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Burningham A, Brendgen M, Turgeon L, Vitaro F. The Social Failure Model: Do Classroom Norms Play a Role in the Development of Antisocial Behavior and Depressive Symptoms? Res Child Adolesc Psychopathol 2024:10.1007/s10802-024-01229-2. [PMID: 39167320 DOI: 10.1007/s10802-024-01229-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/08/2024] [Indexed: 08/23/2024]
Abstract
This study examined the moderating role of descriptive and status norms in the stability of youth's antisocial behavior, and the link between initial antisocial behavior and the development of depressive symptoms over the course of one academic year, while controlling for initial depression levels. A total of 1081 students (51.06% girls; grades 4 through 6) in schools in low to average socio-economic status neighborhoods completed self-reports and a peer nomination inventory in the fall (T1) and spring (T2) of one year. Descriptive norms were operationalized as the classroom- and sex-specific mean level of antisocial behavior. Status norms were operationalized as the classroom- and sex-specific correlation between antisocial behavior and social preference. Descriptive norms moderated the link between T1 and T2 antisocial behavior, such that youth exhibiting high levels of antisocial behavior showed a greater increase in antisocial behavior in classrooms where descriptive norms strongly favored such behavior (i.e., + 1 SD) than in classrooms with neutral or weak descriptive norms (i.e., - 1 SD). Status norms moderated the association between T1 antisocial behavior and T2 depressive symptoms, such that youth with high levels of antisocial behavior had higher depressive symptoms in classrooms where status norms disfavored antisocial behavior than in classrooms with neutral or favorable norms. No moderating effects of sex or grade were observed. These results suggest that both descriptive norms and status norms play important, albeit distinct, roles in exacerbating youth's depressive symptoms and antisocial behavior, but they may also mitigate these same outcomes in favorable contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy Burningham
- Department of Psychology, Université du Québec à Montréal, 200 Sherbrooke St. W, Montreal, Québec, Canada
| | - Mara Brendgen
- Department of Psychology, Université du Québec à Montréal, 200 Sherbrooke St. W, Montreal, Québec, Canada.
| | - Lyse Turgeon
- Department of Psycho-Education, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Canada
| | - Frank Vitaro
- Department of Psycho-Education, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Canada
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Dugré JR, Potvin S. Investigating the impact of lumping heterogenous conduct problems: aggression and rule-breaking rely on distinct spontaneous brain activity. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2024:10.1007/s00787-024-02557-w. [PMID: 39143190 DOI: 10.1007/s00787-024-02557-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2024] [Accepted: 08/06/2024] [Indexed: 08/16/2024]
Abstract
Accumulating evidence suggests that aggression and rule-breaking may have distinct origins. However, grouping these heterogeneous behaviors into a single dimension labelled Conduct Problems (CP) has become the norm rather than the exception. Yet, the neurobiological features that differentiate aggression and rule-breaking remain largely unexplored. Using a large sample of children and adolescents (n = 1360, 6-18 years old), we examined the common and specific brain activity between CP, aggression, and rule-breaking behaviors. Analyses were conducted using fMRI resting-state data from a 10-minute session to explore the correlations between low frequency fluctuations and both broad and fine-grained CP dimensions. The broad CP dimension was associated with deficits in the precentral gyrus, superior temporal gyrus, and tempo-parietal junction. However, only the superior temporal gyrus was shared between aggression and rule-breaking. Activity of the precentral gyrus was mainly associated with rule-breaking, and the temporo-parietal cortex with aggression. More importantly, voxel-wise analyses on fine-grained dimensions revealed additional specific effects that were initially obscured when using a broad CP dimension. Finally, we showed that the findings specific to aggression and rule-breaking may be related to distinct brain networks and mental functions, especially ventral attention/sensorimotor processes and default mode network/social cognitions, respectively. The current study highlights that aggression and rule-breaking may be related to distinct local and distributed neurobiological markers. Overall, using fine-grained dimensions may provide a clearer picture of the role of neurobiological correlates in CP and their invariance across measurement levels. We advocate for adopting a more thorough examination of the lumping/splitting effect across neuroimaging studies on CP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jules Roger Dugré
- School of Psychology and Centre for Human Brain Health, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, United Kingdom.
| | - Stéphane Potvin
- Department of Psychiatry and Addiction, Faculty of medicine, University of Montreal, Montreal, Canada.
- Centre de recherche de l'Institut Universitaire en Santé Mentale de Montréal, 7331, Hochelaga, Montreal, H1N 3V2, Canada.
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van de Weijer SGA, van Deuren S, Boutwell BB. Same-Sex Relationships and Criminal Behavior: A Total Population Study in The Netherlands. ARCHIVES OF SEXUAL BEHAVIOR 2024; 53:2923-2938. [PMID: 38907079 PMCID: PMC11335784 DOI: 10.1007/s10508-024-02902-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2021] [Revised: 05/14/2024] [Accepted: 05/16/2024] [Indexed: 06/23/2024]
Abstract
Sexual minority groups experience elevated risk across a range of adverse outcomes. Previous studies from the USA showed that these risks include contact with the criminal justice system for sexual minority females but not for males. This study examined whether this relationship between sexual minority status and criminal behavior was also found in a more secular country like the Netherlands with more progressive attitudes toward sexual minorities. Furthermore, the study aimed to examine whether this relationship applied to various types of crime and could be explained by unmeasured familial factors. Longitudinal data from the Dutch national population, including 75,362 individuals in a same-sex relationship and 3,464,906 individuals in opposite-sex relationships, were used to compare the risk of crime among males and females in same-sex and opposite-sex unions. Discordant sibling models were included to increase control over possible sources of confounding from shared familial factors. Analyses were repeated for six types of crime, including property offenses, violence, vandalism, and public order offenses, traffic offenses, drugs offenses, and other offenses. The results showed that the direction of the associations between same-sex relationships and offending differed for men and women. In general, men in same-sex relationships were less likely to be a suspect of crime compared to those in opposite-sex relationships [odds ratio (OR) = 0.685; p < .001]. Women in same-sex relationships exhibited higher risk than those in opposite-sex unions (OR = 1.560; p < .001). Similar patterns emerged for most crime types and the discordant sibling models yielded conclusions that were substantively similar to those among the total population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steve G A van de Weijer
- Netherlands Institute for the Study of Crime and Law Enforcement, PO Box 71304, 1008 BH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Sjoukje van Deuren
- Netherlands Institute for the Study of Crime and Law Enforcement, PO Box 71304, 1008 BH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
- Department of Criminology, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Brian B Boutwell
- School of Applied Sciences, The University of Mississippi, Mississippi, MS, USA
- John D. Bower School of Population Health, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Mississippi, MS, USA
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Lahey BB, Durham EL, Brislin SJ, Barr PB, Dick DM, Moore TM, Pierce BL, Tong L, Reimann GE, Jeong HJ, Dupont RM, Kaczkurkin AN. Mapping potential pathways from polygenic liability through brain structure to psychological problems across the transition to adolescence. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 2024; 65:1047-1060. [PMID: 38185921 PMCID: PMC11227600 DOI: 10.1111/jcpp.13944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We used a polygenic score for externalizing behavior (extPGS) and structural MRI to examine potential pathways from genetic liability to conduct problems via the brain across the adolescent transition. METHODS Three annual assessments of child conduct problems, attention-deficit/hyperactivity problems, and internalizing problems were conducted across across 9-13 years of age among 4,475 children of European ancestry in the Adolescent Brain Cognitive DevelopmentSM Study (ABCD Study®). RESULTS The extPGS predicted conduct problems in each wave (R2 = 2.0%-2.9%). Bifactor models revealed that the extPRS predicted variance specific to conduct problems (R2 = 1.7%-2.1%), but also variance that conduct problems shared with other measured problems (R2 = .8%-1.4%). Longitudinally, extPGS predicted levels of specific conduct problems (R2 = 2.0%), but not their slope of change across age. The extPGS was associated with total gray matter volume (TGMV; R2 = .4%) and lower TGMV predicted both specific conduct problems (R2 = 1.7%-2.1%) and the variance common to all problems in each wave (R2 = 1.6%-3.1%). A modest proportion of the polygenic liability specific to conduct problems in each wave was statistically mediated by TGMV. CONCLUSIONS Across the adolescent transition, the extPGS predicted both variance specific to conduct problems and variance shared by all measured problems. The extPGS also was associated with TGMV, which robustly predicted conduct problems. Statistical mediation analyses suggested the hypothesis that polygenic variation influences individual differences in brain development that are related to the likelihood of conduct problems during the adolescent transition, justifying new research to test this causal hypothesis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Peter B. Barr
- SUNY Downstate Health Sciences University, Brooklyn, NY 11203, USA
| | | | | | | | - Lin Tong
- University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637
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Zhou M, Lageborn CT, Sjölander A, Larsson H, D'Onofrio B, Landén M, Lichtenstein P, Pettersson E. Psychiatric Diagnoses in Parents and Psychiatric, Behavioral, and Psychosocial Outcomes in Their Offspring: A Swedish Population-Based Register Study. Am J Psychiatry 2024; 181:761-773. [PMID: 39086283 DOI: 10.1176/appi.ajp.20230353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/02/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Associations were examined between six psychiatric diagnoses in parents and a broad range of psychiatric and nonpsychiatric outcomes in their offspring. METHODS All individuals born in Sweden between 1970 and 2000 were linked to their biological parents (N=3,286,293) through Swedish national registers. A matched cohort design, with stratified Cox regression and conditional logistic regression analyses, was used examine associations between six psychiatric diagnoses in the parents and 32 outcomes in their offspring. All children, including those exposed and those not exposed to parents with psychiatric diagnoses, were followed from their date of birth to the date of emigration from Sweden, death, or December 31, 2013, when the offspring were 14-44 years old. RESULTS In terms of absolute risk, most children who had parents with psychiatric diagnoses were not diagnosed in specialist care themselves, and the proportion of offspring having any of the 16 types of psychiatric conditions ranged from 22.17% (of offspring exposed to parental depression) to 25.05% (of offspring exposed to parental drug-related disorder) at the end of follow-up. Nevertheless, in terms of relative risk, exposure to any of the six parental psychiatric diagnoses increased probabilities of the 32 outcomes among the offspring, with hazard ratios that ranged from 1.03 to 8.46 for time-to-event outcomes and odds ratios that ranged from 1.29 to 3.36 for binary outcomes. Some specificities were observed for parental diagnoses of psychosis and substance-related disorders, which more strongly predicted psychotic-like and externalizing-related outcomes, respectively, in the offspring. CONCLUSIONS The intergenerational transmission of parental psychiatric conditions appeared largely transdiagnostic and extended to nonpsychiatric outcomes in offspring. Given the broad spectrum of associations with the outcomes, service providers (e.g., psychiatrists, teachers, and social workers) should consider clients' broader psychiatric family history when predicting prognosis and planning interventions or treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengping Zhou
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm (Zhou, Lageborn, Sjölander, Larsson, Landén, Lichtenstein, Pettersson); Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington (D'Onofrio); Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy at Gothenburg University, Gothenburg, Sweden (Landén)
| | - Christine Takami Lageborn
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm (Zhou, Lageborn, Sjölander, Larsson, Landén, Lichtenstein, Pettersson); Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington (D'Onofrio); Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy at Gothenburg University, Gothenburg, Sweden (Landén)
| | - Arvid Sjölander
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm (Zhou, Lageborn, Sjölander, Larsson, Landén, Lichtenstein, Pettersson); Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington (D'Onofrio); Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy at Gothenburg University, Gothenburg, Sweden (Landén)
| | - Henrik Larsson
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm (Zhou, Lageborn, Sjölander, Larsson, Landén, Lichtenstein, Pettersson); Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington (D'Onofrio); Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy at Gothenburg University, Gothenburg, Sweden (Landén)
| | - Brian D'Onofrio
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm (Zhou, Lageborn, Sjölander, Larsson, Landén, Lichtenstein, Pettersson); Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington (D'Onofrio); Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy at Gothenburg University, Gothenburg, Sweden (Landén)
| | - Mikael Landén
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm (Zhou, Lageborn, Sjölander, Larsson, Landén, Lichtenstein, Pettersson); Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington (D'Onofrio); Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy at Gothenburg University, Gothenburg, Sweden (Landén)
| | - Paul Lichtenstein
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm (Zhou, Lageborn, Sjölander, Larsson, Landén, Lichtenstein, Pettersson); Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington (D'Onofrio); Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy at Gothenburg University, Gothenburg, Sweden (Landén)
| | - Erik Pettersson
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm (Zhou, Lageborn, Sjölander, Larsson, Landén, Lichtenstein, Pettersson); Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington (D'Onofrio); Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy at Gothenburg University, Gothenburg, Sweden (Landén)
