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Hasan M, He Z, Jia M, Leung ACF, Natarajan K, Xu W, Yap S, Zhou F, Chen S, Su H, Zhu K, Su H. Dynamic expedition of leading mutations in SARS-CoV-2 spike glycoproteins. Comput Struct Biotechnol J 2024; 23:2407-2417. [PMID: 38882678 PMCID: PMC11176665 DOI: 10.1016/j.csbj.2024.05.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2024] [Revised: 05/21/2024] [Accepted: 05/21/2024] [Indexed: 06/18/2024] Open
Abstract
The continuous evolution of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), which caused the recent pandemic, has generated countless new variants with varying fitness. Mutations of the spike glycoprotein play a particularly vital role in shaping its evolutionary trajectory, as they have the capability to alter its infectivity and antigenicity. We present a time-resolved statistical method, Dynamic Expedition of Leading Mutations (deLemus), to analyze the evolutionary dynamics of the SARS-CoV-2 spike glycoprotein. The proposed L -index of the deLemus method is effective in quantifying the mutation strength of each amino acid site and outlining evolutionarily significant sites, allowing the comprehensive characterization of the evolutionary mutation pattern of the spike glycoprotein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Hasan
- Department of Chemistry, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong, China
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhouyi He
- Department of Chemistry, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong, China
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), Guangzhou, China
| | - Mengqi Jia
- Department of Chemistry, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong, China
| | - Alvin C F Leung
- Department of Chemistry, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong, China
- Division of Life Science, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong, China
| | | | - Wentao Xu
- Department of Chemistry, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong, China
| | - Shanqi Yap
- Department of Chemistry, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong, China
| | - Feng Zhou
- Department of Chemistry, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong, China
| | - Shihong Chen
- Department of Chemistry, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong, China
| | - Hailei Su
- Bengbu Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 4339 Huai-shang Road, Anhui 233080, China
| | - Kaicheng Zhu
- Department of Chemistry, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong, China
| | - Haibin Su
- Department of Chemistry, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong, China
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), Guangzhou, China
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2
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Rader NA, Lee KS, Loes AN, Miller-Stump OA, Cooper M, Wong TY, Boehm DT, Barbier M, Bevere JR, Heath Damron F. Influenza virus strains expressing SARS-CoV-2 receptor binding domain protein confer immunity in K18-hACE2 mice. Vaccine X 2024; 20:100543. [PMID: 39221180 PMCID: PMC11364132 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvacx.2024.100543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2024] [Accepted: 08/01/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the causative agent of coronavirus disease (COVID-19), rapidly spread across the globe in 2019. With the emergence of the Omicron variant, COVID-19 shifted into an endemic phase. Given the anticipated rise in cases during the fall and winter seasons, the strategy of implementing seasonal booster vaccines for COVID-19 is becoming increasingly valuable to protect public health. This practice already exists for seasonal influenza vaccines to combat annual influenza seasons. Our goal was to investigate an easily modifiable vaccine platform for seasonal use against SARS-CoV-2. In this study, we evaluated the genetically modified influenza virus ΔNA(RBD) as an intranasal vaccine candidate for COVID-19. This modified virus was engineered to replace the coding sequence for the neuraminidase (NA) protein with a membrane-anchored form of the receptor binding domain (RBD) protein of SARS-CoV-2. We designed experiments to assess the protection of ΔNA(RBD) in K18-hACE2 mice using lethal (Delta) and non-lethal (Omicron) challenge models. Controls of COVID-19 mRNA vaccine and our lab's previously described intranasal virus like particle vaccine were used as comparisons. Immunization with ΔNA(RBD) expressing ancestral RBD elicited high anti-RBD IgG levels in the serum of mice, high anti-RBD IgA in lung tissue, and improved survival after Delta variant challenge. Modifying ΔNA(RBD) to express Omicron variant RBD shifted variant-specific antibody responses and limited viral burden in the lungs of mice after Omicron variant challenge. Overall, this data suggests that ΔNA(RBD) could be an effective intranasal vaccine platform that generates mucosal and systemic immunity towards SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathaniel A. Rader
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cell Biology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
- Vaccine Development Center at West Virginia University Health Sciences Center, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Katherine S. Lee
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cell Biology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
- Vaccine Development Center at West Virginia University Health Sciences Center, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Andrea N. Loes
- Division of Basic Sciences and Computational Biology Program, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Seattle, WA 98103, USA
| | - Olivia A. Miller-Stump
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cell Biology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
- Vaccine Development Center at West Virginia University Health Sciences Center, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Melissa Cooper
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cell Biology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
- Vaccine Development Center at West Virginia University Health Sciences Center, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Ting Y. Wong
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cell Biology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
- Vaccine Development Center at West Virginia University Health Sciences Center, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Dylan T. Boehm
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cell Biology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
- Vaccine Development Center at West Virginia University Health Sciences Center, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Mariette Barbier
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cell Biology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
- Vaccine Development Center at West Virginia University Health Sciences Center, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Justin R. Bevere
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cell Biology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
- Vaccine Development Center at West Virginia University Health Sciences Center, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - F. Heath Damron
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cell Biology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
- Vaccine Development Center at West Virginia University Health Sciences Center, Morgantown, WV, USA
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3
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Sarkar M, Madabhavi I. COVID-19 mutations: An overview. World J Methodol 2024; 14:89761. [PMID: 39310238 PMCID: PMC11230071 DOI: 10.5662/wjm.v14.i3.89761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2023] [Revised: 02/07/2024] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 06/25/2024] Open
Abstract
The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) belongs to the genus Beta coronavirus and the family of Coronaviridae. It is a positive-sense, non-segmented single-strand RNA virus. Four common types of human coronaviruses circulate globally, particularly in the fall and winter seasons. They are responsible for 10%-30% of all mild upper respiratory tract infections in adults. These are 229E, NL63 of the Alfacoronaviridae family, OC43, and HKU1 of the Betacoronaviridae family. However, there are three highly pathogenic human coronaviruses: SARS-CoV-2, Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus, and the latest pandemic caused by the SARS-CoV-2 infection. All viruses, including SARS-CoV-2, have the inherent tendency to evolve. SARS-CoV-2 is still evolving in humans. Additionally, due to the development of herd immunity, prior infection, use of medication, vaccination, and antibodies, the viruses are facing immune pressure. During the replication process and due to immune pressure, the virus may undergo mutations. Several SARS-CoV-2 variants, including the variants of concern (VOCs), such as B.1.1.7 (Alpha), B.1.351 (Beta), B.1.617/B.1.617.2 (Delta), P.1 (Gamma), and B.1.1.529 (Omicron) have been reported from various parts of the world. These VOCs contain several important mutations; some of them are on the spike proteins. These mutations may lead to enhanced infectivity, transmissibility, and decreased neutralization efficacy by monoclonal antibodies, convalescent sera, or vaccines. Mutations may also lead to a failure of detection by molecular diagnostic tests, leading to a delayed diagnosis, increased community spread, and delayed treatment. We searched PubMed, EMBASE, Covariant, the Stanford variant Database, and the CINAHL from December 2019 to February 2023 using the following search terms: VOC, SARS-CoV-2, Omicron, mutations in SARS-CoV-2, etc. This review discusses the various mutations and their impact on infectivity, transmissibility, and neutralization efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malay Sarkar
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Indira Gandhi Medical College, Shimla 171001, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Irappa Madabhavi
- Department of Medical and Pediatric Oncology and Hematology, J N Medical College, and KAHER, Belagavi, Karnataka 590010, India
- Department of Medical and Pediatric Oncology and Hematology, Kerudi Cancer Hospital, Bagalkot, Karnataka 587103, India
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4
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Tamming L, Duque D, Tran A, Lansdell C, Frahm G, Wu J, Fekete EE, Creskey M, Thulasi Raman SN, Laryea E, Zhang W, Pfeifle A, Gravel C, Stalker A, Hashem AM, Chen W, Stuible M, Durocher Y, Safronetz D, Cao J, Wang L, Sauve S, Rosu-Myles M, Zhang X, Johnston MJ, Li X. Lipid nanoparticle encapsulation of a Delta spike-CD40L DNA vaccine improves effectiveness against Omicron challenge in Syrian hamsters. Mol Ther Methods Clin Dev 2024; 32:101325. [PMID: 39309757 PMCID: PMC11416279 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtm.2024.101325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2024] [Accepted: 08/15/2024] [Indexed: 09/25/2024]
Abstract
The effectiveness of mRNA vaccines largely depends on their lipid nanoparticle (LNP) component. Herein, we investigate the effectiveness of DLin-KC2-DMA (KC2) and SM-102-based LNPs for the intramuscular delivery of a plasmid encoding B.1.617.2 (Delta) spike fused with CD40 ligand. LNP encapsulation of this CD40L-adjuvanted DNA vaccine with either LNP formulation drastically enhanced antibody responses, enabling neutralization of heterologous Omicron variants. The DNA-LNP formulations provided excellent protection from homologous challenge, reducing viral replication, and preventing histopathological changes in the pulmonary tissues. Moreover, the DNA-LNP vaccines maintained a high level of protection against heterologous Omicron BA.5 challenge despite a reduced neutralizing response. In addition, we observed that DNA-LNP vaccination led to the pulmonary downregulation of interferon signaling, interleukin-12 signaling, and macrophage response pathways following SARS-CoV-2 challenge, shedding some light on the mechanisms underlying the prevention of pulmonary injury. These results highlight the potential combination of molecular adjuvants with LNP-based vaccine delivery to induce greater and broader immune responses capable of preventing inflammatory damage and protecting against emerging variants. These findings could be informative for the future design of both DNA and mRNA vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Levi Tamming
- Centre for Oncology, Radiopharmaceuticals and Research, Biologic and Radiopharmaceutical Drugs Directorate, Health Products and Food Branch, Health Canada and World Health Organization Collaborating Center for Standardization and Evaluation of Biologicals, Ottawa, ON K1A 0K9, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - Diana Duque
- Human Health Therapeutics Research Center, National Research Council of Canada, Ottawa, ON K1A 0R6, Canada
| | - Anh Tran
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada
- Human Health Therapeutics Research Center, National Research Council of Canada, Ottawa, ON K1A 0R6, Canada
| | - Casey Lansdell
- Centre for Oncology, Radiopharmaceuticals and Research, Biologic and Radiopharmaceutical Drugs Directorate, Health Products and Food Branch, Health Canada and World Health Organization Collaborating Center for Standardization and Evaluation of Biologicals, Ottawa, ON K1A 0K9, Canada
| | - Grant Frahm
- Centre for Oncology, Radiopharmaceuticals and Research, Biologic and Radiopharmaceutical Drugs Directorate, Health Products and Food Branch, Health Canada and World Health Organization Collaborating Center for Standardization and Evaluation of Biologicals, Ottawa, ON K1A 0K9, Canada
| | - Jianguo Wu
- Centre for Oncology, Radiopharmaceuticals and Research, Biologic and Radiopharmaceutical Drugs Directorate, Health Products and Food Branch, Health Canada and World Health Organization Collaborating Center for Standardization and Evaluation of Biologicals, Ottawa, ON K1A 0K9, Canada
| | - Emily E.F. Fekete
- Centre for Oncology, Radiopharmaceuticals and Research, Biologic and Radiopharmaceutical Drugs Directorate, Health Products and Food Branch, Health Canada and World Health Organization Collaborating Center for Standardization and Evaluation of Biologicals, Ottawa, ON K1A 0K9, Canada
| | - Marybeth Creskey
- Centre for Oncology, Radiopharmaceuticals and Research, Biologic and Radiopharmaceutical Drugs Directorate, Health Products and Food Branch, Health Canada and World Health Organization Collaborating Center for Standardization and Evaluation of Biologicals, Ottawa, ON K1A 0K9, Canada
| | - Sathya N. Thulasi Raman
- Centre for Oncology, Radiopharmaceuticals and Research, Biologic and Radiopharmaceutical Drugs Directorate, Health Products and Food Branch, Health Canada and World Health Organization Collaborating Center for Standardization and Evaluation of Biologicals, Ottawa, ON K1A 0K9, Canada
| | - Emmanuel Laryea
- Centre for Oncology, Radiopharmaceuticals and Research, Biologic and Radiopharmaceutical Drugs Directorate, Health Products and Food Branch, Health Canada and World Health Organization Collaborating Center for Standardization and Evaluation of Biologicals, Ottawa, ON K1A 0K9, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - Wanyue Zhang
- Centre for Oncology, Radiopharmaceuticals and Research, Biologic and Radiopharmaceutical Drugs Directorate, Health Products and Food Branch, Health Canada and World Health Organization Collaborating Center for Standardization and Evaluation of Biologicals, Ottawa, ON K1A 0K9, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - Annabelle Pfeifle
