1
|
Calver JF, Parmar NR, Harris G, Lithgo RM, Stylianou P, Zetterberg FR, Gooptu B, Mackinnon AC, Carr SB, Borthwick LA, Scott DJ, Stewart ID, Slack RJ, Jenkins RG, John AE. Defining the mechanism of galectin-3-mediated TGF-β1 activation and its role in lung fibrosis. J Biol Chem 2024; 300:107300. [PMID: 38641066 PMCID: PMC11134550 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2024.107300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Revised: 03/29/2024] [Accepted: 04/11/2024] [Indexed: 04/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Integrin-mediated activation of the profibrotic mediator transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1), plays a critical role in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) pathogenesis. Galectin-3 is believed to contribute to the pathological wound healing seen in IPF, although its mechanism of action is not precisely defined. We hypothesized that galectin-3 potentiates TGF-β1 activation and/or signaling in the lung to promote fibrogenesis. We show that galectin-3 induces TGF-β1 activation in human lung fibroblasts (HLFs) and specifically that extracellular galectin-3 promotes oleoyl-L-α-lysophosphatidic acid sodium salt-induced integrin-mediated TGF-β1 activation. Surface plasmon resonance analysis confirmed that galectin-3 binds to αv integrins, αvβ1, αvβ5, and αvβ6, and to the TGFβRII subunit in a glycosylation-dependent manner. This binding is heterogeneous and not a 1:1 binding stoichiometry. Binding interactions were blocked by small molecule inhibitors of galectin-3, which target the carbohydrate recognition domain. Galectin-3 binding to β1 integrin was validated in vitro by coimmunoprecipitation in HLFs. Proximity ligation assays indicated that galectin-3 and β1 integrin colocalize closely (≤40 nm) on the cell surface and that colocalization is increased by TGF-β1 treatment and blocked by galectin-3 inhibitors. In the absence of TGF-β1 stimulation, colocalization was detectable only in HLFs from IPF patients, suggesting the proteins are inherently more closely associated in the disease state. Galectin-3 inhibitor treatment of precision cut lung slices from IPF patients' reduced Col1a1, TIMP1, and hyaluronan secretion to a similar degree as TGF-β type I receptor inhibitor. These data suggest that galectin-3 promotes TGF-β1 signaling and may induce fibrogenesis by interacting directly with components of the TGF-β1 signaling cascade.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jessica F Calver
- School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom; Stevenage Bioscience Catalyst, Galecto Biotech AB, Stevenage, United Kingdom
| | - Nimesh R Parmar
- School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom; Roche Products Limited, Welwyn Garden City, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom
| | - Gemma Harris
- Research Complex at Harwell, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Didcot, Oxfordshire, United Kingdom
| | - Ryan M Lithgo
- Research Complex at Harwell, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Didcot, Oxfordshire, United Kingdom; School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Loughborough, Leicestershire, United Kingdom; Membrane Protein Laboratory, Diamond Light Source, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Didcot, Oxfordshire, United Kingdom; Diamond Light Source, Diamond House, Rutherford Appleton Laboratories, Didcot, Oxfordshire, United Kingdom
| | - Panayiota Stylianou
- Institute for Lung Health, NIHR Leicester Respiratory Biomedical Research Centre, Glenfield Hospital, Leicester, United Kingdom; Leicester Institute for Structural and Chemical Biology, Henry Wellcome Building, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom
| | | | - Bibek Gooptu
- Institute for Lung Health, NIHR Leicester Respiratory Biomedical Research Centre, Glenfield Hospital, Leicester, United Kingdom; Leicester Institute for Structural and Chemical Biology, Henry Wellcome Building, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom
| | - Alison C Mackinnon
- Galecto Biotech AB, Nine Edinburgh BioQuarter, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen B Carr
- Research Complex at Harwell, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Didcot, Oxfordshire, United Kingdom; Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, Oxfordshire, United Kingdom
| | - Lee A Borthwick
- Fibrofind Ltd, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom; Newcastle Fibrosis Research Group, Biosciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - David J Scott
- Research Complex at Harwell, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Didcot, Oxfordshire, United Kingdom; School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Loughborough, Leicestershire, United Kingdom
| | - Iain D Stewart
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Robert J Slack
- Stevenage Bioscience Catalyst, Galecto Biotech AB, Stevenage, United Kingdom
| | - R Gisli Jenkins
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Alison E John
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Ahmed R, Anam K, Ahmed H. Development of Galectin-3 Targeting Drugs for Therapeutic Applications in Various Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:8116. [PMID: 37175823 PMCID: PMC10179732 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24098116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2023] [Revised: 04/24/2023] [Accepted: 04/29/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Galectin-3 (Gal3) is one of the most studied members of the galectin family that mediate various biological processes such as growth regulation, immune function, cancer metastasis, and apoptosis. Since Gal3 is pro-inflammatory, it is involved in many diseases that are associated with chronic inflammation such as cancer, organ fibrosis, and type 2 diabetes. As a multifunctional protein involved in multiple pathways of many diseases, Gal3 has generated significant interest in pharmaceutical industries. As a result, several Gal3-targeting therapeutic drugs are being developed to address unmet medical needs. Based on the PubMed search of Gal3 to date (1987-2023), here, we briefly describe its structure, carbohydrate-binding properties, endogenous ligands, and roles in various diseases. We also discuss its potential antagonists that are currently being investigated clinically or pre-clinically by the public and private companies. The updated knowledge on Gal3 function in various diseases could initiate new clinical or pre-clinical investigations to test therapeutic strategies, and some of these strategies could be successful and recognized as novel therapeutics for unmet medical needs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Hafiz Ahmed
- GlycoMantra Inc., Biotechnology Center, University of Maryland Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD 21250, USA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Zhu L, Tang Y, Li XY, Kerk SA, Lyssiotis CA, Sun X, Wang Z, Cho JS, Ma J, Weiss SJ. Proteolytic regulation of a galectin-3/Lrp1 axis controls osteoclast-mediated bone resorption. J Cell Biol 2023; 222:e202206121. [PMID: 36880731 PMCID: PMC9998966 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202206121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2022] [Revised: 12/18/2022] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Bone-resorbing osteoclasts mobilize proteolytic enzymes belonging to the matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) family to directly degrade type I collagen, the dominant extracellular matrix component of skeletal tissues. While searching for additional MMP substrates critical to bone resorption, Mmp9/Mmp14 double-knockout (DKO) osteoclasts-as well as MMP-inhibited human osteoclasts-unexpectedly display major changes in transcriptional programs in tandem with compromised RhoA activation, sealing zone formation and bone resorption. Further study revealed that osteoclast function is dependent on the ability of Mmp9 and Mmp14 to cooperatively proteolyze the β-galactoside-binding lectin, galectin-3, on the cell surface. Mass spectrometry identified the galectin-3 receptor as low-density lipoprotein-related protein-1 (Lrp1), whose targeting in DKO osteoclasts fully rescues RhoA activation, sealing zone formation and bone resorption. Together, these findings identify a previously unrecognized galectin-3/Lrp1 axis whose proteolytic regulation controls both the transcriptional programs and the intracellular signaling cascades critical to mouse as well as human osteoclast function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lingxin Zhu
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) and Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Division of Genetic Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Yi Tang
- Division of Genetic Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Xiao-Yan Li
- Division of Genetic Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Samuel A. Kerk
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Doctoral Program in Cancer Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Costas A. Lyssiotis
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Xiaoyue Sun
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) and Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Zijun Wang
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) and Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Jung-Sun Cho
- Division of Genetic Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Jun Ma
- Division of Genetic Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Stephen J. Weiss
- Division of Genetic Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Voss PG, Wang JL. Liquid-liquid phase separation: Galectin-3 in nuclear speckles and ribonucleoprotein complexes. Exp Cell Res 2023; 427:113571. [PMID: 37003559 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2023.113571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2023] [Revised: 03/19/2023] [Accepted: 03/24/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023]
Abstract
Nuclear speckles are subcellular structures originally characterized by punctate immunofluorescence staining of the monoclonal antibody SC35, which recognizes an epitope on SRRM2 (serine/arginine repetitive matrix protein 2) and Sfrs2, a member of the SR (serine/arginine-rich) family of splicing factors. Galectin-3 co-localizes with SC35 in nuclear speckles, which represent one group of nuclear bodies that include the nucleolus, Cajal bodies and gems, paraspeckles, etc. Although they appear to have well-delineated physical boundaries, these nuclear bodies are not membrane-bound structures but represent macromolecular assemblies arising from a phenomenon called liquid-liquid phase separation. There has been much recent interest in liquid phase condensation as a newly recognized mechanism by which a cell can organize and compartmentalize subcellular structures with distinct composition. The punctate/speckled staining of galectin-3 with SC3 demonstrates their co-localization in a phase-separated body in vivo, under conditions endogenous to the cell. The purpose of the present review is to summarize the studies that document three key features of galectin-3 for its localization in liquid phase condensates: (a) an intrinsically disordered domain; (b) oligomer formation for multivalent binding; and (c) association with RNA and ribonucleoprotein complexes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Patricia G Voss
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - John L Wang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Yang ML, Chen YC, Wang CT, Chong HE, Chung NH, Leu CH, Liu FT, Lai MMC, Ling P, Wu CL, Shiau AL. Upregulation of galectin-3 in influenza A virus infection promotes viral RNA synthesis through its association with viral PA protein. J Biomed Sci 2023; 30:14. [PMID: 36823664 PMCID: PMC9948428 DOI: 10.1186/s12929-023-00901-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Influenza is one of the most important viral infections globally. Viral RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) consists of the PA, PB1, and PB2 subunits, and the amino acid residues of each subunit are highly conserved among influenza A virus (IAV) strains. Due to the high mutation rate and emergence of drug resistance, new antiviral strategies are needed. Host cell factors are involved in the transcription and replication of influenza virus. Here, we investigated the role of galectin-3, a member of the β-galactoside-binding animal lectin family, in the life cycle of IAV infection in vitro and in mice. METHODS We used galectin-3 knockout and wild-type mice and cells to study the intracellular role of galectin-3 in influenza pathogenesis. Body weight and survival time of IAV-infected mice were analyzed, and viral production in mouse macrophages and lung fibroblasts was examined. Overexpression and knockdown of galectin-3 in A549 human lung epithelial cells were exploited to assess viral entry, viral ribonucleoprotein (vRNP) import/export, transcription, replication, virion production, as well as interactions between galectin-3 and viral proteins by immunoblotting, immunofluorescence, co-immunoprecipitation, RT-qPCR, minireplicon, and plaque assays. We also employed recombinant galectin-3 proteins to identify specific step(s) of the viral life cycle that was affected by exogenously added galectin-3 in A549 cells. RESULTS Galectin-3 levels were increased in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid and lungs of IAV-infected mice. There was a positive correlation between galectin-3 levels and viral loads. Notably, galectin-3 knockout mice were resistant to IAV infection. Knockdown of galectin-3 significantly reduced the production of viral proteins and virions in A549 cells. While intracellular galectin-3 did not affect viral entry, it increased vRNP nuclear import, RdRp activity, and viral transcription and replication, which were associated with the interaction of galectin-3 with viral PA subunit. Galectin-3 enhanced the interaction between viral PA and PB1 proteins. Moreover, exogenously added recombinant galectin-3 proteins also enhanced viral adsorption and promoted IAV infection in A549 cells. CONCLUSION We demonstrate that galectin-3 enhances viral infection through increases in vRNP nuclear import and RdRp activity, thereby facilitating viral transcription and replication. Our findings also identify galectin-3 as a potential therapeutic target for influenza.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mei-Lin Yang
- grid.64523.360000 0004 0532 3255Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, 1, University Road, Tainan, 701401 Taiwan ,grid.413878.10000 0004 0572 9327Ditmanson Medical Foundation Chia-Yi Christian Hospital, Chiayi, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Cheng Chen
- grid.64523.360000 0004 0532 3255Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, 1, University Road, Tainan, 701401 Taiwan
| | - Chung-Teng Wang
- grid.64523.360000 0004 0532 3255Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, 1, University Road, Tainan, 701401 Taiwan
| | - Hao-Earn Chong
- grid.64523.360000 0004 0532 3255Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, 1, University Road, Tainan, 701401 Taiwan
| | - Nai-Hui Chung
- grid.64523.360000 0004 0532 3255Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, 1, University Road, Tainan, 701401 Taiwan
| | - Chia-Hsing Leu
- grid.64523.360000 0004 0532 3255Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, 1, University Road, Tainan, 701401 Taiwan
| | - Fu-Tong Liu
- grid.28665.3f0000 0001 2287 1366Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Michael M. C. Lai
- grid.254145.30000 0001 0083 6092Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan ,grid.28665.3f0000 0001 2287 1366Institute of Molecular Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Pin Ling
- grid.64523.360000 0004 0532 3255Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, 1, University Road, Tainan, 701401 Taiwan
| | - Chao-Liang Wu
- Ditmanson Medical Foundation Chia-Yi Christian Hospital, Chiayi, Taiwan. .,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, 1, University Road, Tainan, 701401, Taiwan.