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Sims EE, Trattner JD, Garrison SM. Exploring the relationship between depression and delinquency: a sibling comparison design using the NLSY. Front Psychol 2024; 15:1430978. [PMID: 39011290 PMCID: PMC11247016 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1430978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2024] [Accepted: 06/14/2024] [Indexed: 07/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Relative to the general population, adolescents with psychiatric disorders such as major depression disorder are incarcerated (and reincarcerated) at higher rates. Current research is mixed on whether this association is a cause, consequence, or the product of selection. For example, aggression can lead to more depressive symptoms, yet depression is associated with antisocial behaviors (e.g., delinquency). To better understand the relationship between depression and delinquent behavior, we used the discordant kinship model to examine data from sibling pairs in the National Longitudinal Surveys of Youth 1979, a nationally representative study. By explicitly modeling within- and between-family variance, we reduced the influence of genetic and shared-environmental confounds on our analysis. Our results suggest that the relationship between depression and delinquency is not causal, but rather a product of selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma E. Sims
- Department of Psychology, Wake Forest University, Winston Salem, NC, United States
| | - Jonathan D. Trattner
- Department of Interdisciplinary Studies, Wake Forest University, Winston Salem, NC, United States
| | - S. Mason Garrison
- Department of Psychology, Wake Forest University, Winston Salem, NC, United States
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Gresko SA, Hink LK, Corley RP, Reynolds CA, Muñoz E, Rhee SH. An examination of early socioeconomic status and neighborhood disadvantage as independent predictors of antisocial behavior: A longitudinal adoption study. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0301765. [PMID: 38683790 PMCID: PMC11057761 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0301765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024] Open
Abstract
The present study examined early socioeconomic status (SES) and neighborhood disadvantage (ND) as independent predictors of antisocial behavior (ASB) and addressed the etiology of the associations (i.e., genes versus the environment) using a longitudinal adoption design. Prospective data from the Colorado Adoption Project (435 adoptees, 598 nonadopted children, 526 biological grandparents of adoptees, 481 adoptive parents, and 617 nonadoptive parents including biological parents of unrelated siblings of adoptees) were examined. SES and ND were assessed during infancy and ASB was evaluated from ages four through 16 using parent and teacher report. Associations between predictors and ASB were compared across adoptive and nonadoptive families and sex. Early SES was a nominally significant, independent predictor of antisocial ASB, such that lower SES predicted higher levels of ASB in nonadoptive families only. ND was not associated with ASB. Associations were consistent across aggression and delinquency, and neither SES nor ND was associated with change in ASB over time. Nominally significant associations did not remain significant after controlling for multiple testing. As such, despite nonsignificant differences in associations across sex or adoptive status, we were unable to make definitive conclusions regarding the genetic versus environmental etiology of or sex differences in the influence of SES and ND on ASB. Despite inconclusive findings, in nonadoptees, results were consistent-in effect size and direction-with previous studies in the literature indicating that lower SES is associated with increased risk for ASB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shelley A. Gresko
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, United States of America
- Institute for Behavioral Genetics, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Laura K. Hink
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, United States of America
- Institute for Behavioral Genetics, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Robin P. Corley
- Institute for Behavioral Genetics, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Chandra A. Reynolds
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, United States of America
- Institute for Behavioral Genetics, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, United States of America
- Department of Psychology, University of California Riverside, Riverside, California, United States of America
| | - Elizabeth Muñoz
- Department of Human Development and Family Sciences, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, United States of America
| | - Soo Hyun Rhee
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, United States of America
- Institute for Behavioral Genetics, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, United States of America
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Wang FL, Klei L, Devlin B, Molina BSG, Chassin L. Heritable Composite Phenotypes Defined by Combinations of Conduct Problem, Depression, and Temperament Features: Contributions to risk for Alcohol Problems. Res Child Adolesc Psychopathol 2024; 52:535-550. [PMID: 37773317 PMCID: PMC11129819 DOI: 10.1007/s10802-023-01129-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/15/2023] [Indexed: 10/01/2023]
Abstract
The genetic architectures underlying symptoms of conduct problems and depression have largely been examined separately and without incorporating temperament, despite evidence for their genetic overlap. We examined how symptoms and temperament dimensions were transmitted together in families to identify highly heritable composite phenotypes, and how these composite phenotypes predicted alcohol outcomes in young adulthood. Participants (N = 486) were drawn from the third generation of families oversampled for alcohol use disorder in the first generation. Conduct problems, depression, and temperament were reported at 11-19 years old and alcohol outcomes at 18-26 years old. Using principal components of heritability analysis, we found seven highly heritable composite phenotypes, five of which predicted alcohol outcomes: three characterized by co-occurring conduct problems and depression and two by conduct problems. Novel composite phenotypes that were characterized by both conduct problems and depression showed different types of symptoms, temperament features, and genetic underpinnings. Children manifesting differing composite phenotypes might benefit from distinct treatments based on their unique etiologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frances L Wang
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, 3811 O'Hara St, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA.
| | - Lambertus Klei
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, 3811 O'Hara St, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - Bernie Devlin
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, 3811 O'Hara St, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - Brooke S G Molina
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, 3811 O'Hara St, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - Laurie Chassin
- Department of Psychology, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, 85281, USA
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Lutz R, Lakey B. Evidence that specific personal relationships evoke maladaptive personality expression. ANXIETY, STRESS, AND COPING 2024; 37:205-218. [PMID: 37343294 DOI: 10.1080/10615806.2023.2225034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2022] [Accepted: 06/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/23/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION This research applied relational regulation theory (RRT) to maladaptive personality as identified in the DSM-5, dimension trait model. RRT describes how individual social network members help people regulate their own affect, thought and action. Previous research found that people expressed different levels of normal personality dimensions and affect depending upon the network members that people were with or thinking about. METHODS College students (N = 719) rated their expression of maladaptive dimensions and affect when with important network members, as well as the interpersonal characteristics of network members. RESULTS People's maladaptive personality expression was strongly consistent across network members (recipient effects). Yet, personality expression also varied strongly depending upon which network member the recipient was with or thinking about (dyadic effects). PID-5 negative affectivity and PANAS negative affect more strongly reflected dyads than recipients. Antagonism and disinhibition more strongly reflected recipients than dyads. Network members who evoked maladaptive expressions were seen by recipients as unsupportive, unresponsive, as evoking conflict, attachment avoidance and attachment anxiety. However, the interpersonal constructs were mostly redundant in predicting maladaptive personality. Findings were replicated across random subsamples and gender. CONCLUSION The findings provide evidence that important personal relationships can evoke the expression of maladaptive personality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rae Lutz
- Department of Psychology, Grand Valley State University, Allendale, MI, United States
| | - Brian Lakey
- Department of Psychology, Grand Valley State University, Allendale, MI, United States
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10
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Mušálková D, Přistoupilová A, Jedličková I, Hartmannová H, Trešlová H, Nosková L, Hodaňová K, Bittmanová P, Stránecký V, Jiřička V, Langmajerová M, Woodbury‐Smith M, Zarrei M, Trost B, Scherer SW, Bleyer AJ, Vevera J, Kmoch S. Increased burden of rare protein-truncating variants in constrained, brain-specific and synaptic genes in extremely impulsively violent males with antisocial personality disorder. GENES, BRAIN, AND BEHAVIOR 2024; 23:e12882. [PMID: 38359179 PMCID: PMC10869132 DOI: 10.1111/gbb.12882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2023] [Revised: 12/11/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 02/17/2024]
Abstract
The genetic correlates of extreme impulsive violence are poorly understood, and there have been few studies that have characterized a large group of affected individuals both clinically and genetically. We performed whole exome sequencing (WES) in 290 males with the life-course-persistent, extremely impulsively violent form of antisocial personality disorder (APD) and analyzed the spectrum of rare protein-truncating variants (rPTVs). Comparisons were made with 314 male controls and publicly available genotype data. Functional annotation tools were used for biological interpretation. Participants were significantly more likely to harbor rPTVs in genes that are intolerant to loss-of-function variants (odds ratio [OR] 2.06; p < 0.001), specifically expressed in brain (OR 2.80; p = 0.036) and enriched for those involved in neurotransmitter transport and synaptic processes. In 60 individuals (20%), we identified rPTVs that we classified as clinically relevant based on their clinical associations, biological function and gene expression patterns. Of these, 37 individuals harbored rPTVs in 23 genes that are associated with a monogenic neurological disorder, and 23 individuals harbored rPTVs in 20 genes reportedly intolerant to loss-of-function variants. The analysis presents evidence in support of a model where presence of either one or several private, functionally relevant mutations contribute significantly to individual risk of life-course-persistent APD and reveals multiple individuals who could be affected by clinically unrecognized neuropsychiatric Mendelian disease. Thus, Mendelian diseases and increased rPTV burden may represent important factors for the development of extremely impulsive violent life-course-persistent forms of APD irrespective of their clinical presentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dita Mušálková
- Research Unit for Rare Diseases, Department of Pediatrics and Inherited Metabolic Disorders, First Faculty of MedicineCharles University in Prague and General University Hospital in PraguePragueCzech Republic
| | - Anna Přistoupilová
- Research Unit for Rare Diseases, Department of Pediatrics and Inherited Metabolic Disorders, First Faculty of MedicineCharles University in Prague and General University Hospital in PraguePragueCzech Republic
| | - Ivana Jedličková
- Research Unit for Rare Diseases, Department of Pediatrics and Inherited Metabolic Disorders, First Faculty of MedicineCharles University in Prague and General University Hospital in PraguePragueCzech Republic
| | - Hana Hartmannová
- Research Unit for Rare Diseases, Department of Pediatrics and Inherited Metabolic Disorders, First Faculty of MedicineCharles University in Prague and General University Hospital in PraguePragueCzech Republic
| | - Helena Trešlová
- Research Unit for Rare Diseases, Department of Pediatrics and Inherited Metabolic Disorders, First Faculty of MedicineCharles University in Prague and General University Hospital in PraguePragueCzech Republic
| | - Lenka Nosková
- Research Unit for Rare Diseases, Department of Pediatrics and Inherited Metabolic Disorders, First Faculty of MedicineCharles University in Prague and General University Hospital in PraguePragueCzech Republic
| | - Kateřina Hodaňová
- Research Unit for Rare Diseases, Department of Pediatrics and Inherited Metabolic Disorders, First Faculty of MedicineCharles University in Prague and General University Hospital in PraguePragueCzech Republic
| | - Petra Bittmanová
- Research Unit for Rare Diseases, Department of Pediatrics and Inherited Metabolic Disorders, First Faculty of MedicineCharles University in Prague and General University Hospital in PraguePragueCzech Republic
| | - Viktor Stránecký
- Research Unit for Rare Diseases, Department of Pediatrics and Inherited Metabolic Disorders, First Faculty of MedicineCharles University in Prague and General University Hospital in PraguePragueCzech Republic
| | - Václav Jiřička
- Department of PsychologyPrison Service of the Czech RepublicPragueCzech Republic
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine in PilsenCharles UniversityPilsenCzech Republic
| | - Michaela Langmajerová
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine in PilsenCharles UniversityPilsenCzech Republic
| | - Marc Woodbury‐Smith
- The Centre for Applied Genomics and Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, The Hospital for Sick ChildrenTorontoOntarioCanada
- Faculty of Medical Sciences, Biosciences InstituteNewcastle UniversityNewcastle upon TyneUK
| | - Mehdi Zarrei
- The Centre for Applied Genomics and Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, The Hospital for Sick ChildrenTorontoOntarioCanada
| | - Brett Trost
- The Centre for Applied Genomics and Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, The Hospital for Sick ChildrenTorontoOntarioCanada
| | - Stephen W. Scherer
- The Centre for Applied Genomics and Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, The Hospital for Sick ChildrenTorontoOntarioCanada
- Department of Molecular Genetics and McLaughlin CentreUniversity of TorontoTorontoOntarioCanada
| | - Anthony J. Bleyer
- Research Unit for Rare Diseases, Department of Pediatrics and Inherited Metabolic Disorders, First Faculty of MedicineCharles University in Prague and General University Hospital in PraguePragueCzech Republic
- Section on Nephrology, Wake Forest School of MedicineWinston‐SalemNorth CarolinaUSA
| | - Jan Vevera
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine in PilsenCharles UniversityPilsenCzech Republic
- Department of PsychiatryUniversity Hospital PilsenPilsenCzech Republic
| | - Stanislav Kmoch
- Research Unit for Rare Diseases, Department of Pediatrics and Inherited Metabolic Disorders, First Faculty of MedicineCharles University in Prague and General University Hospital in PraguePragueCzech Republic
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine in PilsenCharles UniversityPilsenCzech Republic
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11
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Zhu X, Jiang W, Shi W, Shi J. Good learners or trouble makers? Study on the relationship between academic performance and antisocial behavior of junior high school students. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0295705. [PMID: 38166026 PMCID: PMC10760913 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0295705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2023] [Accepted: 11/23/2023] [Indexed: 01/04/2024] Open
