1
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Humphries J, Fletcher NL, Sonderegger SE, Bell CA, Kempe K, Thurecht KJ. Mitigating the Effects of Persistent Antipolymer Immune Reactions in Nanomedicine: Evaluating Materials-Based Approaches Using Molecular Imaging. ACS NANO 2024. [PMID: 39037055 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.4c07317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/23/2024]
Abstract
Poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) is a hydrophilic polymer ubiquitously used in both medical and nonmedical goods. Recent debate surrounding the observed stimulation of immune responses against PEG has spurred the development of materials that may be suitable replacements for this common polymeric component. The underlying view is that these alternative materials with comparable physicochemical properties can overcome the unfavorable and unpredictable effects of antibody-mediated clearance by being chemically, and therefore antigenically, distinct from PEG. However, this hypothesis has not been thoroughly tested in any defined manner, and the immune response observed against PEG has not been rigorously investigated within the context of these emerging materials. Consequently, it remains unclear whether immunity-mediated discrimination between polymeric entities even occurs in vivo and, if this is the case, how it may be exploited. In this study, we utilize positron emission tomography-computed tomography molecular imaging in mice immunized to develop specific antibody responses to PEG and an alternative polymer in order to visualize and quantify the influence of antipolymer antibodies on the biodistribution of synthetic polymers in vivo as a function of immunization status. Under the conditions of this experiment, mice could be primed to exhibit both innate and adaptive immunity to all of the polymer systems to which they were exposed. We demonstrate that alternating between chemically disparate polymers is a viable approach to extend their efficacy when antipolymer humoral immune responses arise.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Humphries
- Centre for Advanced Imaging (CAI) and Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, ARC Training Centre for Innovation in Biomedical Imaging Technology, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Nicholas L Fletcher
- Centre for Advanced Imaging (CAI) and Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, ARC Training Centre for Innovation in Biomedical Imaging Technology, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Stefan E Sonderegger
- Centre for Advanced Imaging (CAI) and Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, ARC Training Centre for Innovation in Biomedical Imaging Technology, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Craig A Bell
- Centre for Advanced Imaging (CAI) and Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, ARC Training Centre for Innovation in Biomedical Imaging Technology, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Kristian Kempe
- Drug Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
- Materials Science and Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Kristofer J Thurecht
- Centre for Advanced Imaging (CAI) and Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, ARC Training Centre for Innovation in Biomedical Imaging Technology, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
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2
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Taya T, Kami D, Teruyama F, Matoba S, Gojo S. Peptide-encoding gene transfer to modulate intracellular protein-protein interactions. Mol Ther Methods Clin Dev 2024; 32:101226. [PMID: 38516692 PMCID: PMC10952081 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtm.2024.101226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2023] [Accepted: 02/24/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024]
Abstract
Peptide drug discovery has great potential, but the cell membrane is a major obstacle when the target is an intracellular protein-protein interaction (PPI). It is difficult to target PPIs with small molecules; indeed, there are no intervention tools that can target any intracellular PPI. In this study, we developed a platform that enables the introduction of peptides into cells via mRNA-based gene delivery. Peptide-length nucleic acids do not enable stable ribosome binding and exhibit little to no translation into protein. In this study, a construct was created in which the sequence encoding dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) was placed in front of the sequence encoding the target peptide, together with a translation skipping sequence, as a sequence that meets the requirements of promoting ribosome binding and rapid decay of the translated protein. This enabled efficient translation from the mRNA encoding the target protein while preventing unnecessary protein residues. Using this construct, we showed that it can inhibit Drp1/Fis1 binding, one of the intracellular PPIs, which governs mitochondrial fission, an important aspect of mitochondrial dynamics. In addition, it was shown to inhibit pathological hyperfission, normalize mitochondrial dynamics and metabolism, and inhibit apoptosis of the mitochondrial pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshihiko Taya
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Daisuke Kami
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Fumiya Teruyama
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
- Pharmacology Research Department, Tokyo New Drug Research Laboratories, Kowa Company, Ltd, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Satoaki Matoba
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Satoshi Gojo
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
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3
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Chen F, Zhong H, Chan G, Ouyang D. A Comprehensive Analysis of Biopharmaceutical Products Listed in the FDA's Purple Book. AAPS PharmSciTech 2024; 25:88. [PMID: 38637407 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-024-02802-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2023] [Accepted: 04/01/2024] [Indexed: 04/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Although biopharmaceuticals constitute around 10% of the drug landscape, eight of the ten top-selling products were biopharmaceuticals in 2023. This study did a comprehensive analysis of the FDA's Purple Book database. Firstly, our research uncovered market trends and provided insights into biologics distributions. According to the investigation, although biotechnology has advanced and legislative shifts have made the approval process faster, there are still challenges to overcome, such as molecular instability and formulation design. Moreover, our research comprehensively analyzed biological formulations, pointing out significant strategies regarding administration routes, dosage forms, product packaging, and excipients. In conjunction with biologics, the widespread integration of innovative delivery strategies will be implemented to confront the evolving challenges in healthcare and meet an expanding array of treatment needs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fuduan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macau, 999078, China
| | - Hao Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macau, 999078, China
| | - Ging Chan
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macau, 999078, China
| | - Defang Ouyang
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macau, 999078, China.
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Macau, 999078, China.
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4
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Iyer K, Yan Z, Ross SR. Entry inhibitors as arenavirus antivirals. Front Microbiol 2024; 15:1382953. [PMID: 38650890 PMCID: PMC11033450 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2024.1382953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2024] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Arenaviruses belonging to the Arenaviridae family, genus mammarenavirus, are enveloped, single-stranded RNA viruses primarily found in rodent species, that cause severe hemorrhagic fever in humans. With high mortality rates and limited treatment options, the search for effective antivirals is imperative. Current treatments, notably ribavirin and other nucleoside inhibitors, are only partially effective and have significant side effects. The high lethality and lack of treatment, coupled with the absence of vaccines for all but Junín virus, has led to the classification of these viruses as Category A pathogens by the Centers for Disease Control (CDC). This review focuses on entry inhibitors as potential therapeutics against mammarenaviruses, which include both New World and Old World arenaviruses. Various entry inhibition strategies, including small molecule inhibitors and neutralizing antibodies, have been explored through high throughput screening, genome-wide studies, and drug repurposing. Notable progress has been made in identifying molecules that target receptor binding, internalization, or fusion steps. Despite promising preclinical results, the translation of entry inhibitors to approved human therapeutics has faced challenges. Many have only been tested in in vitro or animal models, and a number of candidates showed efficacy only against specific arenaviruses, limiting their broader applicability. The widespread existence of arenaviruses in various rodent species and their potential for their zoonotic transmission also underscores the need for rapid development and deployment of successful pan-arenavirus therapeutics. The diverse pool of candidate molecules in the pipeline provides hope for the eventual discovery of a broadly effective arenavirus antiviral.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Susan R. Ross
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Illinois, College of Medicine, Chicago, IL, United States
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5
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Park SA, Lee Y, Hwang H, Lee JH, Kang YJ, Kim Y, Jin C, An HJ, Oh YJ, Hinterdorfer P, Kim E, Choi S, Ko K. Fc engineered anti-virus therapeutic human IgG 1 expressed in plants with altered binding to the neonatal Fc receptor. Biotechnol J 2024; 19:e2300552. [PMID: 38528347 DOI: 10.1002/biot.202300552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2023] [Revised: 03/07/2024] [Accepted: 03/09/2024] [Indexed: 03/27/2024]
Abstract
Production of therapeutic monoclonal antibody (mAb) in transgenic plants has several advantages such as large-scale production and the absence of pathogenic animal contaminants. However, mAb with high mannose (HM) type glycans has shown a faster clearance compared to antibodies produced in animal cells. The neonatal Fc receptor (FcRn) regulates the persistence of immunoglobulin G (IgG) by the FcRn-mediated recycling pathway, which salvages IgG from lysosomal degradation within cells. In this study, Fc-engineering of antirabies virus therapeutic mAb SO57 with the endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-retention peptide signal (Lys-Asp-Glu-Leu; KDEL) (mAbpK SO57) in plant cell was conducted to enhance its binding activity to human neonatal Fc receptor (hFcRn), consequently improve its serum half-life. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and Surface plasmon resonance assay showed altered binding affinity of the Fc region of three different mAbpK SO57 variants [M252Y/S254T/T256E (MST), M428L/N434S (MN), H433K/N434F (HN)] to hFcRn compared to wild type (WT) of mAbpK SO57. Molecular modeling data visualized the structural alterations in these mAbpK SO57. All of the mAbpK SO57 variants had HM type glycan structures similar to the WT mAbpK SO57. In addition, the neutralizing activity of the three variants against the rabies virus CVS-11 was effective as the WT mAbpK SO57. These results indicate that the binding affinity of mAbpK SO57 variants to hFcRn can be modified without alteration of N-glycan structure and neutralization activity. Taken together, this study suggests that Fc-engineering of antirabies virus mAb can be applied to enhance the efficacy of therapeutic mAbs in plant expression systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sol-Ah Park
- Department of Medicine, BioSystems Design Lab, College of Medicine, Chung-Ang University, Dongjak-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoonji Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyunjoo Hwang
- Department of Medicine, BioSystems Design Lab, College of Medicine, Chung-Ang University, Dongjak-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong Hwan Lee
- Department of Medicine, BioSystems Design Lab, College of Medicine, Chung-Ang University, Dongjak-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yang Joo Kang
- Department of Medicine, BioSystems Design Lab, College of Medicine, Chung-Ang University, Dongjak-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yerin Kim
- Department of Medicine, BioSystems Design Lab, College of Medicine, Chung-Ang University, Dongjak-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Caiquan Jin
- Department of Medicine, BioSystems Design Lab, College of Medicine, Chung-Ang University, Dongjak-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Joo An
- Graduate School of Analytical Science and Technology, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoo Jin Oh
- Department of Applied Experimental Biophysics, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Linz, Austria
| | - Peter Hinterdorfer
- Department of Applied Experimental Biophysics, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Linz, Austria
| | - Eunhye Kim
- Global AI Drug Discovery Center, College of Pharmacy and Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sun Choi
- Global AI Drug Discovery Center, College of Pharmacy and Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kisung Ko
- Department of Medicine, BioSystems Design Lab, College of Medicine, Chung-Ang University, Dongjak-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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6
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Huang WS, Li WQ, Yu X, Xue MZ, Yuan YL, Chen C, Wu YL, Yu JH, Diao XX. A robust and validated LC-MS/MS method for the quantification of ramucirumab in rat and human serum using direct enzymatic digestion without immunoassay. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2024; 1234:123991. [PMID: 38266611 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2023.123991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2023] [Revised: 12/28/2023] [Accepted: 12/29/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2024]
Abstract
A new liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method was established to quantify the anti-gastric cancer fully human monoclonal antibody (ramucirumab) in rat and human serum. The surrogate peptide (GPSVLPLAPSSK) for ramucirumab was generated by trypsin hydrolysis and quantified using the isotopically labeled peptide GPSVLPLAPSSK[13C6, 15N2]ST containing two more amino acids at the carboxyl end as an internal standard to correct for variations introduced during the enzymatic hydrolysis process and any mass spectrometry changes. Additionally, the oxidation and deamidation of unstable peptides (VVSVLTVLHQDWLNGK and NSLYLQMNSLR) were detected. The quantitative range of the proposed method was 1-1000 μg/mL, and complete methodological validation was performed. The precision, accuracy, matrix effect, sensitivity, stability, selectivity, carryover, and interference of the measurements met the required standards. The validated LC-MS/MS method was applied to pharmacokinetic studies in rats administered ramucirumab at 15 mg/kg intravenously. Overall, a robust, efficient, and cost-effective LC-MS/MS method was successfully developed for quantifying ramucirumab in rat and human serum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Si Huang
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201210, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Wei-Qiang Li
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201210, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xiong Yu
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201210, China; School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Ming-Zhen Xue
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201210, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Functional Substances of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Ya-Li Yuan
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201210, China; School of Chinese Materia Medica, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Chong Chen
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201210, China; School of Chinese Materia Medica, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Ya-Li Wu
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201210, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jing-Hua Yu
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201210, China.
