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Su H, Xie Y, Cheng X, Yang Z, Mao J, Yang H, Xu X, Pan S, Hu H. The effect of dual-frequency ultrasound on synergistic Sonochemical oxidation to degrade aflatoxin B 1. Food Chem 2024; 457:139708. [PMID: 38936135 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2024.139708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2023] [Revised: 04/15/2024] [Accepted: 05/14/2024] [Indexed: 06/29/2024]
Abstract
This study investigated the degradation of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) in food by using dual-frequency ultrasound (DFUS) and the effects of sonochemical oxidation on the efficacy. It was found that the degradation of AFB1 by bath ultrasound (BU), probe ultrasound (PU), and DFUS were all consistent with first-order kinetics. The use of DFUS significantly increased the AFB1 degradation to 91.3%, and compared with BU and PU, it increased by about 177.0% and 61.5% after 30 min treatment. DFUS could generate a synergistic effect to accelerate the generation of free radicals, which promoted sonochemical oxidation to degrade AFB1. It could be speculated that hydroxyl radical (·OH) probably acted a dominant part in the AFB1 degradation by DFUS, and the hydrogen atoms (·H) might also are contributed. These results indicated that DFUS was an effective method of AFB1 degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongchen Su
- College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, PR China; Key Laboratory of Environment Correlative Dietology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Ministry of Education, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, PR China; Hubei Key Laboratory of Fruit & Vegetable Processing & Quality Control (Huazhong Agricultural University), Wuhan, Hubei 430070, PR China
| | - Yuxin Xie
- College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, PR China; Key Laboratory of Environment Correlative Dietology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Ministry of Education, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, PR China; Hubei Key Laboratory of Fruit & Vegetable Processing & Quality Control (Huazhong Agricultural University), Wuhan, Hubei 430070, PR China
| | - Xi Cheng
- College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, PR China; Key Laboratory of Environment Correlative Dietology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Ministry of Education, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, PR China; Hubei Key Laboratory of Fruit & Vegetable Processing & Quality Control (Huazhong Agricultural University), Wuhan, Hubei 430070, PR China
| | - Zhixuan Yang
- College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, PR China; Key Laboratory of Environment Correlative Dietology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Ministry of Education, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, PR China; Hubei Key Laboratory of Fruit & Vegetable Processing & Quality Control (Huazhong Agricultural University), Wuhan, Hubei 430070, PR China
| | - Jin Mao
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Oil Crop, Key Laboratory of Oilseeds Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Oil Crops Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei 430062, PR China
| | - Hong Yang
- College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, PR China; Key Laboratory of Environment Correlative Dietology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Ministry of Education, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, PR China; Hubei Key Laboratory of Fruit & Vegetable Processing & Quality Control (Huazhong Agricultural University), Wuhan, Hubei 430070, PR China
| | - Xiaoyun Xu
- College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, PR China; Key Laboratory of Environment Correlative Dietology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Ministry of Education, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, PR China; Hubei Key Laboratory of Fruit & Vegetable Processing & Quality Control (Huazhong Agricultural University), Wuhan, Hubei 430070, PR China
| | - Siyi Pan
- College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, PR China; Key Laboratory of Environment Correlative Dietology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Ministry of Education, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, PR China; Hubei Key Laboratory of Fruit & Vegetable Processing & Quality Control (Huazhong Agricultural University), Wuhan, Hubei 430070, PR China
| | - Hao Hu
- College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, PR China; Key Laboratory of Environment Correlative Dietology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Ministry of Education, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, PR China; Hubei Key Laboratory of Fruit & Vegetable Processing & Quality Control (Huazhong Agricultural University), Wuhan, Hubei 430070, PR China.
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2
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Rinshad V, Aggarwal M, Clegg JK, Mukherjee PS. Harnessing a Pd 4 Water-Soluble Molecular Capsule as a Size-Selective Catalyst for Targeted Oxidation of Alkyl Aromatics. JACS AU 2024; 4:3238-3247. [PMID: 39211591 PMCID: PMC11350579 DOI: 10.1021/jacsau.4c00539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2024] [Revised: 08/05/2024] [Accepted: 08/06/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
Molecular hosts with functional cavities can emulate enzymatic behavior through selective encapsulation of substrates, resulting in high chemo-, regio-, and stereoselective product formation. It is still challenging to synthesize enzyme-mimicking hosts that exhibit a narrow substrate scope that relies upon the recognition of substrates based on the molecular size. Herein, we introduce a Pd4 self-assembled water-soluble molecular capsule [M 4 L 2] (MC) that was formed through the self-assembly of a ligand L (4',4‴'-(1,4-phenylene)bis(1',4'-dihydro-[4,2':6',4″-terpyridine]-3',5'-dicarbonitrile)) with the acceptor cis-[(en)Pd(NO3)2] [en = ethane-1,2-diamine] (M). The molecular capsule MC showed size-selective recognition towards xylene isomers. The redox property of MC was explored for efficient and selective oxidation of one of the alkyl groups of m-xylene and p-xylene to their corresponding toluic acids using molecular O2 as an oxidant upon photoirradiation. Employing host-guest chemistry, we demonstrate the homogeneous catalysis of alkyl aromatics to the corresponding monocarboxylic acids in water under mild conditions. Despite homogeneous catalysis, the products were separated from the reaction mixtures by simple filtration/extraction, and the catalyst was reused. The larger analogues of the alkyl aromatics failed to bind within the MC's hydrophobic cavity, resulting in a lower/negligible reaction outcome. The present study represents a facile approach for selective photo-oxidation of xylene isomers to their corresponding toluic acids in an aqueous medium under mild conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valiyakath
Abdul Rinshad
- Department
of Inorganic and Physical Chemistry, Indian
Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
| | - Medha Aggarwal
- Department
of Inorganic and Physical Chemistry, Indian
Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
| | - Jack K. Clegg
- School
of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Partha Sarathi Mukherjee
- Department
of Inorganic and Physical Chemistry, Indian
Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
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3
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Guengerich FP, Tateishi Y, McCarty KD, Yoshimoto FK. Updates on Mechanisms of Cytochrome P450 Catalysis of Complex Steroid Oxidations. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:9020. [PMID: 39201706 PMCID: PMC11354347 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25169020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2024] [Revised: 08/14/2024] [Accepted: 08/16/2024] [Indexed: 09/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Cytochrome P450 (P450) enzymes dominate steroid metabolism. In general, the simple C-hydroxylation reactions are mechanistically straightforward and are generally agreed to involve a perferryl oxygen species (formally FeO3+). Several of the steroid transformations are more complex and involve C-C bond scission. We initiated mechanistic studies with several of these (i.e., 11A1, 17A1, 19A1, and 51A1) and have now established that the dominant modes of catalysis for P450s 19A1 and 51A1 involve a ferric peroxide anion (i.e., Fe3+O2¯) instead of a perferryl ion complex (FeO3+), as demonstrated with 18O incorporation studies. P450 17A1 is less clear. The indicated P450 reactions all involve sequential oxidations, and we have explored the processivity of these multi-step reactions. P450 19A1 is distributive, i.e., intermediate products dissociate and reassociate, but P450s 11A1 and 51A1 are highly processive. P450 17A1 shows intermediate processivity, as expected from the release of 17-hydroxysteroids for the biosynthesis of key molecules, and P450 19A1 is very distributive. P450 11B2 catalyzes a processive multi-step oxidation process with the complexity of a chemical closure of an intermediate to a locked lactol form.
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Affiliation(s)
- F. Peter Guengerich
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; (Y.T.); (K.D.M.)
| | - Yasuhiro Tateishi
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; (Y.T.); (K.D.M.)
| | - Kevin D. McCarty
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; (Y.T.); (K.D.M.)
| | - Francis K. Yoshimoto
- Department of Chemistry, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78249, USA;
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4
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Medina D, Omanakuttan B, Nguyen R, Alwarsh E, Walgama C. Electrochemical Probing of Human Liver Subcellular S9 Fractions for Drug Metabolite Synthesis. Metabolites 2024; 14:429. [PMID: 39195525 DOI: 10.3390/metabo14080429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2024] [Revised: 07/24/2024] [Accepted: 07/30/2024] [Indexed: 08/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Human liver subcellular fractions, including liver microsomes (HLM), liver cytosol fractions, and S9 fractions, are extensively utilized in in vitro assays to predict liver metabolism. The S9 fractions are supernatants of human liver homogenates that contain both microsomes and cytosol, which include most cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes and soluble phase II enzymes such as glucuronosyltransferases and sulfotransferases. This study reports on the direct electrochemistry and biocatalytic features of redox-active enzymes in S9 fractions for the first time. We investigated the electrochemical properties of S9 films by immobilizing them onto a high-purity graphite (HPG) electrode and performing cyclic voltammetry under anaerobic (Ar-saturated) and aerobic (O2-saturated) conditions. The heterogeneous electron transfer rate between the S9 film and the HPG electrode was found to be 14 ± 3 s-1, with a formal potential of -0.451 V vs. Ag/AgCl reference electrode, which confirmed the electrochemical activation of the FAD/FMN cofactor containing CYP450-reductase (CPR) as the electron receiver from the electrode. The S9 films have also demonstrated catalytic oxygen reduction under aerobic conditions, identical to HLM films attached to similar electrodes. Additionally, we investigated CYP activity in the S9 biofilm for phase I metabolism using diclofenac hydroxylation as a probe reaction and identified metabolic products using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS). Investigating the feasibility of utilizing liver S9 fractions in such electrochemical assays offers significant advantages for pharmacological and toxicological evaluations of new drugs in development while providing valuable insights for the development of efficient biosensor and bioreactor platforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daphne Medina
- Department of Physical & Applied Sciences, University of Houston-Clear Lake, 2700 Bay Area Boulevard, Houston, TX 77058, USA
| | - Bhavana Omanakuttan
- Department of Physical & Applied Sciences, University of Houston-Clear Lake, 2700 Bay Area Boulevard, Houston, TX 77058, USA
| | - Ricky Nguyen
- Department of Physical & Applied Sciences, University of Houston-Clear Lake, 2700 Bay Area Boulevard, Houston, TX 77058, USA
| | - Eman Alwarsh
- Department of Physical & Applied Sciences, University of Houston-Clear Lake, 2700 Bay Area Boulevard, Houston, TX 77058, USA
| | - Charuksha Walgama
- Department of Physical & Applied Sciences, University of Houston-Clear Lake, 2700 Bay Area Boulevard, Houston, TX 77058, USA
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5
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Lohr T, Scheuplein NJ, Jenkins C, Norville I, Erk C, Stapf M, Kirchner L, Sarkar-Tyson M, Holzgrabe U. Identification of active main metabolites of anti-infective inhibitors of the macrophage infectivity potentiator protein by liquid chromatography using mass detection. Arch Pharm (Weinheim) 2024; 357:e2400032. [PMID: 38687906 DOI: 10.1002/ardp.202400032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2024] [Revised: 04/10/2024] [Accepted: 04/12/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024]
Abstract
Due to increasing antibiotic resistance, the development of anti-infectives with new mechanisms of action is crucial. Virulence factors such as the "macrophage infectivity potentiator" (Mip) protein, which catalyzes the folding of proline-containing proteins by means of their cis-trans isomerase (PPIase) activity, have come into focus as a potential new target. Since the inhibition of Mip by small molecules has been shown to lead to reduced virulence and survival in vitro, especially of Gram-negative bacteria such as Burkholderia pseudomallei (Bp), Neisseria meningitidis (Nm), and Neisseria gonorrhoeae (Ng), or Coxiella burnetii (Cb), among many others, a library of Mip inhibitors was developed. As drug metabolism has a significant impact on the overall therapeutic outcome, this report describes the biotransformation of the most potent Mip inhibitors. Therefore, the anti-infectives were treated using human liver microsomes in vitro. Liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS-MS) methods were applied to identify the metabolites and quantify the metabolic degradation of the hit compounds. Active metabolites, N-oxides, were found, leading to new opportunities for further drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theresa Lohr
- Institute of Pharmacy and Food Chemistry, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | | | | | - Isobel Norville
- DSTL, Defence Science and Technology Laboratory, Salisbury, UK
| | - Christine Erk
- Institute of Pharmacy and Food Chemistry, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Maximilian Stapf
- Institute of Pharmacy and Food Chemistry, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Lukas Kirchner
- Institute of Pharmacy and Food Chemistry, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Mitali Sarkar-Tyson
- Marshall Centre for Infectious Diseases Research and Training, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - Ulrike Holzgrabe
- Institute of Pharmacy and Food Chemistry, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
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6
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Li C, Yin X, Wang S, Sui S, Liu J, Sun X, Di J, Chen R, Chen D, Han Y, Xie K, Dai J. A Cytochrome P450 Enzyme Catalyses Oxetane Ring Formation in Paclitaxel Biosynthesis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202407070. [PMID: 38712793 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202407070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2024] [Revised: 05/06/2024] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 05/08/2024]
Abstract
Oxetane synthase (TmCYP1), a novel cytochrome P450 enzyme from Taxus×media cell cultures, has been functionally characterized to efficiently catalyse the formation of the oxetane ring in tetracyclic taxoids. Transient expression of TmCYP1 in Nicotiana benthamiana using 2α,5α,7β,9α,10β,13α-hexaacetoxytaxa-4(20),11(12)-diene (1) as a substrate led to the production of a major oxetane derivative, 1β-dehydroxybaccatin IV (1 a), and a minor 4β,20-epoxide derivative, baccatin I (1 b). However, feeding the substrate decinnamoyltaxinine J (2), a 5-deacetylated derivative of 1, yielded only 5α-deacetylbaccatin I (2 b), a 4β,20-epoxide. A possible reaction mechanism was proposed on the basis of substrate-feeding, 2H and 18O isotope labelling experiments, and density functional theory calculations. This reaction could be an intramolecular oxidation-acetoxyl rearrangement and the construction of the oxetane ring may occur through a concerted process; however, the 4β,20-epoxide might be a shunt product. In this process, the C5-O-acetyl group in substrate is crucial for the oxetane ring formation but not for the 4(20)-epoxy ring formation by TmCYP1. These findings provide a better understanding of the enzymatic formation of the oxetane ring in paclitaxel biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changkang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, CAMS Key Laboratory of Enzyme and Biocatalysis of Natural Drugs, NHC Key Laboratory of Biosynthesis of Natural Products, and Beijing Key Laboratory of Non-Clinical Drug Metabolism and PK/PD Study Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Xinxin Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, CAMS Key Laboratory of Enzyme and Biocatalysis of Natural Drugs, NHC Key Laboratory of Biosynthesis of Natural Products, and Beijing Key Laboratory of Non-Clinical Drug Metabolism and PK/PD Study Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Shuai Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, CAMS Key Laboratory of Enzyme and Biocatalysis of Natural Drugs, NHC Key Laboratory of Biosynthesis of Natural Products, and Beijing Key Laboratory of Non-Clinical Drug Metabolism and PK/PD Study Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, China
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, 252000, Shandong, China
| | - Songyang Sui
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, CAMS Key Laboratory of Enzyme and Biocatalysis of Natural Drugs, NHC Key Laboratory of Biosynthesis of Natural Products, and Beijing Key Laboratory of Non-Clinical Drug Metabolism and PK/PD Study Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Jimei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, CAMS Key Laboratory of Enzyme and Biocatalysis of Natural Drugs, NHC Key Laboratory of Biosynthesis of Natural Products, and Beijing Key Laboratory of Non-Clinical Drug Metabolism and PK/PD Study Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Xincheng Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, CAMS Key Laboratory of Enzyme and Biocatalysis of Natural Drugs, NHC Key Laboratory of Biosynthesis of Natural Products, and Beijing Key Laboratory of Non-Clinical Drug Metabolism and PK/PD Study Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Jinming Di
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, CAMS Key Laboratory of Enzyme and Biocatalysis of Natural Drugs, NHC Key Laboratory of Biosynthesis of Natural Products, and Beijing Key Laboratory of Non-Clinical Drug Metabolism and PK/PD Study Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Ridao Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, CAMS Key Laboratory of Enzyme and Biocatalysis of Natural Drugs, NHC Key Laboratory of Biosynthesis of Natural Products, and Beijing Key Laboratory of Non-Clinical Drug Metabolism and PK/PD Study Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Dawei Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, CAMS Key Laboratory of Enzyme and Biocatalysis of Natural Drugs, NHC Key Laboratory of Biosynthesis of Natural Products, and Beijing Key Laboratory of Non-Clinical Drug Metabolism and PK/PD Study Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Yaotian Han
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, CAMS Key Laboratory of Enzyme and Biocatalysis of Natural Drugs, NHC Key Laboratory of Biosynthesis of Natural Products, and Beijing Key Laboratory of Non-Clinical Drug Metabolism and PK/PD Study Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Kebo Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, CAMS Key Laboratory of Enzyme and Biocatalysis of Natural Drugs, NHC Key Laboratory of Biosynthesis of Natural Products, and Beijing Key Laboratory of Non-Clinical Drug Metabolism and PK/PD Study Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Jungui Dai
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, CAMS Key Laboratory of Enzyme and Biocatalysis of Natural Drugs, NHC Key Laboratory of Biosynthesis of Natural Products, and Beijing Key Laboratory of Non-Clinical Drug Metabolism and PK/PD Study Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, China
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7
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Dey S, Biradar R, Mane SS, Kunnath Shaji A, Das AP, Agarwal SM, Dengale SJ. Identification and characterization of the in-vivo metabolites of the novel soluble epoxide hydrolase inhibitor EC5026 using liquid chromatography quadrupole time of flight mass spectrometry. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2024; 244:116116. [PMID: 38537542 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2024.116116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2023] [Revised: 02/28/2024] [Accepted: 03/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/29/2024]
Abstract
EC5026 is a novel soluble epoxide hydrolase inhibitor being developed clinically to treat neuropathic pain and inflammation. In the current study, we employed the LC-ESI-Q-TOF-MS/MS technique to identify four in-vivo phase-I metabolites of EC5026 in rat model, out of which three were found to be novel. The identified metabolites include aliphatic hydroxylation, di-hydroxylation, terminal desaturation, and carboxylation. No phase-II metabolites were found. The pharmacokinetic profile of identified metabolites was established after a single oral dose of EC5026 to Wistar rats. The Tmax of the drug and metabolites were found to be in the range of 1-2 hours and 4-12 hours, respectively. The major metabolites M1 and M2 were found to have more than 2-fold (263.87% AUC) and equivalent exposure (96.33% AUC) compared to the parent drug, respectively. Further, the docking study revealed that the mono-hydroxylated and terminally desaturated metabolites possess better binding affinity than the parent drug. Therefore, these metabolites may hold sEH inhibition potential and can be followed through future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shankha Dey
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Guwahati, Changsari 781101, India
| | - Rushikesh Biradar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Guwahati, Changsari 781101, India
| | - Sayalee Sanjay Mane
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Guwahati, Changsari 781101, India
| | - Anandhu Kunnath Shaji
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Guwahati, Changsari 781101, India
| | - Agneesh Pratim Das
- ICMR-National Institute of Cancer Prevention and Research, I-7, Sector-39, Noida 201301, India
| | - Subhash Mohan Agarwal
- ICMR-National Institute of Cancer Prevention and Research, I-7, Sector-39, Noida 201301, India
| | - Swapnil Jayant Dengale
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Guwahati, Changsari 781101, India.