Abstract
The school bullying incident has aroused widespread concern in current society. How to manage students' anti-social behavior has become an increasingly serious problem for administrators. This study uses a sample of 8270 junior high school students to examine the mechanism of academic achievement on students' antisocial behavior. The results showed that academic performance has a U-shaped impact on antisocial behavior. This study further found that the U-shaped effect of academic performance on antisocial behavior was mediated by the praise; In addition, this study also found that moral identity moderates the U-shaped relationship between academic performance, praise, and antisocial performance. The findings provide the implications for school administrators and teachers to pay attention to the "moral trap" of academic achievement and praise, and pay attention to excellent students' moral education, to reduce the possibility of their anti-social behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaobo Zhu
- Faculty School of Finance and Business, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Wenyi Jiang
- Lecturer Department of Basic, Shanghai Vocational College of Agriculture and Forestry, Shanghai, P.R.China
| | - Weijin Shi
- School of Sport, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Junfeng Shi
- Department of Teacher Training, Huangpu Institute of Education, Shanghai, P.R. China
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12
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Yao X, Klugah-Brown B, Yang H, Biswal B. Structural and functional network analysis of twins using fMRI data. Cereb Cortex 2023; 33:11060-11069. [PMID: 37771046 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhad345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2023] [Revised: 08/22/2023] [Accepted: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 09/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Similarities between twins have been widely demonstrated, underscoring the remarkable influence of genetics across numerous traits. In this study, we explore the genetic underpinnings of the human brain by examining MRI data from the Queensland Twin Imaging study. Specifically, this study seeks to compare brain structure and function between twins and unrelated subjects, with an emphasis on describing the effects of genetic factors. To achieve these goals, we employed the source-based morphometry method to extract intrinsic components and elucidate recognizable patterns. Our results show that twins exhibit a higher degree of similarity in gray and white matter density compared with unrelated individuals. In addition, four distinct states of brain activity were identified using coactivation patterns analysis. Furthermore, twins demonstrated a greater degree of similarity in the temporal and spatial features of each state compared with unrelated subjects. Taken together, these results support the hypothesis that twins show greater similarity in both brain structure and dynamic functional brain activity. Further exploration of these methods may advance our understanding of the complex interplay between genes, environment, and brain networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing Yao
- The Clinical Hospital of Chengdu Brain Science Institute, MOE Key Laboratory for Neuroinformation, Center for Information in Medicine, School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 611731, China
| | - Benjamin Klugah-Brown
- The Clinical Hospital of Chengdu Brain Science Institute, MOE Key Laboratory for Neuroinformation, Center for Information in Medicine, School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 611731, China
| | - Hang Yang
- The Clinical Hospital of Chengdu Brain Science Institute, MOE Key Laboratory for Neuroinformation, Center for Information in Medicine, School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 611731, China
| | - Bharat Biswal
- The Clinical Hospital of Chengdu Brain Science Institute, MOE Key Laboratory for Neuroinformation, Center for Information in Medicine, School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 611731, China
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ, 07102, USA
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13
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del Puerto-Golzarri N, Azurmendi A, Muñoz JM, Carreras MR, Pascual-Sagastizabal E. The Val158Met Polymorphism in 8-Year-Old Boys and Girls Moderates the Influence of Parenting Styles on Proactive Aggression: Testing the Sensitivity to the Environment. Brain Sci 2023; 13:1513. [PMID: 38002474 PMCID: PMC10669819 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci13111513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Revised: 10/18/2023] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of the study was to explore the possible vulnerability (diathesis-stress), susceptibility (differential susceptibility), or vantage (vantage sensitivity) properties of COMT gen Val158Met polymorphism to adverse and favorable parenting styles from both parents in relation to children's reactive and proactive aggressive behavior. Within 279 eight-year-old children (125 girls and 154 boys) from Spain, reactive and proactive aggressive behavior was measured through the "Reactive and Proactive Questionnaire" (RPQ). Saliva samples were collected to genotype for the COMT Val158Met polymorphism via real-time PCR. Finally, parenting styles were assessed using the "Parenting Styles and Dimensions Questionnaire" (PSDQ). The results revealed that for boys, the Met allele was a vulnerability factor for proactive aggression in response to low-authoritative parenting from the father. For girls, it was the Val allele, the vulnerability variable to the high authoritarian style of the father, and the susceptibility factor to the authoritative style of the mother over proactive aggression. The results are discussed, considering possible sex differences. Our results indicate that the COMT Val158Met polymorphism is a biological variable that confers greater sensitivity to the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nora del Puerto-Golzarri
- Department of Basic Psychological Processes and Their Development, Faculty of Psychology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), 20018 San Sebastián, Spain; (N.d.P.-G.); (E.P.-S.)
| | - Aitziber Azurmendi
- Department of Basic Psychological Processes and Their Development, Faculty of Psychology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), 20018 San Sebastián, Spain; (N.d.P.-G.); (E.P.-S.)
| | - José Manuel Muñoz
- Psychology Department, Faculty of Education Sciences, University of Cadiz (UCA), 11519 Puerto Real, Spain; (J.M.M.); (M.R.C.)
| | - María Rosario Carreras
- Psychology Department, Faculty of Education Sciences, University of Cadiz (UCA), 11519 Puerto Real, Spain; (J.M.M.); (M.R.C.)
| | - Eider Pascual-Sagastizabal
- Department of Basic Psychological Processes and Their Development, Faculty of Psychology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), 20018 San Sebastián, Spain; (N.d.P.-G.); (E.P.-S.)
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14
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van de Weijer SGA, Kroese J. Parental Divorce and Adolescent Offending: A Comparison Between Children of Discordant Siblings. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF OFFENDER THERAPY AND COMPARATIVE CRIMINOLOGY 2023:306624X231188235. [PMID: 37464781 DOI: 10.1177/0306624x231188235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/20/2023]
Abstract
Various studies have found that parental divorce is associated with offspring offending during adolescence. Less is known, however, about the mechanisms underlying this association, and it may be possible that this association is spurious rather than causal. In this study, register data on 1,883,794 individuals, who were born in the Netherlands between 1991 and 2001, and their parents were used to examine to what extent parental divorce is associated with offspring adolescent offending. Moreover, a genetically-informed research design, in which children of discordant siblings (N = 59,102) were compared, was applied to examine whether unmeasured familial confounders (i.e., genetic and shared environment confounders) account for this association. Our findings suggest a positive relationship between parental divorce and adolescent offending, yet we find a weaker relationship when comparing offspring of discordant siblings. This suggests that previous studies may have overestimated the strength of the association, as they do not control for unmeasured familial confounders.
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Affiliation(s)
- S G A van de Weijer
- Netherlands Institute for the Study of Crime and Law Enforcement (NSCR), Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - J Kroese
- Department of Criminal Law and Criminology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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15
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Skinner GCM, Farrington DP. Health of Convicted Persons in the Third Generation of the Longitudinal Cambridge Study in Delinquent Development. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF OFFENDER THERAPY AND COMPARATIVE CRIMINOLOGY 2023; 67:757-782. [PMID: 34963375 PMCID: PMC10126470 DOI: 10.1177/0306624x211066837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Research suggests that convicted persons are more likely than non-convicted persons to suffer poor health. However, few longitudinal studies have investigated associations between health and offending across generations. Using the Cambridge Study in Delinquent Development, this article prospectively investigates the relationship between health and offending across generations and between genders. At the average age of 25, third generation convicted males and females reported a higher incidence of serious drug use than non-convicted persons. Convicted males reported a higher incidence of mental illness and self-harm, whereas convicted females reported a lower incidence of physical illness, mental illness, self-harm and hospitalizations when compared to non-convicted females. Convicted males reported a higher incidence of industrial accidents, sports injuries and fight injuries, but a lower incidence of road accidents, whereas convicted females were more likely to report road accidents. Like their fathers, convicted males show worse health compared to non-convicted individuals.
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Oei A, Li D, Chu CM, Ng I, Hoo E, Ruby K. Disruptive behaviors, antisocial attitudes, and aggression in young offenders: Comparison of Adverse Childhood Experience (ACE) typologies. CHILD ABUSE & NEGLECT 2023; 141:106191. [PMID: 37084615 DOI: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2023.106191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Revised: 03/09/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE) are associated with many deleterious outcomes in young offenders. There is a dearth of studies examining its effects on young offenders' antisocial attitudes, disruptive behaviors and aggression, risk factors for delinquency and reoffending. OBJECTIVE This study examined ACE patterns and their association with the above factors in young offenders. PARTICIPANTS AND SETTING 1130 youth offenders (964 males; Mage = 17.57 years), provided self-reports on ACEs, antisocial attitudes, disruptive behavior ratings and aggression. METHOD Latent Class Analysis was performed on 12 self-reported ACEs, followed by Analyses of Covariance on each of the measures. RESULTS Four classes - Low ACE, Indirect Victims, Abusive Environment, and Polyvictimized - were identified. Polyvictimized youths had the highest levels of conduct problems (M = 70.35, ps < .05) and proactive aggression (M = 0.45, ps < .05) but did not differ from youths in Abusive Environment in reactive aggression (M = 1.02, p = .69), oppositional problems (M = 65.15, p = .18), and antisocial attitudes (M = 26.95, p = .21). Indirect Victims had lower levels of conduct problems (M = 64.80, p < .05) and antisocial attitudes (M = 24.35, p < .05) than Polyvictimized youths but higher levels of these outcomes than the Low ACE group. CONCLUSIONS Our findings showed that ACEs patterns vary in their effects on antisociality and disruptive behaviors. The novel finding was that childhood victimization does not have to be direct, as indirect victimization significantly impacted factors important to delinquency and reoffending.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Oei
- Translational Social Research Division, National Council of Social Service, 170 Ghim Moh Road, #01-02, 279621, Singapore; Department of Social Work & Social Service Research Centre, Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences, National University of Singapore, Blk AS3, Level 4, 3 Arts Link, 117570, Singapore.
| | - Dongdong Li
- Translational Social Research Division, National Council of Social Service, 170 Ghim Moh Road, #01-02, 279621, Singapore; Department of Social Work & Social Service Research Centre, Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences, National University of Singapore, Blk AS3, Level 4, 3 Arts Link, 117570, Singapore
| | - Chi Meng Chu
- Translational Social Research Division, National Council of Social Service, 170 Ghim Moh Road, #01-02, 279621, Singapore; Policy Research Office, Ministry of Social and Family Development, 512 Thomson Road, MSF Building, #07-00, 298136, Singapore
| | - Irene Ng
- Department of Social Work & Social Service Research Centre, Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences, National University of Singapore, Blk AS3, Level 4, 3 Arts Link, 117570, Singapore
| | - Eric Hoo
- Translational Social Research Division, National Council of Social Service, 170 Ghim Moh Road, #01-02, 279621, Singapore
| | - Kala Ruby
- Probation and Community Rehabilitation Services, Ministry of Social and Family Development, 1 Kay Siang Road, #01-10, 248922, Singapore
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17
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Carroll SL, Mikhail ME, Burt SA. The development of youth antisocial behavior across time and context: A systematic review and integration of person-centered and variable-centered research. Clin Psychol Rev 2023; 101:102253. [PMID: 36758465 PMCID: PMC10073285 DOI: 10.1016/j.cpr.2023.102253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2022] [Revised: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 01/28/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Trajectories of youth antisocial behavior (ASB) are characterized by continuity and change. Although numerous longitudinal studies have examined ASB, findings from person-centered and variable-centered research have not yet been integrated. The present paper integrates findings across statistical methods for a more comprehensive understanding of the development of ASB. Neighborhood disadvantage is considered as a core moderator. METHODS The study protocol was registered in the PROSPERO database of systematic reviews (registration number CRD42021255820). The PsycINFO and PubMed databases were examined (September 2022) to identify longitudinal studies of youth aggression and/or rule-breaking. Results from person-centered and variable-centered studies were integrated via narrative synthesis, and a systematic quality assessment was conducted. RESULTS Of 8227 studies identified, 136 met inclusion criteria. Our review indicated that rule-breaking trajectories were largely distinguished by differences in rate of change (i.e., slope), whereas aggression trajectories differed more by baseline level (i.e., intercept), particularly in childhood. For adolescents in disadvantaged neighborhoods, however, aggression trajectories differed by both intercept and slope. CONCLUSIONS The respective importance of the intercept and slope differed across dimensions of ASB, developmental stage, and neighborhood residence. Neighborhood disadvantage was associated with trajectories of aggression, consistent with developmental theories emphasizing the role of person-environment interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah L Carroll
- Department of Psychology, Michigan State University, 316 Physics Rd #262, East Lansing, MI 48824, United States of America.