| | - Xing-Xing Diao
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201210, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
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7
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Rastin F, Javid H, Oryani MA, Rezagholinejad N, Afshari AR, Karimi-Shahri M. Immunotherapy for colorectal cancer: Rational strategies and novel therapeutic progress. Int Immunopharmacol 2024; 126:111055. [PMID: 37992445 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2023.111055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2023] [Revised: 09/30/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/24/2023]
Abstract
There are increasing incidences and mortality rates for colorectal cancer in the world. It is common for chemotherapy and radiation given to patients with colorectal cancer to cause toxicities that limit their effectiveness and cause cancer cells to become resistant to these treatments. Additional targeted treatments are needed to improve patient's quality of life and outcomes. Immunotherapy has rapidly emerged as an incredibly exciting and promising avenue for cancer treatment in recent years. This innovative approach provides novel options for tackling solid tumors, effectively establishing itself as a new cornerstone in cancer treatment. Specifically, in the realm of colorectal cancer (CRC), there is great promise in developing new drugs that target immune checkpoints, offering a hopeful and potentially transformative solution. While immunotherapy of CRC has made significant advances, there are still obstacles and limitations. CRC patients have a poor response to treatment because of the immune-suppressing function of their tumor microenvironment (TME). In addition to blocking inhibitory immune checkpoints, checkpoint-blocking antibodies may also boost immune responses against tumors. The review summarizes recent advances in immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) for CRC, including CTLA-4, PD-1, PD-L1, LAG-3, and TIM-3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farangis Rastin
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Hossein Javid
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Varastegan Institute for Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Surgical Oncology Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
| | - Mahsa Akbari Oryani
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | | | - Amir-R Afshari
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, North Khorasan University of Medical Sciences, Bojnurd, Iran
| | - Mehdi Karimi-Shahri
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Gonabad University of Medical Sciences, Gonabad, Iran.
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8
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Garapati K, Ding H, Charlesworth MC, Kim Y, Zenka R, Saraswat M, Mun DG, Chavan S, Shingade A, Lucien F, Zhong J, Kandasamy RK, Pandey A. sBioSITe enables sensitive identification of the cell surface proteome through direct enrichment of biotinylated peptides. Clin Proteomics 2023; 20:56. [PMID: 38053024 PMCID: PMC10696767 DOI: 10.1186/s12014-023-09445-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Accepted: 11/17/2023] [Indexed: 12/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cell surface proteins perform critical functions related to immune response, signal transduction, cell-cell interactions, and cell migration. Expression of specific cell surface proteins can determine cell-type identity, and can be altered in diseases including infections, cancer and genetic disorders. Identification of the cell surface proteome remains a challenge despite several enrichment methods exploiting their biochemical and biophysical properties. METHODS Here, we report a novel method for enrichment of proteins localized to cell surface. We developed this new approach designated surface Biotinylation Site Identification Technology (sBioSITe) by adapting our previously published method for direct identification of biotinylated peptides. In this strategy, the primary amine groups of lysines on proteins on the surface of live cells are first labeled with biotin, and subsequently, biotinylated peptides are enriched by anti-biotin antibodies and analyzed by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). RESULTS By direct detection of biotinylated lysines from PC-3, a prostate cancer cell line, using sBioSITe, we identified 5851 peptides biotinylated on the cell surface that were derived from 1409 proteins. Of these proteins, 533 were previously shown or predicted to be localized to the cell surface or secreted extracellularly. Several of the identified cell surface markers have known associations with prostate cancer and metastasis including CD59, 4F2 cell-surface antigen heavy chain (SLC3A2) and adhesion G protein-coupled receptor E5 (CD97). Importantly, we identified several biotinylated peptides derived from plectin and nucleolin, both of which are not annotated in surface proteome databases but have been shown to have aberrant surface localization in certain cancers highlighting the utility of this method. CONCLUSIONS Detection of biotinylation sites on cell surface proteins using sBioSITe provides a reliable method for identifying cell surface proteins. This strategy complements existing methods for detection of cell surface expressed proteins especially in discovery-based proteomics approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kishore Garapati
- Manipal Academy of Higher Education (MAHE), Manipal, Karnataka, India
- Institute of Bioinformatics, International Technology Park, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - Husheng Ding
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | | | - Yohan Kim
- Department of Urology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Roman Zenka
- Proteomics Core, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Mayank Saraswat
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - Dong-Gi Mun
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - Sandip Chavan
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - Ashish Shingade
- Institute of Bioinformatics, International Technology Park, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Fabrice Lucien
- Department of Urology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
- Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Jun Zhong
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - Richard K Kandasamy
- Manipal Academy of Higher Education (MAHE), Manipal, Karnataka, India
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
- Department of Quantitative Health Sciences, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Akhilesh Pandey
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA.
- Center for Individualized Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.
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9
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Zhou L, Ren L, Bai Z, Xia Q, Wang Y, Peng H, Yan Q, Shi J, Li B, Guo L, Wang L. DNA Framework Programmed Conformational Reconstruction of Antibody Complementary Determining Region. JACS AU 2023; 3:2709-2714. [PMID: 37885585 PMCID: PMC10598557 DOI: 10.1021/jacsau.3c00492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Revised: 09/18/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023]
Abstract
The conformation of complementary determining region (CDR) is crucial in dictating its specificity and affinity for binding with an antigen, making it a focal point in artificial antibody engineering. Although desirable, programmable scaffolds that can regulate the conformation of individual CDRs with nanometer precision are still lacking. Here, we devise a strategy to program the CDR conformation by anchoring both ends of a free CDR loop to specific sites of a DNA framework structure. This method allows us to define the span of a single CDR loop with an ∼2 nm resolution. Using this approach, we create a series of DNA framework based artificial antibodies (DNFbodies) with varied CDR loop spans, leading to different antibody-antigen binding affinities. We find that an optimized single CDR loop (∼2.3 nm span) exhibits ∼3-fold improved affinity relative to natural antibodies, confirming the critical role of the CDR conformation. This study may inspire the rational design of artificial antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liqi Zhou
- National
Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, Jiangsu Key Laboratory
of Artificial Functional Materials, College of Engineering and Applied
Sciences and Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, People’s Republic of China
- Institute
of Materiobiology, College of Science, Shanghai
University, Shanghai 200444, People’s Republic
of China
| | - Lei Ren
- Institute
of Materiobiology, College of Science, Shanghai
University, Shanghai 200444, People’s Republic
of China
- CAS
Key Laboratory of Interfacial Physics and Technology, Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201800, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhiang Bai
- Institute
of Materiobiology, College of Science, Shanghai
University, Shanghai 200444, People’s Republic
of China
| | - Qinglin Xia
- Institute
of Materiobiology, College of Science, Shanghai
University, Shanghai 200444, People’s Republic
of China
- CAS
Key Laboratory of Interfacial Physics and Technology, Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201800, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yue Wang
- Institute
of Materiobiology, College of Science, Shanghai
University, Shanghai 200444, People’s Republic
of China
- CAS
Key Laboratory of Interfacial Physics and Technology, Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201800, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hongzhen Peng
- Institute
of Materiobiology, College of Science, Shanghai
University, Shanghai 200444, People’s Republic
of China
| | - Qinglong Yan
- Xiangfu
Laboratory, Jiashan 314102, People’s Republic
of China
| | - Jiye Shi
- CAS
Key Laboratory of Interfacial Physics and Technology, Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201800, People’s Republic of China
| | - Bin Li
- CAS
Key Laboratory of Interfacial Physics and Technology, Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201800, People’s Republic of China
- The
Interdisciplinary Research Center, Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation
Facility, Shanghai Advanced Research Institute,
Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201210, People’s
Republic of China
| | - Linjie Guo
- Institute
of Materiobiology, College of Science, Shanghai
University, Shanghai 200444, People’s Republic
of China
| | - Lihua Wang
- Institute
of Materiobiology, College of Science, Shanghai
University, Shanghai 200444, People’s Republic
of China
- CAS
Key Laboratory of Interfacial Physics and Technology, Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201800, People’s Republic of China
- The
Interdisciplinary Research Center, Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation
Facility, Shanghai Advanced Research Institute,
Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201210, People’s
Republic of China
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10
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Kannampuzha S, Murali R, Gopalakrishnan AV, Mukherjee AG, Wanjari UR, Namachivayam A, George A, Dey A, Vellingiri B. Novel biomolecules in targeted cancer therapy: a new approach towards precision medicine. Med Oncol 2023; 40:323. [PMID: 37804361 DOI: 10.1007/s12032-023-02168-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 08/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/09/2023]
Abstract
Cancer is a major threat to human life around the globe, and the discovery of novel biomolecules continue to be an urgent therapeutic need that is still unmet. Precision medicine relies on targeted therapeutic strategies. Researchers are better equipped to develop therapies that target proteins as they understand more about the genetic alterations and molecules that cause progression of cancer. There has been a recent diversification of the sorts of targets exploited in treatment. Therapeutic antibody and biotechnology advancements enabled curative treatments to reach previously inaccessible sites. New treatment strategies have been initiated for several undruggable targets. The application of tailored therapy has been proven to have efficient results in controlling cancer progression. Novel biomolecules like SMDCs, ADCs, mABs, and PROTACS has gained vast attention in the recent years. Several studies have shown that using these novel technology helps in reducing the drug dosage as well as to overcome drug resistance in different cancer types. Therefore, it is crucial to fully untangle the mechanism and collect evidence to understand the significance of these novel drug targets and strategies. This review article will be discussing the importance and role of these novel biomolecules in targeted cancer therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Kannampuzha
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Biosciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT), Vellore, Tamil Nadu, 632014, India
| | - Reshma Murali
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Biosciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT), Vellore, Tamil Nadu, 632014, India
| | - Abilash Valsala Gopalakrishnan
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Biosciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT), Vellore, Tamil Nadu, 632014, India.