| | - Ai-Li Shiau
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, 1, University Road, Tainan, 701401, Taiwan. .,Ditmanson Medical Foundation Chia-Yi Christian Hospital, Chiayi, Taiwan.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Ezhilarasan D. Unraveling the pathophysiologic role of galectin-3 in chronically injured liver. J Cell Physiol 2023; 238:673-686. [PMID: 36745560 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.30956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Revised: 01/04/2023] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Galectin-3 (Gal-3) previously referred to as S-type lectins, is a soluble protein that specifically binds to β-galactoside carbohydrates with high specificity. Gal-3 plays a pivotal role in a variety of pathophysiological processes such as cell proliferation, inflammation, differentiation, angiogenesis, transformation and apoptosis, pre-mRNA splicing, metabolic syndromes, fibrosis, and host defense. The role of Gal-3 has also been implicated in liver diseases. Gal-3 is activated upon a hepatotoxic insult to the liver and its level has been shown to be upregulated in fatty liver diseases, inflammation, nonalcoholic steatohepatitis, fibrosis, cholangitis, cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Gal-3 directly interacts with the NOD-like receptor family, pyrin domain containing 3, and activates the inflammasome in macrophages of the liver. In the chronically injured liver, Gal-3 secreted by injured hepatocytes and immune cells, activates hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) in a paracrine fashion to acquire a myofibroblast like collagen-producing phenotype. Activated HSCs in the fibrotic liver secrete Gal-3 which acts via autocrine signaling to exacerbate extracellular matrix synthesis and fibrogenesis. In the stromal microenvironment, Gal-3 activates cancer cell proliferation, migration, invasiveness, and metastasis. Clinically, increased serum levels and Gal-3 expression were observed in the liver tissue of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis, fibrotic/cirrhotic, and HCC patients. The pathological role of Gal-3 has been experimentally and clinically reported in the progression of chronic liver disease. Therefore, this review discusses the pathological role of Gal-3 in the progression of chronic liver diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Devaraj Ezhilarasan
- Department of Pharmacology, Molecular Medicine and Toxicology Lab, Saveetha Dental College, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Hovorková M, Červený J, Bumba L, Pelantová H, Cvačka J, Křen V, Renaudet O, Goyard D, Bojarová P. Advanced high-affinity glycoconjugate ligands of galectins. Bioorg Chem 2023; 131:106279. [PMID: 36446202 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2022.106279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Revised: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 11/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Galectins are proteins of the family of human lectins. By binding terminal galactose units of cell surface glycans, they moderate biological and pathological processes such as cell signaling, cell adhesion, apoptosis, fibrosis, carcinogenesis, and metabolic disorders. The binding of monovalent glycans to galectins is usually relatively weak. Therefore, the presentation of carbohydrate ligands on multivalent scaffolds can efficiently increase and/or discriminate the affinity of the glycoconjugate to different galectins. A library of glycoclusters and glycodendrimers with various structural presentations of the common functionalized N-acetyllactosamine ligand was prepared to evaluate how the mode of presentation affects the affinity and selectivity to the two most abundant galectins, galectin-1 (Gal-1) and galectin-3 (Gal-3). In addition, the effect of a one- to two-unit carbohydrate spacer on the affinity of the glycoconjugates was determined. A new design of the biolayer interferometry (BLI) method with specific AVI-tagged constructs was used to determine the affinity to galectins, and compared with the gold-standard method of isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC). This study reveals new routes to low nanomolar glycoconjugate inhibitors of galectins of interest for biomedical research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michaela Hovorková
- Institute of Microbiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, CZ-14220 Prague 4, Czech Republic; Department of Genetics and Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Viničná 5, CZ-12843 Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Jakub Červený
- Institute of Microbiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, CZ-14220 Prague 4, Czech Republic; Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Hlavova 8, CZ-12843 Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Ladislav Bumba
- Institute of Microbiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, CZ-14220 Prague 4, Czech Republic
| | - Helena Pelantová
- Institute of Microbiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, CZ-14220 Prague 4, Czech Republic
| | - Josef Cvačka
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo nám, 2, CZ-166 10 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Vladimír Křen
- Institute of Microbiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, CZ-14220 Prague 4, Czech Republic
| | - Olivier Renaudet
- Department of Molecular Chemistry, University Grenoble-Alpes, 621, Avenue Centrale, F-38400 Saint Martin-d'Hères, France
| | - David Goyard
- Department of Molecular Chemistry, University Grenoble-Alpes, 621, Avenue Centrale, F-38400 Saint Martin-d'Hères, France.
| | - Pavla Bojarová
- Institute of Microbiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, CZ-14220 Prague 4, Czech Republic; Department of Health Care Disciplines and Population Protection, Faculty of Biomedical Engineering, Czech Technical University in Prague, nám. Sítná 3105, CZ-272 01 Kladno, Czech Republic.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Highlights on the Role of Galectin-3 in Colorectal Cancer and the Preventive/Therapeutic Potential of Food-Derived Inhibitors. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 15:cancers15010052. [PMID: 36612048 PMCID: PMC9817985 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15010052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Revised: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a leading cause of death worldwide. Despite advances in surgical and therapeutic management, tumor metastases and resistance to therapy still represent major hurdles. CRC risk is highly modifiable by lifestyle factors, including diet, which strongly influences both cancer incidence and related mortality. Galectin-3 (Gal-3) is a multifaceted protein involved in multiple pathophysiological pathways underlying chronic inflammation and cancer. Its versatility is given by the ability to participate in a wide range of tumor-promoting processes, including cell-cell/cell-matrix interactions, cell growth regulation and apoptosis, and the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment. This review provides an updated summary of preclinical and observational human studies investigating the pathogenetic role of Gal-3 in intestinal inflammation and CRC, as well as the potential of Gal-3 activity inhibition by plant-source food-derived bioactive compounds to control CRC onset/growth. These studies highlight both direct and immuno-mediated effects of Gal-3 on tumor growth and invasiveness and its potential role as a CRC prognostic biomarker. Substantial evidence indicates natural food-derived Gal-3 inhibitors as promising candidates for CRC prevention and therapy. However, critical issues, such as their bioavailability and efficacy, in controlled human studies need to be addressed to translate research progress into clinical applications.
Collapse
|
9
|
Sarangi N, Shafaq-Zadah M, Berselli GB, Robinson J, Dransart E, Di Cicco A, Lévy D, Johannes L, Keyes TE. Galectin-3 Binding to α 5β 1 Integrin in Pore Suspended Biomembranes. J Phys Chem B 2022; 126:10000-10017. [PMID: 36413808 PMCID: PMC9743206 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.2c05717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Galectin-3 (Gal3) is a β-galactoside binding lectin that mediates many physiological functions, including the binding of cells to the extracellular matrix for which the glycoprotein α5β1 integrin is of critical importance. The mechanisms by which Gal3 interacts with membranes have not been widely explored to date due to the complexity of cell membranes and the difficulty of integrin reconstitution within model membranes. Herein, to study their interaction, Gal3 and α5β1 were purified, and the latter reconstituted into pore-suspended lipid bilayers comprised eggPC:eggPA. Using electrochemical impedance and fluorescence lifetime correlation spectroscopy, we found that on incubation with low nanomolar concentrations of wild-type Gal3, the membrane's admittance and fluidity, as well as integrin's lateral diffusivity, were enhanced. These effects were diminished in the following conditions: (i) absence of integrin, (ii) presence of lactose as a competitive inhibitor of glycan-Gal3 interaction, and (iii) use of a Gal3 mutant that lacked the N-terminal oligomerization domain (Gal3ΔNter). These findings indicated that WTGal3 oligomerized on α5β1 integrin in a glycan-dependent manner and that the N-terminal domain interacted directly with membranes in a way that is yet to be fully understood. At concentrations above 10 nM of WTGal3, membrane capacitance started to decrease and very slowly diffusing molecular species appeared, which indicated the formation of protein clusters made from WTGal3-α5β1 integrin assemblies. Overall, our study demonstrates the capacity of WTGal3 to oligomerize in a cargo protein-dependent manner at low nanomolar concentrations. Of note, these WTGal3 oligomers appeared to have membrane active properties that could only be revealed using our sensitive methods. At slightly higher WTGal3 concentrations, the capacity to generate lateral assemblies between cargo proteins was observed. In cells, this could lead to the construction of tubular endocytic pits according to the glycolipid-lectin (GL-Lect) hypothesis or to the formation of galectin lattices, depending on cargo glycoprotein stability at the membrane, the local Gal3 concentration, or plasma membrane intrinsic parameters. The study also demonstrates the utility of microcavity array-suspended lipid bilayers to address the biophysics of transmembrane proteins.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nirod
Kumar Sarangi
- School
of Chemical Sciences and National Centre for Sensor Research, Dublin City University, DCU Glasnevin Campus, D09 V209Dublin 9, Ireland
| | - Massiullah Shafaq-Zadah
- Institut
Curie, PSL Research University, U1143 INSERM, UMR3666 CNRS, Cellular
and Chemical Biology Unit, 75248Paris Cedex 05, France
| | - Guilherme B. Berselli
- School
of Chemical Sciences and National Centre for Sensor Research, Dublin City University, DCU Glasnevin Campus, D09 V209Dublin 9, Ireland
| | - Jack Robinson
- School
of Chemical Sciences and National Centre for Sensor Research, Dublin City University, DCU Glasnevin Campus, D09 V209Dublin 9, Ireland
| | - Estelle Dransart
- Institut
Curie, PSL Research University, U1143 INSERM, UMR3666 CNRS, Cellular
and Chemical Biology Unit, 75248Paris Cedex 05, France
| | - Aurélie Di Cicco
- Institut
Curie, PSL Research University, UMR 168 CNRS, 75248Paris Cedex 05, France
| | - Daniel Lévy
- Institut
Curie, PSL Research University, UMR 168 CNRS, 75248Paris Cedex 05, France
| | - Ludger Johannes
- Institut
Curie, PSL Research University, U1143 INSERM, UMR3666 CNRS, Cellular
and Chemical Biology Unit, 75248Paris Cedex 05, France,
| | - Tia E. Keyes
- School
of Chemical Sciences and National Centre for Sensor Research, Dublin City University, DCU Glasnevin Campus, D09 V209Dublin 9, Ireland,
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Circulating Galectin-3 in Patients with Cardiogenic Shock Complicating Acute Myocardial Infarction Treated with Mild Hypothermia: A Biomarker Sub-Study of the SHOCK-COOL Trial. J Clin Med 2022; 11:jcm11237168. [PMID: 36498742 PMCID: PMC9740246 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11237168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2022] [Revised: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Galectin-3 (Gal-3) is considered a potential cardiovascular inflammatory marker that may provide additional risk stratification for patients with acute heart failure. It is unknown whether mild therapeutic hypothermia (MTH) impacts Gal-3 levels. Therefore, this biomarker study aimed to investigate the effect of MTH on Gal-3. Methods: In the randomized SHOCK-COOL trial, 40 patients with cardiogenic shock (CS) complicating acute myocardial infraction (AMI) were randomly assigned to the MTH (33 °C) or control group in a 1:1 ratio. Blood samples were collected on the day of admission/day 1, day 2, and day 3. Gal-3 level kinetics throughout these time points were compared between the MTH and control groups. Additionally, potential correlations between Gal-3 and clinical patient characteristics were assessed. Multiple imputations were performed to account for missing data. Results: In the control group, Gal-3 levels were significantly lower on day 3 than on day 1 (day 1 vs. day 3: 3.84 [IQR 2.04−13.3] vs. 1.79 [IQR 1.23−3.50] ng/mL; p = 0.049). Gal-3 levels were not significantly different on any day between the MTH and control groups (p for interaction = 0.242). Spearman’s rank correlation test showed no significant correlation between Gal-3 levels and sex, age, smoking, body mass index (BMI), and levels of creatine kinase-MB, creatine kinase, C-reactive protein, creatinine, and white blood cell counts (all p > 0.05). Patients with lower Gal-3 levels on the first day after admission demonstrated a higher risk of all-cause mortality at 30 days (hazard ratio, 2.67; 95% CI, 1.11−6.42; p = 0.029). In addition, Gal-3 levels on day 1 had a good predictive value for 30-day all-cause mortality with an area under the receiver operating characteristic curve of 0.696 (95% CI: 0.513−0.879), with an optimal cut-off point of less than 3651 pg/mL. Conclusions: MTH has no effect on Gal-3 levels in patients with CS complicating AMI compared to the control group. In addition, Gal-3 is a relatively stable biomarker, independent of age, sex, and BMI, and Gal-3 levels at admission might predict the risk of 30-day all-cause mortality.