| | - Megan E Mikhail
- Department of Psychology, Michigan State University, 316 Physics Rd #262, East Lansing, MI 48824, United States of America
| | - S Alexandra Burt
- Department of Psychology, Michigan State University, 316 Physics Rd #262, East Lansing, MI 48824, United States of America
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18
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Dotterer HL, Vazquez AY, Hyde LW, Neumann CS, Santtila P, Pezzoli P, Johansson A, Burt SA. Elucidating the role of negative parenting in the genetic v. environmental influences on adult psychopathic traits. Psychol Med 2023; 53:897-907. [PMID: 37132644 PMCID: PMC9976022 DOI: 10.1017/s0033291721002269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2020] [Revised: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 05/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Psychopathic traits involve interpersonal manipulation, callous affect, erratic lifestyle, and antisocial behavior. Though adult psychopathic traits emerge from both genetic and environmental risk, no studies have examined etiologic associations between adult psychopathic traits and experiences of parenting in childhood, or the extent to which parenting practices may impact the heritability of adult psychopathic traits using a genetically-informed design. METHODS In total, 1842 adult twins from the community reported their current psychopathic traits and experiences of negative parenting during childhood. We fit bivariate genetic models to the data, decomposing the variance within, and the covariance between, psychopathic traits and perceived negative parenting into their genetic and environmental components. We then fit a genotype × environment interaction model to evaluate whether negative parenting moderated the etiology of psychopathic traits. RESULTS Psychopathic traits were moderately heritable with substantial non-shared environmental influences. There were significant associations between perceived negative parenting and three of four psychopathy facets (interpersonal manipulation, erratic lifestyle, antisocial tendencies, but not callous affect). These associations were attributable to a common non-shared environmental pathway and not to overlapping genetic effects. Additionally, we found that primarily shared environmental influences were stronger on psychopathic traits for individuals with a history of greater negative parenting. CONCLUSIONS Utilizing a genetically-informed design, we found that both genetic and non-shared environmental factors contribute to the emergence of psychopathic traits. Moreover, perceptions of negative parenting emerged as a clear environmental influence on the development of interpersonal, lifestyle, and antisocial features of psychopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Luke W. Hyde
- Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Survey Research Center of the Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Craig S. Neumann
- Department of Psychology, University of North Texas, Denton, TX, USA
| | - Pekka Santtila
- NYU-ECNU Institute for Social Development, NYU Shanghai, Shanghai, China
| | - Patrizia Pezzoli
- Institute of Mental Health Research, University of Ottawa, Ontario, CA, Canada
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Ada Johansson
- Faculty of Arts, Psychology, and Theology, Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland
| | - S. Alexandra Burt
- Department of Psychology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
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Abstract
The field of psychopathology is in a transformative phase, and is witnessing a renewed surge of interest in theoretical models of mental disorders. While many interesting proposals are competing for attention in the literature, they tend to focus narrowly on the proximate level of analysis and lack a broader understanding of biological function. In this paper, we present an integrative framework for mental disorders built on concepts from life history theory, and describe a taxonomy of mental disorders based on its principles, the fast-slow-defense model (FSD). The FSD integrates psychopathology with normative individual differences in personality and behavior, and allows researchers to draw principled distinctions between broad clusters of disorders, as well as identify functional subtypes within current diagnostic categories. Simulation work demonstrates that the model can explain the large-scale structure of comorbidity, including the apparent emergence of a general "p factor" of psychopathology. A life history approach also provides novel integrative insights into the role of environmental risk/protective factors and the developmental trajectories of various disorders.
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20
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Kempes M. Added value of neurotechnology for forensic psychiatric and psychological assessment. HANDBOOK OF CLINICAL NEUROLOGY 2023; 197:217-232. [PMID: 37633712 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-821375-9.00015-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/28/2023]
Abstract
The attention for neuroscience in relation to criminal behavior is growing rapidly, and research shows that neurobiological factors have added value to the understanding of psychological and social factors in explaining delinquency. There is evidence that neurotechnology can be used in criminal justice and may be of relevance for forensic psychiatric and psychological assessment. However, the question is whether scientific knowledge of neurobiological factors is applicable in daily practice of forensic assessment. Incorporation of basic technologies, e.g., psychophysiology (heart rate, skin conductance, wearables), hormonal measures (cortisol, testosterone), and neuropsychological testing might be evident, since they can be applied relatively easy. Moreover, a body of research shows the additive value of these technologies in this field. In addition, first steps are taken to apply these technologies in individual diagnostics, treatment, and risk assessment. Complex neurotechnologies like functional MRI (e.g., brain reading) and EEG show potential to be applicable in criminal justice, once it is known what additional information these indices offer for individual cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maaike Kempes
- Department of Science and Education, Netherlands Institute for Forensic Psychiatry and Psychology, Utrecht, The Netherlands; Faculty of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Institute of Education and Child Studies, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands.
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21
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Husby SM, Skalická V, Li Z, Belsky J, Wichstrøm L. Reciprocal Relations Between Conflicted Student-teacher Relationship and Children's Behavior Problems: Within-person Analyses from Norway and the USA. Res Child Adolesc Psychopathol 2023; 51:331-342. [PMID: 36301413 PMCID: PMC9908624 DOI: 10.1007/s10802-022-00968-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Revised: 08/16/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
Current evidence suggests that conflicted student-teacher relationships may increase behavior problems in children and vice-versa, but this may be due to confounding. We therefore analyzed their relation applying a within-person approach that adjusts for all time-invariant confounding effects, involving samples from Norway (n = 964, 50.9% females) and the USA (n = 1,150, 48.3% females) followed from age 4-12 years with similar measures. Increased parent-reported behavior problems forecasted increased student-teacher conflict to a similar extent in both countries (β = 0.07, p = .010), whereas teacher-reported behavior problems predicted increased student-teacher conflict more strongly in Norway (β = 0.14, p = .001) than in the US (β = 0.08, p = .050). Increased teacher-child conflict also predicted increased parent-reported (β = 0.07, p = .010), but not teacher-reported, behavior problems in both countries. Findings underscore the reciprocal relation between behavior problems and a conflictual student-teacher relationship.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silje Merethe Husby
- Department of Psychology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway. .,Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, St. Olav's Hospital, Trondheim, Norway.
| | - Věra Skalická
- Department of Psychology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Zhi Li
- School of Psychological and Cognitive Sciences and Beijing Key Laboratory of Behavior and Mental Health, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Jay Belsky
- Department of Psychology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway ,Department of Human Ecology, University of California, Davis, USA
| | - Lars Wichstrøm
- Department of Psychology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway ,Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, St. Olav’s Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
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22
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Odintsova VV, Hagenbeek FA, van der Laan CM, van de Weijer S, Boomsma DI. Genetics and epigenetics of human aggression. HANDBOOK OF CLINICAL NEUROLOGY 2023; 197:13-44. [PMID: 37633706 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-821375-9.00005-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/28/2023]
Abstract
There is substantial variation between humans in aggressive behavior, with its biological etiology and molecular genetic basis mostly unknown. This review chapter offers an overview of genomic and omics studies revealing the genetic contribution to aggression and first insights into associations with epigenetic and other omics (e.g., metabolomics) profiles. We allowed for a broad phenotype definition including studies on "aggression," "aggressive behavior," or "aggression-related traits," "antisocial behavior," "conduct disorder," and "oppositional defiant disorder." Heritability estimates based on family and twin studies in children and adults of this broadly defined phenotype of aggression are around 50%, with relatively small fluctuations around this estimate. Next, we review the genome-wide association studies (GWAS) which search for associations with alleles and also allow for gene-based tests and epigenome-wide association studies (EWAS) which seek to identify associations with differently methylated regions across the genome. Both GWAS and EWAS allow for construction of Polygenic and DNA methylation scores at an individual level. Currently, these predict a small percentage of variance in aggression. We expect that increases in sample size will lead to additional discoveries in GWAS and EWAS, and that multiomics approaches will lead to a more comprehensive understanding of the molecular underpinnings of aggression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronika V Odintsova
- Department of Biological Psychology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Amsterdam Reproduction and Development (AR&D) Research Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Mental Health Division, Amsterdam Public Health (APH) Research Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Fiona A Hagenbeek
- Department of Biological Psychology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Mental Health Division, Amsterdam Public Health (APH) Research Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Camiel M van der Laan
- Department of Biological Psychology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Netherlands Institute for the Study of Crime and Law Enforcement (NSCR), Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Steve van de Weijer
- Netherlands Institute for the Study of Crime and Law Enforcement (NSCR), Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Dorret I Boomsma
- Department of Biological Psychology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Amsterdam Reproduction and Development (AR&D) Research Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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23
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Balbona JV, Kim Y, Keller MC. The estimation of environmental and genetic parental influences. Dev Psychopathol 2022; 34:1-11. [PMID: 36524242 PMCID: PMC10272284 DOI: 10.1017/s0954579422000761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Parents share half of their genes with their children, but they also share background social factors and actively help shape their child's environment - making it difficult to disentangle genetic and environmental causes of parent-offspring similarity. While adoption and extended twin family designs have been extremely useful for distinguishing genetic and nongenetic parental influences, these designs entail stringent assumptions about phenotypic similarity between relatives and require samples that are difficult to collect and therefore are typically small and not publicly shared. Here, we describe these traditional designs, as well as modern approaches that use large, publicly available genome-wide data sets to estimate parental effects. We focus in particular on an approach we recently developed, structural equation modeling (SEM)-polygenic score (PGS), that instantiates the logic of modern PGS-based methods within the flexible SEM framework used in traditional designs. Genetically informative designs such as SEM-PGS rely on different and, in some cases, less rigid assumptions than traditional approaches; thus, they allow researchers to capitalize on new data sources and answer questions that could not previously be investigated. We believe that SEM-PGS and similar approaches can lead to improved insight into how nature and nurture combine to create the incredible diversity underlying human behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jared V. Balbona
- Institute for Behavioral Genetics, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80303, USA
- Department of Psychology & Neuroscience, University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, CO 80303, USA
| | - Yongkang Kim
- Institute for Behavioral Genetics, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80303, USA
| | - Matthew C. Keller
- Institute for Behavioral Genetics, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80303, USA
- Department of Psychology & Neuroscience, University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, CO 80303, USA
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24
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van de Weijer SG, Moneva A. Familial concentration of crime in a digital era: Criminal behavior among family members of cyber offenders. COMPUTERS IN HUMAN BEHAVIOR REPORTS 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chbr.2022.100249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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25
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Pouget JG, Bryushkova L, Koyama E, Zai CC, Fonseka TM, Mueller D, Kennedy JL, Beitchman JH. Exploring the association of interleukin polymorphisms with aggression and internalizing behaviors in children and adolescents. Brain Behav 2022; 12:e2753. [PMID: 36168941 PMCID: PMC9660418 DOI: 10.1002/brb3.2753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Revised: 07/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is growing evidence that inflammation influences mental health. Blood interleukin levels, which regulate inflammation, have been linked to aggression and internalizing behaviors. We performed a hypothesis-driven genetic study to (1) evaluate the association of IL1B, IL2, and IL6 gene variants with aggression and internalizing behaviors and (2) explore gene-environment interactions with childhood adversity in a deeply phenotyped childhood-onset aggression sample including 255 cases and 226 controls of European ancestry. METHODS We evaluated the association of putative functional and tag SNPs within IL1B, IL2, and IL6 with aggression case status, parent-reported internalizing problems, self-reported anxiety symptoms, and self-reported depressive symptoms in our sample. We also performed exploratory GxE analyses within cases, testing for statistical interaction between interleukin SNP genotype and childhood adversity for depressive symptoms. RESULTS No significant association was observed between any of the interleukin SNPs and childhood-onset aggression. We observed association of IL6 variant rs2069827 with depressive symptoms (p = 7.15×10-4 ), and trends for an interaction between severe childhood adversity and SNPs in IL1B and IL2 for depressive symptoms. CONCLUSIONS Our findings provide preliminary evidence that common variation in IL6 may be associated with depressive symptoms in children and adolescents, and that common variation in interleukin genes may sensitize individuals to the depressogenic effects of traumatic life experiences. Replication in independent samples is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennie G Pouget
- Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Canada.,Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | | | - Emiko Koyama
- Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Canada
| | - Clement C Zai
- Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Canada.,Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Trehani M Fonseka
- Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Canada
| | - Daniel Mueller
- Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Canada.,Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - James L Kennedy
- Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Canada.,Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Joseph H Beitchman
- Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Canada.,Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
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Shaffer RM, Forsyth JE, Ferraro G, Till C, Carlson LM, Hester K, Haddock A, Strawbridge J, Lanfear CC, Hu H, Kirrane E. Lead exposure and antisocial behavior: A systematic review protocol. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2022; 168:107438. [PMID: 35994796 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2022.107438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Revised: 07/19/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lead exposure remains highly prevalent worldwide despite decades of research highlighting its link to numerous adverse health outcomes. In addition to well-documented effects on cognition, there is growing evidence of an association with antisocial behavior, including aggression, conduct problems, and crime. An updated systematic review on this topic, incorporating study evaluation and a developmental perspective on the outcome, can advance the state of the science on lead and inform global policy interventions to reduce exposure. OBJECTIVES We aim to evaluate the link between lead exposure and antisocial behavior. This association will be investigated via a systematic review of human epidemiological and experimental nonhuman mammalian studies. METHODS The systematic review protocol presented in this publication is informed by recommendations for the conduct of systematic reviews in toxicology and environmental health research (COSTER) and follows the study evaluation approach put forth by the U.S. EPA Integrated Risk Information System (IRIS) program. DATA SOURCES We will search the following electronic databases for relevant literature: PubMed, BIOSIS and Web of Science. Search results will be stored in EPA's Health and Environmental Research Online (HERO) database. STUDY ELIGIBILITY AND CRITERIA Eligible human epidemiological studies will include those evaluating any population exposed to lead at any lifestage via ingestion or inhalation exposure and considering an outcome of antisocial behavior based on any of the following criteria: psychiatric diagnoses (e.g., oppositional defiant disorder (ODD), conduct disorder (CD), disruptive behavior disorders (DBD)); violation of social norms (e.g., delinquency, criminality); and aggression. Eligible experimental animal studies will include those evaluating nonhuman mammalian studies exposed to lead via ingestion, inhalation, or injection exposure during any lifestage. The following outcomes will be considered relevant: aggression; antisocial behavior; and altered fear, anxiety, and stress response. STUDY APPRAISAL AND SYNTHESIS METHODS Screening will be conducted with assistance from an artificial intelligence application. Two independent reviewers for each data stream (human, animal) will screen studies with highest predicted relevance against pre-specified inclusion criteria at the title/abstract and full-text level. Study evaluation will be conducted using methods adapted from the U.S. EPA IRIS program. After data extraction, we will conduct a narrative review and quantitative meta-analysis on the human epidemiological studies as well as a narrative review of the experimental animal studies. We will evaluate the strength of each evidence stream separately and then will develop a summary evidence integration statement based on inference across evidence streams.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel M Shaffer
- US Environmental Protection Agency, Center for Public Health and Environmental Assessment, Washington, DC, and Research Triangle Park, NC, United States
| | - Jenna E Forsyth
- Stanford University, Woods Institute for the Environment, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Greg Ferraro
- North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States
| | | | - Laura M Carlson
- US Environmental Protection Agency, Center for Public Health and Environmental Assessment, Washington, DC, and Research Triangle Park, NC, United States
| | - Kirstin Hester
- US Environmental Protection Agency, Center for Public Health and Environmental Assessment, Washington, DC, and Research Triangle Park, NC, United States
| | - Amanda Haddock
- US Environmental Protection Agency, Center for Public Health and Environmental Assessment, Washington, DC, and Research Triangle Park, NC, United States
| | - Jenna Strawbridge
- Oak Ridge Associated Universities, US Environmental Protection Agency, Center for Public Health and Environmental Assessment, Research Triangle Park, NC, United States
| | - Charles C Lanfear
- Nuffield College, University of Oxford, Oxford, England, United Kingdom
| | - Howard Hu
- Department of Population and Public Health Sciences, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Ellen Kirrane
- US Environmental Protection Agency, Center for Public Health and Environmental Assessment, Washington, DC, and Research Triangle Park, NC, United States.
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Kretschmer T, Vrijen C, Nolte IM, Wertz J, Hartman CA. Gene-environment interplay in externalizing behavior from childhood through adulthood. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 2022; 63:1206-1213. [PMID: 35766296 PMCID: PMC9796590 DOI: 10.1111/jcpp.13652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/03/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Genetic and environmental influences on externalizing problems are often studied separately. Here, we extended prior work by investigating the implications of gene-environment interplay in childhood for early adult externalizing behavior. Genetic nurture would be indicated if parents' genetic predisposition for externalizing behavior operates through the family environment in predicting offspring early adult externalizing behavior. Evocative gene-environment correlation would be indicated if offspring genetic predisposition for externalizing behavior operates through child externalizing behavior in affecting the family environment and later early adult externalizing behavior. METHOD Longitudinal data from seven waves of the TRacking Adolescents' Individual Lives Survey, a prospective cohort study of Dutch adolescents followed from age 11 to age 29 (n at baseline = 2,734) were used. Child externalizing behavior was assessed using self and parent reports. Family dysfunction was assessed by parents. Early adult externalizing behavior was assessed using self-reports. Genome-wide polygenic scores for externalizing problems were constructed for mothers, fathers, and offspring. RESULTS Offspring polygenic score and child behavior each predicted early adult externalizing problems, as did family dysfunction to a small extent. Parents' polygenic scores were not associated with offspring's early adult externalizing behavior. Indirect effect tests indicated that offspring polygenic score was associated with greater family dysfunction via child externalizing behavior (evocative gene-environment correlation) but the effect was just significant and the effect size was very small. Parents' polygenic scores did not predict family dysfunction, thus the data do not provide support for genetic nurture. CONCLUSIONS A very small evocative gene-environment correlation was detected but effect sizes were much more pronounced for stability in externalizing behavior from childhood through early adulthood, which highlights the necessity to intervene early to prevent later problems.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ilja Maria Nolte
- Department of EpidemiologyUniversity of Groningen, University Medical Centre GroningenGroningenThe Netherlands
| | - Jasmin Wertz
- School of Philosophy, Psychology and Language SciencesUniversity of EdinburghEdinburghUK
| | - Catharina Annette Hartman
- Interdisciplinary Center Psychopathology and Emotion Regulation (ICPE)University of Groningen, University Medical Center GroningenGroningenThe Netherlands
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Weijer SVD. No causal relationship between early motherhood and offspring adolescent offending: Empirical evidence from a genetically-informed study. Psychiatry Res 2022; 316:114788. [PMID: 35987065 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2022.114788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Revised: 07/28/2022] [Accepted: 08/12/2022] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies have consistently shown that young maternal age at birth is associated with an increased risk for problematic behavior in offspring. Less is known about the mechanisms underlying this association, as it could either reflect a causal effect or a spurious relationship. This study aims to gain more insights in these underlying mechanisms by studying the relationship between early motherhood and offspring adolescent offending. The sample includes all individuals who were born in the Netherlands between 1991 and 2001 (N=2,098,815). All variables were extracted from register data of Statistics Netherlands, including police registrations to measure adolescent offending. Logistic regression analyses were used to examine the relationship between maternal age at birth and offspring adolescent offending, with and without control variables. Moreover, a children of discordant siblings model was applied to further control for unmeasured familial confounders (i.e., shared environmental and genetic confounders). In line with previous studies, the results show a significant negative relationship between early motherhood and offspring offending. However, no significant effect was found in the children of discordant siblings analysis, which suggests that this relationship is confounded by unmeasured familial factors. These results illustrate the importance of applying genetically informed research designs when studying intergenerational relationships.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steve van de Weijer
- Netherlands Institute for the Study of Crime and Law Enforcement (NSCR), PO BOX 71304, 1008 BH, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
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Kendler KS, Abrahamsson L, Ohlsson H, Sundquist J, Sundquist K. An Extended Swedish Adoption Study of Anxiety Disorder and Its Cross-Generational Familial Relationship With Major Depression. Am J Psychiatry 2022; 179:640-649. [PMID: 36048482 DOI: 10.1176/appi.ajp.21111110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To clarify, using an extended adoption design, the sources of parent-offspring transmission for anxiety disorder (AD) and its major subforms and their familial cross-generational relationship with major depression (MD). METHODS Offspring (born 1960-1992) and their parents, from six family types (intact, not-lived-with biological father or mother, lived-with step-father or step-mother, and adoptive), were ascertained from Swedish national samples. Diagnoses were obtained from national medical registers. We assessed three sources of parent-child resemblance: genes plus rearing, genes only, and rearing only. To test comorbidity effects, single diagnoses were assigned in comorbid cases based on frequency and recency. RESULTS For AD to AD parent-child transmission, best-estimate tetrachoric correlations for the three types of parent-offspring relationships genes plus rearing, genes only, and rearing only-equaled +0.16 (95% CI=0.16, 0.16), +0.12 (95% CI=0.10, 0.13), and +0.06 (95% CI=0.04, 0.07), respectively, with broadly similar results for MD to MD transmission. Cross-disorder cross-generation correlations were modestly lower, with genetic and rearing correlations for AD and MD estimated at +0.83 (95% CI=0.76, 0.90) and +0.83 (95% CI=0.69, 0.96), respectively. Analyses for panic disorder and generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) produced comparable findings, with the genetic correlation with MD modestly higher for generalized anxiety disorder than panic disorder. Applying a diagnostic hierarchy to comorbid cases resulted in a decline in cross-disorder cross-generation transmission with the estimated genetic correlation equaling +0.46 (95% CI=0.30, 0.62). CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE For AD and its major subforms, cross-generational transmission includes both genetic and rearing effects. In traditional analyses, AD and MD demonstrate highly correlated genetic and rearing effects. The genetic correlation weakened when applying a diagnostic hierarchy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth S Kendler
- Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics and Department of Psychiatry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, (Kendler); Center for Primary Health Care Research, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden (Abrahamsson, Ohlsson, J. Sundquist, K. Sundquist); Department of Family Medicine and Community Health, Department of Population Health Science and Policy, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York (J. Sundquist, K. Sundquist)
| | - Linda Abrahamsson
- Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics and Department of Psychiatry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, (Kendler); Center for Primary Health Care Research, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden (Abrahamsson, Ohlsson, J. Sundquist, K. Sundquist); Department of Family Medicine and Community Health, Department of Population Health Science and Policy, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York (J. Sundquist, K. Sundquist)
| | - Henrik Ohlsson
- Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics and Department of Psychiatry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, (Kendler); Center for Primary Health Care Research, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden (Abrahamsson, Ohlsson, J. Sundquist, K. Sundquist); Department of Family Medicine and Community Health, Department of Population Health Science and Policy, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York (J. Sundquist, K. Sundquist)
| | - Jan Sundquist
- Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics and Department of Psychiatry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, (Kendler); Center for Primary Health Care Research, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden (Abrahamsson, Ohlsson, J. Sundquist, K. Sundquist); Department of Family Medicine and Community Health, Department of Population Health Science and Policy, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York (J. Sundquist, K. Sundquist)
| | - Kristina Sundquist
- Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics and Department of Psychiatry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, (Kendler); Center for Primary Health Care Research, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden (Abrahamsson, Ohlsson, J. Sundquist, K. Sundquist); Department of Family Medicine and Community Health, Department of Population Health Science and Policy, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York (J. Sundquist, K. Sundquist)
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Early Childhood Predictors of Teen Dating Violence Involvement at Age 17. J Youth Adolesc 2022; 51:2219-2234. [PMID: 35932439 PMCID: PMC9508003 DOI: 10.1007/s10964-022-01664-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 07/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The distal relationship between risk factors in childhood and subsequent dating violence in late adolescence has not often been explored using longitudinal data. This study aims to shed light on the problem of dating violence by examining children’s backgrounds at age 7 and the link to the future involvement in dating violence at age 17 using the first and seventh waves of the Zurich Project on the Social Development from Childhood to Adulthood (z-proso, n = 644). The sample consists of 644 multiethnic adolescents (57.14% female, M = 17.47, SD = 0.37), mainly Swiss-born (90%), though more than half of their parents (60%) were born in another country. A latent class analysis was applied to identify three different profiles (a) zero (or minimal) involvement in teen dating violence, (b) perpetrators/victims of controlling behaviors, and (c) perpetrators/victims of controlling behaviors and of physical violence. Participants who were corporally punished and/or victims of bullying at age 7 were significantly more likely to belong to the controlling and physical violence profile than children in the non-violent class. These results suggest a certain chronicity of the effects of violent experiences in early childhood on the patterns of romantic relationships at 17 years old.