- Centre for Oncology, Radiopharmaceuticals and Research, Biologic and Radiopharmaceutical Drugs Directorate, Health Products and Food Branch, Health Canada and World Health Organization Collaborating Center for Standardization and Evaluation of Biologicals, Ottawa, ON K1A 0K9, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - Caroline Gravel
- Centre for Oncology, Radiopharmaceuticals and Research, Biologic and Radiopharmaceutical Drugs Directorate, Health Products and Food Branch, Health Canada and World Health Organization Collaborating Center for Standardization and Evaluation of Biologicals, Ottawa, ON K1A 0K9, Canada
| | - Andrew Stalker
- Centre for Oncology, Radiopharmaceuticals and Research, Biologic and Radiopharmaceutical Drugs Directorate, Health Products and Food Branch, Health Canada and World Health Organization Collaborating Center for Standardization and Evaluation of Biologicals, Ottawa, ON K1A 0K9, Canada
| | - Anwar M. Hashem
- Vaccines and Immunotherapy Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21859, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21859, Saudi Arabia
| | - Wangxue Chen
- Human Health Therapeutics Research Center, National Research Council of Canada, Ottawa, ON K1A 0R6, Canada
| | - Matthew Stuible
- Human Health Therapeutics Research Center, National Research Council of Canada, Ottawa, ON K1A 0R6, Canada
| | - Yves Durocher
- Human Health Therapeutics Research Center, National Research Council of Canada, Ottawa, ON K1A 0R6, Canada
| | - David Safronetz
- National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3R2, Canada
| | - Jingxin Cao
- National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3R2, Canada
| | - Lisheng Wang
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - Simon Sauve
- Centre for Oncology, Radiopharmaceuticals and Research, Biologic and Radiopharmaceutical Drugs Directorate, Health Products and Food Branch, Health Canada and World Health Organization Collaborating Center for Standardization and Evaluation of Biologicals, Ottawa, ON K1A 0K9, Canada
| | - Michael Rosu-Myles
- Centre for Oncology, Radiopharmaceuticals and Research, Biologic and Radiopharmaceutical Drugs Directorate, Health Products and Food Branch, Health Canada and World Health Organization Collaborating Center for Standardization and Evaluation of Biologicals, Ottawa, ON K1A 0K9, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - Xu Zhang
- Centre for Oncology, Radiopharmaceuticals and Research, Biologic and Radiopharmaceutical Drugs Directorate, Health Products and Food Branch, Health Canada and World Health Organization Collaborating Center for Standardization and Evaluation of Biologicals, Ottawa, ON K1A 0K9, Canada
| | - Michael J.W. Johnston
- Centre for Oncology, Radiopharmaceuticals and Research, Biologic and Radiopharmaceutical Drugs Directorate, Health Products and Food Branch, Health Canada and World Health Organization Collaborating Center for Standardization and Evaluation of Biologicals, Ottawa, ON K1A 0K9, Canada
- Department of Chemistry, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON K1S 5B6, Canada
| | - Xuguang Li
- Centre for Oncology, Radiopharmaceuticals and Research, Biologic and Radiopharmaceutical Drugs Directorate, Health Products and Food Branch, Health Canada and World Health Organization Collaborating Center for Standardization and Evaluation of Biologicals, Ottawa, ON K1A 0K9, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada
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5
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Song Q, Zhu H, Qiu M, Cai J, Hu Y, Yang H, Rao S, Li Y, Li M, Hu L, Wang S, Hong J, Ye W, Chen H, Wang Y, Tang W. A new mechanism of respiratory syncytial virus entry inhibition by small-molecule to overcome K394R-associated resistance. mBio 2024; 15:e0138524. [PMID: 39162560 PMCID: PMC11389407 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.01385-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2024] [Accepted: 07/09/2024] [Indexed: 08/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Infection with respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a major cause of acute lower respiratory tract disease in young children and older people. Despite intensive efforts over the past few decades, no direct-acting small-molecule agents against RSV are available. Most small-molecule candidates targeting the RSV fusion (F) protein pose a considerable risk of inducing drug-resistant mutations. Here, we explored the in vitro and in vivo virological properties of the K394R variant, a cross-resistant mutant capable of evading multiple RSV fusion inhibitors. Our results demonstrated that the K394R variant is highly fusogenic in vitro and more pathogenic than the parental strain in vivo. The small molecule (2E,2'E)-N,N'-((1R,2S,3S)-3-hydroxycyclohexane-1,2-diyl)bis(3-(2-bromo-4-fluorophenyl) acrylamide) (CL-A3-7), a structurally optimized compound derived from a natural caffeoylquinic acid derivative, substantially reduced in vitro and in vivo infections of both wild-type RSV and the K394R variant. Mechanistically, CL-A3-7 significantly inhibited virus-cell fusion during RSV entry by blocking the interaction between the viral F protein and the cellular insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor (IGF1R). Collectively, these results indicate severe disease risks caused by the K394R variant and reveal a new anti-RSV mechanism to overcome K394R-associated resistance. IMPORTANCE Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection is a major public health concern, and many small-molecule candidates targeting the viral fusion (F) protein are associated with a considerable risk of inducing drug-resistant mutations. This study investigated virological features of the K394R variant, a mutant strain conferring resistance to multiple RSV fusion inhibitors. Our results demonstrated that the K394R variant is highly fusogenic in cell cultures and more pathogenic than the parental strain in mice. The small-molecule inhibitor CL-A3-7 substantially reduced in vitro and in vivo infections of both wild-type RSV and the K394R variant by blocking the interaction of viral F protein with its cellular receptor, showing a new mechanism of action for small-molecules to inhibit RSV infection and overcome K394R-associated resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiaoyun Song
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Molecules and Druggability Assessment, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of TCM & New Drugs Research, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
- Center for Bioactive Natural Molecules and Innovative Drugs Research, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Haoyue Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Molecules and Druggability Assessment, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of TCM & New Drugs Research, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Manlan Qiu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Molecules and Druggability Assessment, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of TCM & New Drugs Research, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jialiao Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Molecules and Druggability Assessment, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of TCM & New Drugs Research, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yun Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Molecules and Druggability Assessment, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of TCM & New Drugs Research, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
- Center for Bioactive Natural Molecules and Innovative Drugs Research, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Haixia Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Molecules and Druggability Assessment, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of TCM & New Drugs Research, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
- Center for Bioactive Natural Molecules and Innovative Drugs Research, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shuwen Rao
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Molecules and Druggability Assessment, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of TCM & New Drugs Research, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yaolan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Molecules and Druggability Assessment, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of TCM & New Drugs Research, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Manmei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Molecules and Druggability Assessment, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of TCM & New Drugs Research, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lijun Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Molecules and Druggability Assessment, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of TCM & New Drugs Research, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
- Center for Bioactive Natural Molecules and Innovative Drugs Research, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shuqin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Molecules and Druggability Assessment, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of TCM & New Drugs Research, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
- Center for Bioactive Natural Molecules and Innovative Drugs Research, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jian Hong
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Molecules and Druggability Assessment, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wencai Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Molecules and Druggability Assessment, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of TCM & New Drugs Research, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
- Center for Bioactive Natural Molecules and Innovative Drugs Research, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Heru Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Molecules and Druggability Assessment, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of TCM & New Drugs Research, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ying Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Molecules and Druggability Assessment, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of TCM & New Drugs Research, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
- Center for Bioactive Natural Molecules and Innovative Drugs Research, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wei Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Molecules and Druggability Assessment, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of TCM & New Drugs Research, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
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6
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Tsujino S, Deguchi S, Nomai T, Padilla-Blanco M, Plianchaisuk A, Wang L, Begum MM, Uriu K, Mizuma K, Nao N, Kojima I, Tsubo T, Li J, Matsumura Y, Nagao M, Oda Y, Tsuda M, Anraku Y, Kita S, Yajima H, Sasaki-Tabata K, Guo Z, Hinay AA, Yoshimatsu K, Yamamoto Y, Nagamoto T, Asakura H, Nagashima M, Sadamasu K, Yoshimura K, Nasser H, Jonathan M, Putri O, Kim Y, Chen L, Suzuki R, Tamura T, Maenaka K, Irie T, Matsuno K, Tanaka S, Ito J, Ikeda T, Takayama K, Zahradnik J, Hashiguchi T, Fukuhara T, Sato K. Virological characteristics of the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron EG.5.1 variant. Microbiol Immunol 2024; 68:305-330. [PMID: 38961765 DOI: 10.1111/1348-0421.13165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2024] [Revised: 06/17/2024] [Accepted: 06/18/2024] [Indexed: 07/05/2024]
Abstract
In middle to late 2023, a sublineage of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) Omicron XBB, EG.5.1 (a progeny of XBB.1.9.2), is spreading rapidly around the world. We performed multiscale investigations, including phylogenetic analysis, epidemic dynamics modeling, infection experiments using pseudoviruses, clinical isolates, and recombinant viruses in cell cultures and experimental animals, and the use of human sera and antiviral compounds, to reveal the virological features of the newly emerging EG.5.1 variant. Our phylogenetic analysis and epidemic dynamics modeling suggested that two hallmark substitutions of EG.5.1, S:F456L and ORF9b:I5T are critical to its increased viral fitness. Experimental investigations on the growth kinetics, sensitivity to clinically available antivirals, fusogenicity, and pathogenicity of EG.5.1 suggested that the virological features of EG.5.1 are comparable to those of XBB.1.5. However, cryo-electron microscopy revealed structural differences between the spike proteins of EG.5.1 and XBB.1.5. We further assessed the impact of ORF9b:I5T on viral features, but it was almost negligible in our experimental setup. Our multiscale investigations provide knowledge for understanding the evolutionary traits of newly emerging pathogenic viruses, including EG.5.1, in the human population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuhei Tsujino
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Sayaka Deguchi
- Center for iPS Cell Research and Application (CiRA), Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Tomo Nomai
- Laboratory of Biomolecular Science and Center for Research and Education on Drug Discovery, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Miguel Padilla-Blanco
- First Medical Faculty at Biocev, Charles University, Vestec-Prague, Czechia
- Departamento de Farmacia, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Cardenal Herrera-CEU (UCH-CEU), CEU Universities, Valencia, Spain
| | - Arnon Plianchaisuk
- Division of Systems Virology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Lei Wang
- Department of Cancer Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
- Institute for Chemical Reaction Design and Discovery (WPI-ICReDD), Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Mst Monira Begum
- Division of Molecular Virology and Genetics, Joint Research Center for Human Retrovirus Infection, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Keiya Uriu
- Division of Systems Virology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Keita Mizuma
- Division of Risk Analysis and Management, International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Naganori Nao
- One Health Research Center, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
- Division of International Research Promotion, International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
- Institute for Vaccine Research and Development (IVReD), Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Isshu Kojima
- Division of Risk Analysis and Management, International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Tomoya Tsubo
- One Health Research Center, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Jingshu Li
- Division of Risk Analysis and Management, International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Yasufumi Matsumura
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Miki Nagao
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yoshitaka Oda
- Department of Cancer Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
- Institute for Chemical Reaction Design and Discovery (WPI-ICReDD), Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Masumi Tsuda
- Department of Cancer Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
- Institute for Chemical Reaction Design and Discovery (WPI-ICReDD), Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Yuki Anraku
- Laboratory of Biomolecular Science and Center for Research and Education on Drug Discovery, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Shunsuke Kita