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8
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Li H, Zhao P, Li S, Guo J, Hao D. Trial and error: New insights into recombinant expression of membrane-bound insect cytochromes P450 in Escherichia coli systems. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 273:133183. [PMID: 38897522 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.133183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2024] [Revised: 06/02/2024] [Accepted: 06/13/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024]
Abstract
Insect cytochromes P450 (CYP450s) are key enzymes responsible for a wide array of oxidative transformations of both endogenous and exogenous substrates. However, there is currently no a universal guideline established for heterologous expression of membrane-bound CYP450s, which hampers their downstream biochemical and structural studies. In this study, we conducted large-scale screening of protein overexpression in Escherichia coli using 71 insect CYP450 sequences and optimized the expression of a difficult-to-express CYP450 (CYP6HX3) using eight different optimizations, including selection of host strains and expression vectors, alternative of leader signal peptides, and N-terminal modifications. We confirmed that 1) Only insect CYP450s belonging to the CYP347 family could be expressed with N-terminal fusion of ompA2+ signal peptide in E. coli expression system. 2) E. coli Lemo 21 (DE3) effectively improved the expression of CYP6HX3 in the plasma membrane. 3) A brick-red appearance occurred frequently in the expressed thallus or membrane proteins, but this phenomenon could not necessarily indicate successful overexpression of target CYP450s. These findings provide new insights into the recombinant expression of insect CYP450s in E. coli systems and will facilitate the theoretical approaches for functional expression and production of eukaryotic CYP450s.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Li
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210037, China; College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210037, China
| | - Peiyuan Zhao
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210037, China; College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210037, China
| | - Shouyin Li
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210037, China; College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210037, China
| | - Jinyan Guo
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210037, China; College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210037, China
| | - Dejun Hao
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210037, China; College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210037, China.
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9
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El-Serafi I, Steele S. Cyclophosphamide Pharmacogenomic Variation in Cancer Treatment and Its Effect on Bioactivation and Pharmacokinetics. Adv Pharmacol Pharm Sci 2024; 2024:4862706. [PMID: 38966316 PMCID: PMC11223907 DOI: 10.1155/2024/4862706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2023] [Revised: 06/06/2024] [Accepted: 06/11/2024] [Indexed: 07/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Cyclophosphamide (Cy) is a prodrug that is mainly bioactivated by cytochrome P450 (CYP) 2B6 enzyme. Several other enzymes are also involved in its bioactivation and affect its kinetics. Previous studies have shown the effect of the enzymes' genetic polymorphisms on Cy kinetics and its clinical outcome. These results were controversial primarily because of the involvement of several interacting enzymes in the Cy metabolic pathway, which can also be affected by several clinical factors as well as other drug interactions. In this review article, we present the effect of CYP2B6 polymorphisms on Cy kinetics since it is the main bioactivating enzyme, as well as discussing all previously reported enzymes and clinical factors that can alter Cy efficacy. Additionally, we present explanations for key Cy side effects related to the nature and site of its bioactivation. Finally, we discuss the role of busulphan in conditioning regimens in the Cy metabolic pathway as a clinical example of drug-drug interactions involving several enzymes. By the end of this article, our aim is to have provided a comprehensive summary of Cy pharmacogenomics and the effect on its kinetics. The utility of these findings in the development of new strategies for Cy personalized patient dose adjustment will aid in the future optimization of patient specific Cy dosages and ultimately in improving clinical outcomes. In conclusion, CYP2B6 and several other enzyme polymorphisms can alter Cy kinetics and consequently the clinical outcomes. However, the precise quantification of Cy kinetics in any individual patient is complex as it is clearly under multifactorial genetic control. Additionally, other clinical factors such as the patient's age, diagnosis, concomitant medications, and clinical status should also be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ibrahim El-Serafi
- Basic Medical Sciences DepartmentCollege of MedicineAjman University, Ajman, UAE
- Department of Hand Surgery, and Plastic Surgery and BurnsLinköping University Hospital, Linkoöping, Sweden
| | - Sinclair Steele
- Pathological Sciences DepartmentCollege of MedicineAjman University, Ajman, UAE
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10
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Ueda K, Sato W, Yanagisawa S, Kubo M, Hada M, Fujii H. Resonance Raman study of oxoiron(IV) porphyrin π-cation radical complex: Porphyrin ligand effect on ν(Fe=O) frequency. J Inorg Biochem 2024; 255:112544. [PMID: 38574491 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2024.112544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2024] [Revised: 03/22/2024] [Accepted: 03/23/2024] [Indexed: 04/06/2024]
Abstract
Resonance Raman (rR) spectroscopy has been applied to study the nature of the iron-oxo (Fe=O) moiety of oxoiron(IV) porphyrin π-cation radical complex (CompI). While the axial ligand effect on the nature of the Fe=O moiety has been studied with rR spectroscopy, the porphyrin ligand effect has not been studied well. Here, we investigated the porphyrin ligand effect on the Fe=O moiety with rR spectroscopy. The porphyrin ligand effect was modulated by the electron-withdrawing effect of the porphyrin substituent at the meso-position. This study shows that the frequency of the Fe=O stretching band, ν(Fe=O), hardly change even when the electron-withdrawing effect of the porphyrin substituent changes. This result is further supported by theoretical calculation of CompI. The natural atomic charge analysis reveals that the oxo and axial ligands work to buffer the electron-withdrawing effect of the porphyrin substituent. The electron-withdrawing porphyrin substituent shifts an electron population from the ferryl iron to the porphyrin, but the decreased electron population on the ferryl iron is compensated by the shift of the electron population from the oxo ligand and the axial ligand. The shift of the electron population makes the Fe-axial ligand bond length short, but the Fe=O bond length unchanged, resulting in the invariable ν(Fe=O) frequency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaho Ueda
- Department of Chemistry, Biology, and Environmental Science, Graduate School of Humanities and Sciences, Nara Women's University, Nara 630-8506, Japan
| | - Wataru Sato
- Graduate School of Science, University of Hyogo, Ako, Hyogo 678-1297, Japan
| | - Sachiko Yanagisawa
- Graduate School of Science, University of Hyogo, Ako, Hyogo 678-1297, Japan
| | - Minoru Kubo
- Graduate School of Science, University of Hyogo, Ako, Hyogo 678-1297, Japan
| | - Masahiko Hada
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Hachioji 192-0397, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Fujii
- Department of Chemistry, Biology, and Environmental Science, Graduate School of Humanities and Sciences, Nara Women's University, Nara 630-8506, Japan.
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11
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He J, Liu X, Li C. Engineering Electron Transfer Pathway of Cytochrome P450s. Molecules 2024; 29:2480. [PMID: 38893355 PMCID: PMC11173547 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29112480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2024] [Revised: 05/20/2024] [Accepted: 05/21/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Cytochrome P450s (P450s), a superfamily of heme-containing enzymes, existed in animals, plants, and microorganisms. P450s can catalyze various regional and stereoselective oxidation reactions, which are widely used in natural product biosynthesis, drug metabolism, and biotechnology. In a typical catalytic cycle, P450s use redox proteins or domains to mediate electron transfer from NAD(P)H to heme iron. Therefore, the main factors determining the catalytic efficiency of P450s include not only the P450s themselves but also their redox-partners and electron transfer pathways. In this review, the electron transfer pathway engineering strategies of the P450s catalytic system are reviewed from four aspects: cofactor regeneration, selection of redox-partners, P450s and redox-partner engineering, and electrochemically or photochemically driven electron transfer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingting He
- Key Laboratory for Green Processing of Chemical Engineering of Xinjiang Bingtuan, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shihezi 832003, China;
| | - Xin Liu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- Key Lab for Industrial Biocatalysis, Ministry of Education, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Chun Li
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- Key Lab for Industrial Biocatalysis, Ministry of Education, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- Center for Synthetic and Systems Biology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
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12
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Schultes FPJ, Welter L, Hufnagel D, Heghmanns M, Kasanmascheff M, Mügge C. An Active and Versatile Electron Transport System for Cytochrome P450 Monooxygenases from the Alkane Degrading Organism Acinetobacter sp. OC4. Chembiochem 2024:e202400098. [PMID: 38787654 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202400098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2024] [Revised: 05/10/2024] [Accepted: 05/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024]
Abstract
Cytochrome P450 monooxygenases (CYPs) are valuable biocatalysts for the oxyfunctionalization of non-activated carbon-hydrogen bonds. Most CYPs rely on electron transport proteins as redox partners. In this study, the ferredoxin reductase (FdR) and ferredoxin (FD) for a cytochrome P450 monooxygenase from Acinetobacter sp. OC4 are investigated. Upon heterologous production of both proteins independently in Escherichia coli, spectral analysis showed their reduction capability towards reporter electron acceptors, e. g., cytochrome c. The individual proteins' specific activity towards cytochrome c reduction was 25 U mg-1. Furthermore, the possibility to enhance electron transfer by artificial fusion of the units was elucidated. FdR and FD were linked by helical linkers [EAAAK]n, flexible glycine linkers [GGGGS]n or rigid proline linkers [EPPPP]n of n=1-4 sequence repetitions. The system with a glycine linker (n=4) reached an appreciable specific activity of 19 U mg-1 towards cytochrome c. Moreover, their ability to drive different members of the CYP153A subfamily is demonstrated. By creating artificial self-sufficient P450s with FdR, FD, and a panel of four CYP153A representatives, effective hydroxylation of n-hexane in a whole-cell system was achieved. The results indicate this protein combination to constitute a functional and versatile surrogate electron transport system for this subfamily.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabian Peter Josef Schultes
- Ruhr-University Bochum, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Microbial Biotechnology, Universitätsstraße 150, 44780, Bochum, Germany
| | - Leon Welter
- Ruhr-University Bochum, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Microbial Biotechnology, Universitätsstraße 150, 44780, Bochum, Germany
| | - Doreen Hufnagel
- Ruhr-University Bochum, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Microbial Biotechnology, Universitätsstraße 150, 44780, Bochum, Germany
| | - Melanie Heghmanns
- Technical University Dortmund, Faculty for Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Otto-Hahn Straße 6, 44227, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Müge Kasanmascheff
- Technical University Dortmund, Faculty for Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Otto-Hahn Straße 6, 44227, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Carolin Mügge
- Ruhr-University Bochum, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Microbial Biotechnology, Universitätsstraße 150, 44780, Bochum, Germany
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13
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Barreda L, Brosse C, Boutet S, Perreau F, Rajjou L, Lepiniec L, Corso M. Specialized metabolite modifications in Brassicaceae seeds and plants: diversity, functions and related enzymes. Nat Prod Rep 2024; 41:834-859. [PMID: 38323463 DOI: 10.1039/d3np00043e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2024]
Abstract
Covering: up to 2023Specialized metabolite (SM) modifications and/or decorations, corresponding to the addition or removal of functional groups (e.g. hydroxyl, methyl, glycosyl or acyl group) to SM structures, contribute to the huge diversity of structures, activities and functions of seed and plant SMs. This review summarizes available knowledge (up to 2023) on SM modifications in Brassicaceae and their contribution to SM plasticity. We give a comprehensive overview on enzymes involved in the addition or removal of these functional groups. Brassicaceae, including model (Arabidopsis thaliana) and crop (Brassica napus, Camelina sativa) plant species, present a large diversity of plant and seed SMs, which makes them valuable models to study SM modifications. In this review, particular attention is given to the environmental plasticity of SM and relative modification and/or decoration enzymes. Furthermore, a spotlight is given to SMs and related modification enzymes in seeds of Brassicaceae species. Seeds constitute a large reservoir of beneficial SMs and are one of the most important dietary sources, providing more than half of the world's intake of dietary proteins, oil and starch. The seed tissue- and stage-specific expressions of A. thaliana genes involved in SM modification are presented and discussed in the context of available literature. Given the major role in plant phytochemistry, biology and ecology, SM modifications constitute a subject of study contributing to the research and development in agroecology, pharmaceutical, cosmetics and food industrial sectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Léa Barreda
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin (IJPB), 78000 Versailles, France.
| | - Céline Brosse
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin (IJPB), 78000 Versailles, France.
| | - Stéphanie Boutet
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin (IJPB), 78000 Versailles, France.
| | - François Perreau
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin (IJPB), 78000 Versailles, France.
| | - Loïc Rajjou
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin (IJPB), 78000 Versailles, France.
| | - Loïc Lepiniec
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin (IJPB), 78000 Versailles, France.
| | - Massimiliano Corso
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin (IJPB), 78000 Versailles, France.