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Adams CD, Tielbeek JJ, Boutwell BB. Shared genomic architectures of COVID-19 and antisocial behavior. Transl Psychiatry 2022; 12:193. [PMID: 35538069 PMCID: PMC9086665 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-022-01948-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2021] [Revised: 04/16/2022] [Accepted: 04/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Little is known about the genetics of norm violation and aggression in relation to coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). To investigate this, we used summary statistics from genome-wide association studies and linkage disequilibrium score regression to calculate a matrix of genetic correlations (rgs) for antisocial behavior (ASB), COVID-19, and various health and behavioral traits. After false-discovery rate correction, ASB was genetically correlated with COVID-19 (rg = 0.51; P = 1.54E-02) and 19 other traits. ASB and COVID-19 were both positively genetically correlated with having a noisy workplace, doing heavy manual labor, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and genitourinary diseases. ASB and COVID-19 were both inversely genetically correlated with average income, education years, healthspan, verbal reasoning, lifespan, cheese intake, and being breastfed as a baby. But keep in mind that rgs are not necessarily causal. And, if causal, their prevailing directions of effect (which causes which) are indiscernible from rgs alone. Moreover, the SNP-heritability ([Formula: see text]) estimates for two measures of COVID-19 were very small, restricting the overlap of genetic variance in absolute terms between ASB and COVID-19. Nonetheless, our findings suggest that those with antisocial tendencies possibly have a higher risk of exposure to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) than those without antisocial tendencies. This may have been especially true early in the pandemic before vaccines against SARS-CoV-2 were available and before the emergence of the highly transmissible Omicron variant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charleen D Adams
- Department of Environmental Health, Program in Molecular and Integrative Physiological Sciences, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Jorim J Tielbeek
- Department of Complex Trait Genetics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Brian B Boutwell
- School of Applied Sciences, The University of Mississippi, University, MO, USA
- John D. Bower School of Population Health, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MI, USA
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Burt SA. The Genetic, Environmental, and Cultural Forces Influencing Youth Antisocial Behavior Are Tightly Intertwined. Annu Rev Clin Psychol 2022; 18:155-178. [PMID: 35534120 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-072220-015507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The aggressive and rule-breaking behaviors that constitute youth antisocial behavior (ASB) are shaped by intertwined genetic, developmental, familial, spatial, temporal, cultural, interpersonal, and contextual influences operating across multiple levels of analysis. Genetic influences on ASB, for example, manifest in different ways during different developmental periods, and do so in part as a function of exposure to harsh parenting, delinquent peers, and disadvantaged neighborhoods. There is also clear evidence documenting societal effects, time-period effects, sex-assigned-at-birth effects, and cohort effects, all of which point to prominent (and possibly interconnected) cultural influences on ASB. In short, ASB is shaped by individuals' current and prior environmental experiences, genetic risks, and the time and place in which they live. This review seeks to illuminate already documented instances of interplay among the multilevel etiologic forces impinging on youth ASB, with the goal of facilitating additional research.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Alexandra Burt
- Department of Psychology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA;
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Associations between Omega-3 Index, Dopaminergic Genetic Variants and Aggressive and Metacognitive Traits: A Study in Adult Male Prisoners. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14071379. [PMID: 35405990 PMCID: PMC9002862 DOI: 10.3390/nu14071379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Revised: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Omega-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 LCPUFA) are critical for cell membrane structure and function. Human beings have a limited ability to synthesise docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), the main n-3 LCPUFA required for neurological development. Inadequate levels of n-3 LCPUFA can affect the dopaminergic system in the brain and, when combined with genetic and other factors, increase the risk of developing aggression, inattention and impulse-control disorders. In this study, male prisoners were administered questionnaires assessing aggressive behaviour and executive functions. Participants also produced blood sampling for the measurement of the Omega-3 Index and the genotyping of dopaminergic genetic variants. Significant associations were found between functional genetic polymorphism in DBH rs1611115 and verbal aggression and between DRD2 rs4274224 and executive functions. However, the Omega-3 Index was not significantly associated with the tested dopaminergic polymorphisms. Although previous interactions between specific genotypes and n-3 LCPUFA were previously reported, they remain limited and poorly understood. We did not find any association between n-3 LCPUFA and dopaminergic polymorphisms in adult male prisoners; however, we confirmed the importance of genetic predisposition for dopaminergic genes (DBH and DRD2) in aggressive behaviour, memory dysfunction and attention-deficit disorder.
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Systematic identification of candidate genes associated with aggressive behavior: A neurogenetic approach. GENE REPORTS 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.genrep.2022.101493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Polygenic risk for aggressive behavior from late childhood through early adulthood. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2021; 32:651-660. [PMID: 34741676 DOI: 10.1007/s00787-021-01906-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2021] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Twin studies suggest a substantial role for genes in explaining individual differences in aggressive behavior across development. It is unclear, however, how directly measured genetic risk is associated with aggressive behavior at different moments across adolescence and how genes might distinguish developmental trajectories of aggressive behavior. Here, a polygenic risk score derived from the EAGLE-Consortium genome-wide association study of aggressive behavior in children was tested as predictor of latent growth classes derived from those measures in an adolescent population (n = 2229, of which n = 1246 with genetic information) and a high-risk sample (n = 543, of which n = 335 with genetic information). In the population sample, the polygenic risk score explained variation in parent-reported aggressive behavior at all ages and distinguished between stable low aggressive behavior and moderate and high-decreasing trajectories based on parent-report. In contrast, the polygenic risk score was not associated with self- and teacher-reported aggressive behavior, and no associations were found in the high-risk sample. This pattern of results suggests that methodological choices made in genome-wide association studies impact the predictive strength of polygenic risk scores, not just with respect to power but likely also in terms of generalizability and specificity.
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Kendler KS, Ohlsson H, Sundquist J, Sundquist K. The rearing environment and the risk for alcohol use disorder: a Swedish national high-risk home-reared v. adopted co-sibling control study. Psychol Med 2021; 51:2370-2377. [PMID: 32317035 PMCID: PMC7870033 DOI: 10.1017/s0033291720000963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although alcohol use disorder (AUD) runs strongly within families, studies examining the impact of rearing environment, unconfounded by genetic effects, are rare and, to date, contradictory. We here seek to conduct such a study using an adoptive co-sib control design. METHODS Defining high-risk as having ⩾1 biological parent with an externalizing syndrome (AUD, drug abuse or crime), we identified 1316 high-risk full-sibships and 4623 high-risk half-sibships containing at least one member who was home-reared and one who was adopted-away. Adoptive families are carefully screened in Sweden to provide high-quality rearing environment for adoptees. AUD was assessed from national medical, criminal and pharmacy registries. RESULTS Controlling for sex, parental age at birth, and, for half-siblings, affection status of the non-shared parent, hazard ratios (±95% CI) for AUD in the matched adopted v. home-reared full- and half-siblings were, respectively, 0.76 (0.65-0.89) and 0.77 (0.70-0.84). The protective effect of adoption on AUD risk was stronger in the full- and half-sibling pairs with very high familial liability (two high-risk parents) and significantly weaker when the adoptive family was broken by death or divorce or contained a high-risk adoptive parent. CONCLUSIONS In both full- and half-sibling pairs, we found evidence that the rearing environment substantially impacts on the risk for AUD. High-quality rearing environments can meaningfully reduce the risk for AUD, especially in those at high familial risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth S. Kendler
- Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics,
Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Virginia Commonwealth University,
Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Henrik Ohlsson
- Center for Primary Health Care Research, Lund University,
Malmö, Sweden
| | - Jan Sundquist
- Center for Primary Health Care Research, Lund University,
Malmö, Sweden
- Department of Family Medicine and Community Health,
Department of Population Health Science and Policy, Icahn School of Medicine at
Mount Sinai, New York, USA
| | - Kristina Sundquist
- Center for Primary Health Care Research, Lund University,
Malmö, Sweden
- Department of Family Medicine and Community Health,
Department of Population Health Science and Policy, Icahn School of Medicine at
Mount Sinai, New York, USA
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37
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Beckwith TJ, Dietrich KN, Wright JP, Altaye M, Cecil KM. Criminal arrests associated with reduced regional brain volumes in an adult population with documented childhood lead exposure. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2021; 201:111559. [PMID: 34181918 PMCID: PMC8478799 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2021.111559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2021] [Revised: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Childhood lead exposure interferes with brain maturation, which adversely impacts cognitive and behavioral development. Lower intelligence scores, impairments in decision making, and increased rates of delinquent and criminal behavior are adverse outcomes linked to childhood lead absorption. The present study examined the relationships between childhood blood lead concentrations, structural brain volume, and measures of adult criminality. We hypothesized that increased rates of criminal arrests in adulthood would be inversely correlated with regional gray and white matter volumes, especially prefrontal areas responsible for decision making and self-control. We obtained childhood blood lead histories and anatomical magnetic resonance imaging from a subset of the longitudinally followed birth cohort known as the Cincinnati Lead Study. Criminality data for cohort participants were extracted from public databases. Voxel based morphometry was used to examine spatial differences in regional gray and white matter volumes associated with childhood blood lead concentrations and measures of adult criminality, respectively. Conjunction analyses allowed for the exploratory evaluation of common regions of volume change. Childhood blood lead concentrations were inversely associated with gray and white matter volume in the frontal, parietal and temporal lobes. Gray matter volumes were also inversely associated with criminal arrests with key regions within the cingulate, precuneus, several frontal gyri and the supplementary motor area. Conjunction analyses identified regions in the anterior cingulate, frontal gray matter and supplementary motor area associated with childhood lead absorption and criminality. The results from this study suggest that reduced brain volumes in regions responsible for cognition and emotional regulation are associated with childhood lead exposure and criminal arrests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Travis J Beckwith
- Molecular Epidemiology in Children's Environmental Health Training Program, Department of Environmental and Public Health Sciences, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA; Imaging Research Center, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Kim N Dietrich
- Department of Environmental and Public Health Sciences, Division of Epidemiology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - John P Wright
- School of Criminal Justice, University of Cincinnati College of Education, Criminal Justice and Human Services, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Mekibib Altaye
- Division of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Kim M Cecil
- Imaging Research Center, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA; Department of Environmental and Public Health Sciences, Division of Epidemiology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA; Department of Radiology, Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA.
