluded volume effects on encapsulated cargo which are not present in traditional experiments done on dilute proteins. This work reviews the hierarchical assembly of VLPs, experiments investigating diffusion in VLP systems, and methods for partitioning of chemical species in VLPs as functional biomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pawel Kraj
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 E Kirkwood Ave., Bloomington, IN, 47405, USA
| | - Nathasha D Hewagama
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 E Kirkwood Ave., Bloomington, IN, 47405, USA
| | - Trevor Douglas
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 E Kirkwood Ave., Bloomington, IN, 47405, USA.
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42
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The Influence of Physio-Chemical Parameters of Castor oil (Biodiesel) as an Additive in Diesel-Ethanol (Diesohol) Blends at 303 K. CHEMISTRY AFRICA 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/s42250-023-00627-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/04/2023]
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43
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Giubertoni G, Rombouts G, Caporaletti F, Deblais A, van Diest R, Reek JNH, Bonn D, Woutersen S. Infrared Diffusion-Ordered Spectroscopy Reveals Molecular Size and Structure. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202213424. [PMID: 36259515 PMCID: PMC10107201 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202213424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Inspired by ideas from NMR, we have developed Infrared Diffusion-Ordered Spectroscopy (IR-DOSY), which simultaneously characterizes molecular structure and size. We rely on the fact that the diffusion coefficient of a molecule is determined by its size through the Stokes-Einstein relation, and achieve sensitivity to the diffusion coefficient by creating a concentration gradient and tracking its equilibration in an IR-frequency resolved manner. Analogous to NMR-DOSY, a two-dimensional IR-DOSY spectrum has IR frequency along one axis and diffusion coefficient (or equivalently, size) along the other, so the chemical structure and the size of a compound are characterized simultaneously. In an IR-DOSY spectrum of a mixture, molecules with different sizes are nicely separated into distinct sets of IR peaks. Extending this idea to higher dimensions, we also perform 3D-IR-DOSY, in which we combine the conformation sensitivity of femtosecond multi-dimensional IR spectroscopy with size sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Giubertoni
- Van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Gijs Rombouts
- Van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Federico Caporaletti
- Van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Institute of Physics, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Antoine Deblais
- Institute of Physics, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Rianne van Diest
- Van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Joost N H Reek
- Van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Daniel Bonn
- Institute of Physics, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Sander Woutersen
- Van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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44
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Dašková V, Padín D, Feringa BL. Turning Enantiomeric Relationships into Diastereomeric Ones: Self-Resolving α-Ureidophosphonates and Their Organocatalytic Enantioselective Synthesis. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:23603-23613. [PMID: 36516975 PMCID: PMC9801384 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c10911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Controlling chiral recognition and chiral information transfer has major implications in areas ranging from drug design and asymmetric catalysis to supra- and macromolecular chemistry. Especially intriguing are phenomena associated with chiral self-recognition. The design of systems that show self-induced recognition of enantiomers, i.e., involving homochiral versus heterochiral dimers, is particularly challenging. Here, we report the chiral self-recognition of α-ureidophosphonates and its application as both a powerful analytical tool for enantiomeric ratio determination by NMR and as a convenient way to increase their enantiomeric purity by simple achiral column chromatography or fractional precipitation. A combination of NMR, X-ray, and DFT studies indicates that the formation of homo- and heterochiral dimers involving self-complementary intermolecular hydrogen bonds is responsible for their self-resolving properties. It is also shown that these often unnoticed chiral recognition phenomena can facilitate the stereochemical analysis during the development of new asymmetric transformations. As a proof of concept, the enantioselective organocatalytic hydrophosphonylation of alkylidene ureas toward self-resolving α-ureidophosphonates is presented, which also led us to the discovery of the largest family of self-resolving compounds reported to date.
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45
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Han J, Lee J, Kim S, Lee A, Park HG, Kim YS. Mucus-inspired organogel as an efficient absorbent and retention agent for volatile organic compounds. NANOSCALE 2022; 15:101-108. [PMID: 36448562 DOI: 10.1039/d2nr05522h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Nasal mucus plays a key role in the sense of smell by absorbing and transporting chemicals to olfactory receptors. Inspired by the physical properties of mucus that enable it to transport molecules despite its high viscosity, we developed a polymeric organogel with similar viscosity and analyzed its general performance. Through qualitative and quantitative analysis, we confirmed that the matrix viscosity mainly affects the absorption and retention of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and not their diffusion inside the matrix. Additionally, the vapor pressure of VOCs influences the absorption and retention efficiencies of the matrix. Finally, a detailed understanding of the properties of mucus along with the use of sol-gel transition enabled us to create an efficient VOC absorbent and retention agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jihoon Han
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), 77 Cheongam-Ro, Nam-Gu, Pohang, Gyeongbuk, 37673, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jemin Lee
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), 77 Cheongam-Ro, Nam-Gu, Pohang, Gyeongbuk, 37673, Republic of Korea.
| | - Seonghyeon Kim
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), 77 Cheongam-Ro, Nam-Gu, Pohang, Gyeongbuk, 37673, Republic of Korea.
| | - Anna Lee
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), 77 Cheongam-Ro, Nam-Gu, Pohang, Gyeongbuk, 37673, Republic of Korea.
| | - Hyung Gyu Park
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), 77 Cheongam-Ro, Nam-Gu, Pohang, Gyeongbuk, 37673, Republic of Korea.
| | - Youn Soo Kim
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), 77 Cheongam-Ro, Nam-Gu, Pohang, Gyeongbuk, 37673, Republic of Korea.