- Laboratory of Biomolecular Science and Center for Research and Education on Drug Discovery, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Hisano Yajima
- Laboratory of Medical Virology, Institute for Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Kaori Sasaki-Tabata
- Department of Medicinal Sciences, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Ziyi Guo
- Division of Systems Virology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Alfredo A Hinay
- Division of Systems Virology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | - Mami Nagashima
- Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Public Health, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kenji Sadamasu
- Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Public Health, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Hesham Nasser
- Division of Molecular Virology and Genetics, Joint Research Center for Human Retrovirus Infection, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt
| | - Michael Jonathan
- Division of Molecular Virology and Genetics, Joint Research Center for Human Retrovirus Infection, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Olivia Putri
- Division of Systems Virology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Biomedicine, School of Life Sciences, Indonesia International Institute for Life Sciences (i3L), Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Yoonjin Kim
- Division of Systems Virology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Life Sciences, Faculty of Natural Science, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Luo Chen
- Division of Systems Virology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, Japan
| | - Rigel Suzuki
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
- Institute for Vaccine Research and Development (IVReD), Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Tomokazu Tamura
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
- One Health Research Center, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
- Institute for Vaccine Research and Development (IVReD), Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Katsumi Maenaka
- Laboratory of Biomolecular Science and Center for Research and Education on Drug Discovery, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
- Institute for Vaccine Research and Development (IVReD), Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
- Global Station for Biosurfaces and Drug Discovery, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
- Division of Pathogen Structure, International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Takashi Irie
- Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Keita Matsuno
- Division of Risk Analysis and Management, International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
- One Health Research Center, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
- Institute for Vaccine Research and Development (IVReD), Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
- International Collaboration Unit, International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Shinya Tanaka
- Department of Cancer Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
- Institute for Chemical Reaction Design and Discovery (WPI-ICReDD), Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Jumpei Ito
- Division of Systems Virology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- International Research Center for Infectious Diseases, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Terumasa Ikeda
- Division of Molecular Virology and Genetics, Joint Research Center for Human Retrovirus Infection, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Kazuo Takayama
- Center for iPS Cell Research and Application (CiRA), Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
- AMED-CREST, Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development (AMED), Tokyo, Japan
| | - Jiri Zahradnik
- First Medical Faculty at Biocev, Charles University, Vestec-Prague, Czechia
| | - Takao Hashiguchi
- Laboratory of Medical Virology, Institute for Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
- CREST, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Kawaguchi, Japan
| | - Takasuke Fukuhara
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
- One Health Research Center, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
- Institute for Vaccine Research and Development (IVReD), Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
- AMED-CREST, Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development (AMED), Tokyo, Japan
- Laboratory of Virus Control, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
| | - Kei Sato
- Division of Systems Virology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, Japan
- International Research Center for Infectious Diseases, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- AMED-CREST, Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development (AMED), Tokyo, Japan
- International Vaccine Design Center, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- Collaboration Unit for Infection, Joint Research Center for Human Retrovirus Infection, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
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7
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Barrera A, Martínez-Valdebenito C, Angulo J, Palma C, Hormazábal J, Vial C, Aguilera X, Castillo-Torres P, Pardo-Roa C, Balcells ME, Nervi B, Corre NL, Ferrés M. SARS-CoV-2 infectivity and antigenic evasion: spotlight on isolated Omicron sub-lineages. Front Med (Lausanne) 2024; 11:1414331. [PMID: 39267969 PMCID: PMC11390582 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2024.1414331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2024] [Accepted: 07/16/2024] [Indexed: 09/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Since the SARS-CoV-2 outbreak in 2019, a diversity of viral genomic variants has emerged and spread globally due to increased transmissibility, pathogenicity, and immune evasion. By the first trimester of 2023 in Chile, as in most countries, BQ and XBB were the predominant circulating sub-lineages of Omicron. The molecular and antigenic characteristics of these variants have been mainly determined using non-authentic spike pseudoviruses, which is often described as a limitation. Additionally, few comparative studies using isolates from recent Omicron sub-lineages have been conducted. In this study, we isolated SARS-CoV-2 variants from clinical samples, including the ancestral B.1.1, Delta, Omicron BA.1, and sub-lineages of BA.2 and BA.5. We assessed their infectivity through cell culture infections and their antibody evasion using neutralization assays. We observed variations in viral plaque size, cell morphology, and cytotoxicity upon infection in Vero E6-TMPRSS2 cells for each variant compared to the ancestral B.1.1 virus. BA.2-derived sub-variants, such as XBB.1.5, showed attenuated viral replication, while BA.5-derived variants, such as BQ.1.1, exhibited replication rates similar to the ancestral SARS-CoV-2 virus. Similar trends were observed in intestinal Caco-2 cells, except for Delta. Antibody neutralization experiments using sera from individuals infected during the first COVID-19 wave (FWI) showed a consistent but moderate reduction in neutralization against Omicron sub-lineages. Interestingly, despite being less prevalent, BQ.1.1 showed a 6.1-fold greater escape from neutralization than XBB.1.5. Neutralization patterns were similar when tested against sera from individuals vaccinated with 3xBNT162b2 (PPP) or Coronavac-Coronavac-BNT162b2 (CCP) schedules. However, CCP sera showed 2.3-fold higher neutralization against XBB.1.5 than FWI and PPP sera. This study provides new insights into the differences between BA.2 and BA.5-derived variants, leading to their eventual outcompetition. Our analysis offers important evidence regarding the balance between infectivity and antigenic escape that drives the evolution of second-generation SARS-CoV-2 variants in the population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aldo Barrera
- Departamento de Enfermedades Infecciosas e Inmunología Pediátricas, Escuela de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Constanza Martínez-Valdebenito
- Departamento de Enfermedades Infecciosas e Inmunología Pediátricas, Escuela de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Jenniffer Angulo
- Departamento de Enfermedades Infecciosas e Inmunología Pediátricas, Escuela de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Carlos Palma
- Laboratorio de Infectología y Virología Molecular, Facultad de Medicina y Red de Salud UC CHRISTUS, Santiago, Chile
| | - Juan Hormazábal
- Instituto de Ciencias e Innovación en Medicina, Facultad de Medicina, Clínica Alemana Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile
| | - Cecilia Vial
- Instituto de Ciencias e Innovación en Medicina, Facultad de Medicina, Clínica Alemana Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile
| | - Ximena Aguilera
- Centro de Epidemiología y Políticas de Salud, Facultad de Medicina Clínica Alemana Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile
| | - Pablo Castillo-Torres
- Departamento de Enfermedades Infecciosas e Inmunología Pediátricas, Escuela de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Departamento de Salud del Niño y el Adolescente, Escuela de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Catalina Pardo-Roa
- Departamento de Enfermedades Infecciosas e Inmunología Pediátricas, Escuela de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Departamento de Salud del Niño y el Adolescente, Escuela de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - María Elvira Balcells
- Departamento de Enfermedades Infecciosas del Adulto, Escuela de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Bruno Nervi
- Departamento de Hematología y Oncología, Escuela de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Nicole Le Corre
- Departamento de Enfermedades Infecciosas e Inmunología Pediátricas, Escuela de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Laboratorio de Infectología y Virología Molecular, Facultad de Medicina y Red de Salud UC CHRISTUS, Santiago, Chile
| | - Marcela Ferrés
- Departamento de Enfermedades Infecciosas e Inmunología Pediátricas, Escuela de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Laboratorio de Infectología y Virología Molecular, Facultad de Medicina y Red de Salud UC CHRISTUS, Santiago, Chile
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8
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Nyame P, Togami A, Yoshida T, Masunaga T, Begum MM, Terasawa H, Monde N, Tahara Y, Tanaka R, Tanaka Y, Appiah-Kubi J, Amesimeku WAO, Hossain MJ, Otsuka M, Yoshimura K, Ikeda T, Sawa T, Satou Y, Fujita M, Maeda Y, Tateishi H, Monde K. A heterocyclic compound inhibits viral release by inducing cell surface BST2/Tetherin/CD317/HM1.24. J Biol Chem 2024; 300:107701. [PMID: 39173946 PMCID: PMC11419809 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2024.107701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2024] [Revised: 08/01/2024] [Accepted: 08/14/2024] [Indexed: 08/24/2024] Open
Abstract
The introduction of combined antiretroviral therapy (cART) has greatly improved the quality of life of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1)-infected individuals. Nonetheless, the ever-present desire to seek out a full remedy for HIV-1 infections makes the discovery of novel antiviral medication compelling. Owing to this, a new late-stage inhibitor, Lenacapavir/Sunlenca, an HIV multi-phase suppressor, was clinically authorized in 2022. Besides unveiling cutting-edge antivirals inhibiting late-stage proteins or processes, newer therapeutics targeting host restriction factors hold promise for the curative care of HIV-1 infections. Notwithstanding, bone marrow stromal antigen 2 (BST2)/Tetherin/CD317/HM1.24, which entraps progeny virions is an appealing HIV-1 therapeutic candidate. In this study, a novel drug screening system was established, using the Jurkat/Vpr-HiBiT T cells, to identify drugs that could obstruct HIV-1 release; the candidate compounds were selected from the Ono Pharmaceutical compound library. Jurkat T cells expressing Vpr-HiBiT were infected with NL4-3, and the amount of virus release was quantified indirectly by the amount of Vpr-HiBiT incorporated into the progeny virions. Subsequently, the candidate compounds that suppressed viral release were used to synthesize the heterocyclic compound, HT-7, which reduces HIV-1 release with less cellular toxicity. Notably, HT-7 increased cell surface BST2 coupled with HIV-1 release reduction in Jurkat cells but not Jurkat/KO-BST2 cells. Seemingly, HT-7 impeded simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) release. Concisely, these results suggest that the reduction in viral release, following HT-7 treatment, resulted from the modulation of cell surface expression of BST2 by HT-7.
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Affiliation(s)
- Perpetual Nyame
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Akihiro Togami
- Medicinal and Biological Chemistry Science Farm Joint Research Laboratory, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Tomofumi Yoshida
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Takuya Masunaga
- Medicinal and Biological Chemistry Science Farm Joint Research Laboratory, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Mst Monira Begum
- Division of Molecular Virology and Genetics, Joint Research Center for Human Retrovirus Infection, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Hiromi Terasawa
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Nami Monde
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Yurika Tahara
- Medicinal and Biological Chemistry Science Farm Joint Research Laboratory, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Reiko Tanaka
- Laboratory of Hemato-Immunology, Graduate School of Health Sciences, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa, Japan
| | - Yuetsu Tanaka
- Laboratory of Hemato-Immunology, Graduate School of Health Sciences, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa, Japan
| | - Joyce Appiah-Kubi
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | | | - Md Jakir Hossain
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Masami Otsuka
- Medicinal and Biological Chemistry Science Farm Joint Research Laboratory, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan; Department of Drug Discovery, Science Farm Ltd, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Kazuhisa Yoshimura
- Department of Microbiology, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Public Health, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Terumasa Ikeda
- Division of Molecular Virology and Genetics, Joint Research Center for Human Retrovirus Infection, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Sawa
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Yorifumi Satou
- Division of Genomics and Transcriptomics, Joint Research Center for Human Retrovirus Infection, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Mikako Fujita
- Medicinal and Biological Chemistry Science Farm Joint Research Laboratory, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Yosuke Maeda
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan; Department of Nursing, Kibi International University, Takahashi, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Tateishi
- Medicinal and Biological Chemistry Science Farm Joint Research Laboratory, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan; Research & Development, Hirata Corporation, Kumamoto, Japan.
| | - Kazuaki Monde
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan; Collaboration Unit for Infection, Joint Research Center for Human Retrovirus Infection, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan.