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Schorr MT, Quadors Dos Santos BTM, Feiten JG, Sordi AO, Pessi C, Von Diemen L, Passos IC, Telles LEDB, Hauck S. Association between childhood trauma, parental bonding and antisocial personality disorder in adulthood: A machine learning approach. Psychiatry Res 2021; 304:114082. [PMID: 34303948 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2021.114082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Revised: 06/08/2021] [Accepted: 06/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Childhood trauma (CT) and parental bonding (PB) have been correlated with later antisocial personality disorder (ASPD). Aiming to better understand this complex interaction we analyzed the data from a cross-sectional study that evaluated 346 male inpatient cocaine users, using both traditional statistical analysis and machine learning (ML) approaches. Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ), Parental Bonding Instrument (PBI), and Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview (MINI) were applied. We found a markedly higher prevalence of mental illness in the ASPD group. The ML method and the traditional analysis showed that emotional and physical abuse were the factors with the strongest relationship with ASPD. Also, there were discrepancies between the findings of both methods regarding physical neglect and paternal care. Although this study does not allow definitive answers in this matter, we do propose that these two methods can aid in better comprehending how multiple variables interact with each other in the development of psychological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuela Teixeira Schorr
- Department of Psychiatry and Legal Medicine, School of Medicine, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Department of Psychiatry(,) Graduate Program in Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Research Laboratory in Psychodynamic Psychiatry, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre (HCPA), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
| | - Barbara Tietbohl Martins Quadors Dos Santos
- Department of Psychiatry and Legal Medicine, School of Medicine, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Department of Psychiatry(,) Graduate Program in Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Research Laboratory in Psychodynamic Psychiatry, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre (HCPA), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Jacson Gabriel Feiten
- Laboratory of Molecular Psychiatry, Centro de Pesquisa Experimental (CPE) and Centro de Pesquisa Clínica (CPC), Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre (HCPA), Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia Translacional em Medicina (INCT-TM), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Anne Orgler Sordi
- Center for Drug and Alcohol Research (CPAD), Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre (HCPA), Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Cristina Pessi
- Research Laboratory in Psychodynamic Psychiatry, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre (HCPA), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Lisia Von Diemen
- Department of Psychiatry and Legal Medicine, School of Medicine, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Center for Drug and Alcohol Research (CPAD), Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre (HCPA), Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Ives Cavalcante Passos
- Laboratory of Molecular Psychiatry, Centro de Pesquisa Experimental (CPE) and Centro de Pesquisa Clínica (CPC), Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre (HCPA), Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia Translacional em Medicina (INCT-TM), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Lisieux Elaine de Borba Telles
- Department of Psychiatry and Legal Medicine, School of Medicine, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Forensic Psychiatric Institute 'Doutor Maurício Cardoso', Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Simone Hauck
- Department of Psychiatry and Legal Medicine, School of Medicine, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Department of Psychiatry(,) Graduate Program in Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Research Laboratory in Psychodynamic Psychiatry, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre (HCPA), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
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van Goozen SHM, Langley K, Hobson CW. Childhood Antisocial Behavior: A Neurodevelopmental Problem. Annu Rev Psychol 2021; 73:353-377. [PMID: 34587779 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-psych-052621-045243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Early-onset disruptive, aggressive, and antisocial behavior is persistent, can become increasingly serious as children grow older, and is difficult to change. In 2007, our group proposed a theoretical model highlighting the interplay between neurobiological deficits and cognitive and emotional functioning as mediators of the link between genetic influences and early social adversity, on the one hand, and antisocial behavioral problems in childhood, on the other. In this article, we review the post-2007 evidence relevant to this model. We discuss research on genetics/epigenetics, stress/arousal regulation, and emotion and executive functioning in support of the argument that antisocial children, especially those who persist in engaging in antisocial behavior as they grow older, have a range of neuropsychological characteristics that are important in explaining individual differences in the severity and persistence of antisocial behavior. Current clinical practice tends not to acknowledge these individual neuropsychological risks factors or to target them for intervention. We argue that aggressive and disruptive behavior in childhood should be regarded as a neurodevelopmental problem and that intervening at the level of mediating neuropsychological processes represents a promising way forward in tackling these serious behavioral problems. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Psychology, Volume 73 is January 2022. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie H M van Goozen
- School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF10 3AT, United Kingdom; .,Department of Clinical Neurodevelopmental Studies, Leiden University, 2333 AK Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Kate Langley
- School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF10 3AT, United Kingdom;
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Womack SR, Clifford S, Wilson MN, Shaw DS, Lemery-Chalfant K. Genetic Moderation of the Association Between Early Family Instability and Trajectories of Aggressive Behaviors from Middle Childhood to Adolescence. Behav Genet 2021; 51:476-491. [PMID: 34085180 DOI: 10.1007/s10519-021-10069-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The present study tested models of polygenic by environment interaction between early childhood family instability and polygenic risk for aggression predicting developmental trajectories of aggression from middle childhood to adolescence. With a longitudinal sample of 515 racially and ethnically diverse children from low-income families, primary caregivers reported on multiple components of family instability annually from child ages 2-5 years. A conservative polygenic risk score (p = 0.05) was generated based on a prior meta-genome wide association study. Trajectories of aggression were identified using a curve of factors model based on a composite of primary caregiver, alternate caregiver, and teacher reports at five ages from 7.5 to 14 years. The family instability by polygenic interaction predicted growth in children's aggression such that children with lower levels of family instability and lower polygenic risk exhibited a steeper decline in aggression from 7.5 to 14. Findings support the need to model gene-environment interplay to elucidate the role of genetics in the development of aggressive behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean R Womack
- Department of Psychology, University of Virginia, Millmont Building 316, 1023 Millmont Street, Charlottesville, VA, 22904, USA.
| | - Sierra Clifford
- Department of Psychology, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Melvin N Wilson
- Department of Psychology, University of Virginia, Millmont Building 316, 1023 Millmont Street, Charlottesville, VA, 22904, USA
| | - Daniel S Shaw
- Department of Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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41
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Enquiring into the qualitative nature of anger: Challenges and strengths of the introspective method. CURRENT PSYCHOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s12144-019-00221-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Hay DF, Paine AL, Perra O, Cook KV, Hashmi S, Robinson C, Kairis V, Slade R. Prosocial and Aggressive Behavior: A Longitudinal Study. Monogr Soc Res Child Dev 2021; 86:7-103. [PMID: 33973244 PMCID: PMC9943493 DOI: 10.1111/mono.12427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Developmental theorists have made strong claims about the fundamental prosocial or aggressive nature of the human infant. However, only rarely have prosocial behavior and aggression been studied together in the same sample. We charted the parallel development of both behaviors from infancy to childhood in a British community sample, using a two-construct, multimethod longitudinal design. Data were drawn from the Cardiff Child Development Study (CCDS), a prospective longitudinal study of a volunteer sample of parents and their firstborn children. A sample of 332 mothers was recruited from National Health Service (NHS) prenatal clinics and general practice clinics in Wales, UK, between Fall of 2005 and Summer of 2007. Potential participants represented the full range of sociodemographic classifications of neighborhoods. Participating families were divided about equally between middle- and working-class families, were somewhat more likely to have sons than daughters, and the majority (90%) were in a stable partnership. In response to standard categories recommended for use in Wales at the time, the majority (93%) of mothers reported themselves as Welsh, Scottish, English, or Irish; most others named a European or South Asian nationality. Of the 332 families agreeing to participate, 321 mothers (Mage = 28 years) and 285 partners (Mage = 31 years) were interviewed during the pregnancy and 321 of the families contributed data at least once after the child's birth. After an initial home visit at 6 months, data collection occurred in four additional waves of testing when children's mean ages were approximately 1, 1.5, 2.5, and 7 years. Data collection alternated between family homes and Cardiff University. Of those families seen after the child's birth, 89% were assessed at the final wave of testing. Data collection ended in 2015. Methods included direct observation, experimental tasks, and collection of reports from mothers, fathers, other relatives or family friends, and classroom teachers. Interactions with a familiar peer were observed at 1.5 years. Interactions with unfamiliar peers took place during experimental birthday parties at 1 and 2.5 years. At 7 years, parents were interviewed, parents and teachers completed questionnaires, and the children engaged in cognitive and social decision-making tasks. Based on reports from parents and other informants who knew the children well, individual differences in both prosocial behavior and aggression were evident in children. Both types of behavior showed stability across the second and third years. The association between prosocial behavior and aggression changed over time: at 1.5 years, they were not significantly related (the association approached zero), but they became negatively correlated by 3 years. Different patterns were seen when children played with familiar versus unfamiliar peers. At 1.5 years, when children were observed at home with a familiar peer, prosocial behavior and aggression were unrelated, thus showing a pattern of results like that seen in the analysis of informants' reports. However, a different pattern emerged during the experimental birthday parties with unfamiliar peers: prosocial behavior and aggression were positively correlated at both 1 and 2.5 years, contributing to a general sociability factor at both ages. Gender differences in prosocial behavior were evident in informants' reports and were also evident at the 1-year (though not the 2.5-year) birthday parties. In contrast, gender differences in both prosocial behavior and aggression were evident by 7 years, both in children's aggressive decision-making and in their parents' and teachers' reports of children's aggressive behavior at home and school. By age 7, children's aggressive decision-making and behavior were inversely associated with their verbal skills, working memory, and emotional understanding. Some children had developed aggressive behavioral problems and callous-unemotional traits. A few (12%) met diagnostic criteria for conduct disorder or oppositional-defiant disorders, which had been predicted by early angry aggressiveness and lack of empathy for other people. Taken together, the findings revealed a gradual disaggregation of two ways in which children interact with other people. Individual differences in both prosocial behavior and aggression revealed continuity over time, with gender differences emerging first in prosocial behavior, then in aggression. Restrictions in the participant sample and the catchment area (e.g., all were first-time parents; all were drawn from a single region in the United Kingdom) mean that it is not possible to generalize findings broadly. It will be important to expand the study of prosocial behavior and aggression in other family and environmental contexts in future work. Learning more about early appearing individual differences in children's approaches to the social world may be useful for both educational and clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Oliver Perra
- School of Nursing and Midwifery, Centre for Evidence and Social InnovationQueen's University Belfast
| | | | - Salim Hashmi
- Department of Psychology, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and NeuroscienceKing's College London
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Krueger RF, Hobbs KA, Conway CC, Dick DM, Dretsch MN, Eaton NR, Forbes MK, Forbush KT, Keyes KM, Latzman RD, Michelini G, Patrick CJ, Sellbom M, Slade T, South S, Sunderland M, Tackett J, Waldman I, Waszczuk MA, Wright AG, Zald DH, Watson D, Kotov R. Validity and utility of Hierarchical Taxonomy of Psychopathology (HiTOP): II. Externalizing superspectrum. World Psychiatry 2021; 20:171-193. [PMID: 34002506 PMCID: PMC8129870 DOI: 10.1002/wps.20844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The Hierarchical Taxonomy of Psychopathology (HiTOP) is an empirical effort to address limitations of traditional mental disorder diagnoses. These include arbitrary boundaries between disorder and normality, disorder co-occurrence in the modal case, heterogeneity of presentation within dis-orders, and instability of diagnosis within patients. This paper reviews the evidence on the validity and utility of the disinhibited externalizing and antagonistic externalizing spectra of HiTOP, which together constitute a broad externalizing superspectrum. These spectra are composed of elements subsumed within a variety of mental disorders described in recent DSM nosologies, including most notably substance use disorders and "Cluster B" personality disorders. The externalizing superspectrum ranges from normative levels of impulse control and self-assertion, to maladaptive disinhibition and antagonism, to extensive polysubstance involvement and personality psychopathology. A rich literature supports the validity of the externalizing superspectrum, and the disinhibited and antagonistic spectra. This evidence encompasses common genetic influences, environmental risk factors, childhood antecedents, cognitive abnormalities, neural alterations, and treatment response. The structure of these validators mirrors the structure of the phenotypic externalizing superspectrum, with some correlates more specific to disinhibited or antagonistic spectra, and others relevant to the entire externalizing superspectrum, underlining the hierarchical structure of the domain. Compared with traditional diagnostic categories, the externalizing superspectrum conceptualization shows improved utility, reliability, explanatory capacity, and clinical applicability. The externalizing superspectrum is one aspect of the general approach to psychopathology offered by HiTOP and can make diagnostic classification more useful in both research and the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kelsey A. Hobbs
- Department of PsychologyUniversity of MinnesotaMinneapolisMNUSA
| | | | - Danielle M. Dick
- Department of PsychologyVirginia Commonwealth UniversityRichmondVAUSA
| | - Michael N. Dretsch
- US Army Medical Research Directorate ‐ WestWalter Reed Army Institute of Research, Joint Base Lewis‐McChordWAUSA
| | | | - Miriam K. Forbes
- Centre for Emotional Health, Department of PsychologyMacquarie UniversitySydneyNSWAustralia
| | | | | | | | - Giorgia Michelini
- Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human BehaviorUniversity of California Los AngelesLos AngelesCAUSA
| | | | - Martin Sellbom
- Department of PsychologyUniversity of OtagoDunedinNew Zealand
| | - Tim Slade
- Matilda Centre for Research in Mental Health and Substance UseUniversity of SydneySydneyNSWAustralia
| | - Susan C. South
- Department of Psychological SciencesPurdue UniversityWest LafayetteINUSA
| | - Matthew Sunderland
- Matilda Centre for Research in Mental Health and Substance UseUniversity of SydneySydneyNSWAustralia
| | | | - Irwin Waldman
- Department of PsychologyEmory UniversityAtlantaGAUSA
| | | | | | - David H. Zald
- Department of PsychologyVanderbilt UniversityNashvilleTNUSA
| | - David Watson
- Department of PsychologyUniversity of Notre DameNotre DameINUSA
| | - Roman Kotov
- Department of PsychiatryStony Brook UniversityStony BrookNYUSA
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Wright EM, Schwartz JA. The influence of adverse childhood experiences on internalizing and externalizing problems in early adulthood: Evidence of a gene × environment × sex interaction. CHILD ABUSE & NEGLECT 2021; 114:104962. [PMID: 33548690 DOI: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2021.104962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2020] [Revised: 01/07/2021] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) have negative effects on subsequent wellbeing, questions remain regarding how and why they do so. Sex, environmental effects, and genetic influences may play a role in both one's exposure to ACEs as well as one's reactions to ACEs. OBJECTIVE To understand the combined genetic and environmental influences on males' and females' exposure and reactions to ACEs, and to determine whether sex differences in offending and depressive symptoms were partially impacted by genetic influences. METHODS We employed a sample of monozygotic twins (n = 217 pairs), same-sex dizygotic twins (n = 185 pairs), and same-sex full siblings (n = 446 pairs) from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health (N = 848 pairs) and estimated a series of multivariable biometric models. Participants were aged between 12 and 21 during Wave I, between 13 and 22 at Wave II, between 18 and 26 at Wave III, and 24 and 32 at Wave IV. RESULTS First, there appears to be a stronger genetic influence on ACEs exposure among males than females. Second, genetic influences were stronger on offending among males and depression among females. Third, ACEs moderate the genetic influences on offending and depressive symptomology among males and females: among males, genetic influences on offending decreased as exposure to ACEs increased, while among females, genetic influences on depressive symptoms decreased as exposure to ACEs increased. CONCLUSIONS Systematic sex differences in the exposure and reactions to ACEs are at least partially due to genetic differences. Exposure to ACEs is partially influenced by genetics among males, but not females, and the more male and females' experience ACEs, the less influence genes have on their offending and depressive symptomology, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily M Wright
- School of Criminology and Criminal Justice, Nebraska Center for Justice Research, University of Nebraska Omaha, 6001 Dodge Street, 218 CPACS, Omaha, NE, 68182-0149, USA.