Collapse
|
11
|
Rio-Aige K, Girbal M, Selma-Royo M, Parra-Llorca A, González S, Martínez-Costa C, Castell M, Collado MC, Pérez-Cano FJ, Rodríguez-Lagunas MJ. Galectins-1, -3 and -9 Are Present in Breast Milk and Have a Role in Early Life Development. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14204338. [PMID: 36297023 PMCID: PMC9611974 DOI: 10.3390/nu14204338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Revised: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Galectins (Gal) are a family of conserved soluble proteins with high affinity for β-galactoside structures. They have been recognized as important proteins for successful pregnancy. However, little is known about their presence in breast milk and their role in early infancy. Gal-1, -3 and -9 concentrations were evaluated by Multiplex immunoassays in mother–infant pairs from the MAMI cohort in maternal plasma (MP) (n = 15) and umbilical cord plasma (UCP) (n = 15) at birth and in breast milk samples (n = 23) at days 7 and 15 postpartum. Data regarding mother and infant characteristics were collected. Gal-9 was present in a lower concentration range than Gal-1 and Gal-3 in plasma, specifically in UCP. A major finding in the current study is that Gal-1, -3 and -9 were detected for the first time in all the transitional breast milk samples and no differences were found when comparing the two breastfeeding time points. Finally, Gal levels were associated with some maternal and infant characteristics, such as gestational age, pregnancy weight gain, maternal diet, the gender, infant growth and infant infections. In conclusion, Gal levels seem to be involved in certain developmental aspects of early life.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Karla Rio-Aige
- Physiology Section, Department of Biochemistry and Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Science, University of Barcelona (UB), 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- Nutrition and Food Safety Research Institute (INSA-UB), 08921 Santa Coloma de Gramenet, Spain
| | - Marina Girbal
- Physiology Section, Department of Biochemistry and Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Science, University of Barcelona (UB), 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- Nutrition and Food Safety Research Institute (INSA-UB), 08921 Santa Coloma de Gramenet, Spain
| | - Marta Selma-Royo
- Institute of Agrochemistry and Food Technology (IATA-CSIC), National Research Council, 46980 Valencia, Spain
| | - Anna Parra-Llorca
- Neonatal Research Group, Health Research Institute La Fe, 46026 Valencia, Spain
| | - Sonia González
- Department of Functional Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oviedo, 33071 Oviedo, Spain
- Diet, Microbiota and Health Group, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (DIMISA, ISPA), 33011 Oviedo, Spain
| | - Cecilia Martínez-Costa
- Department of Pediatrics, INCLIVA Biomedical Research Institute, University of Valencia, Avenida Blasco Ibáñez 15-17, 46010 Valencia, Spain
| | - Margarida Castell
- Physiology Section, Department of Biochemistry and Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Science, University of Barcelona (UB), 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- Nutrition and Food Safety Research Institute (INSA-UB), 08921 Santa Coloma de Gramenet, Spain
| | - María Carmen Collado
- Institute of Agrochemistry and Food Technology (IATA-CSIC), National Research Council, 46980 Valencia, Spain
| | - Francisco J. Pérez-Cano
- Physiology Section, Department of Biochemistry and Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Science, University of Barcelona (UB), 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- Nutrition and Food Safety Research Institute (INSA-UB), 08921 Santa Coloma de Gramenet, Spain
- Correspondence:
| | - María J. Rodríguez-Lagunas
- Physiology Section, Department of Biochemistry and Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Science, University of Barcelona (UB), 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- Nutrition and Food Safety Research Institute (INSA-UB), 08921 Santa Coloma de Gramenet, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Mysore VP, Zhou ZW, Ambrogio C, Li L, Kapp JN, Lu C, Wang Q, Tucker MR, Okoro JJ, Nagy-Davidescu G, Bai X, Plückthun A, Jänne PA, Westover KD, Shan Y, Shaw DE. A structural model of a Ras-Raf signalosome. Nat Struct Mol Biol 2021; 28:847-857. [PMID: 34625747 PMCID: PMC8643099 DOI: 10.1038/s41594-021-00667-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The protein K-Ras functions as a molecular switch in signaling pathways regulating cell growth. In the human mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway, which is implicated in many cancers, multiple K-Ras proteins are thought to assemble at the cell membrane with Ras effector proteins from the Raf family. Here we propose an atomistic structural model for such an assembly. Our starting point was an asymmetric guanosine triphosphate-mediated K-Ras dimer model, which we generated using unbiased molecular dynamics simulations and verified with mutagenesis experiments. Adding further K-Ras monomers in a head-to-tail fashion led to a compact helical assembly, a model we validated using electron microscopy and cell-based experiments. This assembly stabilizes K-Ras in its active state and presents composite interfaces to facilitate Raf binding. Guided by existing experimental data, we then positioned C-Raf, the downstream kinase MEK1 and accessory proteins (Galectin-3 and 14-3-3σ) on and around the helical assembly. The resulting Ras-Raf signalosome model offers an explanation for a large body of data on MAPK signaling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Zhi-Wei Zhou
- Departments of Biochemistry and Radiation Oncology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Chiara Ambrogio
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Molecular Biotechnology Center, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Lianbo Li
- Departments of Biochemistry and Radiation Oncology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Jonas N Kapp
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Chunya Lu
- Department of Biophysics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Qi Wang
- D. E. Shaw Research, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Jeffrey J Okoro
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Xiaochen Bai
- Department of Biophysics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Andreas Plückthun
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Pasi A Jänne
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
- Belfer Center for Applied Cancer Science, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Kenneth D Westover
- Departments of Biochemistry and Radiation Oncology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | | | - David E Shaw
- D. E. Shaw Research, New York, NY, USA.
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Yin P, Cui S, Liao X, Yao X. Galectin‑3 blockade suppresses the growth of cetuximab‑resistant human oral squamous cell carcinoma. Mol Med Rep 2021; 24:685. [PMID: 34328195 PMCID: PMC8365594 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2021.12325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is a cancer associated with high mortality (accounting for 3.1/100,000 deaths per year in Brazil in 2013) and a high frequency of amplification in the expression of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR). Treatment with the EGFR inhibitor cetuximab leads to drug resistance in patients with OSCC due to unknown mechanisms. Galectin‑3 (Gal‑3) is a β‑galactoside binding lectin that regulates multiple signaling pathways in cells. The present study aimed to investigate the effect of Gal‑3 in cetuximab‑resistant (cet‑R) OSCC. The OSCC HSC3 cell line was selected to establish a mouse xenograft model, which was treated with cetuximab to induce resistance. Subsequently, a Gal‑3 inhibitor was used to treat cet‑R tumors, and the tumor volume was monitored. The expression of Gal‑3, phosphorylated (p)‑ERK1/2 and p‑Akt was assessed using immunohistochemistry. The combined effect of cetuximab and the Gal‑3 inhibitor on HSC3 tumor xenografts was also investigated. HSC3 cells were cultured in vitro to investigate the regulatory effects of Gal‑3 on ERK1/2 and Akt via western blotting. In addition, the effects of the Gal‑3 inhibitor on the proliferation, colony formation, invasion and apoptosis of HSC3 cells were investigated by performing Cell Counting Kit‑8, colony formation, Transwell and apoptosis assays, respectively. In cet‑R OSCC tumors, increased expression of Gal‑3, p‑ERK1/2 and p‑Akt was observed. Further research demonstrated that Gal‑3 regulated the expression of both ERK1/2 and Akt in HSC3 cells by promoting phosphorylation. Moreover, the Gal‑3 inhibitor decreased the proliferation and invasion, but increased the apoptosis of cet‑R HSC3 cells. In addition, the Gal‑3 inhibitor suppressed the growth of cet‑R tumors. Collectively, the results indicated that the Gal‑3 inhibitor and cetuximab displayed a synergistic inhibitory effect on OSCC tumors. In summary, the present study demonstrated that Gal‑3 may serve an important role in cet‑R OSCC. The combination of cetuximab and the Gal‑3 inhibitor may display a synergistic antitumor effect, thereby inhibiting the development of cetuximab resistance in OSCC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peng Yin
- Department of Stomatology, Beijing Luhe Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 110112, P.R. China
| | - Shuanlong Cui
- Department of Stomatology, Hebei University of Chinese Medicine, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050011, P.R. China
| | - Xiangling Liao
- Department of Stomatology, Beijing Luhe Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 110112, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoguang Yao
- Department of Surgery, Hebei University of Chinese Medicine, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050011, P.R. China
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Integrative Medicine on Liver-Kidney Patterns, Institute of Integrative Medicine, College of Integrative Medicine, Hebei University of Chinese Medicine, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050011, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Galectin-3 promotes noncanonical inflammasome activation through intracellular binding to lipopolysaccharide glycans. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:2026246118. [PMID: 34301890 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2026246118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytosolic lipopolysaccharides (LPSs) bind directly to caspase-4/5/11 through their lipid A moiety, inducing inflammatory caspase oligomerization and activation, which is identified as the noncanonical inflammasome pathway. Galectins, β-galactoside-binding proteins, bind to various gram-negative bacterial LPS, which display β-galactoside-containing polysaccharide chains. Galectins are mainly present intracellularly, but their interactions with cytosolic microbial glycans have not been investigated. We report that in cell-free systems, galectin-3 augments the LPS-induced assembly of caspase-4/11 oligomers, leading to increased caspase-4/11 activation. Its carboxyl-terminal carbohydrate-recognition domain is essential for this effect, and its N-terminal domain, which contributes to the self-association property of the protein, is also critical, suggesting that this promoting effect is dependent on the functional multivalency of galectin-3. Moreover, galectin-3 enhances intracellular LPS-induced caspase-4/11 oligomerization and activation, as well as gasdermin D cleavage in human embryonic kidney (HEK) 293T cells, and it additionally promotes interleukin-1β production and pyroptotic death in macrophages. Galectin-3 also promotes caspase-11 activation and gasdermin D cleavage in macrophages treated with outer membrane vesicles, which are known to be taken up by cells and release LPSs into the cytosol. Coimmunoprecipitation confirmed that galectin-3 associates with caspase-11 after intracellular delivery of LPSs. Immunofluorescence staining revealed colocalization of LPSs, galectin-3, and caspase-11 independent of host N-glycans. Thus, we conclude that galectin-3 amplifies caspase-4/11 oligomerization and activation through LPS glycan binding, resulting in more intense pyroptosis-a critical mechanism of host resistance against bacterial infection that may provide opportunities for new therapeutic interventions.
Collapse
|
15
|
Cookis T, Mattos C. Crystal Structure Reveals the Full Ras-Raf Interface and Advances Mechanistic Understanding of Raf Activation. Biomolecules 2021; 11:996. [PMID: 34356620 PMCID: PMC8301913 DOI: 10.3390/biom11070996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Revised: 07/01/2021] [Accepted: 07/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Ras and Raf-kinase interact through the Ras-binding (RBD) and cysteine-rich domains (CRD) of Raf to signal through the mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway, yet the molecular mechanism leading to Raf activation has remained elusive. We present the 2.8 Å crystal structure of the HRas-CRaf-RBD_CRD complex showing the Ras-Raf interface as a continuous surface on Ras, as seen in the KRas-CRaf-RBD_CRD structure. In molecular dynamics simulations of a Ras dimer model formed through the α4-α5 interface, the CRD is dynamic and located between the two Ras protomers, poised for direct or allosteric modulation of functionally relevant regions of Ras and Raf. We propose a molecular model in which Ras binding is involved in the release of Raf autoinhibition while the Ras-Raf complex dimerizes to promote a platform for signal amplification, with Raf-CRD centrally located to impact regulation and function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Carla Mattos
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA;
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Galectin-3 N-terminal tail prolines modulate cell activity and glycan-mediated oligomerization/phase separation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:2021074118. [PMID: 33952698 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2021074118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Galectin-3 (Gal-3) has a long, aperiodic, and dynamic proline-rich N-terminal tail (NT). The functional role of the NT with its numerous prolines has remained enigmatic since its discovery. To provide some resolution to this puzzle, we individually mutated all 14 NT prolines over the first 68 residues and assessed their effects on various Gal-3-mediated functions. Our findings show that mutation of any single proline (especially P37A, P55A, P60A, P64A/H, and P67A) dramatically and differentially inhibits Gal-3-mediated cellular activities (i.e., cell migration, activation, endocytosis, and hemagglutination). For mechanistic insight, we investigated the role of prolines in mediating Gal-3 oligomerization, a fundamental process required for these cell activities. We showed that Gal-3 oligomerization triggered by binding to glycoproteins is a dynamic process analogous to liquid-liquid phase separation (LLPS). The composition of these heterooligomers is dependent on the concentration of Gal-3 as well as on the concentration and type of glycoprotein. LLPS-like Gal-3 oligomerization/condensation was also observed on the plasma membrane and disrupted endomembranes. Molecular- and cell-based assays indicate that glycan binding-triggered Gal-3 LLPS (or LLPS-like) is driven mainly by dynamic intermolecular interactions between the Gal-3 NT and the carbohydrate recognition domain (CRD) F-face, although NT-NT interactions appear to contribute to a lesser extent. Mutation of each proline within the NT differentially controls NT-CRD interactions, consequently affecting glycan binding, LLPS, and cellular activities. Our results unveil the role of proline polymorphisms (e.g., at P64) associated with many diseases and suggest that the function of glycosylated cell surface receptors is dynamically regulated by Gal-3.