| | - Anirban Goutam Mukherjee
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Biosciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT), Vellore, Tamil Nadu, 632014, India
| | - Uddesh Ramesh Wanjari
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Biosciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT), Vellore, Tamil Nadu, 632014, India
| | - Arunraj Namachivayam
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Biosciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT), Vellore, Tamil Nadu, 632014, India
| | - Alex George
- Jubilee Centre for Medical Research, Jubilee Mission Medical College and Research Institute, Thrissur, Kerala, India
| | - Abhijit Dey
- Department of Medical Services, MGM Cancer Institute, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, 600029, India
| | - Balachandar Vellingiri
- Human Molecular Cytogenetics and Stem Cell Laboratory, Department of Human Genetics and Molecular Biology, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, 641046, India
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11
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Sun Z, Huang M, Sokolowska I, Cao R, Chang K, Hu P, Mo J. Impact of Trisulfide on the Structure and Function of Different Antibody Constructs. J Pharm Sci 2023; 112:2637-2643. [PMID: 37595748 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2023.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2023] [Revised: 08/11/2023] [Accepted: 08/11/2023] [Indexed: 08/20/2023]
Abstract
Trisulfide is a post-translational modification (PTM) commonly found in recombinant antibodies. It has been demonstrated that trisulfide had no impact on the bioactivity of mono-specific antibodies (MsAbs). However, the impact of trisulfide on multi-specific antibodies has not been evaluated. In this study, two mass spectrometric methods were developed for comprehensive trisulfide characterization. The non-reduced peptide mapping method combined with the unique electron activated dissociation (EAD) provided signature fragments for confident trisulfide identification as well as trisulfide quantitation at individual sites. A higher throughput method using Fab mass analysis was also developed and qualified to support routine monitoring of trisulfide during process development. Fab mass analysis features simpler sample preparation and shorter analysis time but provides comparable results to the non-reduced peptide mapping method. In this study, a bi-specific (BsAb) and a tri-specific antibody (TsAb) were compared side-by-side with a MsAb to evaluate the impact of trisulfide on the structure and function of multi-specific antibodies. Results indicated that trisulfide dominantly formed at similar locations across different antibody constructs and had no impact on the size heterogeneity, charge heterogeneity, or bioactivities of any assessed antibodies. Together with the in vitro stability under heat stress (25 °C and 40 °C for up to four weeks) and rapid conversion from trisulfide to disulfide during in vivo circulation, trisulfide could be categorized as a non-critical quality attribute (non-CQA) for antibody products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyuan Sun
- Analytical Development, Discovery, Product Development & Supply, Janssen Research & Development, LLC, Malvern, PA 19355, USA
| | - Maggie Huang
- Analytical Development, Discovery, Product Development & Supply, Janssen Research & Development, LLC, Malvern, PA 19355, USA
| | - Izabela Sokolowska
- Analytical Development, Discovery, Product Development & Supply, Janssen Research & Development, LLC, Malvern, PA 19355, USA
| | - Rui Cao
- Analytical Development, Discovery, Product Development & Supply, Janssen Research & Development, LLC, Malvern, PA 19355, USA
| | - Kern Chang
- Analytical Development, Discovery, Product Development & Supply, Janssen Research & Development, LLC, Malvern, PA 19355, USA
| | - Ping Hu
- Analytical Development, Discovery, Product Development & Supply, Janssen Research & Development, LLC, Malvern, PA 19355, USA.
| | - Jingjie Mo
- Analytical Development, Discovery, Product Development & Supply, Janssen Research & Development, LLC, Malvern, PA 19355, USA.
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12
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Chapa-Villarreal FA, Miller M, Rodriguez-Cruz JJ, Pérez-Carlos D, Peppas NA. Self-assembled block copolymer biomaterials for oral delivery of protein therapeutics. Biomaterials 2023; 300:122191. [PMID: 37295223 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2023.122191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2023] [Revised: 05/17/2023] [Accepted: 06/04/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Protein therapeutics have guided a transformation in disease treatment for various clinical conditions. They have been successful in numerous applications, but administration of protein therapeutics has been limited to parenteral routes which can decrease patient compliance as they are invasive and painful. In recent years, the synergistic relationship of novel biomaterials with modern protein therapeutics has been crucial in the treatment of diseases that were once thought of as incurable. This has guided the development of a variety of alternative administration routes, but the oral delivery of therapeutics remains one of the most desirable due to its ease of administration. This review addresses important aspects of micellar structures prepared by self-assembled processes with applications for oral delivery. These two characteristics have not been placed together in previous literature within the field. Therefore, we describe the barriers for delivery of protein therapeutics, and we concentrate in the oral/transmucosal pathway where drug carriers must overcome several chemical, physical, and biological barriers to achieve a successful therapeutic effect. We critically discuss recent research on biomaterials systems for delivering such therapeutics with an emphasis on self-assembled synthetic block copolymers. Polymerization methods and nanoparticle preparation techniques are similarly analyzed as well as relevant work in this area. Based on our own and others' research, we analyze the use of block copolymers as therapeutic carriers and their promise in treating a variety of diseases, with emphasis on self-assembled micelles for the next generation of oral protein therapeutic systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabiola A Chapa-Villarreal
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA; Institute for Biomaterials, Drug Delivery, and Regenerative Medicine, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin TX, USA
| | - Matthew Miller
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA; Institute for Biomaterials, Drug Delivery, and Regenerative Medicine, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin TX, USA
| | - J Jesus Rodriguez-Cruz
- Institute for Biomaterials, Drug Delivery, and Regenerative Medicine, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin TX, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Diego Pérez-Carlos
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA; Institute for Biomaterials, Drug Delivery, and Regenerative Medicine, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin TX, USA
| | - Nicholas A Peppas
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA; Institute for Biomaterials, Drug Delivery, and Regenerative Medicine, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin TX, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA; Division of Molecular Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin TX, USA; Department of Surgery and Perioperative Care, Dell Medical School, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Dell Medical School, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA.
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13
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Autoreactive B cell responses targeting nuclear antigens in systemic sclerosis: Implications for disease pathogenesis. Semin Arthritis Rheum 2023; 58:152136. [PMID: 36403538 DOI: 10.1016/j.semarthrit.2022.152136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2022] [Revised: 11/01/2022] [Accepted: 11/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
A hallmark of disease pathogenesis of systemic sclerosis (SSc) is the presence of autoreactive B cell responses targeting nuclear proteins. Almost all SSc-patients harbour circulating antinuclear autoantibodies of which anti-topoisomerase 1, anti-centromere protein, anti-RNA polymerase III and anti-fibrillarin autoantibodies (ATA, ACA, ARA and AFA, respectively) are the most common and specific for SSc. In clinical practice, autoantibodies serve as diagnostic biomarkers and can aid in the identification of clinical phenotypes of the disease. However, factors driving disease progression in SSc are still poorly understood, and it is difficult to predict disease trajectories in individual patients. Moreover, treatment decisions remain rather empirical, with variable response rates in clinical trials due to patient heterogeneity. Current evidence has indicated that certain patients may benefit from B cell targeting therapies. Hence, it is important to understand the contribution of the antinuclear autoantibodies and their underlying B cell response to the disease pathogenesis of SSc.
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14
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Troisi M, Marini E, Abbiento V, Stazzoni S, Andreano E, Rappuoli R. A new dawn for monoclonal antibodies against antimicrobial resistant bacteria. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:1080059. [PMID: 36590399 PMCID: PMC9795047 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.1080059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a quickly advancing threat for human health worldwide and almost 5 million deaths are already attributable to this phenomenon every year. Since antibiotics are failing to treat AMR-bacteria, new tools are needed, and human monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) can fill this role. In almost 50 years since the introduction of the first technology that led to mAb discovery, enormous leaps forward have been made to identify and develop extremely potent human mAbs. While their usefulness has been extensively proved against viral pathogens, human mAbs have yet to find their space in treating and preventing infections from AMR-bacteria and fully conquer the field of infectious diseases. The novel and most innovative technologies herein reviewed can support this goal and add powerful tools in the arsenal of weapons against AMR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Troisi
- Monoclonal Antibody Discovery (MAD) Laboratory, Fondazione Toscana Life Sciences, Siena, Italy
| | - Eleonora Marini
- Monoclonal Antibody Discovery (MAD) Laboratory, Fondazione Toscana Life Sciences, Siena, Italy
| | - Valentina Abbiento
- Monoclonal Antibody Discovery (MAD) Laboratory, Fondazione Toscana Life Sciences, Siena, Italy
| | - Samuele Stazzoni
- Monoclonal Antibody Discovery (MAD) Laboratory, Fondazione Toscana Life Sciences, Siena, Italy
| | - Emanuele Andreano
- Monoclonal Antibody Discovery (MAD) Laboratory, Fondazione Toscana Life Sciences, Siena, Italy
| | - Rino Rappuoli
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
- Fondazione Biotecnopolo di Siena, Siena, Italy
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15
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Ling Z, Yi C, Sun X, Yang Z, Sun B. Broad strategies for neutralizing SARS-CoV-2 and other human coronaviruses with monoclonal antibodies. SCIENCE CHINA. LIFE SCIENCES 2022; 66:658-678. [PMID: 36443513 PMCID: PMC9707277 DOI: 10.1007/s11427-022-2215-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 10/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Antibody therapeutics and vaccines for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) have been approved in many countries, with most being developed based on the original strain of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). SARS-CoV-2 has an exceptional ability to mutate under the pressure of host immunity, especially the immune-dominant spike protein of the virus, which is the target of both antibody drugs and vaccines. Given the continuous evolution of the virus and the identification of critical mutation sites, the World Health Organization (WHO) has named 5 variants of concern (VOCs): 4 are previously circulating VOCs, and 1 is currently circulating (Omicron). Due to multiple mutations in the spike protein, the recently emerged Omicron and descendent lineages have been shown to have the strongest ability to evade the neutralizing antibody (NAb) effects of current antibody drugs and vaccines. The development and characterization of broadly neutralizing antibodies (bNAbs) will provide broad strategies for the control of the sophisticated virus SARS-CoV-2. In this review, we describe how the virus evolves to escape NAbs and the potential neutralization mechanisms that associated with bNAbs. We also summarize progress in the development of bNAbs against SARS-CoV-2, human coronaviruses (CoVs) and other emerging pathogens and highlight their scientific and clinical significance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyang Ling
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Chunyan Yi
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Xiaoyu Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Zhuo Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Bing Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China. .,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China. .,School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, 201210, China.
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16
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Makowski EK, Kinnunen PC, Huang J, Wu L, Smith MD, Wang T, Desai AA, Streu CN, Zhang Y, Zupancic JM, Schardt JS, Linderman JJ, Tessier PM. Co-optimization of therapeutic antibody affinity and specificity using machine learning models that generalize to novel mutational space. Nat Commun 2022; 13:3788. [PMID: 35778381 PMCID: PMC9249733 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-31457-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Therapeutic antibody development requires selection and engineering of molecules with high affinity and other drug-like biophysical properties. Co-optimization of multiple antibody properties remains a difficult and time-consuming process that impedes drug development. Here we evaluate the use of machine learning to simplify antibody co-optimization for a clinical-stage antibody (emibetuzumab) that displays high levels of both on-target (antigen) and off-target (non-specific) binding. We mutate sites in the antibody complementarity-determining regions, sort the antibody libraries for high and low levels of affinity and non-specific binding, and deep sequence the enriched libraries. Interestingly, machine learning models trained on datasets with binary labels enable predictions of continuous metrics that are strongly correlated with antibody affinity and non-specific binding. These models illustrate strong tradeoffs between these two properties, as increases in affinity along the co-optimal (Pareto) frontier require progressive reductions in specificity. Notably, models trained with deep learning features enable prediction of novel antibody mutations that co-optimize affinity and specificity beyond what is possible for the original antibody library. These findings demonstrate the power of machine learning models to greatly expand the exploration of novel antibody sequence space and accelerate the development of highly potent, drug-like antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily K Makowski
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
- Biointerfaces Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Patrick C Kinnunen
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Jie Huang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
- Biointerfaces Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Lina Wu
- Biointerfaces Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Matthew D Smith
- Biointerfaces Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Tiexin Wang
- Biointerfaces Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Alec A Desai
- Biointerfaces Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Craig N Streu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
- Biointerfaces Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Albion College, Albion, MI, 49224, USA
| | - Yulei Zhang
- Biointerfaces Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Jennifer M Zupancic
- Biointerfaces Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - John S Schardt
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
- Biointerfaces Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Jennifer J Linderman
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Peter M Tessier
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA.
- Biointerfaces Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA.
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA.
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA.