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14
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Hu H, Serra C, Zhang W, Scrivo A, Fernández-Carasa I, Consiglio A, Aytes A, Pujana MA, Llebaria A, Antolin AA. Identification of differential biological activity and synergy between the PARP inhibitor rucaparib and its major metabolite. Cell Chem Biol 2024; 31:973-988.e4. [PMID: 38335967 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2024.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Revised: 08/16/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Abstract
The (poly)pharmacology of drug metabolites is seldom comprehensively characterized in drug discovery. However, some drug metabolites can reach high plasma concentrations and display in vivo activity. Here, we use computational and experimental methods to comprehensively characterize the kinase polypharmacology of M324, the major metabolite of the PARP1 inhibitor rucaparib. We demonstrate that M324 displays unique PLK2 inhibition at clinical concentrations. This kinase activity could have implications for the efficacy and safety of rucaparib and therefore warrants further clinical investigation. Importantly, we identify synergy between the drug and the metabolite in prostate cancer models and a complete reduction of α-synuclein accumulation in Parkinson's disease models. These activities could be harnessed in the clinic or open new drug discovery opportunities. The study reported here highlights the importance of characterizing the activity of drug metabolites to comprehensively understand drug response in the clinic and exploit our current drug arsenal in precision medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huabin Hu
- Center for Cancer Drug Discovery, Division of Cancer Therapeutics, The Institute of Cancer Research, London SM2 5NG, UK
| | - Carme Serra
- Medicinal Chemistry and Synthesis (MCS) Laboratory, Institut de Química Avançada de Catalunya (IQAC-CSIC), 08034 Barcelona, Spain; Synthesis of High Added Value Molecules (SIMChem), Institut de Química Avançada de Catalunya (IQAC-CSIC), 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Wenjie Zhang
- ProCURE, Catalan Institute of Oncology (ICO), Oncobell, Bellvitge Institute for Biomedical Research (IDIBELL), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Aurora Scrivo
- Department of Pathology and Experimental Therapeutics, Bellvitge University Hospital-IDIBELL, Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain; Institute of Biomedicine of the University of Barcelona (IBUB), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Irene Fernández-Carasa
- Department of Pathology and Experimental Therapeutics, Bellvitge University Hospital-IDIBELL, Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain; Institute of Biomedicine of the University of Barcelona (IBUB), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Antonella Consiglio
- Department of Pathology and Experimental Therapeutics, Bellvitge University Hospital-IDIBELL, Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain; Institute of Biomedicine of the University of Barcelona (IBUB), Barcelona, Spain; Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Alvaro Aytes
- ProCURE, Catalan Institute of Oncology (ICO), Oncobell, Bellvitge Institute for Biomedical Research (IDIBELL), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Miguel Angel Pujana
- ProCURE, Catalan Institute of Oncology (ICO), Oncobell, Bellvitge Institute for Biomedical Research (IDIBELL), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Amadeu Llebaria
- Medicinal Chemistry and Synthesis (MCS) Laboratory, Institut de Química Avançada de Catalunya (IQAC-CSIC), 08034 Barcelona, Spain; Synthesis of High Added Value Molecules (SIMChem), Institut de Química Avançada de Catalunya (IQAC-CSIC), 08034 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Albert A Antolin
- Center for Cancer Drug Discovery, Division of Cancer Therapeutics, The Institute of Cancer Research, London SM2 5NG, UK; ProCURE, Catalan Institute of Oncology (ICO), Oncobell, Bellvitge Institute for Biomedical Research (IDIBELL), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.
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15
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Wang H, Su K, Liu M, Liu Y, Wu Z, Fu C. Overexpressing CYP81D11 enhances 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene tolerance and removal efficiency in Arabidopsis. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2024; 176:e14364. [PMID: 38837226 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.14364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2024] [Revised: 05/07/2024] [Accepted: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024]
Abstract
Phytoremediation is a promising technology for removing the high-toxic explosive 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT) pollutant from the environment. Mining dominant genes is the key research direction of this technology. Most previous studies have focused on the detoxification of TNT rather than plants' TNT tolerance. Here, we conducted a transcriptomic analysis of wild type Arabidopsis plants under TNT stress and found that the Arabidopsis cytochrome P450 gene CYP81D11 was significantly induced in TNT-treated plants. Under TNT stress, the root length was approximately 1.4 times longer in CYP81D11-overexpressing transgenic plants than in wild type plants. The half-removal time for TNT was much shorter in CYP81D11-overexpressing transgenic plants (1.1 days) than in wild type plants (t1/2 = 2.2 day). In addition, metabolic analysis showed no difference in metabolites in transgenic plants compared to wild type plants. These results suggest that the high TNT uptake rates of CYP81D11-overexpressing transgenic plants were most likely due to increased tolerance and biomass rather than TNT degradation. However, CYP81D11-overexpressing plants were not more tolerant to osmotic stresses, such as salt or drought. Taken together, our results indicate that CYP81D11 is a promising target for producing bioengineered plants with high TNT removing capability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Wang
- Key Laboratory of Biofuels, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Energy Genetics, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China
- Shandong Energy Institute, Qingdao, China
- Qingdao New Energy Shandong Laboratory, Qingdao, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Kunlong Su
- Key Laboratory of Biofuels, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Energy Genetics, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China
- Shandong Energy Institute, Qingdao, China
- Qingdao New Energy Shandong Laboratory, Qingdao, China
| | - Meifeng Liu
- Key Laboratory of Biofuels, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Energy Genetics, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China
- Shandong Energy Institute, Qingdao, China
- Qingdao New Energy Shandong Laboratory, Qingdao, China
| | - Yuchen Liu
- Key Laboratory of Biofuels, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Energy Genetics, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China
- Shandong Energy Institute, Qingdao, China
- Qingdao New Energy Shandong Laboratory, Qingdao, China
| | - Zhenying Wu
- Key Laboratory of Biofuels, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Energy Genetics, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China
- Shandong Energy Institute, Qingdao, China
- Qingdao New Energy Shandong Laboratory, Qingdao, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Chunxiang Fu
- Key Laboratory of Biofuels, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Energy Genetics, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China
- Shandong Energy Institute, Qingdao, China
- Qingdao New Energy Shandong Laboratory, Qingdao, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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16
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Xing YY, Pu XM, Pan JF, Xu JY, Liu C, Lu DC. From antioxidant defense to genotoxicity: Deciphering the tissue-specific impact of AgNPs on marine clam Ruditapes philippinarum. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2024; 270:106883. [PMID: 38503038 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2024.106883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2023] [Revised: 02/08/2024] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 03/21/2024]
Abstract
The escalating use of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) across various sectors for their broad-spectrum antimicrobial capabilities, has raised concern over their potential ecotoxicological effects on aquatic life. This study explores the impact of AgNPs (50 μg/L) on the marine clam Ruditapes philippinarum, with a particular focus on its gills and digestive glands. We adopted an integrated approach that combined in vivo exposure, biochemical assays, and transcriptomic analysis to evaluate the toxicity of AgNPs. The results revealed substantial accumulation of AgNPs in the gills and digestive glands of R. philippinarum, resulting in oxidative stress and DNA damage, with the gills showing more severe oxidative damage. Transcriptomic analysis further highlights an adaptive up-regulation of peroxisome-related genes in the gills responding to AgNP-induxed oxidative stress. Additionally, there was a noteworthy enrichment of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in key biological processes, including ion binding, NF-kappa B signaling and cytochrome P450-mediated metabolism of xenobiotics. These insights elucidate the toxicological mechanisms of AgNPs to R. philippinarum, emphasizing the gill as a potential sensitive organ for monitoring emerging nanopollutants. Overall, this study significantly advances our understanding of the mechanisms driving nanoparticle-induced stress responses in bivalves and lays the groundwork for future investigations into preventing and treating such pollutants in aquaculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang-Yang Xing
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Ecology (Ministry of Education), Ocean University of China, Qingdao, Shandong 266100, PR China; Research Center of Marine Ecology, First Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Qingdao, Shandong 266061, PR China
| | - Xin-Ming Pu
- Research Center of Marine Ecology, First Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Qingdao, Shandong 266061, PR China; Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Laoshan Laboratory, Qingdao, Shandong 266200, PR China.
| | - Jin-Fen Pan
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Ecology (Ministry of Education), Ocean University of China, Qingdao, Shandong 266100, PR China; Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Laoshan Laboratory, Qingdao, Shandong 266200, PR China; Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Environment and Geological Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, PR China.
| | - Jia-Yin Xu
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Ecology (Ministry of Education), Ocean University of China, Qingdao, Shandong 266100, PR China; Research Center of Marine Ecology, First Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Qingdao, Shandong 266061, PR China
| | - Chen Liu
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Ecology (Ministry of Education), Ocean University of China, Qingdao, Shandong 266100, PR China; Research Center of Marine Ecology, First Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Qingdao, Shandong 266061, PR China; Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Environment and Geological Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, PR China
| | - De-Chi Lu
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Ecology (Ministry of Education), Ocean University of China, Qingdao, Shandong 266100, PR China; Research Center of Marine Ecology, First Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Qingdao, Shandong 266061, PR China; Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Environment and Geological Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, PR China
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17
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Zhang T, Yan M, Chang M, Hou X, Wang F, Song W, Wang Y, Feng K, Yuan Y, Yue T. Integrated transcriptomics and metabolomics reveal the mechanism of intestinal damage upon acute patulin exposure in mice. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2024; 276:116270. [PMID: 38574645 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2024.116270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2024] [Revised: 03/12/2024] [Accepted: 03/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/06/2024]
Abstract
Mycotoxin contamination has become a major food safety issue and greatly threatens human and animal health. Patulin (PAT), a common mycotoxin in the environment, is exposed through the food chain and damages the gastrointestinal tract. However, its mechanism of enterotoxicity at the genetic and metabolic levels remains to be elucidated. Herein, the intestinal histopathological and biochemical indices, transcriptome, and metabolome of C57BL/6 J mice exposed to different doses of PAT were successively assessed, as well as the toxicokinetics of PAT in vivo. The results showed that acute PAT exposure induced damaged villi and crypts, reduced mucus secretion, decreased SOD and GSH-Px activities, and enhanced MPO activity in the small intestine and mild damage in the colon. At the transcriptional level, the genes affected by PAT were dose-dependently altered in the small intestine and fluctuated in the colon. PAT primarily affected inflammation-related signaling pathways and oxidative phosphorylation in the small intestine and immune responses in the colon. At the metabolic level, amino acids decreased, and extensive lipids accumulated in the small intestine and colon. Seven metabolic pathways were jointly affected by PAT in two intestinal sites. Moreover, changes in PAT products and GST activity were detected in the small intestinal tissue but not in the colonic tissue, explaining the different damage degrees of the two sites. Finally, the integrated results collectively explained the toxicological mechanism of PAT, which damaged the small intestine directly and the colon indirectly. These results paint a clear panorama of intestinal changes after PAT exposure and provide valuable information on the exposure risk and toxic mechanism of PAT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Zhang
- College of Food Science and Technology, Northwest University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710069, China; Laboratory of Nutritional and Healthy Food-Individuation Manufacturing Engineering, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710069, China; Research Center of Food Safety Risk Assessment and Control, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710069, China
| | - Min Yan
- College of Food Science and Technology, Northwest University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710069, China; Laboratory of Nutritional and Healthy Food-Individuation Manufacturing Engineering, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710069, China; Research Center of Food Safety Risk Assessment and Control, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710069, China
| | - Min Chang
- College of Food Science and Technology, Northwest University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710069, China; Laboratory of Nutritional and Healthy Food-Individuation Manufacturing Engineering, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710069, China; Research Center of Food Safety Risk Assessment and Control, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710069, China
| | - Xiaohui Hou
- College of Food Science and Technology, Northwest University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710069, China; Laboratory of Nutritional and Healthy Food-Individuation Manufacturing Engineering, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710069, China; Research Center of Food Safety Risk Assessment and Control, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710069, China
| | - Furong Wang
- College of Food Science and Technology, Northwest University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710069, China; Laboratory of Nutritional and Healthy Food-Individuation Manufacturing Engineering, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710069, China; Research Center of Food Safety Risk Assessment and Control, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710069, China
| | - Wei Song
- College of Food Science and Technology, Northwest University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710069, China; Laboratory of Nutritional and Healthy Food-Individuation Manufacturing Engineering, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710069, China; Research Center of Food Safety Risk Assessment and Control, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710069, China
| | - Yuan Wang
- College of Food Science and Technology, Northwest University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710069, China; Laboratory of Nutritional and Healthy Food-Individuation Manufacturing Engineering, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710069, China; Research Center of Food Safety Risk Assessment and Control, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710069, China
| | - Kewei Feng
- College of Food Science and Technology, Northwest University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710069, China; Laboratory of Nutritional and Healthy Food-Individuation Manufacturing Engineering, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710069, China; Research Center of Food Safety Risk Assessment and Control, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710069, China
| | - Yahong Yuan
- College of Food Science and Technology, Northwest University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710069, China; Laboratory of Nutritional and Healthy Food-Individuation Manufacturing Engineering, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710069, China; Research Center of Food Safety Risk Assessment and Control, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710069, China
| | - Tianli Yue
- College of Food Science and Technology, Northwest University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710069, China; Laboratory of Nutritional and Healthy Food-Individuation Manufacturing Engineering, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710069, China; Research Center of Food Safety Risk Assessment and Control, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710069, China.