Collapse
|
17
|
Setayesh T, Colquhoun SD, Wan YJY. Overexpression of Galectin-1 and Galectin-3 in hepatocellular carcinoma. LIVER RESEARCH 2020; 4:173-179. [PMID: 34567824 PMCID: PMC8460053 DOI: 10.1016/j.livres.2020.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Galectins (Gals) are evolutionarily conserved proteins that bind to β-galactoside containing glycans. Abnormal expression of Gals is associated with the development, progression, and metastasis of different types of cancer. Among the 11 Gals identified in humans, the roles of Gal-1 and Gal-3 have been extensively investigated in various tumors. Here, we summarize the roles of overly expressed Gal-1 and Gal-3 in the pathogenesis of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). The overexpression of Gal-1 and Gal-3 correlates with tumor growth, HCC cell migration and invasion, tumor aggressiveness, metastasis, and poor prognosis. A potentially promising future treatment strategy for HCC may include the combination of immunotherapy with Gal-1 inhibition. Additional research is warranted to investigate targeting Gal-1 and Gal-3 for HCC treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tahereh Setayesh
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | | | - Yu-Jui Yvonne Wan
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA,Corresponding author. Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA. (Y.-J.Y. Wan)
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Ayona D, Fournier PE, Henrissat B, Desnues B. Utilization of Galectins by Pathogens for Infection. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1877. [PMID: 32973776 PMCID: PMC7466766 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Galectins are glycan-binding proteins which are expressed by many different cell types and secreted extracellularly. These molecules are well-known regulators of immune responses and involved in a broad range of cellular and pathophysiological functions. During infections, host galectins can either avoid or facilitate infections by interacting with host cells- and/or pathogen-derived glycoconjugates and less commonly, with proteins. Some pathogens also express self-produced galectins to interfere with host immune responses. This review summarizes pathogens which take advantage of host- or pathogen-produced galectins to establish the infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Diyoly Ayona
- Aix Marseille Univ, IRD, APHM, MEPHI, IHU-Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
| | | | - Bernard Henrissat
- Architecture et Fonction des Macromolécules Biologiques, CNRS, Aix-Marseille University, Marseille, France
- USC1408 Architecture et Fonction des Macromolécules Biologiques, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Marseille, France
- Department of Biological Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Benoit Desnues
- Aix Marseille Univ, IRD, APHM, MEPHI, IHU-Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Liu W, Xiao K, Ren L, Sui Y, Chen J, Zhang T, Li XQ, Cao W. Leukemia cells apoptosis by a newly discovered heterogeneous polysaccharide from Angelica sinensis (Oliv.) Diels. Carbohydr Polym 2020; 241:116279. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2020.116279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2020] [Revised: 04/07/2020] [Accepted: 04/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
|
20
|
Liquid-liquid phase separation and extracellular multivalent interactions in the tale of galectin-3. Nat Commun 2020; 11:1229. [PMID: 32144274 PMCID: PMC7060198 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-15007-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2019] [Accepted: 02/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Liquid-liquid phase separation (LLPS) explains many intracellular activities, but its role in extracellular functions has not been studied to the same extent. Here we report how LLPS mediates the extracellular function of galectin-3, the only monomeric member of the galectin family. The mechanism through which galectin-3 agglutinates (acting as a “bridge” to aggregate glycosylated molecules) is largely unknown. Our data show that its N-terminal domain (NTD) undergoes LLPS driven by interactions between its aromatic residues (two tryptophans and 10 tyrosines). Our lipopolysaccharide (LPS) micelle model shows that the NTDs form multiple weak interactions to other galectin-3 and then aggregate LPS micelles. Aggregation is reversed when interactions between the LPS and the carbohydrate recognition domains are blocked by lactose. The proposed mechanism explains many of galectin-3’s functions and suggests that the aromatic residues in the NTD are interesting drug design targets. Galectin-3 consists of an unstructured N-terminal domain (NTD) and a structured carbohydrate-recognition domain and agglutinates neutrophils and glycosylated molecules in the extracellular milieu. Here the authors combine biophysical and biochemical experiments with NMR measurements and show that the galectin-3 NTD undergoes liquid-liquid phase separation (LLPS) and agglutinates other molecules through this process.
Collapse
|
21
|
Patel DM, Kitani Y, Korsnes K, Iversen MH, Brinchmann MF. A Truncated Galectin-3 Isolated from Skin Mucus of Atlantic Salmon Salmo salar Binds to and Modulates the Proteome of the Gram-Negative Bacteria Moritella viscosa. Mar Drugs 2020; 18:md18020102. [PMID: 32033203 PMCID: PMC7074318 DOI: 10.3390/md18020102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2019] [Revised: 01/31/2020] [Accepted: 02/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The mucus of fish skin plays a vital role in innate immune defense. Some mucus proteins have the potential to incapacitate pathogens and/or inhibit their passage through the skin. In this study the aim was to isolate and characterize galectin(s), β-galactosides binding proteins, present in skin mucus. A novel short form of galectin-3 was isolated from Atlantic salmon skin mucus by α-lactose agarose based affinity chromatography followed by Sephadex G-15 gel filtration. Mass spectrometric analysis showed that the isolated protein was the C-terminal half of galectin-3 (galectin-3C). Galectin-3C showed calcium independent and lactose inhabitable hemagglutination, and agglutinated the Gram-negative pathogenic bacteria Moritella viscosa. Galectin-3 mRNA was highly expressed in skin and gill, followed by muscle, hindgut, spleen, stomach, foregut, head kidney, and liver. Moritella viscosa incubated with galectin-3C had a modified proteome. Proteins with changed abundance included multidrug transporter and three ribosomal proteins L7/12, S2, and S13. Overall, this study shows the isolation and characterization of a novel galectin-3 short form involved in pathogen recognition and modulation, and hence in immune defense of Atlantic salmon.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Deepti Manjari Patel
- Faculty of Biosciences and Aquaculture, Nord University, 8049 Bodø, Norway; (D.M.P.); (Y.K.); (K.K.); (M.H.I.)
| | - Yoichiro Kitani
- Faculty of Biosciences and Aquaculture, Nord University, 8049 Bodø, Norway; (D.M.P.); (Y.K.); (K.K.); (M.H.I.)
- Noto Marine Laboratory, Division of Marine Environmental Studies, Institute of Nature and Environmental Technology, Kanazawa University, Noto-Cho, Ishikawa 927-0553, Japan
| | - Kjetil Korsnes
- Faculty of Biosciences and Aquaculture, Nord University, 8049 Bodø, Norway; (D.M.P.); (Y.K.); (K.K.); (M.H.I.)
| | - Martin Haugmo Iversen
- Faculty of Biosciences and Aquaculture, Nord University, 8049 Bodø, Norway; (D.M.P.); (Y.K.); (K.K.); (M.H.I.)
| | - Monica Fengsrud Brinchmann
- Faculty of Biosciences and Aquaculture, Nord University, 8049 Bodø, Norway; (D.M.P.); (Y.K.); (K.K.); (M.H.I.)
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Gilson RC, Gunasinghe SD, Johannes L, Gaus K. Galectin-3 modulation of T-cell activation: mechanisms of membrane remodelling. Prog Lipid Res 2019; 76:101010. [PMID: 31682868 DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2019.101010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2019] [Revised: 09/24/2019] [Accepted: 09/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Galectin-3 (Gal3) is a multifaceted protein which belongs to a family of lectins and binds β-galactosides. Gal3 expression is altered in many types of cancer, with increased expression generally associated with poor prognosis. Although the mechanisms remain unknown, Gal3 has been implicated in several biological processes involved in cancer progression, including suppression of T cell-mediated immune responses. Extracellular Gal3 binding to the plasma membrane of T cells alters membrane organization and the formation of an immunological synapse. Its multivalent capacity allows Gal3 to interact specifically with different membrane proteins and lipids, influencing endocytosis, trafficking and T cell receptor signalling. The ability of Gal3 to inhibit T cell responses may provide a mechanism by which Gal3 aids in cancer progression. In this review, we seek to give an overview of the mechanisms by which Gal3 alters the spatial organization of cell membranes and how these processes impact on T cell activation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca C Gilson
- EMBL Australia Node in Single Molecule Science, University of New South Wales, Sydney 2052, Australia; ARC Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, University of New South Wales, Sydney 2052, Australia
| | - Sachith D Gunasinghe
- EMBL Australia Node in Single Molecule Science, University of New South Wales, Sydney 2052, Australia; ARC Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, University of New South Wales, Sydney 2052, Australia
| | - Ludger Johannes
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, Cellular and Chemical Biology unit, UMR3666, CNRS, U1143, INSERM, 26 rue d'Ulm, 75248 Paris Cedex 05, France.
| | - Katharina Gaus
- EMBL Australia Node in Single Molecule Science, University of New South Wales, Sydney 2052, Australia; ARC Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, University of New South Wales, Sydney 2052, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Yamashita T, Mori Y, Alzaaqi SM, Yashiro M, Sawada T, Hirakawa K, Nakada H. Induction of Trop-2 expression through the binding of galectin-3 to MUC1. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2019; 516:44-49. [PMID: 31196625 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2019.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2019] [Accepted: 06/01/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Both mucin 1 (MUC1) and trophoblast cell surface antigen 2 (Trop-2) are overexpressed in various epithelial tumor cells, and their high expression is correlated with a poor prognosis. Both proteins were expressed in a human breast cancer cell line, MCF-7 cells, but neither was in a human colon cancer cell line, HCT116 cells. When MUC1 cDNA was introduced into HCT116 cells (HCT116/MUC1), expression of Trop-2 was induced. Reciprocally, treatment of MCF-7 cells with MUC1 siRNA reduced the level of Trop-2. Mithramycin A, an inhibitor of specificity protein 1 (Sp1) transcription factor, effectively inhibited the expression of Trop-2. Consistently, treatment with Sp1 siRNA reduced the expression of Trop-2. To reveal the relationship between MUC1 and Sp1, coimmunoprecipitation assays were performed. Sp1 was coimmunoprecipitated with MUC1 and the level of coimmunoprecipitated Sp1 increased in relation to the level of induced Trop-2. It is known that galectin-3 is an endogenous ligand of MUC1. Binding of galectin-3 to MUC1 elevated the recruitment of Sp1 to MUC1, and knockdown of galectin-3 reduced the level of Trop-2. These results suggest that the binding of galectin-3 to MUC1 enhances the recruitment of Sp1, leading to promotion of the transcription of Trop-2.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tomoko Yamashita
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kyoto Sangyo University, Kyoto, 603-8555, Japan
| | - Yugo Mori
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kyoto Sangyo University, Kyoto, 603-8555, Japan
| | - Shouq M Alzaaqi
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kyoto Sangyo University, Kyoto, 603-8555, Japan
| | - Masakazu Yashiro
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, 545-8585, Japan; Molecular Oncology and Therapeutics, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, 545-8585, Japan
| | - Tetsuji Sawada
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, 545-8585, Japan
| | - Kosei Hirakawa
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, 545-8585, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Nakada
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kyoto Sangyo University, Kyoto, 603-8555, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Freichel T, Laaf D, Hoffmann M, Konietzny PB, Heine V, Wawrzinek R, Rademacher C, Snyder NL, Elling L, Hartmann L. Effects of linker and liposome anchoring on lactose-functionalized glycomacromolecules as multivalent ligands for binding galectin-3. RSC Adv 2019; 9:23484-23497. [PMID: 35530592 PMCID: PMC9069326 DOI: 10.1039/c9ra05497a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2019] [Accepted: 07/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In this work, we present a bottom-up approach for the synthesis of lactose-functionalized glycomacromolecules and glycofunctionalized liposomes and apply these compounds to investigate their effects of multivalent presentation on binding to galectin-3. Step-wise assembly of tailor-made building blocks on solid supports was used to synthesize a series of oligo(amidoamine) scaffolds that were further conjugated to lactose via copper catalyzed 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition. Binding studies with galectin-3 revealed affinities in the micromolar range that increased with increasing carbohydrate valency, and decreased with increasing size and linker flexibility. To further explore their multivalency, selected glycomacromolecules were conjugated to lipids and used in liposomal formulations. Binding studies show a further increase in binding in nanomolar ranges in dependence of both ligand structure and liposomal presentation, demonstrating the power of combining the two approaches.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tanja Freichel
- Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf Universitätsstraße 1 40225 Düsseldorf Germany +49-211-81-15840 +49-211-81-10360
| | - Dominic Laaf
- Laboratory for Biomaterials, Institute for Biotechnology, Helmholtz-Institute for Biomedical Engineering, RWTH Aachen University Pauwelsstraße 20 52074 Aachen Germany
| | - Miriam Hoffmann
- Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf Universitätsstraße 1 40225 Düsseldorf Germany +49-211-81-15840 +49-211-81-10360
| | - Patrick B Konietzny
- Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf Universitätsstraße 1 40225 Düsseldorf Germany +49-211-81-15840 +49-211-81-10360
| | - Viktoria Heine
- Laboratory for Biomaterials, Institute for Biotechnology, Helmholtz-Institute for Biomedical Engineering, RWTH Aachen University Pauwelsstraße 20 52074 Aachen Germany
| | - Robert Wawrzinek
- Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces Mühlenberg 1 14424 Potsdam Germany
| | - Christoph Rademacher
- Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces Mühlenberg 1 14424 Potsdam Germany
| | - Nicole L Snyder
- Department of Chemistry, Davidson College North Carolina 28035 USA