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17
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ROS-triggered nanoinducer based on dermatan sulfate enhances immunogenic cell death in melanoma. J Control Release 2022; 348:22-33. [PMID: 35461966 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2022.04.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Revised: 02/23/2022] [Accepted: 04/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Due to its complexity, diversity and heterogeneity, melanoma is a kind of malignant tumor. It has been proved that the enhancement of anti-tumor immune response such as immunogenic cell death (ICD) is an important therapeutic strategy. In previous studies, we confirmed that dermatan sulfate (DS) from skin tissue could specifically homing to melanoma B16F10 cells. In this study, we propose a nanoinducer (DOX/ADS NP) based on a functional DS for melanoma. This nanosystem is composed of DS as framework, aromatic thioketal derivative (ATK) as functional grafting unit and doxorubicin (DOX) designed as an ICD inducer. Through the intermolecular interaction between DOX and ATK, DOX/ADS NP with specific-homing, high-loading and ROS-triggering release was obtained via self-assemble. Compared with free DOX and non-functionalized nanomedicine, DOX/ADS NP could release DOX into B16F10 cells better, and strongly induce the translocation of calreticulin (CRT) to the cell membrane. CRT is a marker of ICD, also as a "eat me" signal to stimulate the maturation and antigen presentation of dendritic cells. Therefore, a series of subsequent immune responses were activated: maturation of dendritic cells, T cells proliferation, increased tumor-infiltrating CTLs and the ratio of CTLs to Tregs, and up-regulated cytotoxic cytokine expression. In conclusion, DOX/ADS NP promoted ICD-associated immune response through more specific targeting effect and sensitive responsive DOX release, achieving better inhibitory effect on melanoma than free DOX and other nanoformulation. This biomimetic ICD nanoinducer based on DS is expected to provide new strategies and references for the treatment of melanoma.
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18
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Zlotnikov ID, Kudryashova EV. Spectroscopy Approach for Highly-Efficient Screening of Lectin-Ligand Interactions in Application for Mannose Receptor and Molecular Containers for Antibacterial Drugs. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2022; 15:ph15050625. [PMID: 35631451 PMCID: PMC9146875 DOI: 10.3390/ph15050625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2022] [Revised: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Rational search of a ligand for a specific receptor is a cornerstone of a typical drug discovery process. However, to make it more “rational” one would appreciate having detailed information on the functional groups involved in ligand-receptor interaction. Typically, the 3D structure of a ligand-receptor complex can be built on the basis of time-consuming X-ray crystallography data. Here, a combination of FTIR and fluorescence methods, together with appropriate processing, yields valuable information about the functional groups of both the ligand and receptor involved in the interaction, with the simplicity of conventional spectrophotometry. We have synthesized the “molecular containers” based on cyclodextrins, polyethyleneimines (PEI) or spermine with mannose-rich side-chains of different molecular architecture (reticulated, star-shaped and branched) with variable parameters to facilitate delivery to alveolar macrophages. We have shown that synthetic mannose-rich conjugates are highly affine to the model mannose receptor ConA: Kd ≈ 10−5–10−7 M vs. natural ligand trimannoside (10−5 M). Further, it was shown that molecular containers effectively load levofloxacin (dissociation constants are 5·10−4–5·10−6 M) and the eugenol adjuvant (up to 15–80 drug molecules for each conjugate molecule) by including them in the cyclodextrins cavities, as well as by interacting with polymer chains. Promising formulations of levofloxacin and its enhancer (eugenol) in star-shaped and polymer conjugates of high capacity were obtained. UV spectroscopy demonstrated a doubling of the release time of levofloxacin into the external solution from the complexes with conjugates, and the effective action time (time of 80% release) was increased from 0.5 to 20–70 h. The synergy effect of antibacterial activity of levofloxacin and its adjuvants eugenol and apiol on Escherichia coli was demonstrated: the minimum effective concentration of the antibiotic was approximately halved.
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19
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Fursht O, Liran M, Nash Y, Medala VK, Ini D, Royal TG, Goldsmith G, Nahary L, Benhar I, Frenkel D. Antibody-Mediated Inhibition of Insulin-Degrading Enzyme Improves Insulin Activity in a Diabetic Mouse Model. Front Immunol 2022; 13:835774. [PMID: 35350789 PMCID: PMC8958001 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.835774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetes is a metabolic disease that may lead to different life-threatening complications. While insulin constitutes a beneficial treatment, its use may be limited due to increased degradation and an increase in side effects such as weight gain and hypoglycemia. Small molecule inhibitors to insulin-degrading enzyme (IDE) have been previously suggested as a potential treatment for diabetes through their ability to reduce insulin degradation and thus increase insulin activity. Nevertheless, their tendency to bind to the zinc ion in the catalytic site of IDE may affect other important metalloproteases and limit their clinical use. Here, we describe the isolation of an IDE-specific antibody that specifically inhibits insulin degradation by IDE. Using phage display, we generated a human IDE-specific antibody that binds human and mouse IDE with high affinity and specificity and can differentiate between active IDE to a mutated IDE with reduced catalytic activity in the range of 30 nM. We further assessed the ability of that IDE-inhibiting antibody to improve insulin activity in vivo in an STZ-induced diabetes mouse model. Since human antibodies may stimulate the mouse immune response to generate anti-human antibodies, we reformatted our inhibitory antibody to a “reverse chimeric” antibody that maintained the ability to inhibit IDE in vitro, but consisted of mouse constant regions, for reduced immunogenicity. We discovered that one intraperitoneal (IP) administration of the IDE-specific antibody in STZ-induced diabetic mice improved insulin activity in an insulin tolerance test (ITT) assay and reduced blood glucose levels. Our results suggest that antibody-mediated inhibition of IDE may be beneficial on improving insulin activity in a diabetic environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ofir Fursht
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Neurobiology, Biochemistry and Biophysics, the George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Mirit Liran
- The Shmunis School of Biomedicine and Cancer Research, the George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Yuval Nash
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Neurobiology, Biochemistry and Biophysics, the George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.,Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Vijay Krishna Medala
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Neurobiology, Biochemistry and Biophysics, the George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Dor Ini
- The Shmunis School of Biomedicine and Cancer Research, the George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Tabitha Grace Royal
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Neurobiology, Biochemistry and Biophysics, the George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.,Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Guy Goldsmith
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Neurobiology, Biochemistry and Biophysics, the George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Limor Nahary
- The Shmunis School of Biomedicine and Cancer Research, the George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Itai Benhar
- The Shmunis School of Biomedicine and Cancer Research, the George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Dan Frenkel
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Neurobiology, Biochemistry and Biophysics, the George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.,Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
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20
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Vanoli F, Mantegazza R. Antibody Therapies in Autoimmune Neuromuscular Junction Disorders: Approach to Myasthenic Crisis and Chronic Management. Neurotherapeutics 2022; 19:897-910. [PMID: 35165857 PMCID: PMC9294078 DOI: 10.1007/s13311-022-01181-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/02/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Myasthenia gravis (MG) is a neurological autoimmune disorder characterized by muscle weakness and fatigue. It is a B cell-mediated disease caused by pathogenic antibodies directed against various components of the neuromuscular junction (NMJ). Despite the wide range of adverse effects, current treatment is still based on non-specific immunosuppression, particularly on long-term steroid usage. The increasing knowledge regarding the pathogenic mechanisms of MG has however allowed to create more target-specific therapies. A very attractive therapeutic approach is currently offered by monoclonal antibodies (mAbs), given their ability to specifically and effectively target different immunopathological pathways, such as the complement cascade, B cell-related cluster of differentiation (CD) proteins, and the human neonatal Fc receptor (FcRn). Up to now, eculizumab, a C5-directed mAb, has been approved for the treatment of generalized MG (gMG) and efgartigimod, a FcRn inhibitor, has just been approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration for the treatment of anti-acetylcholine receptor (AChR) antibody positive gMG. Other mAbs are currently under investigation with encouraging preliminary results, further enriching the new range of therapeutic possibilities for MG. This review article provides an overview of the present status of mAb-based therapies for MG, which offer an exciting promise for better outcomes by setting the basis of a precision medicine approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fiammetta Vanoli
- Neuroimmunology and Neuromuscular Disease Department, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy
- Department of Human Neurosciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - Renato Mantegazza
- Neuroimmunology and Neuromuscular Disease Department, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy.
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21
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ElGamacy M. Accelerating therapeutic protein design. ADVANCES IN PROTEIN CHEMISTRY AND STRUCTURAL BIOLOGY 2022; 130:85-118. [PMID: 35534117 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apcsb.2022.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Protein structures provide for defined microenvironments that can support complex pharmacological functions, otherwise unachievable by small molecules. The advent of therapeutic proteins has thus greatly broadened the range of manageable disorders. Leveraging the knowledge and recent advances in de novo protein design methods has the prospect of revolutionizing how protein drugs are discovered and developed. This review lays out the main challenges facing therapeutic proteins discovery and development, and how present and future advancements of protein design can accelerate the protein drug pipelines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad ElGamacy
- University Hospital Tübingen, Division of Translational Oncology, Tübingen, Germany; Max Planck Institute for Biology, Tübingen, Germany.
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22
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Parashar S, Gupta V, Bhatnagar R, Kausar A. A clickable folic acid-rhamnose conjugate for selective binding to cancer cells. RESULTS IN CHEMISTRY 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rechem.2022.100409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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23
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Hasan MM, Laws M, Jin P, Rahman KM. Factors influencing the choice of monoclonal antibodies for antibody-drug conjugates. Drug Discov Today 2021; 27:354-361. [PMID: 34597756 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2021.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2021] [Revised: 08/20/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
In antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs), monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) act as carriers for a cytotoxic payload providing the therapy with targeted action against cells expressing a target cell surface antigen. An appropriate choice of mAb is crucial to developing a successful ADC for clinical development. However, problems such as immunogenicity, poor pharmacokinetic (PK) and pharmacodynamic (PD) profiles and variable drug-antibody ratios (DARs) plague ADCs. In this review, we detail recent mAb-based innovations and factors that should be considered to overcome these problems to achieve a new generation of more effective ADC therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Mahbub Hasan
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, School of Cancer and Pharmaceutical Sciences, King's College London, Franklin-Wilkins Building, 150 Stamford Street, London SE1 9NH, UK
| | - Mark Laws
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, School of Cancer and Pharmaceutical Sciences, King's College London, Franklin-Wilkins Building, 150 Stamford Street, London SE1 9NH, UK
| | - Peiqin Jin
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, School of Cancer and Pharmaceutical Sciences, King's College London, Franklin-Wilkins Building, 150 Stamford Street, London SE1 9NH, UK
| | - Khondaker Miraz Rahman
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, School of Cancer and Pharmaceutical Sciences, King's College London, Franklin-Wilkins Building, 150 Stamford Street, London SE1 9NH, UK.