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18
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Du Y, Scheibener S, Zhu YC, Allen KC, Reddy GVP. Insecticide Susceptibilities and Enzyme Activities of Four Stink Bug Populations in Mississippi, USA. INSECTS 2024; 15:265. [PMID: 38667395 PMCID: PMC11050663 DOI: 10.3390/insects15040265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2024] [Revised: 04/05/2024] [Accepted: 04/10/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
In Mississippi, the Pentatomidae complex infesting soybean is primarily composed of Euschistus servus, Nezara viridula, Chinavia hilaris, and Piezodorus guildinii. This study employed spray bioassays to evaluate the susceptibilities of these stink bugs to seven commonly used formulated insecticides: oxamyl, acephate, bifenthrin, λ-cyhalothrin, imidacloprid, thiamethoxam, and sulfoxaflor. Stinks bugs were collected from soybeans in Leland, MS, USA during 2022 and 2023, as well as from wild host plants in Clarksdale, MS. There was no significant difference in the susceptibility of C. hilaris to seven insecticides between two years, whereas P. guildinii showed slightly increased susceptibility to neonicotinoids in 2023. Among all four stink bug species, susceptibility in 2022 was ranked as P. guildinii ≤ C. hilaris ≈ N. viridula, while in 2023, it was ranked as P. guildinii ≤ C. hilaris ≤ E. Servus. Additionally, populations of E. servus and P. guildinii collected from Clarksdale exhibited high tolerance to pyrethroids and neonicotinoids. Moreover, populations of E. servus and P. guildinii from SIMRU-2022 and Clarksdale-2023 showed elevated esterase and cytochrome P450 activity, respectively. These findings from spray bioassays and enzyme activity analyses provide a baseline for monitoring insecticide resistance in Pentatomidae and can guide insecticide resistance management strategies for Mississippi soybean.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuzhe Du
- Southern Insect Management Research Unit, Agriculture Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, 141 Experiment Station Road, Stoneville, MS 38776, USA; (S.S.); (K.C.A.); (G.V.P.R.)
| | - Shane Scheibener
- Southern Insect Management Research Unit, Agriculture Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, 141 Experiment Station Road, Stoneville, MS 38776, USA; (S.S.); (K.C.A.); (G.V.P.R.)
| | - Yu-Cheng Zhu
- Pollinator Health in Southern Crop Ecosystems Research Unit, Agriculture Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, 141 Experiment Station Road, Stoneville, MS 38776, USA;
| | - K. Clint Allen
- Southern Insect Management Research Unit, Agriculture Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, 141 Experiment Station Road, Stoneville, MS 38776, USA; (S.S.); (K.C.A.); (G.V.P.R.)
| | - Gadi V. P. Reddy
- Southern Insect Management Research Unit, Agriculture Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, 141 Experiment Station Road, Stoneville, MS 38776, USA; (S.S.); (K.C.A.); (G.V.P.R.)
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19
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Jeon JS, Cho G, Kim S, Riu M, Song J. Actinomycetota, a central constituent microbe during long-term exposure to diazinon, an organophosphorus insecticide. CHEMOSPHERE 2024; 354:141583. [PMID: 38460853 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.141583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2023] [Revised: 01/31/2024] [Accepted: 02/28/2024] [Indexed: 03/11/2024]
Abstract
Microbial biodegradation is a primary pesticide remediation pathway. Despite diazinon is one of the most frequently used organophosphate insecticides worldwide, its effect on soil microbial community remains obscure. We hypothesize that diazinon exposure reshapes microbial community, among them increased microbes may play a crucial role in diazinon degradation. To investigate this, we collected soil from an organic farming environment, introduced diazinon, cultivated it in a greenhouse, and then assessed its effects on soil microbiomes at three distinct time points: 20, 40, and 270 days after treatment (DAT). Results from HPLC showed that the level of diazinon was gradually degraded by 98.8% at 270 DAT when compared with day zero, whereas 16S rRNA gene analysis exhibited a significant reduction in the bacterial diversity, especially at the early two time points, indicating that diazinon may exert selection pressure to the bacteria community. Here, the relative abundance of phylum Actinomycetota increased at 20 and 40 DATs. In addition, the bacterial functional gene profile employing PICRUSt2 prediction also revealed that diazinon exposure induced the genomic function related to xenobiotics biodegradation and metabolism in soil, such as CYB5B, hpaC, acrR, and ppkA. To validate if bacterial function is caused by increased relative abundance in diazinon enriched soil, further bacteria isolation resulted in obtaining 25 diazinon degradation strains out of 103 isolates. Notably, more than 70% (18 out of 25) isolates are identified as phylum Actinomycetota, which empirically confirms and correlates microbiome and PICRUSt2 results. In conclusion, this study provides comprehensive information from microbiome analysis to obtaining several bacteria isolates responsible for diazinon degradation, revealing that the phylum Actinomycetota is as a key taxon that facilitates microbial biodegradation in diazinon spoiled soil. This finding may assist in developing a strategy for microbial detoxification of diazinon, such as using an Actinomycetota rich synthetic community (SynCom).
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Affiliation(s)
- Je-Seung Jeon
- Agricultural Microbiology Division, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences (NAS), Rural Development Administration (RDA), Wanju, 55365, Republic of Korea; Industrial Crop Utilization Division, National Institute of Horticultural and Herbal Science, Rural Development Administration (RDA), Eumseong, 27709, Republic of Korea
| | - Gyeongjun Cho
- Agricultural Microbiology Division, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences (NAS), Rural Development Administration (RDA), Wanju, 55365, Republic of Korea
| | - Songhwa Kim
- Agricultural Microbiology Division, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences (NAS), Rural Development Administration (RDA), Wanju, 55365, Republic of Korea
| | - Myoungjoo Riu
- Agricultural Microbiology Division, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences (NAS), Rural Development Administration (RDA), Wanju, 55365, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaekyeong Song
- Agricultural Microbiology Division, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences (NAS), Rural Development Administration (RDA), Wanju, 55365, Republic of Korea.
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20
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Wei W, Tang LWT, Verma RK, Fan H, Chan ECY. Probe Substrate Dependencies in CYP3A4 Allosteric Inhibition: A Novel Molecular Mechanism Involving F-F' Loop Perturbations. J Chem Inf Model 2024; 64:2058-2067. [PMID: 38457234 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jcim.3c01837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/09/2024]
Abstract
The biochemical basis for substrate dependences in apparent inhibition constant values (Ki) remains unknown. Our study aims to elucidate plausible structural determinants underpinning these observations. In vitro steady-state inhibition assays conducted using human recombinant CYP3A4 enzyme and testosterone substrate revealed that fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR) inhibitors erdafitinib and pemigatinib noncompetitively inhibited CYP3A4 with apparent Ki values of 10.2 ± 1.1 and 3.3 ± 0.9 μM, respectively. However, when rivaroxaban was adopted as the probe substrate, there were 2.0- and 3.2-fold decreases in its apparent Ki values. To glean mechanistic insights into this phenomenon, erdafitinib and pemigatinib were docked to allosteric sites in CYP3A4. Subsequently, molecular dynamics (MD) simulations of apo- and holo-CYP3A4 were conducted to investigate the structural changes induced. Comparative structural analyses of representative MD frames extracted by hierarchical clustering revealed that the allosteric inhibition of CYP3A4 by erdafitinib and pemigatinib did not substantially modulate its active site characteristics. In contrast, we discovered that allosteric binding of the FGFR inhibitors reduces the structural flexibility of the F-F' loop region, an important gating mechanism to regulate access of the substrate to the catalytic heme. We surmised that the increased rigidity of the F-F' loop engenders a more constrained entrance to the CYP3A4 active site, which in turn impedes access to the larger rivaroxaban molecule to a greater extent than testosterone and culminates in more potent inhibition of its CYP3A4-mediated metabolism. Our findings suggest a potential mechanism to rationalize probe substrate dependencies in Ki arising from the allosteric noncompetitive inhibition of CYP3A4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wan Wei
- Bioinformatics Institute (BII), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 30 Biopolis Street, 138671 Singapore
| | - Lloyd Wei Tat Tang
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, 18 Science Drive 4, 117543 Singapore
| | - Ravi Kumar Verma
- Bioinformatics Institute (BII), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 30 Biopolis Street, 138671 Singapore
| | - Hao Fan
- Bioinformatics Institute (BII), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 30 Biopolis Street, 138671 Singapore
| | - Eric Chun Yong Chan
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, 18 Science Drive 4, 117543 Singapore
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21
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Zorova LD, Abramicheva PA, Andrianova NV, Babenko VA, Zorov SD, Pevzner IB, Popkov VA, Semenovich DS, Yakupova EI, Silachev DN, Plotnikov EY, Sukhikh GT, Zorov DB. Targeting Mitochondria for Cancer Treatment. Pharmaceutics 2024; 16:444. [PMID: 38675106 PMCID: PMC11054825 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics16040444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2024] [Accepted: 03/20/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
There is an increasing accumulation of data on the exceptional importance of mitochondria in the occurrence and treatment of cancer, and in all lines of evidence for such participation, there are both energetic and non-bioenergetic functional features of mitochondria. This analytical review examines three specific features of adaptive mitochondrial changes in several malignant tumors. The first feature is characteristic of solid tumors, whose cells are forced to rebuild their energetics due to the absence of oxygen, namely, to activate the fumarate reductase pathway instead of the traditional succinate oxidase pathway that exists in aerobic conditions. For such a restructuring, the presence of a low-potential quinone is necessary, which cannot ensure the conventional conversion of succinate into fumarate but rather enables the reverse reaction, that is, the conversion of fumarate into succinate. In this scenario, complex I becomes the only generator of energy in mitochondria. The second feature is the increased proliferation in aggressive tumors of the so-called mitochondrial (peripheral) benzodiazepine receptor, also called translocator protein (TSPO) residing in the outer mitochondrial membrane, the function of which in oncogenic transformation stays mysterious. The third feature of tumor cells is the enhanced retention of certain molecules, in particular mitochondrially directed cations similar to rhodamine 123, which allows for the selective accumulation of anticancer drugs in mitochondria. These three features of mitochondria can be targets for the development of an anti-cancer strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ljubava D. Zorova
- A.N. Belozersky Research Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (L.D.Z.); (P.A.A.); (V.A.B.); (S.D.Z.); (I.B.P.); (V.A.P.); (D.S.S.); (E.I.Y.); (D.N.S.); (E.Y.P.)
- V.I. Kulakov National Medical Research Center of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Perinatology, 117997 Moscow, Russia
| | - Polina A. Abramicheva
- A.N. Belozersky Research Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (L.D.Z.); (P.A.A.); (V.A.B.); (S.D.Z.); (I.B.P.); (V.A.P.); (D.S.S.); (E.I.Y.); (D.N.S.); (E.Y.P.)
| | - Nadezda V. Andrianova
- A.N. Belozersky Research Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (L.D.Z.); (P.A.A.); (V.A.B.); (S.D.Z.); (I.B.P.); (V.A.P.); (D.S.S.); (E.I.Y.); (D.N.S.); (E.Y.P.)
| | - Valentina A. Babenko
- A.N. Belozersky Research Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (L.D.Z.); (P.A.A.); (V.A.B.); (S.D.Z.); (I.B.P.); (V.A.P.); (D.S.S.); (E.I.Y.); (D.N.S.); (E.Y.P.)
- V.I. Kulakov National Medical Research Center of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Perinatology, 117997 Moscow, Russia
| | - Savva D. Zorov
- A.N. Belozersky Research Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (L.D.Z.); (P.A.A.); (V.A.B.); (S.D.Z.); (I.B.P.); (V.A.P.); (D.S.S.); (E.I.Y.); (D.N.S.); (E.Y.P.)
- Faculty of Bioengineering and Bioinformatics, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Irina B. Pevzner
- A.N. Belozersky Research Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (L.D.Z.); (P.A.A.); (V.A.B.); (S.D.Z.); (I.B.P.); (V.A.P.); (D.S.S.); (E.I.Y.); (D.N.S.); (E.Y.P.)
- V.I. Kulakov National Medical Research Center of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Perinatology, 117997 Moscow, Russia
| | - Vasily A. Popkov
- A.N. Belozersky Research Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (L.D.Z.); (P.A.A.); (V.A.B.); (S.D.Z.); (I.B.P.); (V.A.P.); (D.S.S.); (E.I.Y.); (D.N.S.); (E.Y.P.)
- V.I. Kulakov National Medical Research Center of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Perinatology, 117997 Moscow, Russia
| | - Dmitry S. Semenovich
- A.N. Belozersky Research Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (L.D.Z.); (P.A.A.); (V.A.B.); (S.D.Z.); (I.B.P.); (V.A.P.); (D.S.S.); (E.I.Y.); (D.N.S.); (E.Y.P.)
| | - Elmira I. Yakupova
- A.N. Belozersky Research Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (L.D.Z.); (P.A.A.); (V.A.B.); (S.D.Z.); (I.B.P.); (V.A.P.); (D.S.S.); (E.I.Y.); (D.N.S.); (E.Y.P.)
| | - Denis N. Silachev
- A.N. Belozersky Research Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (L.D.Z.); (P.A.A.); (V.A.B.); (S.D.Z.); (I.B.P.); (V.A.P.); (D.S.S.); (E.I.Y.); (D.N.S.); (E.Y.P.)
| | - Egor Y. Plotnikov
- A.N. Belozersky Research Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (L.D.Z.); (P.A.A.); (V.A.B.); (S.D.Z.); (I.B.P.); (V.A.P.); (D.S.S.); (E.I.Y.); (D.N.S.); (E.Y.P.)
- V.I. Kulakov National Medical Research Center of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Perinatology, 117997 Moscow, Russia
| | - Gennady T. Sukhikh
- V.I. Kulakov National Medical Research Center of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Perinatology, 117997 Moscow, Russia
| | - Dmitry B. Zorov
- A.N. Belozersky Research Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (L.D.Z.); (P.A.A.); (V.A.B.); (S.D.Z.); (I.B.P.); (V.A.P.); (D.S.S.); (E.I.Y.); (D.N.S.); (E.Y.P.)