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9
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Kiatratdasakul S, Noisumdaeng P, Niyomdecha N. Biological factors associated with long COVID and comparative analysis of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein variants: a retrospective study in Thailand. PeerJ 2024; 12:e17898. [PMID: 39175748 PMCID: PMC11340629 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.17898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2024] [Accepted: 07/20/2024] [Indexed: 08/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Post-acute COVID-19 syndrome (long COVID) refers to the persistence of COVID-19 symptoms or exceptional symptoms following recovery. Even without conferring fatality, it represents a significant global public health burden. Despite many reports on long COVID, the prevalence and data on associated biological factors remain unclear and limited. This research aimed to determine the prevalence of long COVID during the two distinct epidemic periods in Thailand, due to the Delta and Omicron variants of SARS-CoV-2, and to investigate the biological factors associated with long COVID. In addition, the spike protein amino acid sequences of the Delta and Omicron variants were compared to determine the frequency of mutations and their potential biological implications. Methods A retrospective cross-sectional study was established to recruit confirmed COVID-19 participants at Maharat Nakhon Ratchasima Hospital who had recovered for at least three months and were infected between June 2021 and August 2022. The demographic data and long COVID experience were collected via telephone interview. The biological factors were analyzed through binary logistic regression. The datasets of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein amino acid sequence of the Delta and Omicron variants in Thailand were retrieved from GIDSAID to determine mutation frequencies and to identify possible roles of the mutations based on published data. Results Data was collected from a total of 247 participants comprising 106 and 141 participants of the Delta and Omicron epidemic periods, respectively. Apart from the COVID-19 severity and health status, the baseline participant data of the two time periods were remarkably similar. The prevalence of long COVID observed in the Omicron period was higher than in the Delta period (74.5% vs. 66.0%). The biological factors associated with long COVID were epidemic variant, age, treatment with symptomatic medicines, and vaccination status. When the spike protein sequence data of the two variants were compared, it was observed that the Omicron variant exhibited a greater quantity of amino acid changes in its receptor-binding domain (RBD) and receptor-binding motif (RBM). The critical changes of the Omicron variant within these regions had a significant function in enhancing virus transmissibility and host immune response resistance. Conclusion This study revealed informative data associated with long COVID in Thailand. More attention should be given to long COVID caused by unique virus variants and other biological factors to prepare a healthcare management strategy for COVID-19 patients after recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Supanchita Kiatratdasakul
- Graduate Program in Medical Technology, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Thammasat University, Rangsit Campus, Pathum Thani Province, Thailand
- Department of Immunology, Maharat Nakhon Ratchasima Hospital, Mueang, Nakhon Ratchasima, Thailand
| | - Pirom Noisumdaeng
- Faculty of Public Health, Thammasat University, Rangsit Campus, Pathum Thani Province, Thailand
- Thammasat University Research Unit in Modern Microbiology and Public Health Genomics, Thammasat University, Rangsit Campus, Pathum Thani Province, Thailand
| | - Nattamon Niyomdecha
- Department of Medical Technology, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Thammasat University, Rangsit Campus, Pathum Thani Province, Thailand
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10
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Rajaiah R, Pandey K, Acharya A, Ambikan A, Kumar N, Guda R, Avedissian SN, Montaner LJ, Cohen SM, Neogi U, Byrareddy SN. Differential immunometabolic responses to Delta and Omicron SARS-CoV-2 variants in golden syrian hamsters. iScience 2024; 27:110501. [PMID: 39171289 PMCID: PMC11338146 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2024.110501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2023] [Revised: 02/07/2024] [Accepted: 07/10/2024] [Indexed: 08/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Delta (B.1.617.2) and Omicron (B.1.1.529) variants of SARS-CoV-2 represents unique clinical characteristics. However, their role in altering immunometabolic regulations during acute infection remains convoluted. Here, we evaluated the differential immunopathogenesis of Delta vs. Omicron variants in Golden Syrian hamsters (GSH). The Delta variant resulted in higher virus titers in throat swabs and the lungs and exhibited higher lung damage with immune cell infiltration than the Omicron variant. The gene expression levels of immune mediators and metabolic enzymes, Arg-1 and IDO1 in the Delta-infected lungs were significantly higher compared to Omicron. Further, Delta/Omicron infection perturbed carbohydrates, amino acids, nucleotides, and TCA cycle metabolites and was differentially regulated compared to uninfected lungs. Collectively, our data provide a novel insight into immunometabolic/pathogenic outcomes for Delta vs. Omicron infection in the GSH displaying concordance with COVID-19 patients associated with inflammation and tissue injury during acute infection that offered possible new targets to develop potential therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajesh Rajaiah
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Kabita Pandey
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Arpan Acharya
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Anoop Ambikan
- The Systems Virology Lab, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Division of Clinical Microbiology, ANA Futura, Karolinska Institutet, 141 52 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Narendra Kumar
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Reema Guda
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Sean N. Avedissian
- Antiviral Pharmacology Laboratory, College of Pharmacy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Luis J. Montaner
- Vaccine and Immunotherapy Center, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Samuel M. Cohen
- Havlik Wall Professor of Oncology, Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Ujjwal Neogi
- The Systems Virology Lab, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Division of Clinical Microbiology, ANA Futura, Karolinska Institutet, 141 52 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Siddappa N. Byrareddy
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
- Havlik Wall Professor of Oncology, Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
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11
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Jiao L, Zhao J, Wang C, Liu X, Liu F, Li L, Shang R, Li Y, Ma W, Yang S. Nature-Inspired Intelligent Computing: A Comprehensive Survey. RESEARCH (WASHINGTON, D.C.) 2024; 7:0442. [PMID: 39156658 PMCID: PMC11327401 DOI: 10.34133/research.0442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2024] [Accepted: 07/14/2024] [Indexed: 08/20/2024]
Abstract
Nature, with its numerous surprising rules, serves as a rich source of creativity for the development of artificial intelligence, inspiring researchers to create several nature-inspired intelligent computing paradigms based on natural mechanisms. Over the past decades, these paradigms have revealed effective and flexible solutions to practical and complex problems. This paper summarizes the natural mechanisms of diverse advanced nature-inspired intelligent computing paradigms, which provide valuable lessons for building general-purpose machines capable of adapting to the environment autonomously. According to the natural mechanisms, we classify nature-inspired intelligent computing paradigms into 4 types: evolutionary-based, biological-based, social-cultural-based, and science-based. Moreover, this paper also illustrates the interrelationship between these paradigms and natural mechanisms, as well as their real-world applications, offering a comprehensive algorithmic foundation for mitigating unreasonable metaphors. Finally, based on the detailed analysis of natural mechanisms, the challenges of current nature-inspired paradigms and promising future research directions are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Licheng Jiao
- School of Artificial Intelligence, Xidian University, Xi’an, China
| | - Jiaxuan Zhao
- School of Artificial Intelligence, Xidian University, Xi’an, China
| | - Chao Wang
- School of Artificial Intelligence, Xidian University, Xi’an, China
| | - Xu Liu
- School of Artificial Intelligence, Xidian University, Xi’an, China
| | - Fang Liu
- School of Artificial Intelligence, Xidian University, Xi’an, China
| | - Lingling Li
- School of Artificial Intelligence, Xidian University, Xi’an, China
| | - Ronghua Shang
- School of Artificial Intelligence, Xidian University, Xi’an, China
| | - Yangyang Li
- School of Artificial Intelligence, Xidian University, Xi’an, China
| | - Wenping Ma
- School of Artificial Intelligence, Xidian University, Xi’an, China
| | - Shuyuan Yang
- School of Artificial Intelligence, Xidian University, Xi’an, China
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12
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Branda F, Ciccozzi M, Scarpa F. On the new SARS-CoV-2 variant KP.3.1.1: focus on its genetic potential. Infect Dis (Lond) 2024:1-4. [PMID: 39145722 DOI: 10.1080/23744235.2024.2391020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2024] [Accepted: 08/06/2024] [Indexed: 08/16/2024] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Branda
- Unit of Medical Statistics and Molecular Epidemiology, Università Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, Rome, Italy
| | - Massimo Ciccozzi
- Unit of Medical Statistics and Molecular Epidemiology, Università Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, Rome, Italy
| | - Fabio Scarpa
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
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13
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Benlarbi M, Ding S, Bélanger É, Tauzin A, Poujol R, Medjahed H, El Ferri O, Bo Y, Bourassa C, Hussin J, Fafard J, Pazgier M, Levade I, Abrams C, Côté M, Finzi A. Temperature-dependent Spike-ACE2 interaction of Omicron subvariants is associated with viral transmission. mBio 2024; 15:e0090724. [PMID: 38953636 PMCID: PMC11323525 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.00907-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2024] [Accepted: 05/27/2024] [Indexed: 07/04/2024] Open
Abstract
The continued evolution of severe acute respiratory syndrome 2 (SARS-CoV-2) requires persistent monitoring of its subvariants. Omicron subvariants are responsible for the vast majority of SARS-CoV-2 infections worldwide, with XBB and BA.2.86 sublineages representing more than 90% of circulating strains as of January 2024. To better understand parameters involved in viral transmission, we characterized the functional properties of Spike glycoproteins from BA.2.75, CH.1.1, DV.7.1, BA.4/5, BQ.1.1, XBB, XBB.1, XBB.1.16, XBB.1.5, FD.1.1, EG.5.1, HK.3, BA.2.86 and JN.1. We tested their capacity to evade plasma-mediated recognition and neutralization, binding to angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), their susceptibility to cold inactivation, Spike processing, as well as the impact of temperature on Spike-ACE2 interaction. We found that compared to the early wild-type (D614G) strain, most Omicron subvariants' Spike glycoproteins evolved to escape recognition and neutralization by plasma from individuals who received a fifth dose of bivalent (BA.1 or BA.4/5) mRNA vaccine and improve ACE2 binding, particularly at low temperatures. Moreover, BA.2.86 had the best affinity for ACE2 at all temperatures tested. We found that Omicron subvariants' Spike processing is associated with their susceptibility to cold inactivation. Intriguingly, we found that Spike-ACE2 binding at low temperature was significantly associated with growth rates of Omicron subvariants in humans. Overall, we report that Spikes from newly emerged Omicron subvariants are relatively more stable and resistant to plasma-mediated neutralization, present improved affinity for ACE2 which is associated, particularly at low temperatures, with their growth rates.IMPORTANCEThe persistent evolution of SARS-CoV-2 gave rise to a wide range of variants harboring new mutations in their Spike glycoproteins. Several factors have been associated with viral transmission and fitness such as plasma-neutralization escape and ACE2 interaction. To better understand whether additional factors could be of importance in SARS-CoV-2 variants' transmission, we characterize the functional properties of Spike glycoproteins from several Omicron subvariants. We found that the Spike glycoprotein of Omicron subvariants presents an improved escape from plasma-mediated recognition and neutralization, Spike processing, and ACE2 binding which was further improved at low temperature. Intriguingly, Spike-ACE2 interaction at low temperature is strongly associated with viral growth rate, as such, low temperatures could represent another parameter affecting viral transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehdi Benlarbi
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montréal, Québec, Canada
- Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Shilei Ding
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Étienne Bélanger
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montréal, Québec, Canada
- Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Alexandra Tauzin
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montréal, Québec, Canada
- Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Raphaël Poujol
- Montreal Heart Institute, Research Center, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | | | - Omar El Ferri
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Centre for Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Yuxia Bo
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Centre for Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Julie Hussin
- Montreal Heart Institute, Research Center, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Département de Médecine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
- Mila—Quebec AI institute, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Judith Fafard
- Laboratoire de Santé Publique du Québec, Institut National de Santé Publique du Québec, Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue, Québec, Canada
| | - Marzena Pazgier
- Infectious Disease Division, Department of Medicine of Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Inès Levade
- Laboratoire de Santé Publique du Québec, Institut National de Santé Publique du Québec, Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue, Québec, Canada
| | - Cameron Abrams
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Marceline Côté
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Centre for Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Andrés Finzi
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montréal, Québec, Canada
- Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
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14
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Mok BWY, Kwok M, Li HS, Ling L, Lai A, Yan B, Law CTY, Yeung CH, Zhang AJ, Tam RCY, Kukic A, Cremin CJ, Zhang Y, Long T, Kang Z, Luo R, Leung KT, Li AM, Lui G, Tsui SKW, Chan JFW, To KKW, Chan PKS, Yan BP, Chen H, Poon ENY. SARS-CoV-2 variants divergently infect and damage cardiomyocytes in vitro and in vivo. Cell Biosci 2024; 14:101. [PMID: 39095802 PMCID: PMC11297708 DOI: 10.1186/s13578-024-01280-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2024] [Indexed: 08/04/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND COVID-19 can cause cardiac complications and the latter are associated with poor prognosis and increased mortality. SARS-CoV-2 variants differ in their infectivity and pathogenicity, but how they affect cardiomyocytes (CMs) is unclear. METHODS The effects of SARS-CoV-2 variants were investigated using human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived (hiPSC-) CMs in vitro and Golden Syrian hamsters in vivo. RESULTS Different variants exhibited distinct tropism, mechanism of viral entry and pathology in the heart. Omicron BA.2 most efficiently infected and injured CMs in vitro and in vivo, and induced expression changes consistent with increased cardiac dysfunction, compared to other variants tested. Bioinformatics and upstream regulator analyses identified transcription factors and network predicted to control the unique transcriptome of Omicron BA.2 infected CMs. Increased infectivity of Omicron BA.2 is attributed to its ability to infect via endocytosis, independently of TMPRSS2, which is absent in CMs. CONCLUSIONS In this study, we reveal previously unknown differences in how different SARS-CoV-2 variants affect CMs. Omicron BA.2, which is generally thought to cause mild disease, can damage CMs in vitro and in vivo. Our study highlights the need for further investigations to define the pathogenesis of cardiac complications arising from different SARS-CoV-2 variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bobo Wing-Yee Mok
- State Key Laboratory for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Department of Microbiology, School of Clinical Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, China.