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24
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Khirehgesh MR, Sharifi J, Safari F, Akbari B. Immunotoxins and nanobody-based immunotoxins: review and update. J Drug Target 2021; 29:848-862. [PMID: 33615933 DOI: 10.1080/1061186x.2021.1894435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Immunotoxins (ITs) are protein-based drugs that compose of targeting and cytotoxic moieties. After binding the IT to the specific cell-surface antigen, the IT internalises into the target cell and kills it. Targeting and cytotoxic moieties usually include monoclonal antibodies and protein toxins with bacterial or plant origin, respectively. ITs have been successful in haematologic malignancies treatment. However, ITs penetrate poorly into solid tumours because of their large size. Use of camelid antibody fragments known as nanobodies (Nbs) as a targeting moiety may overcome this problem. Nbs are the smallest fragment of antibodies with excellent tumour tissue penetration. The ability to recognise cryptic (immuno-evasive) target antigens, low immunogenicity, and high-affinity are other fundamental characteristics of Nbs that make them suitable candidates in targeted therapy. Here, we reviewed and discussed the structure and function of ITs, Nbs, and nanobody-based ITs. To gain sound insight into the issue at hand, we focussed on nanobody-based ITs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Reza Khirehgesh
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Jafar Sharifi
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Safari
- Diagnostic Laboratory Sciences and Technology Research Center, School of Paramedical Sciences, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Bahman Akbari
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
- Medical Biology Research Center, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
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25
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Gao Y, Chen Z, Yang C, Zhong D. Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry method for the quantification of an anti-sclerostin monoclonal antibody in cynomolgus monkey serum. J Pharm Anal 2021; 11:472-479. [PMID: 34513123 PMCID: PMC8424367 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpha.2020.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Revised: 07/01/2020] [Accepted: 08/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) has gradually become a promising alternative to ligand binding assay for the bioanalysis of biotherapeutic molecules, due to its rapid method development and high accuracy. In this study, we established a new LC-MS/MS method for the determination of the anti-sclerostin monoclonal antibody (SHR-1222) in cynomolgus monkey serum, and compared it to a previous electrochemiluminescence method. The antibody was quantified by detecting the surrogate peptide obtained by trypsin digestion. The surrogate peptide was carefully selected by investigating its uniqueness, stability and MS response. The quantitative range of the proposed method was 2.00-500 μg/mL, and this verified method was successfully applied to the toxicokinetic assessment of SHR-1222 in cynomolgus monkey serum. It was found that the concentrations of SHR-1222 in cynomolgus monkeys displayed an excellent agreement between the LC-MS/MS and electrochemiluminescence methods (ratios of drug exposure, 0.8-1.0). Notably, two monkeys in the 60 mg/kg dose group had abnormal profiles with a low detection value of SHR-1222 in their individual sample. Combining the high-level anti-drug antibodies (ADAs) in these samples and the consistent quantitative results of the two methods, we found that the decreased concentration of SHR-1222 was due to the accelerated clearance mediated by ADAs rather than the interference of ADAs to the detection platform. Taken together, we successfully developed an accurate, efficient and cost-effective LC-MS/MS method for the quantification of SHR-1222 in serum samples, which could serve as a powerful tool to improve the preclinical development of antibody drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxiong Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201210, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Zhendong Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201210, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Changyong Yang
- Preclinical Department, Hengrui Medicine Co., Ltd., Lianyungang, Jiangsu Province, 222047, China
| | - Dafang Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201210, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
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26
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Keim D, Gollner K, Gollner U, Jérôme V, Freitag R. Generation of Recombinant Primary Human B Lymphocytes Using Non-Viral Vectors. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:8239. [PMID: 34361005 PMCID: PMC8347318 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22158239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2021] [Revised: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Although the development of gene delivery systems based on non-viral vectors is advancing, it remains a challenge to deliver plasmid DNA into human blood cells. The current "gold standard", namely linear polyethyleneimine (l-PEI 25 kDa), in particular, is unable to produce transgene expression levels >5% in primary human B lymphocytes. Here, it is demonstrated that a well-defined 24-armed poly(2-dimethylamino) ethyl methacrylate (PDMAEMA, 755 kDa) nano-star is able to reproducibly elicit high transgene expression (40%) at sufficient residual viability (69%) in primary human B cells derived from tonsillar tissue. Moreover, our results indicate that the length of the mitogenic stimulation prior to transfection is an important parameter that must be established during the development of the transfection protocol. In our hands, four days of stimulation with rhCD40L post-thawing led to the best transfection results in terms of TE and cell survival. Most importantly, our data argue for an impact of the B cell subsets on the transfection outcomes, underlining that the complexity and heterogeneity of a given B cell population pre- and post-transfection is a critical parameter to consider in the multiparametric approach required for the implementation of the transfection protocol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Keim
- Process Biotechnology, University of Bayreuth, 95447 Bayreuth, Germany; (D.K.); (V.J.)
| | - Katrin Gollner
- Praxis am Schießgraben, Schießgraben 21, 95326 Kulmbach, Germany; (K.G.); (U.G.)
| | - Ulrich Gollner
- Praxis am Schießgraben, Schießgraben 21, 95326 Kulmbach, Germany; (K.G.); (U.G.)
| | - Valérie Jérôme
- Process Biotechnology, University of Bayreuth, 95447 Bayreuth, Germany; (D.K.); (V.J.)
| | - Ruth Freitag
- Process Biotechnology, University of Bayreuth, 95447 Bayreuth, Germany; (D.K.); (V.J.)
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27
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Esmaeili SA, Sahranavard S, Salehi A, Bagheri V. Selectively targeting cancer stem cells: Current and novel therapeutic strategies and approaches in the effective eradication of cancer. IUBMB Life 2021; 73:1045-1059. [PMID: 34184810 DOI: 10.1002/iub.2524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Revised: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Cancer stem cells (CSCs) are a subgroup of cells in malignant cancers, which possess self-renewal capacity, tumor-initiating capability, and pluripotency, as well as being responsible for tumor maintenance, metastasis, relapse, and chemoresistance. The treatment modalities previously established for cancer included surgery, chemotherapy, and radiotherapy. The majority of tumor cells of non-CSCs could be eradicated using conventional chemotherapy and radiotherapy. Therefore, novel and promising therapeutic strategies that selectively target CSCs are of great importance. In this review, we described different therapeutic strategies such as immunotherapy, metabolism-based therapeutic strategies, and additional potential therapeutic approaches (targeting microRNAs [miRNAs], histone deacetylase, and DNA methyl transferase) against CSCs. Taken together, due to the inefficiency of anticancer single therapies, targeting CSCs through their metabolism and using immunotherapy and miRNAs besides classical chemo- and radiotherapy may exert better therapeutic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seyed-Alireza Esmaeili
- Immunology Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,Immunology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Shamim Sahranavard
- Department of Traditional Pharmacy, School of Traditional Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Astireh Salehi
- Biology Department, Islamic Azad University, Sanandaj, Iran
| | - Vahid Bagheri
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran
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28
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Fieux M, Le Quellec S, Bartier S, Coste A, Louis B, Giroudon C, Nourredine M, Bequignon E. FcRn as a Transporter for Nasal Delivery of Biologics: A Systematic Review. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22126475. [PMID: 34204226 PMCID: PMC8234196 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22126475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2021] [Revised: 06/07/2021] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
FcRn plays a major role in regulating immune homeostasis, but it is also able to transport biologics across cellular barriers. The question of whether FcRn could be an efficient transporter of biologics across the nasal epithelial barrier is of particular interest, as it would allow a less invasive strategy for the administration of biologics in comparison to subcutaneous, intramuscular or intravenous administrations, which are often used in clinical practice. A focused systematic review was conducted following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. It was registered on the international prospective register of systematic reviews PROSPERO, which helped in identifying articles that met the inclusion criteria. Clinical and preclinical studies involving FcRn and the nasal delivery of biologics were screened, and the risk of bias was assessed across studies using the Oral Health Assessment Tool (OHAT). Among the 12 studies finally included in this systematic review (out of the 758 studies screened), 11 demonstrated efficient transcytosis of biologics through the nasal epithelium. Only three studies evaluated the potential toxicity of biologics’ intranasal delivery, and they all showed that it was safe. This systematic review confirmed that FcRn is expressed in the nasal airway and the olfactory epithelium, and that FcRn may play a role in IgG and/or IgG-derived molecule-transcytosis across the airway epithelium. However, additional research is needed to better characterize the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of biologics after their intranasal delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxime Fieux
- Hospices Civils de Lyon, Centre Hospitalier Lyon Sud, Service d’ORL, D’otoneurochirurgie et de Chirurgie Cervico-Faciale, Pierre Bénite, CEDEX, F-69495 Lyon, France
- Université de Lyon, Université Lyon 1, F-69003 Lyon, France; (S.L.Q.); (M.N.)
- Univ Paris Est Creteil, INSERM, IMRB, F-94010 Créteil, France; (S.B.); (A.C.); (B.L.); (E.B.)
- CNRS ERL 7000, F-94010 Créteil, France
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +33-4-7266-6415
| | - Sandra Le Quellec
- Université de Lyon, Université Lyon 1, F-69003 Lyon, France; (S.L.Q.); (M.N.)
- Hospices Civils de Lyon, Hôpital Cardiologique Louis Pradel, Unité D’hémostase Clinique, CEDEX, F-69500 Bron, France
- EA 4609 Hémostase et Cancer, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, F-69372 Lyon, France
- Hospices Civils de Lyon, Centre de Biologie et de Pathologie Est, Service D’hématologie Biologique, CEDEX, F-69500 Bron, France
| | - Sophie Bartier
- Univ Paris Est Creteil, INSERM, IMRB, F-94010 Créteil, France; (S.B.); (A.C.); (B.L.); (E.B.)
- CNRS ERL 7000, F-94010 Créteil, France
- Service d’ORL, de Chirurgie Cervico Faciale, Hôpital Henri Mondor, Assistance Publique des Hôpitaux de Paris, F-94000 Créteil, France
| | - André Coste
- Univ Paris Est Creteil, INSERM, IMRB, F-94010 Créteil, France; (S.B.); (A.C.); (B.L.); (E.B.)
- CNRS ERL 7000, F-94010 Créteil, France
- Service d’ORL, de Chirurgie Cervico Faciale, Centre Hospitalier Intercommunal de Créteil, F-94010 Créteil, France
| | - Bruno Louis
- Univ Paris Est Creteil, INSERM, IMRB, F-94010 Créteil, France; (S.B.); (A.C.); (B.L.); (E.B.)
- CNRS ERL 7000, F-94010 Créteil, France
| | - Caroline Giroudon
- Hospices Civils de Lyon, Service de la Documentation Centrale, CEDEX, F-69424 Lyon, France;
| | - Mikail Nourredine
- Université de Lyon, Université Lyon 1, F-69003 Lyon, France; (S.L.Q.); (M.N.)
- Hospices Civils de Lyon, Service de Biostatistique et Bioinformatique, F-69003 Lyon, France
- CNRS, Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Évolutive UMR 5558, F-69100 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Emilie Bequignon
- Univ Paris Est Creteil, INSERM, IMRB, F-94010 Créteil, France; (S.B.); (A.C.); (B.L.); (E.B.)