- V.I. Kulakov National Medical Research Center of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Perinatology, 117997 Moscow, Russia
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22
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Campomizzi CS, Uttamrao PP, Stallone JJ, Rathinavelan T, Estrada DF. Asparagine-85 Stabilizes a Structural Active Site Water Network in CYP121A1 of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Biochemistry 2024; 63:711-722. [PMID: 38380587 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.3c00555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/22/2024]
Abstract
The cytochrome P450 enzyme CYP121A1 endogenously catalyzes the formation of a carbon-carbon bond between the two phenol groups of dicyclotyrosine (cYY) in Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb). One of 20 CYP enzymes in Mtb, CYP121A1 continues to garner significant interest as a potential drug target. The accompanying reports the use of 19F NMR spectroscopy, reconstituted activity assays, and molecular dynamics simulations to investigate the significance of hydrogen bonding interactions that were theorized to stabilize a static active site water network. The active site residue Asn-85, whose hydrogen bonds with the diketopiperazine ring of cYY contributes to a contiguous active site water network in the absence of cYY, was mutated to a serine (N85S) and to a glutamine (N85Q). These conservative changes in the hydrogen bond donor side chain result in inactivation of the enzyme. Moreover, the N85S mutation induces reverse type-I binding as measured by absorbance difference spectra. NMR spectra monitoring the ligand-adaptive FG-loop and the active site Trp-182 side chain confirm that disruption of the active site water network also significantly alters the structure of the active site. These data were consistent with dynamics simulations of N85S and N85Q that demonstrate that a compromised water network is responsible for remodeling of the active site B-helix and a repositioning of cYY toward the heme. These findings implicate a slowly exchanging water network as a critical factor in CYP121A1 function and a likely contributor to the unusual rigidity of the structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher S Campomizzi
- Department of Biochemistry, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Science, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York 14203, United States
| | - Patil Pranita Uttamrao
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad, Kandi, Sangareddy, Telangana 502284, India
| | - Jack J Stallone
- Department of Biochemistry, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Science, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York 14203, United States
| | - Thenmalarchelvi Rathinavelan
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad, Kandi, Sangareddy, Telangana 502284, India
| | - D Fernando Estrada
- Department of Biochemistry, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Science, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York 14203, United States
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23
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Willems DJ, Kumar A, Nguyen TV, Beale DJ, Nugegoda D. Environmentally relevant concentrations of chemically complex shale gas wastewater led to reduced fitness of water fleas (Daphnia carinata): Multiple lines of evidence approach. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 463:132839. [PMID: 37926015 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.132839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2023] [Revised: 10/18/2023] [Accepted: 10/20/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023]
Abstract
Shale gas hydraulic fracturing generates flowback waters that pose a threat to aquatic organisms if released into the environment. In order to prevent adverse effects on aquatic ecosystems, multiple lines of evidence are needed to guide better decisions and management actions. This study employed a multi-disciplinary approach, combining direct toxicity assessment (DTA) on the water flea Daphnia carinata and LC-MS metabolomics analysis to determine the impact of a major ion salinity control (SC) and a cumulative flowback shale gas wastewater (SGW) from a well in the Beetaloo Sub-basin, Northern Territory, Australia. The exposures included a culture water control, simply further referred to as 'control', SC at 1% and 2% (v/v) and SGW at 0.125, 0.25, 0.5, 1% and 2% (v/v). The results showed that reproduction was significantly increased at SGW 0.5%, and significantly decreased when exposed to SC 2%. SGW 2% was found to be acutely toxic for the D. carinata (< 48-h). Second generation (F1) of D. carinata exposed to 0.125-1% SGW generally saw reduced activity in four oxidative biomarkers: glutathione S-transferase, lipid peroxidation, reactive oxygen species, and superoxide dismutase. At the metabolomics level, we observed significant changes in 103 metabolites in Daphnia exposed to both SGW and elevated salinity, in comparison to the control group. These changes indicate a range of metabolic disturbances induced by SGW and salinity, such as lipid metabolism, amino acid metabolism, nucleotide synthesis, energy production, and the biosynthesis of crucial molecules like hormones and pigments. These multiple lines of evidence approach not only highlights the complexities of SGW's impact on aquatic ecosystems but also underscores the importance of informed decision-making and management practices to safeguard the environment and its inhabitants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J Willems
- Ecotoxicology Research Group, School of Science, Bundoora West Campus, Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology University, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia; Environment Business Unit, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Urrbrae 5064, South Australia, Australia.
| | - Anupama Kumar
- Environment Business Unit, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Urrbrae 5064, South Australia, Australia
| | - Thao V Nguyen
- Environment Business Unit, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Ecosciences Precinct, Dutton Park 4102, Queensland, Australia; NTT Institute of High Technology, Nguyen Tat Thanh University, 300A Nguyen Tat Thanh, District 4, Ho Chi Minh 700000, VietNam
| | - David J Beale
- Environment Business Unit, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Ecosciences Precinct, Dutton Park 4102, Queensland, Australia
| | - Dayanthi Nugegoda
- Ecotoxicology Research Group, School of Science, Bundoora West Campus, Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology University, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia
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24
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Guengerich FP. Ninety-eight semesters of cytochrome P450 enzymes and related topics-What have I taught and learned? J Biol Chem 2024; 300:105625. [PMID: 38185246 PMCID: PMC10847173 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2024.105625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 01/09/2024] Open
Abstract
This Reflection article begins with my family background and traces my career through elementary and high school, followed by time at the University of Illinois, Vanderbilt University, the University of Michigan, and then for 98 semesters as a Vanderbilt University faculty member. My research career has dealt with aspects of cytochrome P450 enzymes, and the basic biochemistry has had applications in fields as diverse as drug metabolism, toxicology, medicinal chemistry, pharmacogenetics, biological engineering, and bioremediation. I am grateful for the opportunity to work with the Journal of Biological Chemistry not only as an author but also for 34 years as an Editorial Board Member, Associate Editor, Deputy Editor, and interim Editor-in-Chief. Thanks are extended to my family and my mentors, particularly Profs. Harry Broquist and Minor J. Coon, and the more than 170 people who have trained with me. I have never lost the enthusiasm for research that I learned in the summer of 1968 with Harry Broquist, and I have tried to instill this in the many trainees I have worked with. A sentence I use on closing slides is "It's not just a laboratory-it's a fraternity."
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Affiliation(s)
- F Peter Guengerich
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, USA.
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25
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Sudhakaran G, Sreekutty AR, Subramaniyan S, Madesh S, Priya PS, Pachaiappan R, Hatamleh AA, Al-Dosary MA, Arockiaraj J. Skeletal and neurological risks demonstrated in zebrafish due to second-hand cigarette smoke and the neutralization of luteolin. Tissue Cell 2023; 85:102259. [PMID: 37922675 DOI: 10.1016/j.tice.2023.102259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Revised: 10/20/2023] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cigarette smoke exposure poses significant health risks, including oxidative stress, inflammation, tissue damage, and neurodegenerative diseases. Luteolin, a natural flavonoid known for its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, is of interest in countering these effects. AIM This study aims to assess luteolin's protective potential against cigarette smoke extract (CSE) in adult zebrafish. MATERIALS AND METHODS Adult zebrafish were exposed to CSE for 15 days, inducing smoke-related damage. Subsequent luteolin treatment assessed its impact. Evaluations included antioxidant enzymes (SOD, CAT), nitric oxide (NO), LDH activity (cellular damage), tissue integrity, fibrosis, amyloid plaque accumulation, and CSE component analysis via HPLC. KEY FINDINGS CSE exposure heightened oxidative stress, reducing SOD and CAT activity and elevating NO levels, leading to cellular damage and tissue disruption, notably fibrosis and amyloid plaque accumulation. Inflammatory markers TNF-α and IL-1β also increased. Luteolin treatment restored SOD and CAT activity, reduced LDH and NO activity, counteracting oxidative damage. It also mitigated fibrosis and reduced amyloid plaque deposition, preserving tissue integrity. Luteolin reduced TNF-α and IL-1β levels and CSE components, displaying anti-inflammatory effects. SIGNIFICANCE This study underscores luteolin's potential as a protective agent against cigarette smoke-induced harm in a zebrafish model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gokul Sudhakaran
- Toxicology and Pharmacology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Humanities, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur 603203, Chengalpattu District, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - A R Sreekutty
- Toxicology and Pharmacology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Humanities, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur 603203, Chengalpattu District, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Senthil Subramaniyan
- Toxicology and Pharmacology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Humanities, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur 603203, Chengalpattu District, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - S Madesh
- Toxicology and Pharmacology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Humanities, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur 603203, Chengalpattu District, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - P Snega Priya
- Toxicology and Pharmacology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Humanities, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur 603203, Chengalpattu District, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Raman Pachaiappan
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Bioengineering, Faculty of Engineering and Technology, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur 603203, Chengalpattu District, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Ashraf Atef Hatamleh
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Munirah Abdullah Al-Dosary
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Jesu Arockiaraj
- Toxicology and Pharmacology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Humanities, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur 603203, Chengalpattu District, Tamil Nadu, India.
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26
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Fazito do Vale V, Hevillin Rocha Simtob B, Ferreira Malta LG, Pessoa de Siqueira E. The common bed bug Cimex lectularius synthesizes hemozoin as an essential defense against the toxic effects of heme. Exp Parasitol 2023; 255:108653. [PMID: 37951390 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2023.108653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Revised: 10/27/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023]
Abstract
The common bed bug Cimex lectularius (Linnaeus 1758) is an ectoparasite that feeds preferably on human blood, being considered an important public health issue. Blood-feeding is a challenging process for hematophagous organisms, and one of the inherent risks with this kind of diet is the liberation of high doses of free heme after the digestion of hemoglobin. In order to deal with this potent cytotoxic agent, such organisms have acquired different defense mechanisms. Here, we use UV-visible spectrophotometry and infrared spectroscopy to show that C. lectularius crystalizes free heme to form the much less dangerous compound, hemozoin. According to our results, the peak of formation of hemozoin in the intestinal contents occurred 4-5 days after the blood meal, primarily in the posterior midgut. The quantification of the rate of conversion of heme to hemozoin revealed that at the end of digestion all the heme was in the form of hemozoin. Inhibition of the synthesis of hemozoin using the anti-malarial drug quinine led to an increase in both catalase activity in the intestinal epithelium and the mortality of the bed bugs, indicating that the insects were unable to cope with the oxidative stress generated by the overload of free heme. The data presented here show for the first time how C. lectularius deals with free heme, and how the process of formation of hemozoin is essential for the survival of these insects. Since resistance to insecticides is a common feature among field populations of bed bugs, there is an urgent need to develop alternative control methods. Thus, targeting the synthesis of hemozoin emerges as a possible novel strategy to fight bed bugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir Fazito do Vale
- Grupo de Pesquisa Triatomíneos, Instituto René Rachou, Fiocruz, Belo Horizonte, 30190-002, Brazil.
| | | | | | - Ezequias Pessoa de Siqueira
- Grupo de Pesquisa Química de Produtos Naturais Bioativos, Instituto René Rachou, Fiocruz, Belo Horizonte, 30190-002, Brazil.
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27
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Podgorski MN, Lee JHZ, Harbort JS, Nguyen GTH, Doherty DZ, Donald WA, Harmer JR, Bruning JB, Bell SG. Characterisation of the heme aqua-ligand coordination environment in an engineered peroxygenase cytochrome P450 variant. J Inorg Biochem 2023; 249:112391. [PMID: 37837941 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2023.112391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2023] [Revised: 09/30/2023] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 10/16/2023]
Abstract
The cytochrome P450 enzymes (CYPs) are heme-thiolate monooxygenases that catalyse the insertion of an oxygen atom into the C-H bonds of organic molecules. In most CYPs, the activation of dioxygen by the heme is aided by an acid-alcohol pair of residues located in the I-helix of the enzyme. Mutation of the threonine residue of this acid-alcohol pair of CYP199A4, from the bacterium Rhodospeudomonas palustris HaA2, to a glutamate residue induces peroxygenase activity. In the X-ray crystal structures of this variant an interaction of the glutamate side chain and the distal aqua ligand of the heme was observed and this results in this ligand not being readily displaced in the peroxygenase mutant on the addition of substrate. Here we use a range of bulky hydrophobic and nitrogen donor containing ligands in an attempt to displace the distal aqua ligand of the T252E mutant of CYP199A4. Ligand binding was assessed by UV-visible absorbance spectroscopy, native mass spectrometry, electron paramagnetic resonance and X-ray crystallography. None of the ligands tested, even the nitrogen donor ligands which bind directly to the iron in the wild-type enzyme, resulted in displacement of the aqua ligand. Therefore, modification of the I-helix threonine residue to a glutamate residue results in a significant strengthening of the ferric distal aqua ligand. This ligand was not displaced using any of the ligands during this study and this provides a rationale as to why this mutant can shutdown the monooxygenase pathway of this enzyme and switch to peroxygenase activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew N Podgorski
- Department of Chemistry, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia
| | - Joel H Z Lee
- Department of Chemistry, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia
| | - Joshua S Harbort
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Giang T H Nguyen
- School of Chemistry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - Daniel Z Doherty
- Department of Chemistry, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia
| | - William A Donald
- School of Chemistry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - Jeffrey R Harmer
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - John B Bruning
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia
| | - Stephen G Bell
- Department of Chemistry, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia.
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28
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Yadav M, Panwar R, Rustagi A, Chakraborty A, Roy A, Singh IK, Singh A. Comprehensive and evolutionary analysis of Spodoptera litura-inducible Cytochrome P450 monooxygenase gene family in Glycine max elucidate their role in defense. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1221526. [PMID: 38023937 PMCID: PMC10654349 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1221526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023]
Abstract
Plants being sessile organisms and lacking both circulating phagocytic cells and somatic adaptive immune response, have thrived on various defense mechanisms to fend off insect pests and invasion of pathogens. CYP450s are the versatile enzymes, which thwart plants against insect pests by ubiquitous biosynthesis of phytohormones, antioxidants, and secondary metabolites, utilizing them as feeding deterrents and direct toxins. Therefore, a comprehensive analysis of biotic stress-responsive CYPs from Glycine max was performed to ascertain their function against S. litura-infestation. Phylogenetic analysis and evolutionary studies on conserved domains and motifs disclosed the evolutionary correspondence of these GmCYPs with already characterized members of the CYP450 superfamily and close relatedness to Medicago truncatula. These GmCYPs were mapped on 13 chromosomes; they possess 1-8 exons; they have evolved due to duplication and are localized in endoplasmic reticulumn. Further, identification of methyl-jasmonate, salicylic acid, defense responsive and flavonoid biosynthesis regulating cis-acting elements, their interaction with biotic stress regulating proteins and their differential expression in diverse types of tissues, and during herbivory, depicted their responsiveness to biotic stress. Three-dimensional homology modelling of GmCYPs, docking with heme cofactor required for their catalytic activity and enzyme-substrate interactions were performed to understand the functional mechanism of their action. Moreover, to gain insight into their involvement in plant defense, gene expression analysis was evaluated, which revealed differential expression of 11 GmCYPs upon S. litura-infestation, 12 GmCYPs on wounding while foliar spray of ethylene, methyl-jasmonate and salicylic acid differentially regulated 11 GmCYPs, 6 GmCYPs, and 10 GmCYPs respectively. Our study comprehensively analysed the underlying mechanism of GmCYPs function during S. litura-infestation, which can be further utilized for functional characterization to develop new strategies for enhancing soybean resistance to insect pests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manisha Yadav
- Department of Botany, Hansraj College, University of Delhi, Delhi, India
- J C Bose Center for Plant Genomics, Hansraj College, University of Delhi, Delhi, India
| | - Ruby Panwar
- Department of Botany, Hansraj College, University of Delhi, Delhi, India
- Department of Botany, Gargi College, University of Delhi, Delhi, India
| | - Anjana Rustagi
- Department of Botany, Gargi College, University of Delhi, Delhi, India
| | - Amrita Chakraborty
- EVA 4.0 Unit, Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Prague, Czechia
| | - Amit Roy
- Forest Molecular Entomology Lab, EXTEMIT-K, EVA 4.0, Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Prague, Czechia
| | - Indrakant K. Singh
- Molecular Biology Research Lab, Department of Zoology, Deshbandhu College, University of Delhi, New Delhi, India
| | - Archana Singh
- Department of Botany, Hansraj College, University of Delhi, Delhi, India
- J C Bose Center for Plant Genomics, Hansraj College, University of Delhi, Delhi, India
- Department of Botany, Gargi College, University of Delhi, Delhi, India
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Delhi, New Delhi, India
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29
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Wang S, Argikar UA, Cheruzel L, Cho S, Crouch RD, Dhaware D, Heck CJS, Johnson KM, Kalgutkar AS, King L, Liu J, Ma B, Maw H, Miller GP, Seneviratne HK, Takahashi RH, Wei C, Khojasteh SC. Bioactivation and reactivity research advances - 2022 year in review‡. Drug Metab Rev 2023; 55:267-300. [PMID: 37608698 DOI: 10.1080/03602532.2023.2244193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 08/24/2023]
Abstract
With the 50th year mark since the launch of Drug Metabolism and Disposition journal, the field of drug metabolism and bioactivation has advanced exponentially in the past decades (Guengerich 2023).This has, in a major part, been due to the continued advances across the whole spectrum of applied technologies in hardware, software, machine learning (ML), and artificial intelligence (AI). LC-MS platforms continue to evolve to support key applications in the field, and automation is also improving the accuracy, precision, and throughput of these supporting assays. In addition, sample generation and processing is being aided by increased diversity and quality of reagents and bio-matrices so that what is being analyzed is more relevant and translatable. The application of in silico platforms (applied software, ML, and AI) is also making great strides, and in tandem with the more traditional approaches mentioned previously, is significantly advancing our understanding of bioactivation pathways and how these play a role in toxicity. All of this continues to allow the area of bioactivation to evolve in parallel with associated fields to help bring novel or improved medicines to patients with urgent or unmet needs.Shuai Wang and Cyrus Khojasteh, on behalf of the authors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Wang
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Upendra A Argikar
- Non-clinical Development, Bill and Melinda Gates Medical Research Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Lionel Cheruzel
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Sungjoon Cho
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Rachel D Crouch
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lipscomb University College of Pharmacy, Nashville, TN, USA
| | | | - Carley J S Heck
- Medicine Design, Pfizer Worldwide Research, Development and Medical, Groton, CT, USA
| | - Kevin M Johnson
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Inotiv, Maryland Heights, MO, USA
| | - Amit S Kalgutkar
- Medicine Design, Pfizer Worldwide Research, Development and Medical, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Lloyd King
- Quantitative Drug Discovery, UCB Biopharma UK, Slough, UK
| | - Joyce Liu
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Bin Ma
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Hlaing Maw
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Ridgefield, CT, USA
| | - Grover P Miller
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Herana Kamal Seneviratne
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | | | - Cong Wei
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Biogen Inc., Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - S Cyrus Khojasteh
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
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30
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Pikuleva IA. Challenges and Opportunities in P450 Research on the Eye. Drug Metab Dispos 2023; 51:1295-1307. [PMID: 36914277 PMCID: PMC10506698 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.122.001072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2022] [Revised: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 03/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Of the 57 cytochrome P450 enzymes found in humans, at least 30 have ocular tissues as an expression site. Yet knowledge of the roles of these P450s in the eye is limited, in part because only very few P450 laboratories expanded their research interests to studies of the eye. Hence the goal of this review is to bring attention of the P450 community to the eye and encourage more ocular studies. This review is also intended to be educational for eye researchers and encourage their collaborations with P450 experts. The review starts with a description of the eye, a fascinating sensory organ, and is followed by sections on ocular P450 localizations, specifics of drug delivery to the eye, and individual P450s, which are grouped and presented based on their substrate preferences. In sections describing individual P450s, available eye-relevant information is summarized and concluded by the suggestions on the opportunities in ocular studies of the discussed enzymes. Potential challenges are addressed as well. The conclusion section outlines several practical suggestions on how to initiate eye-related research. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: This review focuses on the cytochrome P450 enzymes in the eye to encourage their ocular investigations and collaborations between P450 and eye researchers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina A Pikuleva
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
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31
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Zhai J, Man VH, Ji B, Cai L, Wang J. Comparison and summary of in silico prediction tools for CYP450-mediated drug metabolism. Drug Discov Today 2023; 28:103728. [PMID: 37517604 PMCID: PMC10543639 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2023.103728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2023] [Revised: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023]
Abstract
The cytochrome P450 (CYP450) enzyme system is responsible for the metabolism of more than two-thirds of xenobiotics. This review summarizes reports of a series of in silico tools for CYP450 enzyme-drug interaction predictions, including the prediction of sites of metabolism (SOM) of a drug and the identification of inhibitor/substrates for CYP subtypes. We also evaluated four prediction tools to identify CYP inhibitors utilizing 52 of the most frequently prescribed drugs. ADMET Predictor and CYPlebrity demonstrated the best performance. We hope that this review provides guidance for choosing appropriate enzyme prediction tools from a variety of in silico platforms to meet individual needs. Such predictions are useful for medicinal chemists to prioritize their designed compounds for further drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingchen Zhai
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Computational Chemical Genomics Screening Center, School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Viet Hoang Man
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Computational Chemical Genomics Screening Center, School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Beihong Ji
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Computational Chemical Genomics Screening Center, School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Lianjin Cai
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Computational Chemical Genomics Screening Center, School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Junmei Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Computational Chemical Genomics Screening Center, School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA.