- Centre for Virology, Vaccinology and Therapeutics, Hong Kong Science and Technology Park, Hong Kong, SAR, China.
| | - Maxwell Kwok
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, China
- Hong Kong Hub of Paediatric Excellence (HK HOPE), The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, China
- The School of Biomedical Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, China
| | - Hung Sing Li
- Hong Kong Hub of Paediatric Excellence (HK HOPE), The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, China
- Department of Paediatrics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, China
| | - Lowell Ling
- Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, China
| | - Angel Lai
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, China
- Heart and Vascular Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, China
| | - Bin Yan
- Department of Computer Science, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, China
| | - Cherie Tsz-Yiu Law
- The School of Biomedical Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, China
| | - Chui Him Yeung
- Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, China
| | - Anna Jinxia Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Department of Microbiology, School of Clinical Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, China
| | - Rachel Chun-Yee Tam
- State Key Laboratory for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Department of Microbiology, School of Clinical Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, China
- Centre for Virology, Vaccinology and Therapeutics, Hong Kong Science and Technology Park, Hong Kong, SAR, China
| | - Anja Kukic
- State Key Laboratory for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Department of Microbiology, School of Clinical Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, China
- Centre for Virology, Vaccinology and Therapeutics, Hong Kong Science and Technology Park, Hong Kong, SAR, China
| | - Conor J Cremin
- State Key Laboratory for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Department of Microbiology, School of Clinical Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, China
- Centre for Virology, Vaccinology and Therapeutics, Hong Kong Science and Technology Park, Hong Kong, SAR, China
| | - Yajie Zhang
- Centre for Virology, Vaccinology and Therapeutics, Hong Kong Science and Technology Park, Hong Kong, SAR, China
| | - Teng Long
- State Key Laboratory for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Department of Microbiology, School of Clinical Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, China
- Centre for Virology, Vaccinology and Therapeutics, Hong Kong Science and Technology Park, Hong Kong, SAR, China
| | - Zhisen Kang
- State Key Laboratory for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Department of Microbiology, School of Clinical Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, China
- Centre for Virology, Vaccinology and Therapeutics, Hong Kong Science and Technology Park, Hong Kong, SAR, China
| | - Ruibang Luo
- Department of Computer Science, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, China
| | - Kam Tong Leung
- Hong Kong Hub of Paediatric Excellence (HK HOPE), The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, China
- Department of Paediatrics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, China
| | - Albert M Li
- Hong Kong Hub of Paediatric Excellence (HK HOPE), The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, China
- Department of Paediatrics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, China
| | - Grace Lui
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, China
| | - Stephen Kwok-Wing Tsui
- The School of Biomedical Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, China
| | - Jasper Fuk-Woo Chan
- State Key Laboratory for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Department of Microbiology, School of Clinical Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, China
- Centre for Virology, Vaccinology and Therapeutics, Hong Kong Science and Technology Park, Hong Kong, SAR, China
| | - Kelvin Kai-Wang To
- State Key Laboratory for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Department of Microbiology, School of Clinical Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, China
- Centre for Virology, Vaccinology and Therapeutics, Hong Kong Science and Technology Park, Hong Kong, SAR, China
| | - Paul K S Chan
- Department of Microbiology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, China
| | - Bryan P Yan
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, China
- Heart and Vascular Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, China
| | - Honglin Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Department of Microbiology, School of Clinical Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, China
- Centre for Virology, Vaccinology and Therapeutics, Hong Kong Science and Technology Park, Hong Kong, SAR, China
| | - Ellen Ngar-Yun Poon
- Hong Kong Hub of Paediatric Excellence (HK HOPE), The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, China.
- The School of Biomedical Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, China.
- Centre for Cardiovascular Genomics and Medicine, Lui Che Woo Institute of Innovative Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, China.
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, China.
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15
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Nguyen HL, Hieu HK, Nguyen TQ, Nhung NTA, Li MS. Neuropilin-1 Protein May Serve as a Receptor for SARS-CoV-2 Infection: Evidence from Molecular Dynamics Simulations. J Phys Chem B 2024; 128:7141-7147. [PMID: 39010661 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.4c03119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/17/2024]
Abstract
The binding of the virus to host cells is the first step in viral infection. Human cell angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) is the most popular receptor for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), while other receptors have recently been observed in experiments. Neuropilin-1 protein (NRP1) is one of them, but the mechanism of its binding to the wild type (WT) and different variants of the virus remain unclear at the atomic level. In this work, all-atom umbrella sampling simulations were performed to clarify the binding mechanism of NRP1 to the spike protein fragments 679-685 of the WT, Delta, and Omicron BA.1 variants. We found that the Delta variant binds most strongly to NRP1, while the affinity for Omicron BA.1 slightly decreases for NRP1 compared to that of WT, and the van der Waals interaction plays a key role in stabilizing the studied complexes. The change in the protonation state of the His amino acid results in different binding free energies between variants. Consistent with the experiment, decreasing the pH was shown to increase the binding affinity of the virus to NRP1. Our results indicate that Delta and Omicron mutations not only affect fusogenicity but also affect NRP1 binding. In addition, we argue that viral evolution does not further improve NRP1 binding affinity which remains in the μM range but may increase immune evasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hoang Linh Nguyen
- Institute of Fundamental and Applied Sciences, Duy Tan University, Ho Chi Minh City 700000, Vietnam
- Faculty of Environmental and Natural Sciences, Duy Tan University, 03 Quang Trung, Hai Chau, Da Nang 550000, Viet Nam
| | - Ho Khac Hieu
- Faculty of Environmental and Natural Sciences, Duy Tan University, 03 Quang Trung, Hai Chau, Da Nang 550000, Viet Nam
- Institute of Research and Development, Duy Tan University, 03 Quang Trung, Hai Chau, Da Nang 550000, Viet Nam
| | - Thai Quoc Nguyen
- Dong Thap University, 783 Pham Huu Lau Street, Ward 6, Cao Lanh City, Dong Thap 81000, Vietnam
| | - Nguyen Thi Ai Nhung
- Department of Chemistry, University of Sciences, Hue University, Hue 530000, Vietnam
| | - Mai Suan Li
- Institute of Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences, al. Lotnikow 32/46, Warsaw 02-668, Poland
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16
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Xiao B, Wu L, Sun Q, Shu C, Hu S. Dynamic analysis of SARS-CoV-2 evolution based on different countries. Gene 2024; 916:148426. [PMID: 38575101 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2024.148426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2023] [Revised: 03/18/2024] [Accepted: 04/01/2024] [Indexed: 04/06/2024]
Abstract
Since late 2019, COVID-19 has significantly impacted the world. Understanding the evolution of SARS-CoV-2 is crucial for protecting against future infectious pathogens. In this study, we conducted a comprehensive chronological analysis of SARS-CoV-2 evolution by examining mutation prevalence from the source countries of VOCs: United Kingdom, India, Brazil, South Africa, plus two countries: United States, Russia, utilizing genomic sequences from GISAID. Our methodological approach involved large-scale genomic sequence alignment using MAFFT, Python-based data processing on a high-performance computing platform, and advanced statistical methods the Maximal Information Coefficient (MIC), and also Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) models for correlation analysis. Our findings elucidate the dynamics of SARS-CoV-2 evolution, highlighting the virus's changing behaviour over various pandemic stages. Key results include the discovery of three temporal mutation patterns-lineage distinct, long-span, and competitive mutations-with varying levels of impact on the virus. Notably, we observed a convergence of advantageous mutations in the spike protein, especially in the later stages of the pandemic, indicating a substantial evolutionary pressure on the virus. One of the most significant revelations is the predominant role of natural immunity over vaccination-induced immunity in driving these evolutionary changes. This emphasizes the critical need for regular vaccine updates to maintain efficacy against evolving strains. In conclusion, our study not only sheds light on the evolutionary trajectory of SARS-CoV-2 but also underscores the urgency for robust, continuous global data collection and sharing. It highlights the necessity for rapid adaptations in medical countermeasures, including vaccine development, to stay ahead of pathogen evolution. This research provides valuable insights for future pandemic preparedness and response strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Binghan Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; Sino-Danish College, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Linhuan Wu
- Microbial Resource and Big Data Center, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; Chinese National Microbiology Data Center (NMDC), Beijing 100101, China
| | - Qinglan Sun
- Microbial Resource and Big Data Center, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; Chinese National Microbiology Data Center (NMDC), Beijing 100101, China
| | - Chang Shu
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.
| | - Songnian Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
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17
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Yamamoto H, Tamura T, Ichikawa T, Taguchi Y, Mori K, Oguri S, Suzuki R, Suzuki S, Teshima T, Fukuhara T. Generation of recombinant viruses directly from clinical specimens of COVID-19 patients. J Clin Microbiol 2024; 62:e0004224. [PMID: 38874339 PMCID: PMC11250110 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.00042-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2024] [Accepted: 05/17/2024] [Indexed: 06/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Rapid characterization of the causative agent(s) during a disease outbreak can aid in the implementation of effective control measures. However, isolation of the agent(s) from crude clinical samples can be challenging and time-consuming, hindering the establishment of countermeasures. In the present study, we used saliva specimens collected for the diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2-a good example of a practical target-and attempted to characterize the virus within the specimens without virus isolation. Thirty-four saliva samples from coronavirus disease 2019 patients were used to extract RNA and synthesize DNA amplicons by PCR. New primer sets were designed to generate DNA amplicons of the full-length spike (S) gene for subsequent use in a circular polymerase extension reaction (CPER), a simple method for deriving recombinant viral genomes. According to the S sequence, four clinical specimens were classified as BA. 1, BA.2, BA.5, and XBB.1 and were used for the de novo generation of recombinant viruses carrying the entire S gene. Additionally, chimeric viruses carrying the gene encoding GFP were generated to evaluate viral propagation using a plate reader. We successfully used the RNA purified directly from clinical saliva samples to generate chimeric viruses carrying the entire S gene by our updated CPER method. The chimeric viruses exhibited robust replication in cell cultures with similar properties. Using the recombinant GFP viruses, we also successfully characterized the efficacy of the licensed antiviral AZD7442. Our proof-of-concept demonstrates the novel utility of CPER to allow rapid characterization of viruses from clinical specimens. IMPORTANCE Characterization of the causative agent(s) for infectious diseases helps in implementing effective control measurements, especially in outbreaks. However, the isolation of the agent(s) from clinical specimens is often challenging and time-consuming. In this study, saliva samples from coronavirus disease 2019 patients were directly subjected to purifying viral RNA, synthesizing DNA amplicons for sequencing, and generating recombinant viruses. Utilizing an updated circular polymerase extension reaction method, we successfully generated chimeric SARS-CoV-2 viruses with sufficient in vitro replication capacity and antigenicity. Thus, the recombinant viruses generated in this study were applicable for evaluating the antivirals. Collectively, our developed method facilitates rapid characterization of specimens circulating in hosts, aiding in the establishment of control measurements. Additionally, this approach offers an advanced strategy for controlling other (re-)emerging viral infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hirotaka Yamamoto
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Tomokazu Tamura
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
- Institute for Vaccine Research and Development (IVReD), Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
- One Health Research Center, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Takaya Ichikawa
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
- Department of Hematology, Faculty of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
- Department of Hematology, Sapporo City General Hospital, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Yudai Taguchi
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Testing, Sapporo City General Hospital, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Kento Mori
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Satoshi Oguri
- Division of Laboratory and Transfusion Medicine, Hokkaido University Hospital, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Rigel Suzuki
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
- Institute for Vaccine Research and Development (IVReD), Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Saori Suzuki
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
- Institute for Vaccine Research and Development (IVReD), Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Takanori Teshima
- Department of Hematology, Faculty of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
- Division of Laboratory and Transfusion Medicine, Hokkaido University Hospital, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Takasuke Fukuhara
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
- Institute for Vaccine Research and Development (IVReD), Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
- One Health Research Center, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
- Laboratory of Virus Control, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
- AMED-CREST, Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development (AMED), Tokyo, Japan
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18
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Begum MSTM, Bokani A, Rajib SA, Soleimanpour M, Maeda Y, Yoshimura K, Satou Y, Ebrahimi D, Ikeda T. Potential Role of APOBEC3 Family Proteins in SARS-CoV-2 Replication. Viruses 2024; 16:1141. [PMID: 39066304 PMCID: PMC11281575 DOI: 10.3390/v16071141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2024] [Revised: 07/12/2024] [Accepted: 07/13/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has acquired multiple mutations since its emergence. Analyses of the SARS-CoV-2 genomes from infected patients exhibit a bias toward C-to-U mutations, which are suggested to be caused by the apolipoprotein B mRNA editing enzyme polypeptide-like 3 (APOBEC3, A3) cytosine deaminase proteins. However, the role of A3 enzymes in SARS-CoV-2 replication remains unclear. To address this question, we investigated the effect of A3 family proteins on SARS-CoV-2 replication in the myeloid leukemia cell line THP-1 lacking A3A to A3G genes. The Wuhan, BA.1, and BA.5 variants had comparable viral replication in parent and A3A-to-A3G-null THP-1 cells stably expressing angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) protein. On the other hand, the replication and infectivity of these variants were abolished in A3A-to-A3G-null THP-1-ACE2 cells in a series of passage experiments over 20 days. In contrast to previous reports, we observed no evidence of A3-induced SARS-CoV-2 mutagenesis in the passage experiments. Furthermore, our analysis of a large number of publicly available SARS-CoV-2 genomes did not reveal conclusive evidence for A3-induced mutagenesis. Our studies suggest that A3 family proteins can positively contribute to SARS-CoV-2 replication; however, this effect is deaminase-independent.