| | - Lothar Elling
- Laboratory for Biomaterials, Institute for Biotechnology, Helmholtz-Institute for Biomedical Engineering, RWTH Aachen University Pauwelsstraße 20 52074 Aachen Germany
| | - Laura Hartmann
- Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf Universitätsstraße 1 40225 Düsseldorf Germany +49-211-81-15840 +49-211-81-10360
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Kutzner TJ, Gabba A, FitzGerald FG, Shilova NV, García Caballero G, Ludwig AK, Manning JC, Knospe C, Kaltner H, Sinowatz F, Murphy PV, Cudic M, Bovin NV, Gabius HJ. How altering the modular architecture affects aspects of lectin activity: case study on human galectin-1. Glycobiology 2019; 29:593-607. [PMID: 31091305 PMCID: PMC6639544 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwz034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2019] [Revised: 04/26/2019] [Accepted: 05/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Discoveries on involvement of glycan-protein recognition in many (patho)physiological processes are directing attention to exploring the significance of a fundamental structural aspect of sugar receptors beyond glycan specificity, i.e., occurrence of distinct types of modular architecture. In order to trace clues for defining design-functionality relationships in human lectins, a lectin's structural unit has been used as source material for engineering custom-made variants of the wild-type protein. Their availability facilitates comparative analysis toward the stated aim. With adhesion/growth-regulatory human galectin-1 as example, the strategy of evaluating how changes of its design (here, from the homodimer of non-covalently associated domains to (i) linker-connected di- and tetramers and (ii) a galectin-3-like protein) affect activity is illustrated by using three assay systems of increasing degree of glycan complexity. Whereas calorimetry with two cognate disaccharides and array testing with 647 (glyco)compounds disclosed no major changes, galectin histochemical staining profiles of tissue sections that present natural glycome complexity revealed differences between wild-type and linker-connected homo-oligomers as well as between the galectin-3-like variant and wild-type galectin-3 for cell-type positivity, level of intensity at the same site and susceptibility for inhibition by a bivalent glycocompound. These results underscore the strength of the documented approach. Moreover, they give direction to proceed to (i) extending its application to other members of this lectin family, especially galectin-3 and (ii) then analyzing impact of architectural alterations on cell surface lattice formation and ensuing biosignaling systematically, considering the variants' potential for translational medicine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tanja J Kutzner
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Adele Gabba
- School of Chemistry, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland
| | - Forrest G FitzGerald
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton FL, USA
| | - Nadezhda V Shilova
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Laboratory of Carbohydrates, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Gabriel García Caballero
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Anna-Kristin Ludwig
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Joachim C Manning
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Clemens Knospe
- Institute of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Herbert Kaltner
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Fred Sinowatz
- Institute of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Paul V Murphy
- School of Chemistry, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland
| | - Mare Cudic
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton FL, USA
| | - Nicolai V Bovin
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Laboratory of Carbohydrates, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
- Centre for Kode Technology Innovation, School of Engineering, Computer and Mathematical Sciences, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Hans-Joachim Gabius
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Myocardial Injury After Ischemia/Reperfusion Is Attenuated By Pharmacological Galectin-3 Inhibition. Sci Rep 2019; 9:9607. [PMID: 31270370 PMCID: PMC6610618 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-46119-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2019] [Accepted: 06/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Although optimal therapy for myocardial infarction includes reperfusion to restore blood flow to the ischemic region, ischemia/reperfusion (IR) also initiates an inflammatory response likely contributing to adverse left ventricular (LV) extracellular matrix (ECM) remodeling. Galectin-3 (Gal-3), a β-galactoside-binding-lectin, promotes cardiac remodeling and dysfunction. Our aim is to investigate whether Gal-3 pharmacological inhibition using modified citrus pectin (MCP) improves cardiac remodeling and functional changes associated with IR. Wistar rats were treated with MCP from 1 day before until 8 days after IR (coronary artery ligation) injury. Invasive hemodynamics revealed that both LV contractility and LV compliance were impaired in IR rats. LV compliance was improved by MCP treatment 8 days after IR. Cardiac magnetic resonance imaging showed decreased LV perfusion in IR rats, which was improved with MCP. There was no difference in LV hypertrophy in MCP-treated compared to untreated IR rats. However, MCP treatment decreased the ischemic area as well as Gal-3 expression. Gal-3 blockade paralleled lower myocardial inflammation and reduced fibrosis. These novel data showing the benefits of MCP in compliance and ECM remodeling in IR reinforces previously published data showing the therapeutic potential of Gal-3 inhibition.
Collapse
|
27
|
Ludwig AK, Michalak M, Xiao Q, Gilles U, Medrano FJ, Ma H, FitzGerald FG, Hasley WD, Melendez-Davila A, Liu M, Rahimi K, Kostina NY, Rodriguez-Emmenegger C, Möller M, Lindner I, Kaltner H, Cudic M, Reusch D, Kopitz J, Romero A, Oscarson S, Klein ML, Gabius HJ, Percec V. Design-functionality relationships for adhesion/growth-regulatory galectins. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:2837-2842. [PMID: 30718416 PMCID: PMC6386680 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1813515116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Glycan-lectin recognition is assumed to elicit its broad range of (patho)physiological functions via a combination of specific contact formation with generation of complexes of distinct signal-triggering topology on biomembranes. Faced with the challenge to understand why evolution has led to three particular modes of modular architecture for adhesion/growth-regulatory galectins in vertebrates, here we introduce protein engineering to enable design switches. The impact of changes is measured in assays on cell growth and on bridging fully synthetic nanovesicles (glycodendrimersomes) with a chemically programmable surface. Using the example of homodimeric galectin-1 and monomeric galectin-3, the mutual design conversion caused qualitative differences, i.e., from bridging effector to antagonist/from antagonist to growth inhibitor and vice versa. In addition to attaining proof-of-principle evidence for the hypothesis that chimera-type galectin-3 design makes functional antagonism possible, we underscore the value of versatile surface programming with a derivative of the pan-galectin ligand lactose. Aggregation assays with N,N'-diacetyllactosamine establishing a parasite-like surface signature revealed marked selectivity among the family of galectins and bridging potency of homodimers. These findings provide fundamental insights into design-functionality relationships of galectins. Moreover, our strategy generates the tools to identify biofunctional lattice formation on biomembranes and galectin-reagents with therapeutic potential.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anna-Kristin Ludwig
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, 80539 Munich, Germany
| | - Malwina Michalak
- Institute of Pathology, Department of Applied Tumor Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Ruprecht-Karls-University Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Qi Xiao
- Roy & Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6323
| | - Ulrich Gilles
- Pharma Biotech Development Penzberg, Roche Diagnostics GmbH, 82377 Penzberg, Germany
| | - Francisco J Medrano
- Structural and Chemical Biology, Centro Investigaciones Biológicas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Hanyue Ma
- Centre for Synthesis and Chemical Biology, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Forrest G FitzGerald
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL 33431
| | - William D Hasley
- Roy & Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6323
| | - Adriel Melendez-Davila
- Roy & Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6323
| | - Matthew Liu
- Roy & Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6323
| | - Khosrow Rahimi
- Deutsches Wollforschungsinstitut-Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials, Rheinisch-Westfälische Technische Hochschule (RWTH) Aachen, 52074 Aachen, Germany
- Institute of Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry, RWTH Aachen, 52074 Aachen
| | - Nina Yu Kostina
- Deutsches Wollforschungsinstitut-Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials, Rheinisch-Westfälische Technische Hochschule (RWTH) Aachen, 52074 Aachen, Germany
- Institute of Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry, RWTH Aachen, 52074 Aachen
| | - Cesar Rodriguez-Emmenegger
- Deutsches Wollforschungsinstitut-Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials, Rheinisch-Westfälische Technische Hochschule (RWTH) Aachen, 52074 Aachen, Germany
- Institute of Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry, RWTH Aachen, 52074 Aachen
| | - Martin Möller
- Deutsches Wollforschungsinstitut-Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials, Rheinisch-Westfälische Technische Hochschule (RWTH) Aachen, 52074 Aachen, Germany
- Institute of Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry, RWTH Aachen, 52074 Aachen
| | - Ingo Lindner
- Pharma Biotech Development Penzberg, Roche Diagnostics GmbH, 82377 Penzberg, Germany
| | - Herbert Kaltner
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, 80539 Munich, Germany
| | - Mare Cudic
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL 33431
| | - Dietmar Reusch
- Pharma Biotech Development Penzberg, Roche Diagnostics GmbH, 82377 Penzberg, Germany
| | - Jürgen Kopitz
- Institute of Pathology, Department of Applied Tumor Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Ruprecht-Karls-University Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Antonio Romero
- Structural and Chemical Biology, Centro Investigaciones Biológicas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Stefan Oscarson
- Centre for Synthesis and Chemical Biology, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Michael L Klein
- Institute of Computational Molecular Science, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19122
| | - Hans-Joachim Gabius
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, 80539 Munich, Germany;
| | - Virgil Percec
- Roy & Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6323;
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Machala EA, McSharry BP, Rouse BT, Abendroth A, Slobedman B. Gal power: the diverse roles of galectins in regulating viral infections. J Gen Virol 2019; 100:333-349. [PMID: 30648945 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.001208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Viruses, as a class of pathogenic microbe, remain a significant health burden globally. Viral infections result in significant morbidity and mortality annually and many remain in need of novel vaccine and anti-viral strategies. The development of effective novel anti-viral therapeutics, in particular, requires detailed understanding of the mechanism of viral infection, and the host response, including the innate and adaptive arms of the immune system. In recent years, the role of glycans and lectins in pathogen-host interactions has become an increasingly relevant issue. This review focuses on the interactions between a specific lectin family, galectins, and the broad range of viral infections in which they play a role. Discussed are the diverse activities that galectins play in interacting directly with virions or the cells they infect, to promote or inhibit viral infection. In addition we describe how galectin expression is regulated both transcriptionally and post-transcriptionally by viral infections. We also compare the contribution of known galectin-mediated immune modulation, across a range of innate and adaptive immune anti-viral responses, to the outcome of viral infections.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emily A Machala
- 1Discipline of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Brian P McSharry
- 1Discipline of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Barry T Rouse
- 2Department of Biomedical and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Allison Abendroth
- 1Discipline of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Barry Slobedman
- 1Discipline of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Flores-Ibarra A, Vértesy S, Medrano FJ, Gabius HJ, Romero A. Crystallization of a human galectin-3 variant with two ordered segments in the shortened N-terminal tail. Sci Rep 2018; 8:9835. [PMID: 29959397 PMCID: PMC6026190 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-28235-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2018] [Accepted: 06/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Among members of the family of adhesion/growth-regulatory galectins, galectin-3 (Gal-3) bears a unique modular architecture. A N-terminal tail (NT) consisting of the N-terminal segment (NTS) and nine collagen-like repeats is linked to the canonical lectin domain. In contrast to bivalent proto- and tandem-repeat-type galectins, Gal-3 is monomeric in solution, capable to self-associate in the presence of bi- to multivalent ligands, and the NTS is involved in cellular compartmentalization. Since no crystallographic information on Gal-3 beyond the lectin domain is available, we used a shortened variant with NTS and repeats VII-IX. This protein crystallized as tetramers with contacts between the lectin domains. The region from Tyr101 (in repeat IX) to Leu114 (in the CRD) formed a hairpin. The NTS extends the canonical β-sheet of F1-F5 strands with two new β-strands on the F face. Together, crystallographic and SAXS data reveal a mode of intramolecular structure building involving the highly flexible Gal-3’s NT.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Flores-Ibarra
- Department of Structural and Chemical Biology, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, CSIC, Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Sabine Vértesy
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Veterinärstrabe 13, 80539, Munich, Germany
| | - Francisco J Medrano
- Department of Structural and Chemical Biology, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, CSIC, Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Hans-Joachim Gabius
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Veterinärstrabe 13, 80539, Munich, Germany.