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32
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Kamel EM, Tawfeek AM, El-Bassuony AA, Lamsabhi AM. Mechanistic aspects of reactive metabolite formation in clomethiazole catalyzed biotransformation by cytochrome P450 enzymes. Org Biomol Chem 2023; 21:7158-7172. [PMID: 37609887 DOI: 10.1039/d3ob01014g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/24/2023]
Abstract
Clomethiazole (CLM), a sedative and anticonvulsant drug, is commonly employed for the treatment of alcohol withdrawal syndrome because it suppresses cytochrome P450 (P450) activity associated with the generation of free radicals and liver damage. The catalyzed biotransformation of thiazole-containing drugs by P450 is known to afford reactive metabolites. These metabolites can alter the biological functions of macromolecules and result in toxicity and adverse drug interactions. Multitargeted molecular modeling and quantum chemical DFT calculations were performed to explore the binding modes and molecular mechanisms underlying the mechanism-based inactivation (MBI) of P450 by CLM. The mechanistic details associated with reactive metabolite formation from further metabolic processes were extensively assessed. Seven possible routes were proposed for CLM-P450 biotransformation including CLM hydroxylation, sulfoxidation, N-oxidation, CN epoxidation (oxaziridine formation), and CC epoxidation. The results revealed a degree of preference for the C-N epoxidation pathway because of the low energy requirements of its rate-determining step (8.74 and 10.07 kcal mol-1 for LS and HS states, respectively). A kinetic competition for the CLM-methyl hydroxylation pathway was detected because the H-abstraction energy barrier was relatively comparable to the thermodynamically prevailing oxaziridine formation rate-determining step (12.58 and 14.52 kcal mol-1 for quartet and doublet states, respectively). Our studies assessed the mechanisms of covalent nucleophilic epoxide adduct formation through nucleophilic addition, hydrolysis of epoxidation products, and nonenzymatic degradation. CLM was shown to display P450-inhibitory activity by forming covalent adducts rather than further metabolization to reactive metabolites. The outcomes of molecular docking allowed assessing the binding profile of CLM with three human P450 isozymes, namely, CYP2E1, CYP3A4, and CYP2D6.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emadeldin M Kamel
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef 62514, Egypt.
| | - Ahmed M Tawfeek
- Chemistry Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ashraf A El-Bassuony
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef 62514, Egypt.
| | - Al Mokhtar Lamsabhi
- Departamento de Química, Módulo 13, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Campus de Excelencia UAM-CSIC Cantoblanco, Madrid 28049, Spain
- Institute for Advanced Research in Chemical Sciences (IAdChem), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid 28049, Spain
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33
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Ma L, Sun T, Liu Y, Zhao Y, Liu X, Li Y, Chen X, Cao L, Kang Q, Guo J, Du L, Wang W, Li S. Enzymatic synthesis of indigo derivatives by tuning P450 BM3 peroxygenases. Synth Syst Biotechnol 2023; 8:452-461. [PMID: 37448528 PMCID: PMC10336827 DOI: 10.1016/j.synbio.2023.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Revised: 06/25/2023] [Accepted: 06/25/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Indigoids, a class of bis-indoles, have long been applied in dyeing, food, and pharmaceutical industries. Recently, interest in these 'old' molecules has been renewed in the field of organic semiconductors as functional building blocks for organic electronics due to their excellent chemical and physical properties. However, these indigo derivatives are difficult to access through chemical synthesis. In this study, we engineer cytochrome P450 BM3 from an NADPH-dependent monooxygenase to peroxygenases through directed evolution. A select number of P450 BM3 variants are used for the selective oxidation of indole derivatives to form different indigoid pigments with a spectrum of colors. Among the prepared indigoid organic photocatalysts, a majority of indigoids demonstrate a reduced band gap than indigo due to the increased light capture and improved charge separation, making them promising candidates for the development of new organic electronic devices. Thus, we present a useful enzymatic approach with broad substrate scope and cost-effectiveness by using low-cost H2O2 as a cofactor for the preparation of diversified indigoids, offering versatility in designing and manufacturing new dyestuff and electronic/sensor components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, China
| | - Tianjian Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, China
| | - Yunjie Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, China
| | - Yue Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, China
| | - Xiaohui Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, China
| | - Yuxuan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, China
| | - Xinwei Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, China
| | - Lin Cao
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266100, China
| | - Qianqian Kang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266100, China
| | - Jiawei Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, China
| | - Lei Du
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, China
| | - Wei Wang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266100, China
| | - Shengying Li
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, China
- Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266237, China
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34
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Kumar N, He J, Rusling JF. Electrochemical transformations catalyzed by cytochrome P450s and peroxidases. Chem Soc Rev 2023; 52:5135-5171. [PMID: 37458261 DOI: 10.1039/d3cs00461a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/01/2023]
Abstract
Cytochrome P450s (Cyt P450s) and peroxidases are enzymes featuring iron heme cofactors that have wide applicability as biocatalysts in chemical syntheses. Cyt P450s are a family of monooxygenases that oxidize fatty acids, steroids, and xenobiotics, synthesize hormones, and convert drugs and other chemicals to metabolites. Peroxidases are involved in breaking down hydrogen peroxide and can oxidize organic compounds during this process. Both heme-containing enzymes utilize active FeIVO intermediates to oxidize reactants. By incorporating these enzymes in stable thin films on electrodes, Cyt P450s and peroxidases can accept electrons from an electrode, albeit by different mechanisms, and catalyze organic transformations in a feasible and cost-effective way. This is an advantageous approach, often called bioelectrocatalysis, compared to their biological pathways in solution that require expensive biochemical reductants such as NADPH or additional enzymes to recycle NADPH for Cyt P450s. Bioelectrocatalysis also serves as an ex situ platform to investigate metabolism of drugs and bio-relevant chemicals. In this paper we review biocatalytic electrochemical reactions using Cyt P450s including C-H activation, S-oxidation, epoxidation, N-hydroxylation, and oxidative N-, and O-dealkylation; as well as reactions catalyzed by peroxidases including synthetically important oxidations of organic compounds. Design aspects of these bioelectrocatalytic reactions are presented and discussed, including enzyme film formation on electrodes, temperature, pH, solvents, and activation of the enzymes. Finally, we discuss challenges and future perspective of these two important bioelectrocatalytic systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neeraj Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269-3136, USA.
| | - Jie He
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269-3136, USA.
- Institute of Materials Science, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269-3136, USA
| | - James F Rusling
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269-3136, USA.
- Institute of Materials Science, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269-3136, USA
- Department of Surgery and Neag Cancer Center, Uconn Health, Farmington, CT 06030, USA
- School of Chemistry, National University of Ireland at Galway, Galway, Ireland
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35
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Davydova NY, Hutner DA, Gaither KA, Singh DK, Prasad B, Davydov DR. High-Throughput Assay of Cytochrome P450-Dependent Drug Demethylation Reactions and Its Use to Re-Evaluate the Pathways of Ketamine Metabolism. BIOLOGY 2023; 12:1055. [PMID: 37626940 PMCID: PMC10451610 DOI: 10.3390/biology12081055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2023] [Revised: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023]
Abstract
In a search for a reliable, inexpensive, and versatile technique for high-throughput kinetic assays of drug metabolism, we elected to rehire an old-school approach based on the determination of formaldehyde (FA) formed in cytochrome P450-dependent demethylation reactions. After evaluating several fluorometric techniques for FA detection, we chose the method based on the Hantzsch reaction with acetoacetanilide as the most sensitive, robust, and adaptable to high-throughput implementation. Here we provide a detailed protocol for using our new technique for automatized assays of cytochrome P450-dependent drug demethylations and discuss its applicability for high-throughput scanning of drug metabolism pathways in the human liver. To probe our method further, we applied it to re-evaluating the pathways of metabolism of ketamine, a dissociative anesthetic and potent antidepressant increasingly used in the treatment of alcohol withdrawal syndrome. Probing the kinetic parameters of ketamine demethylation by ten major cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes, we demonstrate that in addition to CYP2B6 and CYP3A enzymes, which were initially recognized as the primary metabolizers of ketamine, an important role is also played by CYP2C19 and CYP2D6. At the same time, the involvement of CYP2C9 suggested in the previous reports was deemed insignificant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadezhda Y. Davydova
- Department of Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA; (N.Y.D.); (D.A.H.)
| | - David A. Hutner
- Department of Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA; (N.Y.D.); (D.A.H.)
| | - Kari A. Gaither
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Washington State University, Spokane, WA 99202, USA; (K.A.G.); (D.K.S.); (B.P.)
| | - Dilip Kumar Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Washington State University, Spokane, WA 99202, USA; (K.A.G.); (D.K.S.); (B.P.)
| | - Bhagwat Prasad
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Washington State University, Spokane, WA 99202, USA; (K.A.G.); (D.K.S.); (B.P.)
| | - Dmitri R. Davydov
- Department of Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA; (N.Y.D.); (D.A.H.)
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36
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Höthker S, Gansäuer A. Formal Anti-Markovnikov Addition of Water to Olefins by Titanocene-Catalyzed Epoxide Hydrosilylation: From Stoichiometric to Sustainable Catalytic Reactions. GLOBAL CHALLENGES (HOBOKEN, NJ) 2023; 7:2200240. [PMID: 37483422 PMCID: PMC10362118 DOI: 10.1002/gch2.202200240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Revised: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023]
Abstract
Here, the evolution of the titanocene-catalyzed hydrosilylation of epoxides that yields the corresponding anti-Markovnikov alcohols is summarized. The study focuses on aspects of sustainability, efficient catalyst activation, and stereoselectivity. The latest variant of the reaction employs polymethylhydrosiloxane (PMHS), a waste product of the Müller-Rochow process as terminal reductant, features an efficient catalyst activation with benzylMgBr and the use of the bench stable Cp2TiCl2 as precatalyst. The combination of olefin epoxidation and epoxide hydrosilylation provides a uniquely efficient approach to the formal anti-Markovnikov addition of H2O to olefins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Höthker
- Kekulé‐Institut für Organische Chemie und BiochemieRheinische Friedrich‐Wilhelms‐Universität BonnGerhard‐Domagk‐Straße 153121BonnGermany
| | - Andreas Gansäuer
- Kekulé‐Institut für Organische Chemie und BiochemieRheinische Friedrich‐Wilhelms‐Universität BonnGerhard‐Domagk‐Straße 153121BonnGermany
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37
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Glass SM, Tateishi Y, Guengerich FP, Wang HJ. 3,4-Desaturation of retinoic acid by cytochrome P450 27C1 prevents P450-mediated catabolism. Arch Biochem Biophys 2023:109669. [PMID: 37356607 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2023.109669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Revised: 05/28/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/27/2023]
Abstract
Cytochrome P450 (P450, CYP) 27C1 is expressed in human skin and catalyzes the 3,4-desaturation of retinoids. The enzyme has a relatively high specificity constant (kcat/Km), and ∼¼ of the retinoids in human skin are in the desaturated form but their function is unknown. 3,4-Dehydroretinoic acid (also didehydroretinoic acid, ddRA) has similar affinity as all-trans retinoic acid (atRA) for retinoid X and retinoic acid receptors (RXRs/RAR). The metabolism of ddRA is unknown, and we considered the hypothesis that desaturation might be a protective mechanism in maintaining active retinoid levels in the body. There are limited theoretical products that can result from ddRA oxidation. We optimized conditions for oxidation of atRA by human liver microsomes-a slow loss of atRA was seen due to 4-oxidation but no loss of ddRA was observed under the same conditions. We evaluated the HPLC peaks that were observed in microsomal incubations with ddRA using UV spectroscopy, NaBH4 and NaBD4 reduction, and mass spectrometry. None were potential ddRA oxidation products, and none were increased in the presence of the P450 cofactor NADPH. Known P450 inhibitors had no effects on the levels of these compounds. We conclude that ddRA is not readily oxidized by P450s and that one role of desaturation may be the maintenance of levels of functional retinoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah M Glass
- The Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, 37232-0146, United States
| | - Yasuhiro Tateishi
- The Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, 37232-0146, United States
| | - F Peter Guengerich
- The Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, 37232-0146, United States
| | - Hong-Jaan Wang
- The Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, 37232-0146, United States; School of Pharmacy, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC.