| | - Joseph A Schwartz
- College of Criminology and Criminal Justice, Florida State University, 145 Convocation Way, 315 Eppes Hall, Tallahassee, FL, 32306-1273, USA; Center for Social and Humanities Research, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.
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Zarghi M, Bolghan-Abadi M. The Altruism Trait: The Role of Religiousness. JOURNAL OF RELIGION AND HEALTH 2021; 60:684-691. [PMID: 31463829 DOI: 10.1007/s10943-019-00900-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the role of religiousness in predicting the altruism in students at Islamic Azad University of Neyshabur. The statistical population of this study included all students who studying at Islamic Azad University of Neyshabur in 2016-2017 academic years. Among them, 150 subjects were selected based on stratified sampling method upon humanities, science, engineering, physical education and medical fields. To collect the data, participants were administered Glock and Stark's religiousness scale (Religion and society in tension, Chicago, Rand McNally, Skokie, 1965) and Rushton, Chrisjohn and Fekken's altruism scale. The results indicated that the religiousness could predict the altruism. Regarding the findings of this study, religiosity is good predictor for altruistic behaviors in young adults. The results show that considering moral and spiritual issues can have a positive effect on altruism as a trait.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masoumeh Zarghi
- Department of Psychology, Neyshabur Branch, Islamic Azad University, Neyshabur, Iran
| | - Mustafa Bolghan-Abadi
- Young Researcher and Elite Club, Neyshabur Branch, Islamic Azad University, Neyshabur, Iran.
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46
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The neurobiology of human aggressive behavior: Neuroimaging, genetic, and neurochemical aspects. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2021; 106:110059. [PMID: 32822763 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2020.110059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2019] [Revised: 06/12/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
In modern societies, there is a strive to improve the quality of life related to risk of crimes which inevitably requires a better understanding of brain determinants and mediators of aggression. Neurobiology provides powerful tools to achieve this end. Pre-clinical and clinical studies show that changes in regional volumes, metabolism-function and connectivity within specific neural networks are related to aggression. Subregions of prefrontal cortex, insula, amygdala, basal ganglia and hippocampus play a major role within these circuits and have been consistently implicated in biology of aggression. Genetic variations in proteins regulating the synthesis, degradation, and transport of serotonin and dopamine as well as their signal transduction have been found to mediate behavioral variability observed in aggression. Gene-gene and gene-environment interactions represent additional important risk factors for aggressiveness. Considering the social burden of pathological forms of aggression, more basic and translational studies should be conducted to accelerate applications to clinical practice, justice courts, and policy making.
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47
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Qadeer MI, Amar A, Huang YY, Min E, Galfalvy H, Hasnain S, Mann JJ. Association of serotonin system-related genes with homicidal behavior and criminal aggression in a prison population of Pakistani Origin. Sci Rep 2021; 11:1670. [PMID: 33462318 PMCID: PMC7813852 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-81198-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2020] [Accepted: 11/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The serotonin transporter (SLC6A4), 5-HT2A (HTR2A) and 5-HT2B (HTR2B) recepter genes, express proteins that are important regulators of serotonin reuptake and signaling, and thereby may contribute to the pathogenesis of aggressive criminal behavior. 370 sentenced murderers in Pakistani prisons and 359 men without any history of violence or criminal delinquency were genotyped for six candidate polymorphisms in SLC6A4, HTR2A and HTR2B genes. An association of higher expressing L/L and LA/LA variants of the 5-HTTLPR polymorphism was observed with homicidal behavior (bi-allelic: OR = 1.29, p = 0.016, tri-allelic: OR = 1.32, p = 0.015) and in the murderer group only with response to verbal abuse (OR = 2.11, p = 0.015), but not with other measures of self-reported aggression. L/L and LA/LA genotypes of the 5-HTTLPR polymorphism were associated with higher aggression scores on STAX1 scale of aggression compared to lower expressing genotypes (S/S, S/LG, LG/LG) in prison inmates. No associations were apparent for other serotonergic gene polymorphisms analyzed. Using the Braineac and GTEx databases, we demonstrated significant eQTL based functional effects for rs25531 in HTTLPR and other serotonergic polymorphisms analyzed in different brain regions and peripheral tissues. In conclusion, these findings implicate SLC6A4* HTTLPR as a major genetic determinant associated with criminal aggression. Future studies are needed to replicate this finding and establish the biologic intermediate phenotypes mediating this relationship.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Imran Qadeer
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of the Punjab, Khyaban-e-Jamia Punjab, Lahore, 54600, Pakistan. .,Division of Molecular Imaging and Neuropathology, Department of Psychiatry, New York State Psychiatric Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Ali Amar
- Department of Human Genetics and Molecular Biology, University of Health Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Yung-Yu Huang
- Division of Molecular Imaging and Neuropathology, Department of Psychiatry, New York State Psychiatric Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Eli Min
- Division of Molecular Imaging and Neuropathology, Department of Psychiatry, New York State Psychiatric Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Hanga Galfalvy
- Mental Health Data Science Division, Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Shahida Hasnain
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of the Punjab, Khyaban-e-Jamia Punjab, Lahore, 54600, Pakistan
| | - J John Mann
- Division of Molecular Imaging and Neuropathology, Department of Psychiatry, New York State Psychiatric Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
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Andrews JL, Ahmed SP, Blakemore SJ. Navigating the Social Environment in Adolescence: The Role of Social Brain Development. Biol Psychiatry 2021; 89:109-118. [PMID: 33190844 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2020.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2020] [Revised: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Successful navigation of the social environment is dependent on a number of social cognitive processes, including mentalizing and resistance to peer influence. These processes continue to develop during adolescence, a time of significant social change, and are underpinned by regions of the social brain that continue to mature structurally and functionally into adulthood. In this review, we describe how mentalizing, peer influence, and emotion regulation capacities develop to aid the navigation of the social environment during adolescence. Heightened susceptibility to peer influence and hypersensitivity to social rejection in adolescence increase the likelihood of both risky and prosocial behavior in the presence of peers. Developmental differences in mentalizing and emotion regulation, and the corticosubcortical circuits that underpin these processes, might put adolescents at risk for developing mental health problems. We suggest how interventions aimed at improving prosocial behavior and emotion regulation abilities hold promise in reducing the risk of poor mental health as adolescents navigate the changes in their social environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jack L Andrews
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Saz P Ahmed
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Sarah-Jayne Blakemore
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, University College London, London, United Kingdom; Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
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Raghu SJ, Rodrigues LLR. Behavioral aspects of solid waste management: A systematic review. JOURNAL OF THE AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOCIATION (1995) 2020; 70:1268-1302. [PMID: 32970533 DOI: 10.1080/10962247.2020.1823524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2019] [Revised: 09/02/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Over the past three decades, research on the established linkages between solid waste management and psychological models has progressed rapidly. This informs statutory bodies that wish to design an effective solid waste management system. To further address this crucial task, this paper examined the existing literature on behavioral approaches applied to the study of solid waste. Through a systematic literature review approach, we identified, analyzed, and synthesized available literature across various geographical regions. Based on an analysis of 80 articles, we found that high-income countries (61%) are overrepresented in the existing literature, in which the USA (44%) has contributed the most. Most articles targeted recycling behavior (59%) by applying individual behavior theories (90%), in which the theory of planned behavior was widely tested (46%). In addition, 65% of the articles conducted model testing and 51% conducted empirical studies, revealing a dearth of evaluation studies in the literature. Cluster analyses revealed that psychological factors, comprising 34 variables, were extensively used, allowing future researchers to explore relevant variables from inter-disciplinary domains by adopting a pragmatic paradigm approach. In summary, this review identified four research gaps, recommended paths for future research, and concluded by highlighting the need of investigating social elements to tackle solid waste issues. Implications: The systematic review presented in this paper is an original contribution to the aforementioned body of knowledge. It makes the case for more researchers, teachers, and students to undertake behavioral projects, thus creating awareness among citizens to participate in waste management activities. The research gaps identified here also highlight the scope for future studies in under-explored areas and in the implementation of pro-environmental models to build a clean and green environment. Furthermore, the findings facilitate the formulation of pro-environmental laws, regulations, and policies in developing countries, where there is a higher need for strict environmental regulations focused on sustainability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumana Jagadeshi Raghu
- Humanities and Management Department, Manipal Institute of Technology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education , Manipal, India
| | - Lewlyn L R Rodrigues
- Humanities and Management Department, Manipal Institute of Technology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education , Manipal, India
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Overbeek G, Creasey N, Wesarg C, Huijzer-Engbrenghof M, Spencer H. When mummy and daddy get under your skin: A new look at how parenting affects children's DNA methylation, stress reactivity, and disruptive behavior. New Dir Child Adolesc Dev 2020; 2020:25-38. [PMID: 32909678 DOI: 10.1002/cad.20362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Child maltreatment is a global phenomenon that affects the lives of millions of children. Worldwide, as many as one in three to six children encounter physical, sexual, or emotional abuse from their caregivers. Children who experience abuse often show alterations in stress reactivity. Although this alteration may reflect a physiological survival response, it can nevertheless be harmful in the long run-increasing children's disruptive behavior and jeopardizing their development in multiple domains. But can we undo this process in at-risk children? Based on several lines of pioneering research, we hypothesize that we indeed can. Specifically, we hypothesize that highly dysfunctional parenting leads to an epigenetic pattern in children's glucocorticoid genes that contributes to stress dysregulation and disruptive behavior. However, we also hypothesize that it is possible to "flip the methylation switch" by improving parenting with known-effective parenting interventions in at-risk families. We predict that improved parenting will change methylation in genes in the glucocorticoid pathway, leading to improved stress reactivity and decreased disruptive behavior in children. Future research testing this theory may transform developmental and intervention science, demonstrating how parents can get under their children's skins-and how this mechanism can be reversed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geertjan Overbeek
- University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Research Institute of Child Development and Education, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Nicole Creasey
- Research Institute of Child Development and Education, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Christiane Wesarg
- Department of Developmental Psychology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Hannah Spencer
- Research Institute of Child Development and Education, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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