- CNRS ERL 7000, F-94010 Créteil, France
- Service d’ORL, de Chirurgie Cervico Faciale, Centre Hospitalier Intercommunal de Créteil, F-94010 Créteil, France
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29
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Bhandari PJ, Reddy MM, Rao KJ, Sandanaraj BS. Rapid Chemical Synthesis of Self-Assembling Semi-Synthetic Proteins. J Org Chem 2021; 86:8576-8589. [PMID: 34133144 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.1c00195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The design of well-defined monodispersed self-assembling semi-synthetic proteins is emerging as a promising research avenue. These proteins hold great potential to be used as scaffolds for various protein nanotechnology applications. Currently, there are very few chemical methods reported; however, they suffer from elaborate multistep organic synthesis. Herein, we report a new chemical methodology for the rapid synthesis of a diverse set of semi-synthetic protein families, which include protein amphiphiles, facially amphiphilic protein-dendron conjugates, and pH-sensitive protein-dendron conjugates. This chemical method holds great potential to access a wide variety of semi-synthetic proteins in a short time.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mullapudi Mohan Reddy
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Pune 411008, India
| | | | - Britto S Sandanaraj
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Pune 411008, India
- Department of Biology, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Pune 411008, India
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30
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Duranti C, Iorio J, Lottini T, Lastraioli E, Crescioli S, Bagni G, Lulli M, Capitani C, Bouazzi R, Stefanini M, Carraresi L, Iamele L, De Jonge H, Arcangeli A. Harnessing the hERG1/β1 Integrin Complex via a Novel Bispecific Single-chain Antibody: An Effective Strategy against Solid Cancers. Mol Cancer Ther 2021; 20:1338-1349. [PMID: 34045227 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-20-1111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Revised: 02/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
mAbs, either mono- or bispecific (bsAb), represent one of the most successful approaches to treat many types of malignancies. However, there are certain limitations to the use of full length mAbs for clinical applications, which can be overcome by engineered antibody fragments. The aim of this study was to develop a small bsAb, in the format of a single-chain diabody (scDb), to efficiently target two proteins, the hERG1 potassium channel and the β1 subunit of integrin receptors, which specifically form a macromolecular complex in cancer cells. We provide evidence that the scDb we produced binds to the hERG1/β1 complex in cancer cells and tissues, but does not bind to the hERG1 channel in nonpathologic tissues, in particular the heart. The scDb-hERG1-β1 (i) downregulates the formation of the hERG1/β1 complex, (ii) inhibits Akt phosphorylation and HIF-1α expression, and (iii) decreases cell survival, proliferation, and migration in vitro These effects only occur in cancer cells (either colon, pancreatic, or breast), but not in normal cells. In vivo, the scDb-hERG1-β1 shows a good pharmacokinetic profile, with a half-life of 13.5 hours and no general, cardiac, or renal toxicity when injected intravenously up to the dose of 8 mg/kg. The scDb-hERG1-β1 accumulates into subcutaneous xenografted tumors, arising from either colon or pancreatic human cancer cells, and induces a reduction of tumor growth and vascularization. Overall, the scDb-hERG1-β1 represents an innovative single-chain bispecific antibody for therapeutic applications in solid cancers that overexpress the hERG1/β1 integrin signaling complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Duranti
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Section of Internal Medicine, University of Florence, Firenze, Italy
| | - Jessica Iorio
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Section of Internal Medicine, University of Florence, Firenze, Italy
| | - Tiziano Lottini
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Section of Internal Medicine, University of Florence, Firenze, Italy
| | - Elena Lastraioli
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Section of Internal Medicine, University of Florence, Firenze, Italy
| | - Silvia Crescioli
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Section of Internal Medicine, University of Florence, Firenze, Italy
| | - Giacomo Bagni
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Section of Internal Medicine, University of Florence, Firenze, Italy
| | - Matteo Lulli
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Section of General Pathology, University of Florence, Firenze, Italy
| | - Chiara Capitani
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Section of Internal Medicine, University of Florence, Firenze, Italy
| | - Rayhana Bouazzi
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Section of Internal Medicine, University of Florence, Firenze, Italy
| | | | | | - Luisa Iamele
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Hugo De Jonge
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Annarosa Arcangeli
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Section of Internal Medicine, University of Florence, Firenze, Italy. .,CSDC-Center for the Study of Complex Dynamics, Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, Italy
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31
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Bhattacharya S. Anti-EGFR-mAb and 5-Fluorouracil Conjugated Polymeric Nanoparticles for Colorectal Cancer. Recent Pat Anticancer Drug Discov 2021; 16:84-100. [PMID: 33349222 DOI: 10.2174/1574892815666201221121859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Revised: 10/08/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Due to the higher intake of junk food and unhealthy lifestyle, the percentage of U.S. adults aged 50 to 75 years who were up-to-date with colorectal cancer screening increased 1.4 percentage points, from 67.4% in 2016 to 68.8% in 2018. This represents an additional 3.5 million adults screened for colorectal cancer. This is a severe concern of this research, and an attempt was made to prepare a target-specific formulation that could circumvent chemotherapy-related compilation and improvise higher cellular uptake. The fundamental agenda of this research was to prepare and develop Anti-EGFR mAb and 5-Fluorouracil (5-FU) fabricated polymeric nanoparticles for colorectal cancer. OBJECTIVE The main objective of this research was to prepare and evaluate more target specific formulation for the treatment of colorectal cancer. PLGA and PEG-based polymeric nanoparticles are capable of preventing opsonization via the reticuloendothelial system. Hence, prepared polymeric nanoparticles are capable of higher cellular uptake. METHODS The Poly(d,1-lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA) and Polyethylene Glycol (PEG) were combined utilizing the ring-opening polymerization method. The presence of PEG prevents opsonization and distinguished blood concentration along with enhanced targeting. The presence of PLGA benefits in the sustained release of polymeric formulations. The optimized formulation (5-FU-PLGA- PEG-NP) was lyophilized using 4% trehalose (cryoprotectants) and conjugated with Anti- EGFR mAb on its surface to produce Anti-EGFR-5-FU-PLGA-PEG-NP; the final formulation, which increases target specificity and drug delivery system of nanoparticles. RESULTS The spherical shaped optimized formulation, 5-FU-PLGA-PEG-NP-3 was found to have higher percentage drug entrapment efficacy (71.23%), higher percentage drug content (1.98 ± 0.34%) with minimum particles size (252.3nm) and anionic zeta potential (-31.23mV). The IC50 value of Anti-EGFR-5-FU-PLGA-PEG-NP was 1.01μg/mL after 48 hours incubation period in the HCT 116 cell line, indicating higher anticancer effects of the final formulation. CONCLUSION From the outcomes of various experiments, it was concluded that Anti-EGFR-5-FUPLGA- PEG-NP has biphasic drug release kinetics, higher cellular uptake and higher cytotoxicity. Therefore, anti-EGFR-5-FU-PLGA-PEG-NP holds excellent potential for drug delivery to EGFR positive colorectal cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sankha Bhattacharya
- ISF College of Pharmacy, GT Road (NH-95), Ghal Kalan, Moga, Punjab 142001, India
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32
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Baah S, Laws M, Rahman KM. Antibody-Drug Conjugates-A Tutorial Review. Molecules 2021; 26:2943. [PMID: 34063364 PMCID: PMC8156828 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26102943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Revised: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) are a family of targeted therapeutic agents for the treatment of cancer. ADC development is a rapidly expanding field of research, with over 80 ADCs currently in clinical development and eleven ADCs (nine containing small-molecule payloads and two with biological toxins) approved for use by the FDA. Compared to traditional small-molecule approaches, ADCs offer enhanced targeting of cancer cells along with reduced toxic side effects, making them an attractive prospect in the field of oncology. To this end, this tutorial review aims to serve as a reference material for ADCs and give readers a comprehensive understanding of ADCs; it explores and explains each ADC component (monoclonal antibody, linker moiety and cytotoxic payload) individually, highlights several EMA- and FDA-approved ADCs by way of case studies and offers a brief future perspective on the field of ADC research.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Khondaker Miraz Rahman
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, School of Cancer and Pharmaceutical Sciences, King’s College London, Franklin-Wilkins Building, 150 Stamford Street, London SE1 9NH, UK; (S.B.); (M.L.)
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33
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Golam Kibria M, Akazawa-Ogawa Y, Hagihara Y, Kuroda Y. Immune response with long-term memory triggered by amorphous aggregates of misfolded anti-EGFR V HH-7D12 is directed against the native V HH-7D12 as well as the framework of the analogous V HH-9G8. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2021; 165:13-21. [PMID: 33971271 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2021.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2021] [Revised: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 05/03/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
We previously demonstrated that amorphous aggregates of misfolded VHH-7D12 antibodies (VHH-Mis), a potential anti-EGFR drug, can generate a robust serum IgG response. Here we investigate the immunogenic nature, especially the specificity of the immune response induced by VHH-Mis. To this end, we used two natively folded and 77% identical anti-EGFR VHHs (VHH-7D12 and VHH-9G8) that possess a common framework but distinct complementarity determining regions (CDRs). In 60% of mice immunized with VHH-Mis, the anti-VHH-7D12 IgG titer was stronger than the anti-VHH-9G8 titer (Group-1). In the remaining mice (40%; Group-2), the anti-VHH-7D12 and anti-VHH-9G8 titer were almost identical. We rationalized these results by hypothesizing that mice in Group-1 produced IgG mostly against the VHH-7D12's CDRs, whereas in Group-2 mice, they targeted the VHH's framework. The IgG specificity against VHH-7D12 and VHH-9G8 was essentially unchanged over 17 weeks in both groups. Further, in all mice (Group-1&2) re-immunized with native VHH-7D12, the IgG titer against VHH-7D12 increased sharply but not against VHH-9G8. On the other hand, none of the three Group-1 mice re-immunized with native VHH-9G8 showed immunogenicity against VHH-7D12 nor VHH-9G8. Whereas, in Group-2 mice (three/three) re-immunized with VHH-9G8, the IgG titers against both VHHs increased but slowly. Flow-cytometric studies showed that VHH-Mis immunized mice generated a higher number of effector and central memory T-cells. Overall, these observations indicate that amorphous aggregates made of a misfolded VHH can induce serum IgG against its natively folded self and analogous VHHs having a similar framework but distinct CDRs. Furthermore, a robust long-term immune response with memory was established against its natively folded self but with a nil-to-moderate immune response against natively folded VHH analogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Golam Kibria
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Science, Graduate School of Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 2-24-16 Nakamachi, Koganei-shi, Tokyo 184-8588, Japan
| | - Yoko Akazawa-Ogawa
- Biomedical Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), 1-8-31, Midorigaoka, Ikeda, Osaka 563-8577, Japan
| | - Yoshihisa Hagihara
- Biomedical Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), 1-8-31, Midorigaoka, Ikeda, Osaka 563-8577, Japan
| | - Yutaka Kuroda
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Science, Graduate School of Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 2-24-16 Nakamachi, Koganei-shi, Tokyo 184-8588, Japan.