| | - Antonio Romero
- Department of Structural and Chemical Biology, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, CSIC, Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040, Madrid, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Sato S. Cytosolic Galectins and Their Release and Roles as Carbohydrate-Binding Proteins in Host–Pathogen Interaction. TRENDS GLYCOSCI GLYC 2018. [DOI: 10.4052/tigg.1739.1se] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sachiko Sato
- Glycobiology and Bioimaging Laboratory, Research Centre for Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Laval University
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Abstract
Galectins are carbohydrate-binding proteins that are involved in many physiological functions, such as inflammation, immune responses, cell migration, autophagy and signalling. They are also linked to diseases such as fibrosis, cancer and heart disease. How such a small family of only 15 members can have such widespread effects remains a conundrum. In this Cell Science at a Glance article, we summarise recent literature on the many cellular activities that have been ascribed to galectins. As shown on the accompanying poster, these include carbohydrate-independent interactions with cytosolic or nuclear targets and carbohydrate-dependent interactions with extracellular glycoconjugates. We discuss how these intra- and extracellular activities might be linked and point out the importance of unravelling molecular mechanisms of galectin function to gain a true understanding of their contributions to the physiology of the cell. We close with a short outlook on the organismal functions of galectins and a perspective on the major challenges in the field.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ludger Johannes
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, Cellular and Chemical Biology unit, U1143 INSERM, UMR3666 CNRS, 26 rue d'Ulm, 75248 Paris Cedex 05, France
| | - Ralf Jacob
- Philipps-Universität Marburg, Institut für Zytobiologie, Robert-Koch-Str. 6, 35037 Marburg, Germany
| | - Hakon Leffler
- Sect. MIG (Microbiology, Immunology, Glycobiology), Dept Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, POB 117, 22100 Lund, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Exploring functional pairing between surface glycoconjugates and human galectins using programmable glycodendrimersomes. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2018; 115:E2509-E2518. [PMID: 29382751 PMCID: PMC5856548 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1720055115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Cells are decorated with charged and uncharged carbohydrate ligands known as glycans, which are responsible for several key functions, including their interactions with proteins known as lectins. Here, a platform consisting of synthetic nanoscale vesicles, known as glycodendrimersomes, which can be programmed with cell surface-like structural and topological complexity, is employed to dissect design aspects of glycan presentation, with specificity for lectin-mediated bridging. Aggregation assays reveal the extent of cross-linking of these biomimetic nanoscale vesicles—presenting both anionic and neutral ligands in a bioactive manner—with disease-related human and other galectins, thus offering the possibility of unraveling the nature of these fundamental interactions. Precise translation of glycan-encoded information into cellular activity depends critically on highly specific functional pairing between glycans and their human lectin counter receptors. Sulfoglycolipids, such as sulfatides, are important glycolipid components of the biological membranes found in the nervous and immune systems. The optimal molecular and spatial design aspects of sulfated and nonsulfated glycans with high specificity for lectin-mediated bridging are unknown. To elucidate how different molecular and spatial aspects combine to ensure the high specificity of lectin-mediated bridging, a bottom-up toolbox is devised. To this end, negatively surface-charged glycodendrimersomes (GDSs), of different nanoscale dimensions, containing sulfo-lactose groups are self-assembled in buffer from a synthetic sulfatide mimic: Janus glycodendrimer (JGD) containing a 3′-O-sulfo-lactose headgroup. Also prepared for comparative analysis are GDSs with nonsulfated lactose, a common epitope of human membranes. These self-assembled GDSs are employed in aggregation assays with 15 galectins, comprising disease-related human galectins, and other natural and engineered variants from four families, having homodimeric, heterodimeric, and chimera architectures. There are pronounced differences in aggregation capacity between human homodimeric and heterodimeric galectins, and also with respect to their responsiveness to the charge of carbohydrate-derived ligand. Assays reveal strong differential impact of ligand surface charge and density, as well as lectin concentration and structure, on the extent of surface cross-linking. These findings demonstrate how synthetic JGD-headgroup tailoring teamed with protein engineering and network assays can help explain how molecular matchmaking operates in the cellular context of glycan and lectin complexity.
Collapse
|
33
|
Sundqvist M, Welin A, Elmwall J, Osla V, Nilsson UJ, Leffler H, Bylund J, Karlsson A. Galectin-3 type-C self-association on neutrophil surfaces; The carbohydrate recognition domain regulates cell function. J Leukoc Biol 2018; 103:341-353. [PMID: 29345346 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.3a0317-110r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2017] [Revised: 09/17/2017] [Accepted: 10/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Galectin-3 is an endogenous β-galactoside-binding lectin comprising a carbohydrate recognition domain (CRD) linked to a collagen-like N-domain. Both domains are required for galectin-3 to induce cellular effects; a C-terminal fragment of galectin-3, galectin-3C, containing the CRD but lacking the N-domain, binds cell surface glycoconjugates but does not induce cellular effects since cross-linking promoted by the N-domain is thought to be required. Instead, galectin-3C is proposed to antagonize the effects of galectin-3 by competing for binding sites. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of galectin-3C on galectin-3 interactions with human neutrophils. Recombinant galectin-3C inhibited galectin-3-induced production of reactive oxygen species in primed neutrophils. Surprisingly, this inhibition was not due to competitive inhibition of galectin-3 binding to the cells. In contrast, galectin-3C potentiated galectin-3 binding, in line with emerging evidence that galectin-3 can aggregate not only through the N-domain but also through the CRD. The cell surface interaction between galectin-3C and galectin-3 was corroborated by colocalization of fluorescently labeled galectin-3 and galectin-3C. Galectin-3C can be generated in vivo through cleavage of galectin-3 by proteases. Indeed, in circulation, galectin-3 and galectin-3C were both attached to the cell surface of neutrophils, which displayed great capacity to bind additional galectin-3 and galectin-3C. In conclusion, galectin-3C enhances galectin-3 binding to neutrophils by nonactivating type-C self-association, in parallel to inhibiting neutrophil activation by galectin-3 (induced by type-N self-association). This implicates type-C self-association as a termination system for galectin-3-induced cell activation, with the purpose of avoiding oxidant-dependent tissue damage.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Martina Sundqvist
- Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Amanda Welin
- Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Jonas Elmwall
- Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Veronica Osla
- Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Ulf J Nilsson
- Centre for Analysis and Synthesis, Department of Chemistry, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Hakon Leffler
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Section of Microbiology, Immunology and Glycobiology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Johan Bylund
- Department of Oral Microbiology and Immunology, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Anna Karlsson
- Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Suthahar N, Meijers WC, Silljé HH, Ho JE, Liu FT, de Boer RA. Galectin-3 Activation and Inhibition in Heart Failure and Cardiovascular Disease: An Update. Theranostics 2018; 8:593-609. [PMID: 29344292 PMCID: PMC5771079 DOI: 10.7150/thno.22196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2017] [Accepted: 09/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Galectin-3 is a versatile protein orchestrating several physiological and pathophysiological processes in the human body. In the last decade, considerable interest in galectin-3 has emerged because of its potential role as a biotarget. Galectin-3 is differentially expressed depending on the tissue type, however its expression can be induced under conditions of tissue injury or stress. Galectin-3 overexpression and secretion is associated with several diseases and is extensively studied in the context of fibrosis, heart failure, atherosclerosis and diabetes mellitus. Monomeric (extracellular) galectin-3 usually undergoes further "activation" which significantly broadens the spectrum of biological activity mainly by modifying its carbohydrate-binding properties. Self-interactions of this protein appear to play a crucial role in regulating the extracellular activities of this protein, however there is limited and controversial data on the mechanisms involved. We therefore summarize (recent) literature in this area and describe galectin-3 from a binding perspective providing novel insights into mechanisms by which galectin-3 is known to be "activated" and how such activation may be regulated in pathophysiological scenarios.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Navin Suthahar
- University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Department of Cardiology, PO Box 30.001, 9700 RB Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Wouter C. Meijers
- University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Department of Cardiology, PO Box 30.001, 9700 RB Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Herman H.W. Silljé
- University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Department of Cardiology, PO Box 30.001, 9700 RB Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Jennifer E. Ho
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Cardiovascular Research Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Fu-Tong Liu
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Rudolf A. de Boer
- University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Department of Cardiology, PO Box 30.001, 9700 RB Groningen, the Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Wiecikowski A, Cabral KMDS, Almeida MDS, Carvalho RS. Ligand-free method to produce the anti-angiogenic recombinant Galectin-3 carbohydrate recognition domain. Protein Expr Purif 2017; 144:19-24. [PMID: 29198976 DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2017.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2017] [Revised: 11/21/2017] [Accepted: 11/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Galectin-3 (Gal3) is involved in many physiological processes related to tumor growth, such as promoting angiogenesis, cell migration/invasion, resistance to apoptosis and immune response modulation. Usually the overexpression of Gal3 is a poor prognostic marker for cancer patients. Recombinant Gal3 carbohydrate domain (Gal3C) has been proposed as a useful tool to inhibit angiogenesis. So far, all production protocols reported for Gal3C production have used proteolytic cleavage of full length Gal3 and/or affinity-based purification. This involves dialysis, a time consuming step used to eliminate the elution ligand, usually lactose. In this report, we describe an alternative method to produce human recombinant Gal3C in E. coli, purified with cationic exchange and size exclusion chromatography. The recombinant protein was characterized using circular dichroism and nuclear magnetic resonance, showing a beta sheet enriched well-folded globular structure. The average yield obtained was 26 mg/L of broth and the purity was above 99%. The anti-angiogenic activity was assessed in vitro and showed a reduction of 70% and 77% in endothelial cells tubule formation upon treatment with 10 and 20 μg/mL, respectively and also had no impact on cell viability. The method described here is more suitable for both laboratory and industrial production of the potential anti-tumor Gal3C.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adalgisa Wiecikowski
- Laboratório de Alvos Moleculares, Departamento de Biotecnologia Farmacêutica, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, UFRJ, Brazil
| | - Katia Maria Dos Santos Cabral
- Centro Nacional de Biologia Estrutural e Bioimagem (CENABIO), Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, UFRJ, Brazil; Faculdade de Medicina de Petrópolis/Faculdade Arthur Sá Earp, Brazil
| | - Marcius da Silva Almeida
- Instituto de Bioquímica Médica Leopoldo de Meis, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, UFRJ, Brazil; Centro Nacional de Biologia Estrutural e Bioimagem (CENABIO), Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, UFRJ, Brazil
| | - Renato Sampaio Carvalho
- Laboratório de Alvos Moleculares, Departamento de Biotecnologia Farmacêutica, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, UFRJ, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Yang EH, Rode J, Howlader MA, Eckermann M, Santos JT, Hernandez Armada D, Zheng R, Zou C, Cairo CW. Galectin-3 alters the lateral mobility and clustering of β1-integrin receptors. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0184378. [PMID: 29016609 PMCID: PMC5634555 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0184378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2017] [Accepted: 08/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Glycoprotein receptors are influenced by myriad intermolecular interactions at the cell surface. Specific glycan structures may interact with endogenous lectins that enforce or disrupt receptor-receptor interactions. Glycoproteins bound by multivalent lectins may form extended oligomers or lattices, altering the lateral mobility of the receptor and influencing its function through endocytosis or changes in activation. In this study, we have examined the interaction of Galectin-3 (Gal-3), a human lectin, with adhesion receptors. We measured the effect of recombinant Gal-3 added exogenously on the lateral mobility of the α5β1 integrin on HeLa cells. Using single-particle tracking (SPT) we detected increased lateral mobility of the integrin in the presence of Gal-3, while its truncated C-terminal domain (Gal-3C) showed only minor reductions in lateral mobility. Treatment of cells with Gal-3 increased β1-integrin mediated migration with no apparent changes in viability. In contrast, Gal-3C decreased both cell migration and viability. Fluorescence microscopy allowed us to confirm that exogenous Gal-3 resulted in reorganization of the integrin into larger clusters. We used a proteomics analysis to confirm that cells expressed endogenous Gal-3, and found that addition of competitive oligosaccharide ligands for the lectin altered the lateral mobility of the integrin. Together, our results are consistent with a Gal-3-integrin lattice model of binding and confirm that the lateral mobility of integrins is natively regulated, in part, by galectins.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Esther H. Yang
- Alberta Glycomics Centre, Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton Alberta, Canada
| | - Julia Rode
- Alberta Glycomics Centre, Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton Alberta, Canada
| | - Md. Amran Howlader
- Alberta Glycomics Centre, Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton Alberta, Canada
| | - Marina Eckermann
- Alberta Glycomics Centre, Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton Alberta, Canada
| | - Jobette T. Santos
- Alberta Glycomics Centre, Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton Alberta, Canada
| | - Daniel Hernandez Armada
- Alberta Glycomics Centre, Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton Alberta, Canada
| | - Ruixiang Zheng
- Alberta Glycomics Centre, Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton Alberta, Canada
| | - Chunxia Zou
- Alberta Glycomics Centre, Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton Alberta, Canada
| | - Christopher W. Cairo
- Alberta Glycomics Centre, Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton Alberta, Canada
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Lin YH, Qiu DC, Chang WH, Yeh YQ, Jeng US, Liu FT, Huang JR. The intrinsically disordered N-terminal domain of galectin-3 dynamically mediates multisite self-association of the protein through fuzzy interactions. J Biol Chem 2017; 292:17845-17856. [PMID: 28893908 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m117.802793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2017] [Revised: 08/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Galectins are a family of lectins that bind β-galactosides through their conserved carbohydrate recognition domain (CRD) and can induce aggregation with glycoproteins or glycolipids on the cell surface and thereby regulate cell activation, migration, adhesion, and signaling. Galectin-3 has an intrinsically disordered N-terminal domain and a canonical CRD. Unlike the other 14 known galectins in mammalian cells, which have dimeric or tandem-repeated CRDs enabling multivalency for various functions, galectin-3 is monomeric, and its functional multivalency therefore is somewhat of a mystery. Here, we used NMR spectroscopy, mutagenesis, small-angle X-ray scattering, and computational modeling to study the self-association-related multivalency of galectin-3 at the residue-specific level. We show that the disordered N-terminal domain (residues ∼20-100) interacts with itself and with a part of the CRD not involved in carbohydrate recognition (β-strands 7-9; residues ∼200-220), forming a fuzzy complex via inter- and intramolecular interactions, mainly through hydrophobicity. These fuzzy interactions are characteristic of intrinsically disordered proteins to achieve liquid-liquid phase separation, and we demonstrated that galectin-3 can also undergo liquid-liquid phase separation. We propose that galectin-3 may achieve multivalency through this multisite self-association mechanism facilitated by fuzzy interactions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Hao Lin
- From the Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and
| | - De-Chen Qiu
- From the Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and
| | - Wen-Han Chang
- From the Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and
| | - Yi-Qi Yeh
- the National Synchrotron Radiation Research Center, Hsinchu 30076, Taiwan
| | - U-Ser Jeng
- the National Synchrotron Radiation Research Center, Hsinchu 30076, Taiwan.,the Department of Chemical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan, and
| | - Fu-Tong Liu
- the Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - Jie-Rong Huang
- From the Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and .,the Institute of Biomedical Informatics, National Yang-Ming University, Number 155 Section 2 Li-nong Street, Taipei 11221, Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Thiemann S, Baum LG. Galectins and Immune Responses—Just How Do They Do Those Things They Do? Annu Rev Immunol 2016; 34:243-64. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev-immunol-041015-055402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Thiemann
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095; ,
| | - Linda G. Baum
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095; ,
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Pathological lymphangiogenesis is modulated by galectin-8-dependent crosstalk between podoplanin and integrin-associated VEGFR-3. Nat Commun 2016; 7:11302. [PMID: 27066737 PMCID: PMC4832077 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms11302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2015] [Accepted: 03/10/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Lymphangiogenesis plays a pivotal role in diverse pathological conditions. Here, we demonstrate that a carbohydrate-binding protein, galectin-8, promotes pathological lymphangiogenesis. Galectin-8 is markedly upregulated in inflamed human and mouse corneas, and galectin-8 inhibitors reduce inflammatory lymphangiogenesis. In the mouse model of corneal allogeneic transplantation, galectin-8-induced lymphangiogenesis is associated with an increased rate of corneal graft rejection. Further, in the murine model of herpes simplex virus keratitis, corneal pathology and lymphangiogenesis are ameliorated in Lgals8(-/-) mice. Mechanistically, VEGF-C-induced lymphangiogenesis is significantly reduced in the Lgals8(-/-) and Pdpn(-/-) mice; likewise, galectin-8-induced lymphangiogenesis is reduced in Pdpn(-/-) mice. Interestingly, knockdown of VEGFR-3 does not affect galectin-8-mediated lymphatic endothelial cell (LEC) sprouting. Instead, inhibiting integrins α1β1 and α5β1 curtails both galectin-8- and VEGF-C-mediated LEC sprouting. Together, this study uncovers a unique molecular mechanism of lymphangiogenesis in which galectin-8-dependent crosstalk among VEGF-C, podoplanin and integrin pathways plays a key role.