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38
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Mohsen M, Lin C, Abdalla M, Liu S, Yang H. Microplastics in canned, salt-dried, and instant sea cucumbers sold for human consumption. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2023; 192:115040. [PMID: 37216877 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2023.115040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Revised: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 05/06/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Determining the amount of microplastics (MPs) in food is key to clarifying their potential toxicity to humans. Here, we collected canned, instant, and salt-dried sea cucumbers Apostichopus japonicus, the most valued sea cucumbers, from Chinese markets to determine their content of MPs. Sea cucumbers contained MPs in the range of 0-4 MP individual-1, an average of 1.44 MP individual-1, and 0.081 MP g-1. Accordingly, consuming 3 g of sea cucumbers could result in an exposure risk of an average of 0.51 MPs, 0.135 MPs, and 0.078 MPs day-1 for canned, instant, and salt-dried sea cucumbers, respectively. MPs were in size range of 12-575 μm, and fibrous shape was dominant. Furthermore, among the five polymers identified, polypropylene showed the highest energy binding with two catalysts engaged in organic chemical oxidation. This study extends the knowledge regarding MPs occurrence in food and provides a theoretical basis for MPs toxicity in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Mohsen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; Xiamen Key Laboratory for Feed Quality Testing and Safety Evaluation, Fisheries College, Jimei University, Xiamen, Fujian 361021, China; Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, China; CAS Engineering Laboratory for Marine Ranching, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China; Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Qingdao 266071, China; The Innovation of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China; Department of Fish Production, Faculty of Agriculture, Al-Azhar University, Nasr City, Cairo 11884, Egypt.
| | - Chenggang Lin
- CAS Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, China; CAS Engineering Laboratory for Marine Ranching, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China; Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Qingdao 266071, China; The Innovation of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China.
| | - Mohnad Abdalla
- Pediatric Research Institute, Children's Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan 250022, China
| | - Shilin Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, China; CAS Engineering Laboratory for Marine Ranching, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China; Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Qingdao 266071, China; The Innovation of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Hongsheng Yang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, China; CAS Engineering Laboratory for Marine Ranching, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China; Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Qingdao 266071, China; The Innovation of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China
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Sharma R, Dowling MS, Futatsugi K, Kalgutkar AS. Mitigating a Bioactivation Liability with an Azetidine-Based Inhibitor of Diacylglycerol Acyltransferase 2 (DGAT2) En Route to the Discovery of the Clinical Candidate Ervogastat. Chem Res Toxicol 2023. [PMID: 37148271 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.3c00054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
We recently disclosed SAR studies on systemically acting, amide-based inhibitors of diacylglycerol acyltransferase 2 (DGAT2) that addressed metabolic liabilities with the liver-targeted DGAT2 inhibitor PF-06427878. Despite strategic placement of a nitrogen atom in the dialkoxyaromatic ring in PF-06427878 to evade oxidative O-dearylation, metabolic intrinsic clearance remained high due to extensive piperidine ring oxidation as exemplified with compound 1. Piperidine ring modifications through alternate N-linked heterocyclic ring/spacer combination led to azetidine 2 that demonstrated lower intrinsic clearance. However, 2 underwent a facile cytochrome P450 (CYP)-mediated α-carbon oxidation followed by azetidine ring scission, resulting in the formation of ketone (M2) and aldehyde (M6) as stable metabolites in NADPH-supplemented human liver microsomes. Inclusion of GSH or semicarbazide in microsomal incubations led to the formation of Cys-Gly-thiazolidine (M3), Cys-thiazolidine (M5), and semicarbazone (M7) conjugates, which were derived from reaction of the nucleophilic trapping agents with aldehyde M6. Metabolites M2 and M5 were biosynthesized from NADPH- and l-cysteine-fortified human liver microsomal incubations with 2, and proposed metabolite structures were verified using one- and two-dimensional NMR spectroscopy. Replacement of the azetidine substituent with a pyridine ring furnished 8, which mitigated the formation of the electrophilic aldehyde metabolite, and was a more potent DGAT2 inhibitor than 2. Further structural refinements in 8, specifically introducing amide bond substituents with greater metabolic stability, led to the discovery of PF-06865571 (ervogastat) that is currently in phase 2 clinical trials for the treatment of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raman Sharma
- Medicine Design, Pfizer Worldwide Research, Development, and Medical, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Matthew S Dowling
- Medicine Design, Pfizer Worldwide Research, Development, and Medical, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Kentaro Futatsugi
- Medicine Design, Pfizer Worldwide Research, Development, and Medical, 1 Portland St, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Amit S Kalgutkar
- Medicine Design, Pfizer Worldwide Research, Development, and Medical, 1 Portland St, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
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40
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Mohamed H, Ghith A, Bell SG. The binding of nitrogen-donor ligands to the ferric and ferrous forms of cytochrome P450 enzymes. J Inorg Biochem 2023; 242:112168. [PMID: 36870164 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2023.112168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Revised: 01/24/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 02/27/2023]
Abstract
The cytochrome P450 superfamily of heme-thiolate monooxygenase enzymes can catalyse various oxidation reactions. The addition of a substrate or an inhibitor ligand induces changes in the absorption spectrum of these enzymes and UV-visible (UV-vis) absorbance spectroscopy is the most common and readily available technique used to interrogate their heme and active site environment. Nitrogen-containing ligands can inhibit the catalytic cycle of heme enzymes by interacting with the heme. Here we evaluate the binding of imidazole and pyridine-based ligands to the ferric and ferrous forms of a selection of bacterial cytochrome P450 enzymes using UV-visible absorbance spectroscopy. The majority of these ligands interact with the heme as one would expect for type II nitrogen directly coordinated to a ferric heme-thiolate species. However, the spectroscopic changes observed in the ligand-bound ferrous forms indicated differences in the heme environment across these P450 enzyme/ligand combinations. Multiple species were observed in the UV-vis spectra of the ferrous ligand-bound P450s. None of the enzymes gave rise to the isolation of a single species with a Soret band at ∼442-447 nm, indicative of a 6-coordinate ferrous thiolate species with a nitrogen-donor ligand. A ferrous species with Soret band at ∼427 nm coupled with an α-band of increased intensity was observed with the imidazole ligands. With some enzyme-ligand combinations reduction resulted in breaking of the iron‑nitrogen bond yielding a 5-coordinate high-spin ferrous species. In other instances, the ferrous form was readily oxidised back to the ferric form on addition of the ligand.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hebatalla Mohamed
- Department of Chemistry, University Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia
| | - Amna Ghith
- Department of Chemistry, University Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia
| | - Stephen G Bell
- Department of Chemistry, University Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia.
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41
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Miller JC, Lee JHZ, Mclean MA, Chao RR, Stone ISJ, Pukala TL, Bruning JB, De Voss JJ, Schuler MA, Sligar SG, Bell SG. Engineering C-C Bond Cleavage Activity into a P450 Monooxygenase Enzyme. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:9207-9222. [PMID: 37042073 PMCID: PMC10795798 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c01456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/13/2023]
Abstract
The cytochrome P450 (CYP) superfamily of heme monooxygenases has demonstrated ability to facilitate hydroxylation, desaturation, sulfoxidation, epoxidation, heteroatom dealkylation, and carbon-carbon bond formation and cleavage (lyase) reactions. Seeking to study the carbon-carbon cleavage reaction of α-hydroxy ketones in mechanistic detail using a microbial P450, we synthesized α-hydroxy ketone probes based on the physiological substrate for a well-characterized benzoic acid metabolizing P450, CYP199A4. After observing low activity with wild-type CYP199A4, subsequent assays with an F182L mutant demonstrated enzyme-dependent C-C bond cleavage toward one of the α-hydroxy ketones. This C-C cleavage reaction was subject to an inverse kinetic solvent isotope effect analogous to that observed in the lyase activity of the human P450 CYP17A1, suggesting the involvement of a species earlier than Compound I in the catalytic cycle. Co-crystallization of F182L-CYP199A4 with this α-hydroxy ketone showed that the substrate bound in the active site with a preference for the (S)-enantiomer in a position which could mimic the topology of the lyase reaction in CYP17A1. Molecular dynamics simulations with an oxy-ferrous model of CYP199A4 revealed a displacement of the substrate to allow for oxygen binding and the formation of the lyase transition state proposed for CYP17A1. This demonstration that a correctly positioned α-hydroxy ketone substrate can realize lyase activity with an unusual inverse solvent isotope effect in an engineered microbial system opens the door for further detailed biophysical and structural characterization of CYP catalytic intermediates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin C Miller
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Joel H Z Lee
- Department of Chemistry, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia
| | - Mark A Mclean
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Rebecca R Chao
- Department of Chemistry, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia
| | - Isobella S J Stone
- Department of Chemistry, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia
| | - Tara L Pukala
- Department of Chemistry, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia
| | - John B Bruning
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia
| | - James J De Voss
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Mary A Schuler
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Stephen G Sligar
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Stephen G Bell
- Department of Chemistry, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia
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42
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Zhao J, He J, Xu J. Mechanism-Based Inactivation of Cytochrome P450 3A by Evodol. Xenobiotica 2023:1-11. [PMID: 37092795 DOI: 10.1080/00498254.2023.2207200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/25/2023]
Abstract
1. Evodol is one of the furanoids isolated from the fruits of Evodia rutaecarpa that has been widely prescribed for the treatment of gastrointestinal diseases in China. The aim of this study was to investigate the inhibitory effect of evodol on CYP3A.2. A 30-min preincubation of evodol with human liver microsomes raised an obvious left IC50 shift, 3.9-fold for midazolam 1'-hydroxylation and 3.2-fold for testosterone 6β-hydroxylation. Evodol inactivated CYP3A in a time-, concentration- and NADPH-dependent manner, with KI and kinact of 5.1 μM and 0.028 min-1 for midazolam 1'-hydroxylation and 3.0 μM and 0.022 min-1 for testosterone 6β-hydroxylation.3. Co-incubation of ketoconazole attenuated the inactivation while inclusion of glutathione (GSH) and catalase/superoxide dismutase displayed no such protection.4. cis-Butene-1, 4-dial (BDA) intermediate derived from evodol were trapped by glutathione and N-acetyl-lysine in microsomes and characterized by HR-MS spectra. The BDA intermediate was believed to play a key role in CYP3A inactivation. CYP3A4 and 2C9 were the primary enzymes contributing to the bioactivation of evodol.5. To sum up, for the first time evodol was characterized as a mechanism-based inactivator of CYP3A.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Zhao
- Pharmaceutical Animal Experimental Center, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Jingyu He
- R&D Institute, Chia Tai Tianqing Pharmaceutical Group Co., LTD, Nanjing 211122, China
| | - Jie Xu
- Department of Phase I Clinical Trial Research, Nanjing Gaoxin Hospital, Nanjing 210031, China
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43
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Xiang J, Wen D, Zhao J, Xiang P, Shi Y, Ma C. Study of the Metabolic Profiles of "Indazole-3-Carboxamide" and "Isatin Acyl Hydrazone" (OXIZID) Synthetic Cannabinoids in a Human Liver Microsome Model Using UHPLC-QE Orbitrap MS. Metabolites 2023; 13:metabo13040576. [PMID: 37110234 PMCID: PMC10141538 DOI: 10.3390/metabo13040576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Revised: 04/15/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Unregulated core structures, "isatin acyl hydrazones" (OXIZIDs), have quietly appeared on the market since China legislated to ban seven general core scaffolds of synthetic cannabinoids (SCs). The fast evolution of SCs presents clinical and forensic toxicologists with challenges. Due to extensive metabolism, the parent compounds are barely detectable in urine. Therefore, studies on the metabolism of SCs are essential to facilitate their detection in biological matrices. The aim of the present study was to elucidate the metabolism of two cores, "indazole-3-carboxamide" (e.g., ADB-BUTINACA) and "isatin acyl hydrazone" (e.g., BZO-HEXOXIZID). The in vitro phase I and phase II metabolism of these six SCs was investigated by incubating 10 mg/mL pooled human liver microsomes with co-substrates for 3 h at 37 °C, and then analyzing the reaction mixture using ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole/electrostatic field orbitrap mass spectrometry. In total, 9 to 34 metabolites were detected for each SC, and the major biotransformations were hydroxylation, dihydrodiol formation (MDMB-4en-PINACA and BZO-4en-POXIZID), oxidative defluorination (5-fluoro BZO-POXIZID), hydrogenation, hydrolysis, dehydrogenation, oxidate transformation to ketone and carboxylate, N-dealkylation, and glucuronidation. Comparing our results with previous studies, the parent drugs and SC metabolites formed via hydrogenation, carboxylation, ketone formation, and oxidative defluorination were identified as suitable biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiahong Xiang
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine, Collaborative Innovation Center of Forensic Medical Molecular Identification, Research Unit of Digestive Tract Microecosystem Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Forensic Medicine, Hebei Medical University, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shijiazhuang 050017, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine, Shanghai Forensic Science Platform, Key Laboratory of Judicial Expertise, Department of Forensic Toxicology, Academy of Forensic Science, Ministry of Justice, Shanghai 200063, China
| | - Di Wen
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine, Collaborative Innovation Center of Forensic Medical Molecular Identification, Research Unit of Digestive Tract Microecosystem Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Forensic Medicine, Hebei Medical University, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shijiazhuang 050017, China
| | - Junbo Zhao
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine, Shanghai Forensic Science Platform, Key Laboratory of Judicial Expertise, Department of Forensic Toxicology, Academy of Forensic Science, Ministry of Justice, Shanghai 200063, China
| | - Ping Xiang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine, Shanghai Forensic Science Platform, Key Laboratory of Judicial Expertise, Department of Forensic Toxicology, Academy of Forensic Science, Ministry of Justice, Shanghai 200063, China
| | - Yan Shi
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine, Shanghai Forensic Science Platform, Key Laboratory of Judicial Expertise, Department of Forensic Toxicology, Academy of Forensic Science, Ministry of Justice, Shanghai 200063, China
| | - Chunling Ma
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine, Collaborative Innovation Center of Forensic Medical Molecular Identification, Research Unit of Digestive Tract Microecosystem Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Forensic Medicine, Hebei Medical University, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shijiazhuang 050017, China
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44
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Coleman T, Podgorski MN, Doyle ML, Scaffidi-Muta JM, Campbell EC, Bruning JB, De Voss JJ, Bell SG. Cytochrome P450-catalyzed oxidation of halogen-containing substrates. J Inorg Biochem 2023; 244:112234. [PMID: 37116269 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2023.112234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2023] [Revised: 04/15/2023] [Accepted: 04/15/2023] [Indexed: 04/30/2023]
Abstract
Cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes are heme-thiolate monooxygenases which catalyze the oxidation of aliphatic and aromatic C-H bonds and other reactions. The oxidation of halogens by cytochrome P450 enzymes has also been reported. Here we use CYP199A4, from the bacterium Rhodopseudomonas palustris strain HaA2, with a range of para-substituted benzoic acid ligands, which contain halogens, to assess if this enzyme can oxidize these species or if the presence of these electronegative atoms can alter the outcome of P450-catalyzed reactions. Despite binding to the enzyme, there was no detectable oxidation of any of the 4-halobenzoic acids. CYP199A4 was, however, able to efficiently catalyze the oxidation of both 4-chloromethyl- and 4-bromomethyl-benzoic acid to 4-formylbenzoic acid via hydroxylation of the α‑carbon. The 4-chloromethyl substrate bound in the enzyme active site in a similar manner to 4-ethylbenzoic acid. This places the benzylic α‑carbon hydrogens in an unfavorable position for abstraction indicating a degree of substrate mobility must be possible within the active site. CYP199A4 catalyzed oxidations of 4-(2'-haloethyl)benzoic acids yielding α-hydroxylation and desaturation metabolites. The α-hydroxylation product was the major metabolite. The desaturation pathway is significantly disfavored compared to 4-ethylbenzoic acid. This may be due to the electron-withdrawing halogen atom or a different positioning of the substrate within the active site. The latter was demonstrated by the X-ray crystal structures of CYP199A4 with these substrates. Overall, the presence of a halogen atom positioned close to the heme iron can alter the binding orientation and outcomes of enzyme-catalyzed oxidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom Coleman
- Department of Chemistry, University Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia
| | | | - Maya L Doyle
- Department of Chemistry, University Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia
| | | | - Eleanor C Campbell
- Australian Synchrotron, 800 Blackburn Rd, Clayton, Melbourne, VIC 3168. Australia
| | - John B Bruning
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia
| | - James J De Voss
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Stephen G Bell
- Department of Chemistry, University Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia.