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Affiliation(s)
- MST Monira Begum
- Division of Molecular Virology and Genetics, Joint Research Center for Human Retrovirus Infection, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 860-0811, Japan
| | - Ayub Bokani
- School of Engineering and Technology, CQ University, Sydney, NSW 2000, Australia
| | - Samiul Alam Rajib
- Division of Genomics and Transcriptomics, Joint Research Center for Human Retrovirus Infection, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 860-0811, Japan
| | | | - Yosuke Maeda
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 860-8556, Japan
- Department of Nursing, Kibi International University, Takahashi 716-8508, Japan
| | | | - Yorifumi Satou
- Division of Genomics and Transcriptomics, Joint Research Center for Human Retrovirus Infection, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 860-0811, Japan
| | - Diako Ebrahimi
- Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX 78227, USA
| | - Terumasa Ikeda
- Division of Molecular Virology and Genetics, Joint Research Center for Human Retrovirus Infection, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 860-0811, Japan
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19
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Branda F, Ciccozzi A, Romano C, Ciccozzi M, Scarpa F. Another variant another history: description of the SARS-CoV-2 KP.2 (JN.1.11.1.2) mutations. Infect Dis (Lond) 2024; 56:581-585. [PMID: 38809158 DOI: 10.1080/23744235.2024.2358383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2024] [Accepted: 05/17/2024] [Indexed: 05/30/2024] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Branda
- Unit of Medical Statistics and Molecular Epidemiology, Università Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Chiara Romano
- Unit of Medical Statistics and Molecular Epidemiology, Università Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, Rome, Italy
| | - Massimo Ciccozzi
- Unit of Medical Statistics and Molecular Epidemiology, Università Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, Rome, Italy
| | - Fabio Scarpa
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
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20
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Ito H, Tamura T, Wang L, Mori K, Tsuda M, Suzuki R, Suzuki S, Yoshimatsu K, Tanaka S, Fukuhara T. Involvement of SARS-CoV-2 accessory proteins in immunopathogenesis. Microbiol Immunol 2024; 68:237-247. [PMID: 38837257 DOI: 10.1111/1348-0421.13157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2024] [Revised: 05/15/2024] [Accepted: 05/16/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024]
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is the largest single-stranded RNA virus known to date. Its genome contains multiple accessory protein genes that act against host immune responses but are not required for progeny virus production. The functions of the accessory proteins in the viral life cycle have been examined, but their involvement in viral pathogenicity remains unclear. Here, we investigated the roles of the accessory proteins in viral immunopathogenicity. To this end, recombinant SARS-CoV-2 possessing nonsense mutations in the seven accessory protein open reading frames (ORFs) (ORF3a, ORF3b, ORF6, ORF7a, ORF8, ORF9b, and ORF10) was de novo generated using an early pandemic SARS-CoV-2 strain as a backbone. We confirmed that the resultant virus (termed ORF3-10 KO) did not express accessory proteins in infected cells and retained the desired mutations in the viral genome. In cell culture, the ORF3-10 KO virus exhibited similar virus growth kinetics as the parental virus. In hamsters, ORF3-10 KO virus infection resulted in mild weight loss and reduced viral replication in the oral cavity and lung tissue. ORF3-10 KO virus infection led to mild inflammation, indicating that an inability to evade innate immune sensing because of a lack of accessory proteins impairs virus growth in vivo and results in quick elimination from the body. Overall, we showed that SARS-CoV-2 accessory proteins are involved in immunopathogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hayato Ito
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Tomokazu Tamura
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
- Institute for Vaccine Research and Development (IVReD), Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
- One Health Research Center, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Lei Wang
- Department of Cancer Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
- Institute for Chemical Reaction Design and Discovery (WPI-ICReDD), Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Kento Mori
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Masumi Tsuda
- Department of Cancer Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
- Institute for Chemical Reaction Design and Discovery (WPI-ICReDD), Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Rigel Suzuki
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
- Institute for Vaccine Research and Development (IVReD), Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Saori Suzuki
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
- Institute for Vaccine Research and Development (IVReD), Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | | | - Shinya Tanaka
- Department of Cancer Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
- Institute for Chemical Reaction Design and Discovery (WPI-ICReDD), Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Takasuke Fukuhara
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
- Institute for Vaccine Research and Development (IVReD), Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
- One Health Research Center, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
- Laboratory of Virus Control, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
- AMED-CREST, Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development (AMED), Tokyo, Japan
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21
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Lee J, Stewart C, Schäfer A, Leaf EM, Park YJ, Asarnow D, Powers JM, Treichel C, Sprouse KR, Corti D, Baric R, King NP, Veesler D. A broadly generalizable stabilization strategy for sarbecovirus fusion machinery vaccines. Nat Commun 2024; 15:5496. [PMID: 38944664 PMCID: PMC11214633 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-49656-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2024] [Accepted: 06/13/2024] [Indexed: 07/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Evolution of SARS-CoV-2 alters the antigenicity of the immunodominant spike (S) receptor-binding domain and N-terminal domain, undermining the efficacy of vaccines and antibody therapies. To overcome this challenge, we set out to develop a vaccine focusing antibody responses on the highly conserved but metastable S2 subunit, which folds as a spring-loaded fusion machinery. We describe a strategy for prefusion-stabilization and high yield recombinant production of SARS-CoV-2 S2 trimers with native structure and antigenicity. We demonstrate that our design strategy is broadly generalizable to sarbecoviruses, as exemplified with the SARS-CoV-1 (clade 1a) and PRD-0038 (clade 3) S2 subunits. Immunization of mice with a prefusion-stabilized SARS-CoV-2 S2 trimer elicits broadly reactive sarbecovirus antibodies and neutralizing antibody titers of comparable magnitude against Wuhan-Hu-1 and the immune evasive XBB.1.5 variant. Vaccinated mice were protected from weight loss and disease upon challenge with XBB.1.5, providing proof-of-principle for fusion machinery sarbecovirus vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jimin Lee
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Cameron Stewart
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Alexandra Schäfer
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Elizabeth M Leaf
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Institute for Protein Design, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Young-Jun Park
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Daniel Asarnow
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - John M Powers
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Catherine Treichel
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Institute for Protein Design, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Kaitlin R Sprouse
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Davide Corti
- Humabs Biomed SA, a subsidiary of Vir Biotechnology, Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Ralph Baric
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Neil P King
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Institute for Protein Design, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - David Veesler
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA.
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Seattle, WA, USA.
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22
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Lubinski B, Whittaker GR. Host Cell Proteases Involved in Human Respiratory Viral Infections and Their Inhibitors: A Review. Viruses 2024; 16:984. [PMID: 38932275 PMCID: PMC11209347 DOI: 10.3390/v16060984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2024] [Revised: 06/06/2024] [Accepted: 06/11/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Viral tropism is most commonly linked to receptor use, but host cell protease use can be a notable factor in susceptibility to infection. Here we review the use of host cell proteases by human viruses, focusing on those with primarily respiratory tropism, particularly SARS-CoV-2. We first describe the various classes of proteases present in the respiratory tract, as well as elsewhere in the body, and incorporate the targeting of these proteases as therapeutic drugs for use in humans. Host cell proteases are also linked to the systemic spread of viruses and play important roles outside of the respiratory tract; therefore, we address how proteases affect viruses across the spectrum of infections that can occur in humans, intending to understand the extrapulmonary spread of SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bailey Lubinski
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14850, USA;
| | - Gary R. Whittaker
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology and Public & Ecosystem Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14850, USA
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23
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Fang L, Kang X, Hong Q, Xue C, Pan L, Chen J, Tang C, Sun L, Xu X, Yuan J, Du Y, Xu A. Virological and Mitochondriopathogical Characteristics of the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron XBB.1.16 Spike. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024; 16:29716-29727. [PMID: 38814480 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.4c02798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2024]
Abstract
The emergence of XBB.1.16 has gained rapid global prominence. Previous studies have elucidated that the infection of SARS-CoV-2 induces alterations in the mitochondrial integrity of host cells, subsequently influencing the cellular response to infection. In this study, we compared the differences in infectivity and pathogenicity between XBB.1.16 and the parental Omicron sublineages BA.1 and BA.2 and assessed their impact on host mitochondria. Our findings suggest that, in comparison with BA.1 and BA.2, XBB.1.16 exhibits more efficient spike protein cleavage, more efficient mediating syncytia formation, mild mitochondriopathy, and less pathogenicity. Altogether, our investigations suggest that, based on the mutation of key sites, XBB.1.16 exhibited enhanced infectivity but lower pathogenicity. This will help us to further investigate the biological functions of key mutation sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liaoxin Fang
- Department of Genetic Engineering, Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing 100071, China
- Affiliated Huaihai Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University/71st Group Army Hospital of CPLA Army, Xuzhou 221004, Jiangsu,China
| | - Xiaofeng Kang
- Department of Genetic Engineering, Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing 100071, China
| | - Qian Hong
- Affiliated Huaihai Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University/71st Group Army Hospital of CPLA Army, Xuzhou 221004, Jiangsu,China
| | - Chunyuan Xue
- Department of Genetic Engineering, Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing 100071, China
| | - Lu Pan
- Department of Genetic Engineering, Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing 100071, China
| | - Jiaxin Chen
- Department of Genetic Engineering, Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing 100071, China
| | - Chuanhao Tang
- Department of Genetic Engineering, Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing 100071, China
| | - Liying Sun
- Department of Genetic Engineering, Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing 100071, China
| | - Xiaojie Xu
- Department of Genetic Engineering, Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing 100071, China
| | - Jing Yuan
- Department of Bacteriology, Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing 100020, China
| | - Yimeng Du
- Department of Genetic Engineering, Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing 100071, China
| | - An Xu
- Department of Oncology, The Second Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
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24
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Maiti AK. Progressive Evolutionary Dynamics of Gene-Specific ω Led to the Emergence of Novel SARS-CoV-2 Strains Having Super-Infectivity and Virulence with Vaccine Neutralization. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:6306. [PMID: 38928018 PMCID: PMC11204377 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25126306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2024] [Revised: 05/21/2024] [Accepted: 05/29/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
An estimation of the proportion of nonsynonymous to synonymous mutation (dn/ds, ω) of the SARS-CoV-2 genome would indicate the evolutionary dynamics necessary to evolve into novel strains with increased infection, virulence, and vaccine neutralization. A temporal estimation of ω of the whole genome, and all twenty-nine SARS-CoV-2 genes of major virulent strains of alpha, delta and omicron demonstrates that the SARS-CoV-2 genome originally emerged (ω ~ 0.04) with a strong purifying selection (ω < 1) and reached (ω ~ 0.85) in omicron towards diversifying selection (ω > 1). A marked increase in the ω occurred in the spike gene from alpha (ω = 0.2) to omicron (ω = 1.97). The ω of the replication machinery genes including RDRP, NSP3, NSP4, NSP7, NSP8, NSP10, NSP13, NSP14, and ORF9 are markedly increased, indicating that these genes/proteins are yet to be evolutionary stabilized and are contributing to the evolution of novel virulent strains. The delta-specific maximum increase in ω in the immunomodulatory genes of NSP8, NSP10, NSP16, ORF4, ORF5, ORF6, ORF7A, and ORF8 compared to alpha or omicron indicates delta-specific vulnerabilities for severe COVID-19 related hospitalization and death. The maximum values of ω are observed for spike (S), NSP4, ORF8 and NSP15, which indicates that the gene-specific temporal estimation of ω identifies specific genes for its super-infectivity and virulency that could be targeted for drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit K Maiti
- Department of Genetics and Genomics, Mydnavar, 28475 Greenfield Rd, Southfield, MI 48076, USA
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25