Collapse
|
40
|
Ippel H, Miller MC, Vértesy S, Zheng Y, Cañada FJ, Suylen D, Umemoto K, Romanò C, Hackeng T, Tai G, Leffler H, Kopitz J, André S, Kübler D, Jiménez-Barbero J, Oscarson S, Gabius HJ, Mayo KH. Intra- and intermolecular interactions of human galectin-3: assessment by full-assignment-based NMR. Glycobiology 2016; 26:888-903. [PMID: 26911284 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cww021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2015] [Accepted: 02/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Galectin-3 is an adhesion/growth-regulatory protein with a modular design comprising an N-terminal tail (NT, residues 1-111) and the conserved carbohydrate recognition domain (CRD, residues 112-250). The chimera-type galectin interacts with both glycan and peptide motifs. Complete (13)C/(15)N-assignment of the human protein makes NMR-based analysis of its structure beyond the CRD possible. Using two synthetic NT polypeptides covering residues 1-50 and 51-107, evidence for transient secondary structure was found with helical conformation from residues 5 to 15 as well as proline-mediated, multi-turn structure from residues 18 to 32 and around PGAYP repeats. Intramolecular interactions occur between the CRD F-face (the 5-stranded β-sheet behind the canonical carbohydrate-binding 6-stranded β-sheet of the S-face) and NT in full-length galectin-3, with the sequence P(23)GAW(26)…P(37)GASYPGAY(45) defining the primary binding epitope within the NT. Work with designed peptides indicates that the PGAX motif is crucial for self-interactions between NT/CRD. Phosphorylation at position Ser6 (and Ser12) (a physiological modification) and the influence of ligand binding have minimal effect on this interaction. Finally, galectin-3 molecules can interact weakly with each other via the F-faces of their CRDs, an interaction that appears to be assisted by their NTs. Overall, our results add insight to defining binding sites on galectin-3 beyond the canonical contact area for β-galactosides.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hans Ippel
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.,Department of Biochemistry and CARIM, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Michelle C Miller
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Sabine Vértesy
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, 80539 Munich, Germany
| | - Yi Zheng
- School of Life Science, Northeast Normal University, 130024 Changchun, People's Republic of China
| | - F Javier Cañada
- Chemical and Physical Biology, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, CSIC, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Dennis Suylen
- Department of Biochemistry and CARIM, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Kimiko Umemoto
- Department of Chemistry, International Christian University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Cecilia Romanò
- Center for Synthesis and Chemical Biology, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Tilman Hackeng
- Department of Biochemistry and CARIM, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Guihua Tai
- School of Life Science, Northeast Normal University, 130024 Changchun, People's Republic of China
| | - Hakon Leffler
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Microbiology, Immunology, Glycobiology Section, 22362 Lund, Sweden
| | - Jürgen Kopitz
- Institute of Pathology, Applied Tumor Biology, Ruprecht-Karls-University, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Sabine André
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, 80539 Munich, Germany
| | - Dieter Kübler
- Mechanismen Biomolekularer Interaktionen, Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jesús Jiménez-Barbero
- CIC bioGUNE, Bizkaia Technological Park, 48160 Derio, Spain.,Ikerbasque, Basque Science Foundation, 28009 Bilbao, Spain
| | - Stefan Oscarson
- Center for Synthesis and Chemical Biology, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Hans-Joachim Gabius
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, 80539 Munich, Germany
| | - Kevin H Mayo
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Ahmed H, AlSadek DMM. Galectin-3 as a Potential Target to Prevent Cancer Metastasis. CLINICAL MEDICINE INSIGHTS-ONCOLOGY 2015; 9:113-21. [PMID: 26640395 PMCID: PMC4662425 DOI: 10.4137/cmo.s29462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2015] [Revised: 09/27/2015] [Accepted: 09/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Interactions between two cells or between cell and extracellular matrix mediated by protein–carbohydrate interactions play pivotal roles in modulating various biological processes such as growth regulation, immune function, cancer metastasis, and apoptosis. Galectin-3, a member of the β-galactoside-binding lectin family, is involved in fibrosis as well as cancer progression and metastasis, but the detailed mechanisms of its functions remain elusive. This review discusses its structure, carbohydrate-binding properties, and involvement in various aspects of tumorigenesis and some potential carbohydrate ligands that are currently investigated to block galectin-3 activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hafiz Ahmed
- President and Chief Scientific Officer, GlycoMantra, Inc., Aldie, VA, USA
| | - Dina M M AlSadek
- Department of Histology and Cytology, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Mori Y, Akita K, Yashiro M, Sawada T, Hirakawa K, Murata T, Nakada H. Binding of Galectin-3, a β-Galactoside-binding Lectin, to MUC1 Protein Enhances Phosphorylation of Extracellular Signal-regulated Kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2) and Akt, Promoting Tumor Cell Malignancy. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:26125-40. [PMID: 26342075 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.651489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Both mucin 1 (MUC1) and galectin-3 are known to be overexpressed in various malignant tumors and associated with a poor prognosis. It has been extensively reported that MUC1 is involved in potentiation of growth factor-dependent signal transduction. Because some carbohydrate moieties carried on MUC1 change to preferable ones for binding of galectin-3 in cancer cells, we speculated that MUC1-mediated signaling may occur through direct binding of galectin-3. Immunochemical studies showed that the distribution of galectin-3 coincided with that of MUC1 in various human tumor tissues but not in human nonmalignant tissues, and the level of galectin-3 retained on the surface of various cancer cells paralleled that of MUC1. Treatment of MUC1-expressing cells with galectin-3 induced phosphorylation of ERK1/2 and Akt following enhanced phosphorylation of MUC1 C-terminal domain, consistently promoting tumor cell malignancy. It is also noted that this enhanced phosphorylation occurred independently of EGF receptor-mediated signaling in both EGF receptor- and MUC1-expressing cells, and multivalency of galectin-3 was important for initiation of MUC1-mediated signaling. Expectedly, both silencing of endogenous galectin-3 and treatment with galectin-3 antagonists down-regulated cell proliferation of MUC1-expressing cells. These results suggest that the binding of galectin-3 to MUC1 plays a key role in MUC1-mediated signaling. Thus, constitutive activation of MUC1-mediated signaling in an autocrine/paracrine manner caused by ligation of galectin-3 promotes uncontrolled tumor cell malignancy. This signaling may be another MUC1-mediated pathway and function in parallel with a growth factor-dependent MUC1-mediated signaling pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yugo Mori
- From the Department of Molecular Biosciences, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kyoto Sangyo University, Kyoto 603-8555, Japan
| | - Kaoru Akita
- From the Department of Molecular Biosciences, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kyoto Sangyo University, Kyoto 603-8555, Japan
| | - Masakazu Yashiro
- the Department of Surgical Oncology, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka 545-8585, Japan, the Oncology Institute of Geriatrics and Medical Science, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka 545-8585, Japan, and
| | - Tetsuji Sawada
- the Department of Surgical Oncology, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka 545-8585, Japan
| | - Kosei Hirakawa
- the Department of Surgical Oncology, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka 545-8585, Japan
| | - Takeomi Murata
- the Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Faculty of Agriculture, Shizuoka University, Shizuoka 422-8529, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Nakada
- From the Department of Molecular Biosciences, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kyoto Sangyo University, Kyoto 603-8555, Japan,
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Advedissian T, Deshayes F, Poirier F, Grandjean C, Viguier M. [Galectins, a class of unconventional lectins]. Med Sci (Paris) 2015; 31:499-505. [PMID: 26059300 DOI: 10.1051/medsci/20153105011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Galectins constitute a family of soluble animal lectins defined by their evolutionary conserved carbohydrate recognition domain and their affinity for β-galactosides containing glycoconjugates. Each galectin is characterized by a specific spatio-temporal distribution and a unique set of ligands and molecular partners. Interestingly, galectins are found both extracellularly and intracellularly and modulate various cellular processes. Knock-out mutant mice for galectins-1, 3 or 7 are viable but display a wide range of defects under various stress conditions. Indeed, galectins are multifunctional proteins involved in cell-cell and cell-extracellular matrix interactions, organization of membrane domains, cell signalling and also in intracellular trafficking, apoptosis, regulation of cell cycle. Galectins represent potential therapeutic targets, especially in the context of cancer and inflammatory diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tamara Advedissian
- Institut Jacques Monod, UMR 7592 CNRS, université Paris-Diderot, équipe morphogenèse, homéostasie et pathologies, 15, rue Hélène Brion, 75205 Paris Cedex 13, France
| | - Frédérique Deshayes
- Institut Jacques Monod, UMR 7592 CNRS, université Paris-Diderot, équipe morphogenèse, homéostasie et pathologies, 15, rue Hélène Brion, 75205 Paris Cedex 13, France
| | - Françoise Poirier
- Institut Jacques Monod, UMR 7592 CNRS, université Paris-Diderot, équipe morphogenèse, homéostasie et pathologies, 15, rue Hélène Brion, 75205 Paris Cedex 13, France
| | - Cyrille Grandjean
- Équipe ingénierie moléculaire et glycobiologie, UMR CNRS 6286, unité fonctionnalité et ingénierie des protéines, faculté des sciences et techniques de Nantes, 2, rue de la Houssinière, BP 92208, 44322 Nantes Cedex 3, France
| | - Mireille Viguier
- Institut Jacques Monod, UMR 7592 CNRS, université Paris-Diderot, équipe morphogenèse, homéostasie et pathologies, 15, rue Hélène Brion, 75205 Paris Cedex 13, France
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Argüeso P, Mauris J, Uchino Y. Galectin-3 as a regulator of the epithelial junction: Implications to wound repair and cancer. Tissue Barriers 2015; 3:e1026505. [PMID: 26451339 DOI: 10.1080/21688370.2015.1026505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2014] [Revised: 02/27/2015] [Accepted: 02/27/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Epithelial cells are closely connected to each other and to the extracellular matrix by a set of adhesive contacts that provide tissues with unique barrier properties and play a prominent role in cell morphology, tissue physiology, and cell signaling. This review highlights advances made in understanding the contributions of galectin-3, a carbohydrate-binding protein with affinity toward β-galactosides, as a modulator of epithelial junction assembly and function. The interactions of galectin-3 within adhesive structures are discussed in relation to wound healing and tumor progression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Argüeso
- Schepens Eye Research Institute and Massachusetts Eye and Ear; Department of Ophthalmology ; Harvard Medical School; Boston, MA USA
| | - Jerome Mauris
- Schepens Eye Research Institute and Massachusetts Eye and Ear; Department of Ophthalmology ; Harvard Medical School; Boston, MA USA
| | - Yuichi Uchino
- Schepens Eye Research Institute and Massachusetts Eye and Ear; Department of Ophthalmology ; Harvard Medical School; Boston, MA USA
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Halimi H, Rigato A, Byrne D, Ferracci G, Sebban-Kreuzer C, ElAntak L, Guerlesquin F. Glycan dependence of Galectin-3 self-association properties. PLoS One 2014; 9:e111836. [PMID: 25369125 PMCID: PMC4219786 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0111836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2014] [Accepted: 10/01/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Human Galectin-3 is found in the nucleus, the cytoplasm and at the cell surface. This lectin is constituted of two domains: an unfolded N-terminal domain and a C-terminal Carbohydrate Recognition Domain (CRD). There are still uncertainties about the relationship between the quaternary structure of Galectin-3 and its carbohydrate binding properties. Two types of self-association have been described for this lectin: a C-type self-association and a N-type self-association. Herein, we have analyzed Galectin-3 oligomerization by Dynamic Light Scattering using both the recombinant CRD and the full length lectin. Our results proved that LNnT induces N-type self-association of full length Galectin-3. Moreover, from Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) and Surface Plasmon Resonance experiments, we observed no significant specificity or affinity variations for carbohydrates related to the presence of the N-terminal domain of Galectin-3. NMR mapping clearly established that the N-terminal domain interacts with the CRD. We propose that LNnT induces a release of the N-terminal domain resulting in the glycan-dependent self-association of Galectin-3 through N-terminal domain interactions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hubert Halimi
- Laboratoire d'Ingénierie des Systèmes Moléculaires, UMR 7255, CNRS, Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille, France
| | - Annafrancesca Rigato