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Herrero Álvarez N, Bauer D, Hernández-Gil J, Lewis JS. Recent Advances in Radiometals for Combined Imaging and Therapy in Cancer. ChemMedChem 2021; 16:2909-2941. [PMID: 33792195 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.202100135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Nuclear medicine is defined as the use of radionuclides for diagnostic and therapeutic applications. The imaging modalities positron emission tomography (PET) and single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) are based on γ-emissions of specific energies. The therapeutic technologies are based on β- -particle-, α-particle-, and Auger electron emitters. In oncology, PET and SPECT are used to detect cancer lesions, to determine dosimetry, and to monitor therapy effectiveness. In contrast, radiotherapy is designed to irreparably damage tumor cells in order to eradicate or control the disease's progression. Radiometals are being explored for the development of diagnostic and therapeutic radiopharmaceuticals. Strategies that combine both modalities (diagnostic and therapeutic), referred to as theranostics, are promising candidates for clinical applications. This review provides an overview of the basic concepts behind therapeutic and diagnostic radiopharmaceuticals and their significance in contemporary oncology. Select radiometals that significantly impact current and upcoming cancer treatment strategies are grouped as clinically suitable theranostics pairs. The most important physical and chemical properties are discussed. Standard production methods and current radionuclide availability are provided to indicate whether a cost-efficient use in a clinical routine is feasible. Recent preclinical and clinical developments and outline perspectives for the radiometals are highlighted in each section.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Herrero Álvarez
- Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - David Bauer
- Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Javier Hernández-Gil
- Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY, 10065, USA.,Biomedical MRI/MoSAIC, Department of Imaging and Pathology, Katholieke Universiteit, Herestraat 49, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jason S Lewis
- Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY, 10065, USA.,Department of Radiology, Weill Cornell Medical College, 1300 York Avenue, New York, NY, 10065, USA.,Department of Pharmacology, Weill-Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, 10065, USA
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35
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Jiang L, Yuan C, Huang M. A general strategy to inhibit serine protease by targeting its autolysis loop. FASEB J 2021; 35:e21259. [DOI: 10.1096/fj.202002139rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Revised: 11/20/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Longguang Jiang
- College of Chemistry Fuzhou University Fuzhou P.R. China
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Marine Enzyme Engineering Fuzhou University Fuzhou P.R. China
| | - Cai Yuan
- College of Biological Science and Engineering Fuzhou University Fuzhou P.R. China
| | - Mingdong Huang
- College of Chemistry Fuzhou University Fuzhou P.R. China
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36
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Makowski EK, Wu L, Gupta P, Tessier PM. Discovery-stage identification of drug-like antibodies using emerging experimental and computational methods. MAbs 2021; 13:1895540. [PMID: 34313532 PMCID: PMC8346245 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2021.1895540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Revised: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
There is intense and widespread interest in developing monoclonal antibodies as therapeutic agents to treat diverse human disorders. During early-stage antibody discovery, hundreds to thousands of lead candidates are identified, and those that lack optimal physical and chemical properties must be deselected as early as possible to avoid problems later in drug development. It is particularly challenging to characterize such properties for large numbers of candidates with the low antibody quantities, concentrations, and purities that are available at the discovery stage, and to predict concentrated antibody properties (e.g., solubility, viscosity) required for efficient formulation, delivery, and efficacy. Here we review key recent advances in developing and implementing high-throughput methods for identifying antibodies with desirable in vitro and in vivo properties, including favorable antibody stability, specificity, solubility, pharmacokinetics, and immunogenicity profiles, that together encompass overall drug developability. In particular, we highlight impressive recent progress in developing computational methods for improving rational antibody design and prediction of drug-like behaviors that hold great promise for reducing the amount of required experimentation. We also discuss outstanding challenges that will need to be addressed in the future to fully realize the great potential of using such analysis for minimizing development times and improving the success rate of antibody candidates in the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily K. Makowski
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Biointerfaces Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Lina Wu
- Biointerfaces Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Department of Chemical Engineering
| | - Priyanka Gupta
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, USA
- Biotherapeutics Discovery Department, Boehringer Ingelheim, Ridgefield, CT, USA
| | - Peter M. Tessier
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Biointerfaces Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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Klingler J, Weiss S, Itri V, Liu X, Oguntuyo KY, Stevens C, Ikegame S, Hung CT, Enyindah-Asonye G, Amanat F, Baine I, Arinsburg S, Bandres JC, Kojic EM, Stoever J, Jurczyszak D, Bermudez-Gonzalez M, Nádas A, Liu S, Lee B, Zolla-Pazner S, Hioe CE. Role of IgM and IgA Antibodies in the Neutralization of SARS-CoV-2. MEDRXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR HEALTH SCIENCES 2020:2020.08.18.20177303. [PMID: 33173891 PMCID: PMC7654883 DOI: 10.1101/2020.08.18.20177303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND SARS-CoV-2 has infected millions of people globally. Virus infection requires the receptor-binding domain (RBD) of the spike protein. Although studies have demonstrated anti-spike and - RBD antibodies to be protective in animal models, and convalescent plasma as a promising therapeutic option, little is known about immunoglobulin (Ig) isotypes capable of blocking infection. METHODS We studied spike- and RBD-specific Ig isotypes in convalescent and acute plasma/sera using a multiplex bead assay. We also determined virus neutralization activities in plasma, sera, and purified Ig fractions using a VSV pseudovirus assay. RESULTS Spike- and RBD-specific IgM, IgG1, and IgA1 were produced by all or nearly all subjects at variable levels and detected early after infection. All samples displayed neutralizing activity. Regression analyses revealed that IgM and IgG1 contributed most to neutralization, consistent with IgM and IgG fractions' neutralization potency. IgA also exhibited neutralizing activity, but with lower potency. CONCLUSION IgG, IgM and IgA are critical components of convalescent plasma used for COVID-19 treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jéromine Klingler
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY USA
- James J. Peters VA Medical Center, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Svenja Weiss
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY USA
- James J. Peters VA Medical Center, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Vincenza Itri
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY USA
| | - Xiaomei Liu
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY USA
- James J. Peters VA Medical Center, Bronx, NY, USA
| | | | - Christian Stevens
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Satoshi Ikegame
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Chuan-Tien Hung
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Gospel Enyindah-Asonye
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY USA
| | - Fatima Amanat
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ian Baine
- Department of Pathology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Suzanne Arinsburg
- Department of Pathology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Erna Milunka Kojic
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Mount Sinai West and Morningside, NY, USA
| | | | - Denise Jurczyszak
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Arthur Nádas
- Department of Environment Medicine, NYU School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Sean Liu
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY USA
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Benhur Lee
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Susan Zolla-Pazner
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY USA
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Catarina E. Hioe
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY USA
- James J. Peters VA Medical Center, Bronx, NY, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
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38
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Ayalew L, D'Souza AD, Chen Y, Kim MT. Identification and quantitation of hinge cysteinylation on endogenous IgG2 antibodies from human serum. MAbs 2020; 12:1854923. [PMID: 33317401 PMCID: PMC7755172 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2020.1854923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Cysteinylation is a post-translational modification (PTM) that occurs when a cysteine residue on a protein forms a disulfide bond with a terminal cysteine molecule. This PTM has been found in the hinge region of several recombinant therapeutic IgG2 antibodies, but the impact of cysteinylation on the safety and immunogenicity of therapeutics remains unclear. In this study, we characterized recombinant and endogenous IgG2 antibodies to quantify their levels of hinge cysteinylation, if present. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to identify and quantify hinge cysteinylation in endogenous IgG2 antibodies from healthy human serum. We used anti-IgG2 immunopurification of human serum to specifically enrich for endogenous IgG2 antibodies, and then subjected the resulting samples to Lys-C peptide mapping coupled with targeted mass spectrometry techniques. Using this analytical workflow, we found that all healthy human serum samples tested (N = 10) contained quantifiable levels of hinge cysteinylation (0.8 ± 0.3%) in their endogenous human IgG2s (IgG2-A isoform). These findings demonstrate that hinge cysteinylation in therapeutic IgG2s, at least up to a certain level, is well tolerated in humans and pose minimal safety or immunogenicity risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luladey Ayalew
- Protein Analytical Chemistry, Genentech , South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Alicia D D'Souza
- Protein Analytical Chemistry, Genentech , South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Yan Chen
- Protein Analytical Chemistry, Genentech , South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Michael T Kim
- Protein Analytical Chemistry, Genentech , South San Francisco, CA, USA
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39
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Ali MG, Zhang Z, Gao Q, Pan M, Rowan EG, Zhang J. Recent advances in therapeutic applications of neutralizing antibodies for virus infections: an overview. Immunol Res 2020; 68:325-339. [PMID: 33161557 PMCID: PMC7648849 DOI: 10.1007/s12026-020-09159-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Antibodies are considered as an excellent foundation to neutralize pathogens and as highly specific therapeutic agents. Antibodies are generated in response to a vaccine but little use as immunotherapy to combat virus infections. A new generation of broadly cross-reactive and highly potent antibodies has led to a unique chance for them to be used as a medical intervention. Neutralizing antibodies (monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies) are desirable for pharmaceutical products because of their ability to target specific epitopes with their variable domains by precise neutralization mechanisms. The isolation of neutralizing antiviral antibodies has been achieved by Phage displayed antibody libraries, transgenic mice, B cell approaches, and hybridoma technology. Antibody engineering technologies have led to efficacy improvements, to further boost antibody in vivo activities. "Although neutralizing antiviral antibodies have some limitations that hinder their full development as therapeutic agents, the potential for prevention and treatment of infections, including a range of viruses (HIV, Ebola, MERS-COV, CHIKV, SARS-CoV, and SARS-CoV2), are being actively pursued in human clinical trials."
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Affiliation(s)
- Manasik Gumah Ali
- Antibody Engineering Laboratory, School of Life Science & Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhening Zhang
- Antibody Engineering Laboratory, School of Life Science & Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Qi Gao
- Antibody Engineering Laboratory, School of Life Science & Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Mingzhu Pan
- Antibody Engineering Laboratory, School of Life Science & Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Edward G Rowan
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK
| | - Juan Zhang
- Antibody Engineering Laboratory, School of Life Science & Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China.
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40
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Pelechas E, Voulgari PV, Drosos AA. Preclinical discovery and development of adalimumab for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2020; 16:227-234. [PMID: 33183071 DOI: 10.1080/17460441.2021.1846516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is an autoimmune disease that is characterized by progressive joint disorders with significant pain and stiffness. In the past, RA was a difficult -to-treat ailment, but nowadays with the advent of biologics and better treatment strategies, disease remission is an achievable goal. Tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα) inhibitors were the first category of biologics to emerge with adalimumab being the first fully human TNFα.Areas covered: the authors provide an overview of the historical events that led to the discovery of TNFα inhibitors and more specifically the drug adalimumab. Several key trials are presented regarding the safety of the drug as well as its successful journey, but there is also a narrative description of the drug's future after patent expiration.Expert opinion: Adalimumab is a fully human TNFα inhibitor with a fairly rapid onset of action. It has a generally good safety and efficacy profile. Clinicians must be aware of the possible side effects and treat them in a timely manner or discontinue the drug where appropriate. Due to the success of the bio-originator adalimumab, a multitude of biosimilars have emerged but not, thus far, for all of the indications of the bio-originator.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleftherios Pelechas
- Rheumatology Clinic, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical School, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece
| | - Paraskevi V Voulgari
- Rheumatology Clinic, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical School, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece
| | - Alexandros A Drosos
- Rheumatology Clinic, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical School, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece
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Sasaki K, Harada M, Yoshikawa T, Tagawa H, Harada Y, Yonemitsu Y, Ryujin T, Kishimura A, Mori T, Katayama Y. Fc-Binding Antibody-Recruiting Molecules Targeting Prostate-Specific Membrane Antigen: Defucosylation of Antibody for Efficacy Improvement*. Chembiochem 2020; 22:496-500. [PMID: 32969164 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202000577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Revised: 09/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Synthetic small molecules that redirect endogenous antibodies to target cells are promising drug candidates because they overcome the potential shortcomings of therapeutic antibodies, such as immunogenicity and the need for intravenous delivery. Previously, we reported a novel class of bispecific molecules targeting the antibody Fc region and folate receptor, named Fc-binding antibody-recruiting molecules (Fc-ARMs). Fc-ARMs can theoretically recruit most endogenous antibodies, inducing antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) to eliminate cancer cells. Herein, we describe new Fc-ARMs that target prostate cancer (Fc-ARM-Ps). Fc-ARM-Ps recruited antibodies to cancer cells expressing prostate-specific membrane antigen but did so with lower efficiency compared with Fc-ARMs targeting the folate receptor. Upon recruitment by Fc-ARM-P, defucosylated antibodies efficiently activated natural killer cells and induced ADCC, whereas antibodies with intact N-glycans did not. The results suggest that the affinity between recruited antibodies and CD16a, a type of Fc receptor expressed on immune cells, could be a key factor controlling immune activation in the Fc-ARM strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koichi Sasaki
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishiku, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan.,Present address: Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka Prefecture University, Osaka, 599-8531, Japan
| | - Minori Harada
- Graduate School of Systems Life Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan
| | - Takuma Yoshikawa
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishiku, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Tagawa
- Graduate School of Systems Life Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan
| | - Yui Harada
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan
| | - Yoshikazu Yonemitsu
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan
| | - Takaaki Ryujin
- Graduate School of Systems Life Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan
| | - Akihiro Kishimura
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishiku, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan.,Graduate School of Systems Life Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan.,International Research Center for Molecular Systems, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan
| | - Takeshi Mori
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishiku, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan.,Graduate School of Systems Life Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan
| | - Yoshiki Katayama
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishiku, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan.,Graduate School of Systems Life Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan.,International Research Center for Molecular Systems, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Chung Yuan Christian University, Taoyuan, 32023, Taiwan
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42
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Baumgarth N, Nikolich-Žugich J, Lee FEH, Bhattacharya D. Antibody Responses to SARS-CoV-2: Let's Stick to Known Knowns. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2020; 205:2342-2350. [PMID: 32887754 PMCID: PMC7578055 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2000839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Accepted: 08/12/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The scale of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic has thrust immunology into the public spotlight in unprecedented ways. In this article, which is part opinion piece and part review, we argue that the normal cadence by which we discuss science with our colleagues failed to properly convey likelihoods of the immune response to SARS-CoV-2 to the public and the media. As a result, biologically implausible outcomes were given equal weight as the principles set by decades of viral immunology. Unsurprisingly, questionable results and alarmist news media articles have filled the void. We suggest an emphasis on setting expectations based on prior findings while avoiding the overused approach of assuming nothing. After reviewing Ab-mediated immunity after coronavirus and other acute viral infections, we posit that, with few exceptions, the development of protective humoral immunity of more than a year is the norm. Immunity to SARS-CoV-2 is likely to follow the same pattern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Baumgarth
- Center for Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616
| | - Janko Nikolich-Žugich
- Department of Immunobiology, University of Arizona College of Medicine-Tucson, Tucson, AZ 85724
- University of Arizona Center on Aging, University of Arizona College of Medicine-Tucson, Tucson, AZ 85724
| | - F Eun-Hyung Lee
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322
- Lowance Center for Human Immunology, Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322; and
- Lowance Center for Human Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322
| | - Deepta Bhattacharya
- Department of Immunobiology, University of Arizona College of Medicine-Tucson, Tucson, AZ 85724;
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Garg AK, Desikan R, Dixit NM. Preferential Presentation of High-Affinity Immune Complexes in Germinal Centers Can Explain How Passive Immunization Improves the Humoral Response. Cell Rep 2020; 29:3946-3957.e5. [PMID: 31851925 PMCID: PMC7116025 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.11.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2019] [Revised: 09/12/2019] [Accepted: 11/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Passive immunization (PI) with external antibodies has been used classically for rapid but temporary alleviation of disease. Transcending this role, recent studies have shown PI to induce lasting improvements in natural antibody production, suggesting that PI could become a powerful tool to engineer humoral responses. We propose a mechanism with which PI can alter the humoral response. Antigen-specific B cells evolve and get selected in germinal centers (GCs) on the basis of their ability to acquire antigen from antibody-antigen complexes presented in GCs. When external antibodies of high affinity for antigen are used, they form the majority of the complexes in GCs, letting only B cells with even higher affinities be selected. Using an in silico GC reaction model, we show that this mechanism explains the improved humoral responses following PI. The model also synthesizes several independent experimental observations, indicating the robustness of the mechanism, and proposes tunable handles to optimize PI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amar K Garg
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru 560012, India
| | - Rajat Desikan
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru 560012, India
| | - Narendra M Dixit
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru 560012, India; Centre for Biosystems Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru 560012, India.