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Hu L, Zhang H, Huang C, Shen T, Feng Z, Mu F, Xu L, Lin Y, Yue C, Guo K, Tian M, Shi J, Zhang C, Wen P, Cao S, Wang Y, Zhang J, Shi X, Wang Z, He Y, Zhang X, Liu X, Lv Y, Liu Z, Guo W, Wang B. Effect of ursodeoxycholic acid on preventing SARS-CoV-2 infection in patients with liver transplantation: a multicenter retrospective cohort study. QJM 2024; 117:339-347. [PMID: 37950449 DOI: 10.1093/qjmed/hcad254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2023] [Revised: 10/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Immunosuppressed recipients of liver transplantation (LT) are more likely to develop coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and may have an increased risk of developing worse outcomes. AIM To assess the effect of ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) on preventing severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection in LT recipients. DESIGN Adult patients (aged ≥ 18 years) who underwent LT between 1 January 2015 and 31 December 2022 were included and categorized into two groups according to their use of UDCA. METHODS The prevalence and severity of COVID-19 among transplantation patients between the UDCA and non-UDCA groups were estimated and compared. RESULTS Among the 897 LT patients who met the inclusion criteria, infection rate of SARS-CoV-2 was 78.4%, and the rate of severe illness was 5.1% from January 2022 to January 2023 in China. In the multivariate analysis, only UDCA treatment (P = 0.006) was found to be a protective factor against SARS-CoV-2 infection. After propensity score matching, the SARS-CoV-2 infection rate in the UDCA group was lower than that in the non-UDCA group (74.1% vs. 84.6%, P = 0.002). This rate was further reduced to 62.1% (P = 0.002) when the oral administration dose was >15 mg/kg/day. There was no difference in the rates of severe COVID-19 illness, ICU admission, or ventilation rate or length of hospital stay with or without UDCA treatment (all P > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS The use of UDCA in LT patients significantly reduced the SARS-CoV-2 infection rate and showed a dose-dependent protective effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Hu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - H Zhang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, China
| | - C Huang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, China
| | - T Shen
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xian Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Z Feng
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - F Mu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - L Xu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Y Lin
- Department of Plastic, Aesthetic and Maxillofacial Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - C Yue
- Department of Biology, York University, Toronto, ON M3J1P3, Canada
| | - K Guo
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - M Tian
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - J Shi
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - C Zhang
- Department of Surgical Intensive Care Unit, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - P Wen
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, China
| | - S Cao
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, China
| | - Y Wang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, China
| | - J Zhang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, China
| | - X Shi
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, China
| | - Z Wang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, China
| | - Y He
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, China
| | - X Zhang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - X Liu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Y Lv
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Z Liu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - W Guo
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, China
| | - B Wang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, China
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26
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Cui L, Li T, Xue W, Zhang S, Wang H, Liu H, Gu Y, Xia N, Li S. Comprehensive Overview of Broadly Neutralizing Antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 Variants. Viruses 2024; 16:900. [PMID: 38932192 PMCID: PMC11209230 DOI: 10.3390/v16060900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2024] [Revised: 05/09/2024] [Accepted: 05/29/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Currently, SARS-CoV-2 has evolved into various variants, including the numerous highly mutated Omicron sub-lineages, significantly increasing immune evasion ability. The development raises concerns about the possibly diminished effectiveness of available vaccines and antibody-based therapeutics. Here, we describe those representative categories of broadly neutralizing antibodies (bnAbs) that retain prominent effectiveness against emerging variants including Omicron sub-lineages. The molecular characteristics, epitope conservation, and resistance mechanisms of these antibodies are further detailed, aiming to offer suggestion or direction for the development of therapeutic antibodies, and facilitate the design of vaccines with broad-spectrum potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingyan Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Vaccines for Infectious Diseases, Xiang An Biomedicine Laboratory, School of Public Health, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China (N.X.)
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, Collaborative Innovation Center of Biologic Products, National Innovation Platform for Industry-Education Integration in Vaccine Research, The Research Unit of Frontier Technology of Structural Vaccinology of Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Tingting Li
- State Key Laboratory of Vaccines for Infectious Diseases, Xiang An Biomedicine Laboratory, School of Public Health, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China (N.X.)
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, Collaborative Innovation Center of Biologic Products, National Innovation Platform for Industry-Education Integration in Vaccine Research, The Research Unit of Frontier Technology of Structural Vaccinology of Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Wenhui Xue
- State Key Laboratory of Vaccines for Infectious Diseases, Xiang An Biomedicine Laboratory, School of Public Health, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China (N.X.)
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, Collaborative Innovation Center of Biologic Products, National Innovation Platform for Industry-Education Integration in Vaccine Research, The Research Unit of Frontier Technology of Structural Vaccinology of Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Sibo Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Vaccines for Infectious Diseases, Xiang An Biomedicine Laboratory, School of Public Health, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China (N.X.)
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, Collaborative Innovation Center of Biologic Products, National Innovation Platform for Industry-Education Integration in Vaccine Research, The Research Unit of Frontier Technology of Structural Vaccinology of Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Hong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Vaccines for Infectious Diseases, Xiang An Biomedicine Laboratory, School of Public Health, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China (N.X.)
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, Collaborative Innovation Center of Biologic Products, National Innovation Platform for Industry-Education Integration in Vaccine Research, The Research Unit of Frontier Technology of Structural Vaccinology of Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Hongjing Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Vaccines for Infectious Diseases, Xiang An Biomedicine Laboratory, School of Public Health, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China (N.X.)
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, Collaborative Innovation Center of Biologic Products, National Innovation Platform for Industry-Education Integration in Vaccine Research, The Research Unit of Frontier Technology of Structural Vaccinology of Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Ying Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Vaccines for Infectious Diseases, Xiang An Biomedicine Laboratory, School of Public Health, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China (N.X.)
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, Collaborative Innovation Center of Biologic Products, National Innovation Platform for Industry-Education Integration in Vaccine Research, The Research Unit of Frontier Technology of Structural Vaccinology of Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Ningshao Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Vaccines for Infectious Diseases, Xiang An Biomedicine Laboratory, School of Public Health, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China (N.X.)
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, Collaborative Innovation Center of Biologic Products, National Innovation Platform for Industry-Education Integration in Vaccine Research, The Research Unit of Frontier Technology of Structural Vaccinology of Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Shaowei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Vaccines for Infectious Diseases, Xiang An Biomedicine Laboratory, School of Public Health, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China (N.X.)
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, Collaborative Innovation Center of Biologic Products, National Innovation Platform for Industry-Education Integration in Vaccine Research, The Research Unit of Frontier Technology of Structural Vaccinology of Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
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27
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Fujita S, Plianchaisuk A, Deguchi S, Ito H, Nao N, Wang L, Nasser H, Tamura T, Kimura I, Kashima Y, Suzuki R, Suzuki S, Kida I, Tsuda M, Oda Y, Hashimoto R, Watanabe Y, Uriu K, Yamasoba D, Guo Z, Hinay AA, Kosugi Y, Chen L, Pan L, Kaku Y, Chu H, Donati F, Temmam S, Eloit M, Yamamoto Y, Nagamoto T, Asakura H, Nagashima M, Sadamasu K, Yoshimura K, Suzuki Y, Ito J, Ikeda T, Tanaka S, Matsuno K, Fukuhara T, Takayama K, Sato K. Virological characteristics of a SARS-CoV-2-related bat coronavirus, BANAL-20-236. EBioMedicine 2024; 104:105181. [PMID: 38838469 PMCID: PMC11215962 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2024.105181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2023] [Revised: 05/18/2024] [Accepted: 05/18/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although several SARS-CoV-2-related coronaviruses (SC2r-CoVs) were discovered in bats and pangolins, the differences in virological characteristics between SARS-CoV-2 and SC2r-CoVs remain poorly understood. Recently, BANAL-20-236 (B236) was isolated from a rectal swab of Malayan horseshoe bat and was found to lack a furin cleavage site (FCS) in the spike (S) protein. The comparison of its virological characteristics with FCS-deleted SARS-CoV-2 (SC2ΔFCS) has not been conducted yet. METHODS We prepared human induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-derived airway and lung epithelial cells and colon organoids as human organ-relevant models. B236, SARS-CoV-2, and artificially generated SC2ΔFCS were used for viral experiments. To investigate the pathogenicity of B236 in vivo, we conducted intranasal infection experiments in hamsters. FINDINGS In human iPSC-derived airway epithelial cells, the growth of B236 was significantly lower than that of the SC2ΔFCS. A fusion assay showed that the B236 and SC2ΔFCS S proteins were less fusogenic than the SARS-CoV-2 S protein. The infection experiment in hamsters showed that B236 was less pathogenic than SARS-CoV-2 and even SC2ΔFCS. Interestingly, in human colon organoids, the growth of B236 was significantly greater than that of SARS-CoV-2. INTERPRETATION Compared to SARS-CoV-2, we demonstrated that B236 exhibited a tropism toward intestinal cells rather than respiratory cells. Our results are consistent with a previous report showing that B236 is enterotropic in macaques. Altogether, our report strengthens the assumption that SC2r-CoVs in horseshoe bats replicate primarily in the intestinal tissues rather than respiratory tissues. FUNDING This study was supported in part by AMED ASPIRE (JP23jf0126002, to Keita Matsuno, Kazuo Takayama, and Kei Sato); AMED SCARDA Japan Initiative for World-leading Vaccine Research and Development Centers "UTOPIA" (JP223fa627001, to Kei Sato), AMED SCARDA Program on R&D of new generation vaccine including new modality application (JP223fa727002, to Kei Sato); AMED SCARDA Hokkaido University Institute for Vaccine Research and Development (HU-IVReD) (JP223fa627005h0001, to Takasuke Fukuhara, and Keita Matsuno); AMED Research Program on Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases (JP21fk0108574, to Hesham Nasser; JP21fk0108493, to Takasuke Fukuhara; JP22fk0108617 to Takasuke Fukuhara; JP22fk0108146, to Kei Sato; JP21fk0108494 to G2P-Japan Consortium, Keita Matsuno, Shinya Tanaka, Terumasa Ikeda, Takasuke Fukuhara, and Kei Sato; JP21fk0108425, to Kazuo Takayama and Kei Sato; JP21fk0108432, to Kazuo Takayama, Takasuke Fukuhara and Kei Sato; JP22fk0108534, Terumasa Ikeda, and Kei Sato; JP22fk0108511, to Yuki Yamamoto, Terumasa Ikeda, Keita Matsuno, Shinya Tanaka, Kazuo Takayama, Takasuke Fukuhara, and Kei Sato; JP22fk0108506, to Kazuo Takayama and Kei Sato); AMED Research Program on HIV/AIDS (JP22fk0410055, to Terumasa Ikeda; and JP22fk0410039, to Kei Sato); AMED Japan Program for Infectious Diseases Research and Infrastructure (JP22wm0125008 to Keita Matsuno); AMED CREST (JP21gm1610005, to Kazuo Takayama; JP22gm1610008, to Takasuke Fukuhara; JST PRESTO (JPMJPR22R1, to Jumpei Ito); JST CREST (JPMJCR20H4, to Kei Sato); JSPS KAKENHI Fund for the Promotion of Joint International Research (International Leading Research) (JP23K20041, to G2P-Japan Consortium, Keita Matsuno, Takasuke Fukuhara and Kei Sato); JST SPRING (JPMJSP2108 to Shigeru Fujita); JSPS KAKENHI Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research C (22K07103, to Terumasa Ikeda); JSPS KAKENHI Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research B (21H02736, to Takasuke Fukuhara); JSPS KAKENHI Grant-in-Aid for Early-Career Scientists (22K16375, to Hesham Nasser; 20K15767, to Jumpei Ito); JSPS Core-to-Core Program (A. Advanced Research Networks) (JPJSCCA20190008, to Kei Sato); JSPS Research Fellow DC2 (22J11578, to Keiya Uriu); JSPS Research Fellow DC1 (23KJ0710, to Yusuke Kosugi); JSPS Leading Initiative for Excellent Young Researchers (LEADER) (to Terumasa Ikeda); World-leading Innovative and Smart Education (WISE) Program 1801 from the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (MEXT) (to Naganori Nao); Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare (MHLW) under grant 23HA2010 (to Naganori Nao and Keita Matsuno); The Cooperative Research Program (Joint Usage/Research Center program) of Institute for Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University (to Kei Sato); International Joint Research Project of the Institute of Medical Science, the University of Tokyo (to Terumasa Ikeda and Takasuke Fukuhara); The Tokyo Biochemical Research Foundation (to Kei Sato); Takeda Science Foundation (to Terumasa Ikeda and Takasuke Fukuhara); Mochida Memorial Foundation for Medical and Pharmaceutical Research (to Terumasa Ikeda); The Naito Foundation (to Terumasa Ikeda); Hokuto Foundation for Bioscience (to Tomokazu Tamura); Hirose Foundation (to Tomokazu Tamura); and Mitsubishi Foundation (to Kei Sato).