- Laboratoire d'Ingénierie des Systèmes Moléculaires, UMR 7255, CNRS, Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille, France
- U1006 INSERM, Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille, France
| | - Deborah Byrne
- Institut de la Microbiologie de la Méditerranée, FR 3479, CNRS, Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille, France
| | - Géraldine Ferracci
- Centre de Recherche en Neurobiologie et Neurophysiologie de Marseille, UMR 7286, Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille, France
| | - Corinne Sebban-Kreuzer
- Laboratoire d'Ingénierie des Systèmes Moléculaires, UMR 7255, CNRS, Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille, France
| | - Latifa ElAntak
- Laboratoire d'Ingénierie des Systèmes Moléculaires, UMR 7255, CNRS, Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille, France
| | - Francoise Guerlesquin
- Laboratoire d'Ingénierie des Systèmes Moléculaires, UMR 7255, CNRS, Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille, France
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Pugliese G, Iacobini C, Pesce CM, Menini S. Galectin-3: an emerging all-out player in metabolic disorders and their complications. Glycobiology 2014; 25:136-50. [PMID: 25303959 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwu111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Galectin-3 has been increasingly recognized as an important modulator of several biological functions, by interacting with several molecules inside and outside the cell, and an emerging player in numerous disease conditions. Galectin-3 exerts various and sometimes contrasting effects according to its location, type of injury or site of damage. Strong evidence indicates that galectin-3 participates in the pathogenesis of diabetic complications via its receptor function for advanced glycation end-products (AGEs) and advanced lipoxidation end-products (ALEs). AGEs/ALEs are produced to an increased extent in target organs of complications, such as kidney and vessels; here, lack of galectin-3 impairs their removal, leading to accelerated damage. In contrast, in the liver, AGE/ALE tissue content and injury are decreased, because lack of galectin-3 results in reduced uptake and tissue accumulation of these by-products. Some of these effects can be explained by changes in the expression of receptor for AGEs (RAGE), associated with galectin-3 deletion and consequent changes in AGE/ALE tissue levels. Furthermore, galectin-3 might exert AGE/ALE- and RAGE-independent effects, favoring resolution of inflammation and modulating fibrogenesis and ectopic osteogenesis. These effects are mediated by intracellular and extracellular galectin-3, the latter via interaction with N-glycans at the cell surface to form lattice structures. Recently, galectin-3 has been implicated in the development of metabolic disorders because it favors glucose homeostasis and prevents the deleterious activation of adaptive and innate immune response to obesogenic/diabetogenic stimuli. In conclusion, galectin-3 is an emerging all-out player in metabolic disorders and their complications that deserves further investigation as the potential target of therapeutic intervention.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Pugliese
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, "La Sapienza" University, Via di Grottarossa, 1035-1039, Rome 00189, Italy
| | - Carla Iacobini
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, "La Sapienza" University, Via di Grottarossa, 1035-1039, Rome 00189, Italy
| | - Carlo M Pesce
- DINOGMI, University of Genoa Medical School, Genoa 16132, Italy
| | - Stefano Menini
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, "La Sapienza" University, Via di Grottarossa, 1035-1039, Rome 00189, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Mirandola L, Yu Y, Cannon MJ, Jenkins MR, Rahman RL, Nguyen DD, Grizzi F, Cobos E, Figueroa JA, Chiriva-Internati M. Galectin-3 inhibition suppresses drug resistance, motility, invasion and angiogenic potential in ovarian cancer. Gynecol Oncol 2014; 135:573-9. [PMID: 25284038 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygyno.2014.09.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2014] [Revised: 09/26/2014] [Accepted: 09/28/2014] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Ovarian cancer is the most deadly gynecologic malignancy worldwide. Since the pathogenesis of ovarian cancer is incompletely understood, and there are no available screening techniques for early detection, most patients are diagnosed with advanced, incurable disease. In an effort to develop innovative and effective therapies for ovarian cancer, we tested the effectiveness of Galecti-3C in vitro. This is a truncated, dominant negative form of Galectin-3, which is thought to act by blocking endogenous Galectin-3. METHODS We produced a truncated, dominant-negative form of Galectin-3, namely Galetic-3C. Ovarian cancer cell lines and primary cells from ovarian cancer patients were treated with Galectin-3C, and growth, drug sensitivity, and angiogenesis were tested. RESULT We show, for the first time, that Galectin-3C significantly reduces the growth, motility, invasion, and angiogenic potential of cultured OC cell lines and primary cells established from OC patients. CONCLUSIONS Our findings indicate that Galectin-3C is a promising new compound for the treatment of ovarian cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo Mirandola
- Department of Internal Medicine at the Division of Hematology & Oncology & Oncology, The Southwest Cancer Treatment and Research Center, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, USA; Laura W Bush Institute for Women's Health and Center for Women's Health and Gender-Based Medicine, Amarillo, TX, USA
| | - Yuefei Yu
- Department of Internal Medicine at the Division of Hematology & Oncology & Oncology, The Southwest Cancer Treatment and Research Center, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | - Martin J Cannon
- University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Marjorie R Jenkins
- Laura W Bush Institute for Women's Health and Center for Women's Health and Gender-Based Medicine, Amarillo, TX, USA
| | - Rakhshanda L Rahman
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Texas Tech University Medical Center, Amarillo, TX, USA
| | - Diane D Nguyen
- Department of Internal Medicine at the Division of Hematology & Oncology & Oncology, The Southwest Cancer Treatment and Research Center, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, USA; Kiromic, Inc., Lubbock, TX, USA
| | - Fabio Grizzi
- Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Milano, Italy
| | - Everardo Cobos
- Department of Internal Medicine at the Division of Hematology & Oncology & Oncology, The Southwest Cancer Treatment and Research Center, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, USA; Laura W Bush Institute for Women's Health and Center for Women's Health and Gender-Based Medicine, Amarillo, TX, USA; Kiromic, Inc., Lubbock, TX, USA
| | - Jose A Figueroa
- Department of Internal Medicine at the Division of Hematology & Oncology & Oncology, The Southwest Cancer Treatment and Research Center, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, USA; Kiromic, Inc., Lubbock, TX, USA
| | - Maurizio Chiriva-Internati
- Department of Internal Medicine at the Division of Hematology & Oncology & Oncology, The Southwest Cancer Treatment and Research Center, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, USA; Laura W Bush Institute for Women's Health and Center for Women's Health and Gender-Based Medicine, Amarillo, TX, USA; Kiromic, Inc., Lubbock, TX, USA
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Kopitz J, Vértesy S, André S, Fiedler S, Schnölzer M, Gabius HJ. Human chimera-type galectin-3: defining the critical tail length for high-affinity glycoprotein/cell surface binding and functional competition with galectin-1 in neuroblastoma cell growth regulation. Biochimie 2014; 104:90-9. [PMID: 24909114 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2014.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2014] [Accepted: 05/26/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Many human proteins have a modular design with receptor and structural domains. Using adhesion/growth-regulatory galectin-3 as model, we describe an interdisciplinary strategy to define the functional significance of its tail established by nine non-triple helical collagen-like repeats (I-IX) and the N-terminal peptide. Genetic engineering with sophisticated mass spectrometric product analysis provided the tools for biotesting, i.e. eight protein variants with different degrees of tail truncation. Evidently,various aspects of galectin-3 activity (cis binding and cell bridging) are affected by tail shortening in a different manner. Thus, this combined approach reveals an unsuspected complexity of structure-function relationship, encouraging further application beyond this chimera-type galectin.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jürgen Kopitz
- Abteilung für Angewandte Tumorbiologie, Zentrum Pathologie, Klinikum der Ruprecht-Karls-Universität, Im Neuenheimer Feld 224, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Sabine Vértesy
- Institut für Physiologische Chemie, Tierärztliche Fakultät, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Veterinärstraße 13, 80539 München, Germany
| | - Sabine André
- Institut für Physiologische Chemie, Tierärztliche Fakultät, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Veterinärstraße 13, 80539 München, Germany
| | - Sabine Fiedler
- Funktionelle Proteomanalyse, Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum, Im Neuenheimer Feld 580, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Martina Schnölzer
- Funktionelle Proteomanalyse, Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum, Im Neuenheimer Feld 580, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Hans-Joachim Gabius
- Institut für Physiologische Chemie, Tierärztliche Fakultät, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Veterinärstraße 13, 80539 München, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Carvalho RS, Fernandes VC, Nepomuceno TC, Rodrigues DC, Woods NT, Suarez-Kurtz G, Chammas R, Monteiro AN, Carvalho MA. Characterization of LGALS3 (galectin-3) as a player in DNA damage response. Cancer Biol Ther 2014; 15:840-50. [PMID: 24755837 DOI: 10.4161/cbt.28873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
DNA damage repair (DDR) is an orchestrated process encompassing the injury detection to its complete resolution. DNA double-strand break lesions are repaired mainly by two distinct mechanisms: the error-free homologous recombination (HR) and the error-prone non-homologous end-joining. Galectin-3 (GAL3) is the unique member of the chimeric galectins subfamily and is reported to be involved in several cancer development and progression related events. Recently our group described a putative protein interaction between GAL3 and BARD1, the main partner of breast and ovarian cancer susceptibility gene product BRCA1, both involved in HR pathway. In this report we characterized GAL3/BARD1 protein interaction and evaluated the role of GAL3 in DDR pathways using GAL3 silenced human cells exposed to different DNA damage agents. In the absence of GAL3 we observed a delayed DDR response activation, as well as a decrease in the G 2/M cell cycle checkpoint arrest associated with HR pathway. Moreover, using a TAP-MS approach we also determined the protein interaction network of GAL3.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Renato S Carvalho
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho; Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro; Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Cancer Epidemiology Program; H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute; Tampa, FL USA
| | | | | | - Deivid C Rodrigues
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho; Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro; Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Nicholas T Woods
- Cancer Epidemiology Program; H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute; Tampa, FL USA
| | | | - Roger Chammas
- Faculdade de Medicina; Universidade de São Paulo; São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Alvaro N Monteiro
- Cancer Epidemiology Program; H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute; Tampa, FL USA
| | - Marcelo A Carvalho
- Instituto Federal do Rio de Janeiro (IFRJ); Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Programa de Farmacologia; Instituto Nacional de Câncer; Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Funasaka T, Raz A, Nangia-Makker P. Nuclear transport of galectin-3 and its therapeutic implications. Semin Cancer Biol 2014; 27:30-8. [PMID: 24657939 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2014.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2014] [Revised: 03/10/2014] [Accepted: 03/11/2014] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Galectin-3, a member of β-galactoside-binding gene family is a multi-functional protein, which regulates pleiotropic biological functions such as cell growth, cell adhesion, cell-cell interactions, apoptosis, angiogenesis and mRNA processing. Its unique structure enables it to interact with a plethora of ligands in a carbohydrate dependent or independent manner. Galectin-3 is mainly a cytosolic protein, but can easily traverse the intracellular and plasma membranes to translocate into the nucleus, mitochondria or get externalized. Depending on the cell type, specific experimental conditions in vitro, cancer type and stage, galectin-3 has been reported to be exclusively cytoplasmic, predominantly nuclear or distributed between the two compartments. In this review we have summarized the dynamics of galectin-3 shuttling between the nucleus and the cytoplasm, the nuclear transport mechanisms of galectin-3, how its specific interactions with the members of β-catenin signaling pathways affect tumor progression, and its implications as a therapeutic target.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Avraham Raz
- Department of Oncology, School of Medicine, Wayne State University, United States
| | - Pratima Nangia-Makker
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Wayne State University, United States; John D. Dingell V.A. Medical Center, Detroit, MI 48201, United States.
| |
Collapse
|