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46
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Seo WM, Ballesteros M, Tsui EY. Sulfane Decreases the Nucleophilic Reactivity of Zinc Thiolates: Implications for Biological Reactive Sulfur Species. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:20630-20640. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c07380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- W.T. Michael Seo
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana46556, United States
| | - Moises Ballesteros
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana46556, United States
| | - Emily Y. Tsui
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana46556, United States
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47
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Yamamoto K, Morikawa K, Imanaka H, Imamura K, Kitamori T. Kinetics of Enzymatic Reactions at the Solid/Liquid Interface in Nanofluidic Channels. Anal Chem 2022; 94:15686-15694. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c02878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Koki Yamamoto
- Department of Bioengineering, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo, Tokyo113-8656, Japan
| | - Kyojiro Morikawa
- Institute of Nanoengineering and Microsystems, Department of Power Mechanical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, No. 101, Section 2, Kuang-Fu Road, Hsinchu300044, Taiwan, ROC
- Collaborative Research Organization for Micro and Nano Multifunctional Devices, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo, Tokyo113-8656, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Imanaka
- Division of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, 3-1-1 Tsushima-Naka, Kita-Ku, Okayama700-8530, Japan
| | - Koreyoshi Imamura
- Division of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, 3-1-1 Tsushima-Naka, Kita-Ku, Okayama700-8530, Japan
| | - Takehiko Kitamori
- Institute of Nanoengineering and Microsystems, Department of Power Mechanical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, No. 101, Section 2, Kuang-Fu Road, Hsinchu300044, Taiwan, ROC
- Collaborative Research Organization for Micro and Nano Multifunctional Devices, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo, Tokyo113-8656, Japan
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48
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Black AW, Zhang W, Reid G, Bartlett PN. Diffusion in weakly coordinating solvents. Electrochim Acta 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2022.140720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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49
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Großmann O, Bellaire D, Hayer N, Jirasek F, Hasse H. Prediction of Diffusion Coefficients at Infinite Dilution by Matrix Completion. CHEM-ING-TECH 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/cite.202255345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- O. Großmann
- TU Kaiserslautern Laboratory of Engineering Thermodynamics Erwin-Schrödinger-Str. 44 67663 Kaiserslautern Germany
| | - D. Bellaire
- TU Kaiserslautern Laboratory of Engineering Thermodynamics Erwin-Schrödinger-Str. 44 67663 Kaiserslautern Germany
| | - N. Hayer
- TU Kaiserslautern Laboratory of Engineering Thermodynamics Erwin-Schrödinger-Str. 44 67663 Kaiserslautern Germany
| | - F. Jirasek
- TU Kaiserslautern Laboratory of Engineering Thermodynamics Erwin-Schrödinger-Str. 44 67663 Kaiserslautern Germany
| | - H. Hasse
- TU Kaiserslautern Laboratory of Engineering Thermodynamics Erwin-Schrödinger-Str. 44 67663 Kaiserslautern Germany
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50
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Tzanova MM, Moretti F, Grassi G, Stein PC, Hiorth M, Abrami M, Grassi M, Pio di Cagno M. Modelling drug diffusion through unstirred water layers allows real-time quantification of free/loaded drug fractions and release kinetics from colloidal-based formulations. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2022; 178:168-178. [PMID: 36029937 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2022.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2022] [Revised: 07/27/2022] [Accepted: 08/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
The correlation between in vivo and in vitro data is yet not sufficiently optimized to allow a significant reduction and replacement of animal testing in pharmaceutical development. One of the main reasons for this lies in the poor mechanistic understanding and interpretation of the physical mechanisms enabling formulation rely on for deploying the drug. One mechanism that still lacks a proper interpretation is the kinetics of drug release from nanocarriers. In this work, we investigate two different types of classical enabling formulations - i) cyclodextrin solutions and ii) liposomal dispersions - by a combination of an experimental method (i.e. UV-Vis localized spectroscopy) and mathematical modelling/numerical data fitting. With this approach, we are able to discriminate precisely between the amount of drug bound to nanocarriers or freely dissolved at any time point; in addition, we can precisely estimate the binding and diffusivity constants of all chemical species (free drug/bound drug). The results obtained should serve as the first milestone for the further development of reliable in vitro/in silico models for the prediction of in vivo drug bioavailability when enabling formulations are used.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina M Tzanova
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Oslo, Sem Saelands vei 3, 0371 Oslo, Norway
| | - Federica Moretti
- Department of Engineering and Architecture, University of Trieste, Via Alfonso Valerio, 6/1, 34127 Trieste, Italy
| | - Gabriele Grassi
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Health Sciences, Strada di Fiume 447, 34149 Trieste, Italy
| | - Paul C Stein
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Southern Denmark, 5230 Odense, Denmark
| | - Marianne Hiorth
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Oslo, Sem Saelands vei 3, 0371 Oslo, Norway
| | - Michela Abrami
- Department of Engineering and Architecture, University of Trieste, Via Alfonso Valerio, 6/1, 34127 Trieste, Italy
| | - Mario Grassi
- Department of Engineering and Architecture, University of Trieste, Via Alfonso Valerio, 6/1, 34127 Trieste, Italy
| | - Massimiliano Pio di Cagno
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Oslo, Sem Saelands vei 3, 0371 Oslo, Norway.
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