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44
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Johdi NA, Sukor NF. Colorectal Cancer Immunotherapy: Options and Strategies. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1624. [PMID: 33042104 PMCID: PMC7530194 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 220] [Impact Index Per Article: 55.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2020] [Accepted: 06/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer is the third most common cancer in the world with increasing incidence and mortality rates globally. Standard treatments for colorectal cancer have always been surgery, chemotherapy and radiotherapy which may be used in combination to treat patients. However, these treatments have many side effects due to their non-specificity and cytotoxicity toward any cells including normal cells that are growing and dividing. Furthermore, many patients succumb to relapse even after a series of treatments. Thus, it is crucial to have more alternative and effective treatments to treat CRC patients. Immunotherapy is one of the new alternatives in cancer treatment. The strategy is to utilize patients' own immune systems in combating the cancer cells. Cancer immunotherapy overcomes the issue of specificity which is the major problem in chemotherapy and radiotherapy. The normal cells with no cancer antigens are not affected. The outcomes of some cancer immunotherapy have been astonishing in some cases, but some which rely on the status of patients' own immune systems are not. Those patients who responded well to cancer immunotherapy have a better prognostic and better quality of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nor Adzimah Johdi
- UKM Medical Molecular Biology Institute (UMBI), National University of Malaysia, Bangi, Malaysia
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Jayaprakash V, Costalonga M, Dhulipala S, Varanasi KK. Enhancing the Injectability of High Concentration Drug Formulations Using Core Annular Flows. Adv Healthc Mater 2020; 9:e2001022. [PMID: 32830449 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202001022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Highly concentrated biological drug formulations would offer tremendous benefits to global health, yet they cannot be manually injected using commercial syringes and needles due to their high viscosities. Current approaches to address this problem face several challenges such as crosscontamination, high cost, needle clogging, and protein inactivation. This work reports a simple method to enhance formulation injectability using a core annular flow, where the transport of highly viscous fluids through a needle is enabled by coaxial lubrication by a less viscous fluid. A phase diagram to ensure optimally lubricated flow while minimizing the volume fraction of lubricant injected is established. The technique presented here allows for up to a 7x reduction in injection force for the highest viscosity ratio tested. The role of buoyancy-driven eccentricity in governing nominal pressure reduction is also examined. Finally, the findings are implemented into the development of a double barreled syringe that significantly expands the range of injectable concentrations of several biologic formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vishnu Jayaprakash
- Department of Mechanical Engineering Massachusetts Institute of Technology 77 Massachusetts Ave Cambridge MA 02139 USA
| | - Maxime Costalonga
- Department of Mechanical Engineering Massachusetts Institute of Technology 77 Massachusetts Ave Cambridge MA 02139 USA
| | - Somayajulu Dhulipala
- Department of Mechanical Engineering Massachusetts Institute of Technology 77 Massachusetts Ave Cambridge MA 02139 USA
| | - Kripa K. Varanasi
- Department of Mechanical Engineering Massachusetts Institute of Technology 77 Massachusetts Ave Cambridge MA 02139 USA
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Martinez JM, Hindiyeh N, Anglin G, Kalidas K, Hodsdon ME, Kielbasa W, Moser BA, Pearlman EM, Garces S. Assessment of immunogenicity from galcanezumab phase 3 trials in patients with episodic or chronic migraine. Cephalalgia 2020; 40:978-989. [PMID: 32340471 PMCID: PMC7469706 DOI: 10.1177/0333102420920642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2019] [Revised: 12/23/2019] [Accepted: 03/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This analysis characterizes the immunogenicity profile of galcanezumab, a humanized monoclonal antibody that selectively binds calcitonin gene-related peptide and inhibits its activity, in phase 3 migraine trials. METHODS Immunogenicity data were analyzed from baseline and double-blind, placebo-controlled phases of the 3-month chronic migraine study REGAIN, the 6-month episodic migraine studies EVOLVE-1 and EVOLVE-2, and from baseline and open-label phases of the 12-month chronic and episodic migraine Study CGAJ. The incidence of baseline antidrug antibodies, treatment-emergent antidrug antibodies, neutralizing antidrug antibodies, and the effect of antidrug antibody titer on pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics were assessed. The relationship between antidrug antibody status and efficacy was explored using average change in monthly migraine headache days. Safety analyses assessed the potential relationship between treatment-emergent antidrug antibodies and hypersensitivity events or adverse events related to injection sites. FINDINGS Across studies, 5.9-11.2% of patients had baseline antidrug antibodies. The incidence of treatment-emergent antidrug antibodies was 2.6-12.4% in the galcanezumab group and 0.5-1.7% in the placebo group. The majority of treatment-emergent antidrug antibodies were detected approximately 3-6 months after first study drug dose. Overall, the observed antidrug antibody titer did not impact galcanezumab concentrations, calcitonin gene-related peptide concentrations, or galcanezumab efficacy. There was no evidence that hypersensitivity events or adverse events related to injection sites were mediated by treatment-emergent antidrug antibodies. INTERPRETATION These data showed that immunogenicity did not impact galcanezumab concentrations, calcitonin gene-related peptide concentrations, or the efficacy and hypersensitivity profile of galcanezumab in patients with migraine.
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Challenges and strategies for next-generation bispecific antibody-based antitumor therapeutics. Cell Mol Immunol 2020; 17:451-461. [PMID: 32313210 DOI: 10.1038/s41423-020-0417-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2019] [Revised: 03/16/2020] [Accepted: 03/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Bispecific antibodies (bsAbs) refer to a large family of molecules that recognize two different epitopes or antigens. Although a series of challenges, especially immunogenicity and chain mispairing issues, once hindered the development of bsAbs, they have been gradually overcome with the help of rapidly developing technologies in the past 5 decades. In the meantime, an increasing number of bsAb platforms have been designed to satisfy different clinical demands. Currently, numerous preclinical and clinical trials are underway, portraying a promising future for bsAb-based cancer treatment. Nevertheless, bsAb drugs still face enormous challenges in their application as cancer therapeutics, including tumor heterogeneity and mutational burden, intractable tumor microenvironment (TME), insufficient costimulatory signals to activate T cells, the necessity for continuous injection, fatal systemic side effects, and off-target toxicities to adjacent normal cells. Therefore, we provide several strategies as solutions to these issues, which comprise generating multispecific bsAbs, discovering neoantigens, combining bsAbs with other anticancer therapies, exploiting natural killer (NK)-cell-based bsAbs and producing bsAbs in situ. In this review, we mainly discuss previous and current challenges in bsAb development and underscore corresponding strategies, with a brief introduction of several typical bsAb formats.
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Analytical validation of new ELISAs for the quantitation of polyclonal free light chains and comparison to existing assays for healthy and patient samples. J Immunol Methods 2020; 478:112713. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2019.112713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2019] [Revised: 11/05/2019] [Accepted: 11/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Intracellular Delivery of Anti-SMC2 Antibodies against Cancer Stem Cells. Pharmaceutics 2020; 12:pharmaceutics12020185. [PMID: 32098204 PMCID: PMC7076674 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics12020185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2020] [Revised: 02/19/2020] [Accepted: 02/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Structural maintenance of chromosomes protein 2 (SMC2) is a central component of the condensin complex involved in DNA supercoiling, an essential process for embryonic stem cell survival. SMC2 over-expression has been related with tumorigenesis and cancer malignancy and its inhibition is regarded as a potential therapeutic strategy even though no drugs are currently available. Here, we propose to inhibit SMC2 by intracellular delivery of specific antibodies against the SMC2 protein. This strategy aims to reduce cancer malignancy by targeting cancer stem cells (CSC), the tumoral subpopulation responsible of tumor recurrence and metastasis. In order to prevent degradation and improve cellular internalization, anti-SMC2 antibodies (Ab-SMC2) were delivered by polymeric micelles (PM) based on Pluronic® F127 amphiphilic polymers. Importantly, scaffolding the Ab-SMC2 onto nanoparticles allowed its cellular internalization and highly increased its efficacy in terms of cytotoxicity and inhibition of tumorsphere formation in MDA-MB-231 and HCT116 breast and colon cancer cell lines, respectively. Moreover, in the case of the HCT116 cell line G1, cell-cycle arrest was also observed. In contrast, no effects from free Ab-SMC2 were detected in any case. Further, combination therapy of anti-SMC2 micelles with paclitaxel (PTX) and 5-Fluorouracil (5-FU) was also explored. For this, PTX and 5-FU were respectively loaded into an anti-SMC2 decorated PM. The efficacy of both encapsulated drugs was higher than their free forms in both the HCT116 and MDA-MB-231 cell lines. Remarkably, micelles loaded with Ab-SMC2 and PTX showed the highest efficacy in terms of inhibition of tumorsphere formation in HCT116 cells. Accordingly, our data clearly suggest an effective intracellular release of antibodies targeting SMC2 in these cell models and, further, strong cytotoxicity against CSC, alone and in combined treatments with Standard-of-Care drugs.
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Abstract
The advent of biologic therapies, particularly antibody therapeutics, has revolutionized the pharmacological treatment of many rheumatic diseases. Antibody discovery began with the immunization of mice for the production of rodent immunoglobulins, but advances in protein and genetic engineering have now made it possible to generate fully human antibodies, which are better tolerated by patients. For most clinical applications in rheumatology, antibodies have been used as blocking agents capable of neutralizing the function of pro-inflammatory proteins, such as TNF. The latest strategies involve antibody products armed with effector moieties, such as anti-inflammatory drugs or cytokines, or antibody products that are specific for multiple targets for the selective inhibition of inflammation at sites of disease. Antibodies are some of the best-selling drugs in the world, and with further advances in antibody development, engineering of armed antibodies and bispecific products will have an important role in the treatment of rheumatic diseases.
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