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45
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Isin EM. Unusual Biotransformation Reactions of Drugs and Drug Candidates. Drug Metab Dispos 2023; 51:413-426. [PMID: 36653118 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.121.000744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Revised: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Detailed assessment of the fate of drugs in nonclinical test species and humans is essential to ensure the safety and efficacy of medicines in patients. In this context, biotransformation of drugs and drug candidates has been an area of keen interest over many decades in the pharmaceutical industry as well as academia. Although many of the enzymes and biotransformation pathways involved in the metabolism of xenobiotics and more specifically drugs have been well characterized, each drug molecule is unique and constitutes specific challenges for the biotransformation scientist. In this mini-review written for the special issue on the occasion of the 50th Anniversary celebration of Drug Metabolism and Disposition and to celebrate contributions of F. Peter Guengerich, one of the pioneers of the drug metabolism field, recently reported "unusual" biotransformation reactions are presented. Scientific and technological advances in the "toolbox" of the biotransformation scientists are summarized. As the pharmaceutical industry continues to explore therapeutic modalities different from the traditional small molecule drugs, the new challenges confronting the biotransformation scientist as well as future opportunities are discussed. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: For the biotransformation scientists, it is essential to share and be aware of unexpected biotransformation reactions so that they can increase their confidence in predicting metabolites of drugs in humans to ensure the safety and efficacy of these metabolites before the medicines reach large numbers of patients. The purpose of this review is to highlight recent observations of "unusual" metabolites so that the scientists working in the area of drug metabolism can strengthen their readiness in expecting the unexpected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emre M Isin
- Translational Medicine, Servier, 25/27 Rue Eugène Vignat, 45000, Orléans, France
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46
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Carstensen L, Beil S, Schwab E, Banke S, Börnick H, Stolte S. Primary and ultimate degradation of benzophenone-type UV filters under different environmental conditions and the underlying structure-biodegradability relationships. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2023; 446:130634. [PMID: 36599278 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.130634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Revised: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 12/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Ten common benzophenone-based UV filters (BPs), sharing the same basic structure and differing only in their substituents, were investigated with respect to their primary and ultimate biodegradability. This study was carried out in order to gain deeper insights into the relationship between structure and biodegradability. The primary biodegradation of the selected BPs was studied in river water at environmentally relevant concentrations (1 µg/L) while varying specific, crucial environmental conditions (aerobic, suboxic, supplementation of nutrients). For this purpose, both batch and column degradation tests were performed, which allowed a systematic study of the effects. Subsequently, the ultimate biodegradation, i.e. the potential to achieve full mineralization of BPs, was examined according to OECD guideline 301 F. The results indicate that mineralization is limited to derivatives in which both aromatic rings contain substituents. This hypothesis was supported by docking simulations showing systematic differences in the orientation of BPs within the active site of the cytochrome P450 enzyme. These differences in orientation correspond to the substitution pattern of the BPs. This study provides valuable insights for assessing the environmental hazards of this class of trace organic compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lale Carstensen
- Institute of Water Chemistry, Technical University of Dresden, 01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Stephan Beil
- Institute of Water Chemistry, Technical University of Dresden, 01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Ekaterina Schwab
- Institute of Water Chemistry, Technical University of Dresden, 01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Sophie Banke
- Institute of Water Chemistry, Technical University of Dresden, 01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Hilmar Börnick
- Institute of Water Chemistry, Technical University of Dresden, 01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Stefan Stolte
- Institute of Water Chemistry, Technical University of Dresden, 01069 Dresden, Germany.
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47
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Shaya J, Aloum L, Lu CS, Corridon PR, Aoudi A, Shunnar A, Alefishat E, Petroianu G. Theoretical Study of Hydroxylation of α- and β-Pinene by a Cytochrome P450 Monooxygenase Model. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24065150. [PMID: 36982225 PMCID: PMC10048887 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24065150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2023] [Revised: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Previous studies on biocatalytic transformations of pinenes by cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes reveal the formation of different oxygenated products from a single substrate due to the multistate reactivity of CYP and the many reactive sites in the pinene scaffold. Up until now, the detailed mechanism of these biocatalytic transformations of pinenes have not been reported. Hereby, we report a systematic theoretical study of the plausible hydrogen abstraction and hydroxylation reactions of α- and β-pinenes by CYP using the density functional theory (DFT) method. All DFT calculations in this study were based on B3LYP/LAN computational methodology using the Gaussian09 software. We used the B3LYP functional with corrections for dispersive forces, BSSE, and anharmonicity to study the mechanism and thermodynamic properties of these reactions using a bare model (without CYP) and a pinene-CYP model. According to the potential energy surface and Boltzmann distribution for radical conformers, the major reaction products of CYP-catalyzed hydrogen abstraction from β-pinene are the doublet trans (53.4%) and doublet cis (46.1%) radical conformer at delta site. The formation of doublet cis/trans hydroxylated products released a total Gibbs free energy of about 48 kcal/mol. As for alpha pinene, the most stable radicals were trans-doublet (86.4%) and cis-doublet (13.6%) at epsilon sites, and their hydroxylation products released a total of ~50 kcal/mol Gibbs free energy. Our results highlight the likely C-H abstraction and oxygen rebounding sites accounting for the multi-state of CYP (doublet, quartet, and sextet spin states) and the formation of different conformers due to the presence of cis/trans allylic hydrogen in α-pinene and β-pinene molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janah Shaya
- Department of Chemistry, College of Arts and Sciences, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, Abu Dhabi 127788, United Arab Emirates
| | - Lujain Aloum
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, Abu Dhabi 127788, United Arab Emirates
| | - Chung-Shin Lu
- Department of General Education, National Taichung University of Science and Technology, Taichung 404, Taiwan, China
| | - Peter R Corridon
- Department of Immunology and Physiology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, Abu Dhabi 127788, United Arab Emirates
- Biomedical Engineering and Healthcare Engineering Innovation Center, Khalifa University, Abu Dhabi 127788, United Arab Emirates
- Center for Biotechnology, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, Abu Dhabi 127788, United Arab Emirates
| | - Abdulrahman Aoudi
- Department of Chemistry, College of Arts and Sciences, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, Abu Dhabi 127788, United Arab Emirates
| | - Abeer Shunnar
- Department of Chemistry, College of Arts and Sciences, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, Abu Dhabi 127788, United Arab Emirates
| | - Eman Alefishat
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, Abu Dhabi 127788, United Arab Emirates
- Center for Biotechnology, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, Abu Dhabi 127788, United Arab Emirates
- Department of Biopharmaceutics and Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, The University of Jordan, Amman 11972, Jordan
| | - Georg Petroianu
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, Abu Dhabi 127788, United Arab Emirates
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Liu L, Cui H, Huang Y, Yan H, Zhou Y, Wan Y. Molecular docking and in vitro evaluations reveal the role of human cytochrome P450 3A4 in the cross-coupling metabolism of phenolic xenobiotics. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2023; 220:115256. [PMID: 36634892 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.115256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2022] [Revised: 12/11/2022] [Accepted: 01/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Metabolism generally transforms xenobiotics into more polar and hydrophilic products, facilitating their elimination from the body. Recently, a new metabolic pathway that transforms phenolic xenobiotics into more lipophilic and bioactive dimer products was discovered. To elucidate the role of cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes in mediating this cross-coupling metabolism, we used high-throughput screening to identify the metabolites generated from the coupling of 20 xenobiotics with four endogenous metabolites in liver microsomes. Endogenous vitamin E (VE) was the most reactive metabolite, as VE reacted with seven phenolic xenobiotics containing various structures (e.g., an imidazoline ring or a diphenol group) to generate novel lipophilic ethers such as bakuchiol-O-VE, phentolamine-O-VE, phenylethyl resorcinol-O-VE, 2-propanol-O-VE, and resveratrol-O-VE. Seven recombinant CYP enzymes were successfully expressed and purified in Escherichia coli. Integration of the results of recombinant human CYP incubation and molecular docking identified the central role of CYP3A4 in the cross-coupling metabolic pathway. Structural analysis revealed the π-π interactions, hydrogen bonds, and hydrophobic interactions between reactive xenobiotics and VE in the malleable active sites of CYP3A4. The consistency between the molecular docking results and the in vitro human cytochrome P450 evaluation shows that docking calculations can be used to screen molecules participating in cross-coupling metabolism. The results of this study provide supporting evidence for the overlooked toxicological effects induced by direct reactions between xenobiotics and endogenous metabolites during metabolic processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liu Liu
- Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Hongyang Cui
- Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Yixuan Huang
- Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Hao Yan
- Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Yulan Zhou
- Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Yi Wan
- Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.
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Wang X, Yang R, Zhang J, Chen X, Feng Y, Niu Y, Shao B. Metabolic profiling of the fluorinated liquid-crystal monomer 1-ethoxy-2,3-difluoro-4-(trans-4-propylcyclohexyl)benzene. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 860:160448. [PMID: 36442634 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.160448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2022] [Revised: 11/19/2022] [Accepted: 11/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
1-Ethoxy-2,3-difluoro-4-(trans-4-propylcyclohexyl)benzene (EDPrB) is a typical fluorinated liquid-crystal monomer (LCM). LCMs contaminants are becoming increasingly concerning due to their potential persistence, bioaccumulation, toxicity, and broad prevalence in environmental and human samples. However, LCM metabolism is poorly understood. Herein, by introducing selected EDPrB into the appropriate liver microsomes in vitro, we examined the metabolic pathways of LCM in humans, rats, pigs, Cyprinus carpio, crucian carp, and Channa argus. A total of 20 species-dependent metabolites were identified and structurally elucidated by gas and liquid chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry for the first time. Dealkylation, H-abstraction, and hydroxylation reactions are the primary metabolic pathways. Half of these in vitro metabolites were found in the urine, serum, and fecal samples of Sprague-Dawley rats exposed to EDPrB. Toxicity predictions indicate that 17 metabolites can be classified as toxic. According to the Ecological Structure Activity Relationships (ECOSAR), a number of metabolites exhibit equivalent or greater aquatic toxicity to that of EDPrB. Toxicity Estimation Software Tool (T.E.S.T.) predicts that some metabolites exhibit developmental toxicity and mutagenicity in rats. These findings suggest that biotransformation should be particularly emphasized, and more toxicological and monitoring studies should be performed to assess the ecological and human safety of LCMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyi Wang
- School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Diagnostic and Traceability Technologies for Food Poisoning, Beijing Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Beijing 100013, China
| | - Runhui Yang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Diagnostic and Traceability Technologies for Food Poisoning, Beijing Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Beijing 100013, China
| | - Xianggui Chen
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Xihua University, Chengdu 610039, China
| | - Ying Feng
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Diagnostic and Traceability Technologies for Food Poisoning, Beijing Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Beijing 100013, China
| | - Yumin Niu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Diagnostic and Traceability Technologies for Food Poisoning, Beijing Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Beijing 100013, China.
| | - Bing Shao
- School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Diagnostic and Traceability Technologies for Food Poisoning, Beijing Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Beijing 100013, China; College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; School of Food and Biological Engineering, Xihua University, Chengdu 610039, China
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50
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Rančić A, Babić N, Orio M, Peyrot F. Structural Features Governing the Metabolic Stability of Tetraethyl-Substituted Nitroxides in Rat Liver Microsomes. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:antiox12020402. [PMID: 36829960 PMCID: PMC9952648 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12020402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2022] [Revised: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Nitroxides are potent tools for studying biological systems by electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR). Whatever the application, a certain stability is necessary for successful detection. Since conventional tetramethyl-substituted cyclic nitroxides have insufficient in vivo stability, efforts have recently been made to synthesize more stable, tetraethyl-substituted nitroxides. In our previous study on piperidine nitroxides, the introduction of steric hindrance around the nitroxide moiety successfully increased the resistance to reduction into hydroxylamine. However, it also rendered the carbon backbone susceptible to modifications by xenobiotic metabolism due to increased lipophilicity. Here, we focus on a new series of three nitroxide candidates with tetraethyl substitution, namely with pyrrolidine, pyrroline, and isoindoline cores, to identify which structural features afford increased stability for future probe design and application in in vivo EPR imaging. In the presence of rat liver microsomes, pyrrolidine and pyrroline tetraethyl nitroxides exhibited a higher stability than isoindoline nitroxide, which was studied in detail by HPLC-HRMS. Multiple metabolites suggest that the aerobic transformation of tetraethyl isoindoline nitroxide is initiated by hydrogen abstraction by P450-FeV = O from one of the ethyl groups, followed by rearrangement and further modifications by cytochrome P450, as supported by DFT calculations. Under anaerobic conditions, only reduction by rat liver microsomes was observed with involvement of P450-FeII.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Rančić
- Laboratoire de Chimie et de Biochimie Pharmacologiques et Toxicologiques, Université Paris Cité, CNRS, F-75006 Paris, France
| | - Nikola Babić
- Laboratoire de Chimie et de Biochimie Pharmacologiques et Toxicologiques, Université Paris Cité, CNRS, F-75006 Paris, France
| | - Maylis Orio
- iSm2, Aix-Marseille University, CNRS, Centrale Marseille, F-13397 Marseille, France
| | - Fabienne Peyrot
- Laboratoire de Chimie et de Biochimie Pharmacologiques et Toxicologiques, Université Paris Cité, CNRS, F-75006 Paris, France
- Institut National Supérieur du Professorat et de l’Education (INSPE) de l’Académie de Paris, Sorbonne Université, F-75016 Paris, France
- Correspondence:
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