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Affiliation(s)
- Shigeru Fujita
- Division of Systems Virology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan; Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Arnon Plianchaisuk
- Division of Systems Virology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Sayaka Deguchi
- Center for iPS Cell Research and Application (CiRA), Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Hayato Ito
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Naganori Nao
- One Health Research Center, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan; Institute for Vaccine Research and Development (IVReD), Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan; Division of International Research Promotion, International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Lei Wang
- Department of Cancer Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan; Institute for Chemical Reaction Design and Discovery (WPI-ICReDD), Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Hesham Nasser
- Division of Molecular Virology and Genetics, Joint Research Center for Human Retrovirus infection, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan; Department of Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt
| | - Tomokazu Tamura
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan; One Health Research Center, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan; Institute for Vaccine Research and Development (IVReD), Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Izumi Kimura
- Division of Systems Virology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yukie Kashima
- Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Chiba, Japan
| | - Rigel Suzuki
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan; Institute for Vaccine Research and Development (IVReD), Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Saori Suzuki
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan; Institute for Vaccine Research and Development (IVReD), Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Izumi Kida
- Division of Risk Analysis and Management, International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Masumi Tsuda
- Department of Cancer Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan; Institute for Chemical Reaction Design and Discovery (WPI-ICReDD), Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Yoshitaka Oda
- Department of Cancer Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Rina Hashimoto
- Center for iPS Cell Research and Application (CiRA), Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yukio Watanabe
- Center for iPS Cell Research and Application (CiRA), Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Keiya Uriu
- Division of Systems Virology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan; Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Daichi Yamasoba
- Division of Systems Virology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan; Faculty of Medicine, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan
| | - Ziyi Guo
- Division of Systems Virology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Alfredo A Hinay
- Division of Systems Virology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yusuke Kosugi
- Division of Systems Virology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan; Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Luo Chen
- Division of Systems Virology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan; Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Chiba, Japan
| | - Lin Pan
- Division of Systems Virology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan; Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Chiba, Japan
| | - Yu Kaku
- Division of Systems Virology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hin Chu
- State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Department of Microbiology, School of Clinical Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Flora Donati
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, CNRS UMR 3569, Molecular Genetics of RNA Viruses Unit, Paris, France; Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, National Reference Center for Respiratory Viruses, Paris, France
| | - Sarah Temmam
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Pathogen Discovery Laboratory, Paris, France; Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, The WOAH(OIE) Collaborating Center for the Detection and Identification in Humans of Emerging Animal Pathogens, Paris, France
| | - Marc Eloit
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Pathogen Discovery Laboratory, Paris, France; Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, The WOAH(OIE) Collaborating Center for the Detection and Identification in Humans of Emerging Animal Pathogens, Paris, France
| | | | | | | | - Mami Nagashima
- Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Public Health, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kenji Sadamasu
- Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Public Health, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Yutaka Suzuki
- Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Chiba, Japan
| | - Jumpei Ito
- Division of Systems Virology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan; International Research Center for Infectious Diseases, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Terumasa Ikeda
- Division of Molecular Virology and Genetics, Joint Research Center for Human Retrovirus infection, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Shinya Tanaka
- Department of Cancer Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan; Institute for Chemical Reaction Design and Discovery (WPI-ICReDD), Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan.
| | - Keita Matsuno
- One Health Research Center, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan; Institute for Vaccine Research and Development (IVReD), Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan; Division of Risk Analysis and Management, International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan; International Collaboration Unit, International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan.
| | - Takasuke Fukuhara
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan; One Health Research Center, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan; Institute for Vaccine Research and Development (IVReD), Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan; AMED-CREST, Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development (AMED), Tokyo, Japan; Laboratory of Virus Control, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita, Japan.
| | - Kazuo Takayama
- Center for iPS Cell Research and Application (CiRA), Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan; AMED-CREST, Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development (AMED), Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Kei Sato
- Division of Systems Virology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan; Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan; Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Chiba, Japan; International Research Center for Infectious Diseases, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan; CREST, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Saitama, Japan; International Vaccine Design Center, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan; Collaboration Unit for Infection, Joint Research Center for Human Retrovirus infection, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan; MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow, UK.
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Saini S, Pareekh S, Kumar Y. Investigating the structural impact of Omicron RBD mutation on antibody escape and receptor management. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2024; 42:4668-4678. [PMID: 37334729 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2023.2222174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 06/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/20/2023]
Abstract
The SARS-CoV-2 Variant B.1.1.5291 evolved rapidly in late November 2021 from the existing mutants sparking fear worldwide owing to its infamous immune escape from a varied class of neutralising antibodies. To assess the structural behaviour of Omicron-Receptor Binding Domain (RBD) upon interacting with cross-reactive CR3022 antibody, we investigated the computational approach of structural engagement in B.1.1529 RBD and wild-type RBD with CR3022 antibody. The current study investigates the interacting interface between the RBDs and CR3022 to decipher the key residues accompanying the potential mutational landscape of SARS-CoV-2 variants. We conducted in-silico docking followed by molecular dynamics simulation analysis to examine the dynamic behaviour of protein-protein interactions. Furthermore, the study unleashed possible interactions post energy decomposition analysis via MM-GBSA. Conclusively, the mutational landscape of RBD eases in designing and discovering the effective neutralisation accompanied by development of a universal vaccine.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samvedna Saini
- Department of Biological Sciences and Engineering (BSE), Netaji Subhas University of Technology (NSUT), New Delhi, India
| | - Savita Pareekh
- High Performance Computing (HPC) & AI Innovation Lab, Dell EMC, Bengaluru, India
| | - Yatender Kumar
- Department of Biological Sciences and Engineering (BSE), Netaji Subhas University of Technology (NSUT), New Delhi, India
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29
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Kawata D, Iwai H, Oba S, Komiya Y, Koike R, Miyamoto S, Kanno T, Ainai A, Suzuki T, Hosoya T, Yasuda S. Diverse pro-inflammatory ability of mutated spike protein derived from variant strains of SARS-CoV-2. Cytokine 2024; 178:156592. [PMID: 38574505 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2024.156592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2024] [Revised: 03/09/2024] [Accepted: 03/29/2024] [Indexed: 04/06/2024]
Abstract
The severity of COVID-19 has been reported to differ among SARS-CoV-2 mutant variants. The overactivation of macrophages is involved in severe COVID-19, yet the effects of SARS-CoV-2 mutations on macrophages remain poorly understood. To clarify the effects, we examined whether mutations of spike proteins (S-proteins) affect macrophage activation. CD14+ monocyte-derived macrophages were stimulated with the recombinant S-protein of the wild-type, Delta, and Omicron strains or live viral particles of individual strains. Regarding IL-6 and TNF-α, Delta or Omicron S-protein had stronger or weaker pro‑inflammatory ability, respectively, than the wild-type. Similar trends were observed between S-proteins and viral particles. S-protein mutations could be related to the diversity in macrophage activation and severity rates in COVID-19 caused by various SARS-CoV-2 strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daisuke Kawata
- Department of Rheumatology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hideyuki Iwai
- Department of Rheumatology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Tokyo, Japan
| | - Seiya Oba
- Department of Rheumatology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoji Komiya
- Department of Rheumatology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ryuji Koike
- Department of Rheumatology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Tokyo, Japan
| | - Sho Miyamoto
- Department of Pathology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takayuki Kanno
- Department of Pathology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akira Ainai
- Department of Pathology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tadaki Suzuki
- Department of Pathology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tadashi Hosoya
- Department of Rheumatology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Shinsuke Yasuda
- Department of Rheumatology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Tokyo, Japan.
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30
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Hamilton S, Zhu M, Cloney-Clark S, Mayes P, Fenner J, Cui L, Cai R, Kalkeri R, Fries LF, Pryor M, Plested JS. Validation of a severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 microneutralization assay for evaluation of vaccine immunogenicity. J Virol Methods 2024; 327:114945. [PMID: 38649070 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2024.114945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2024] [Revised: 04/16/2024] [Accepted: 04/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
As variants of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) continue to emerge, assessment of vaccine immunogenicity remains a critical factor to support continued vaccination. To this end, an in vitro microneutralization (MN50) assay was validated to quantitate SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing antibodies against prototype and variant strains (Beta, Delta, Omicron BA.1, Omicron BA.5, and XBB.1.5) in human serum. For the prototype strain, the MN50 assay met acceptance criteria for inter-/intra-assay precision, specificity, linearity, and selectivity. The assay was robust against changes to virus/serum incubation time, cell seeding density, virus content per well, cell passage number, and serum interference. Analyte in serum samples was stable up to five freeze/thaw cycles and for up to 12 months of storage at -80 ± 10 °C. Similar results were observed for the variant-adapted MN50 assays. The conversion factor to convert assay result units to WHO international standard units (IU/mL) was determined to be 0.62 for the prototype strain. This MN50 assay will be useful for vaccine immunogenicity analyses in clinical trial samples, enabling assessment of vaccine immunogenicity for ancestral and variant strains as variant-adapted vaccines are developed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Jen Fenner
- 360biolabs Pty Ltd, Melbourne, Australia.
| | - Leah Cui
- 360biolabs Pty Ltd, Melbourne, Australia.
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31
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Xue S, Han Y, Wu F, Wang Q. Mutations in the SARS-CoV-2 spike receptor binding domain and their delicate balance between ACE2 affinity and antibody evasion. Protein Cell 2024; 15:403-418. [PMID: 38442025 PMCID: PMC11131022 DOI: 10.1093/procel/pwae007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 03/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Intensive selection pressure constrains the evolutionary trajectory of SARS-CoV-2 genomes and results in various novel variants with distinct mutation profiles. Point mutations, particularly those within the receptor binding domain (RBD) of SARS-CoV-2 spike (S) protein, lead to the functional alteration in both receptor engagement and monoclonal antibody (mAb) recognition. Here, we review the data of the RBD point mutations possessed by major SARS-CoV-2 variants and discuss their individual effects on ACE2 affinity and immune evasion. Many single amino acid substitutions within RBD epitopes crucial for the antibody evasion capacity may conversely weaken ACE2 binding affinity. However, this weakened effect could be largely compensated by specific epistatic mutations, such as N501Y, thus maintaining the overall ACE2 affinity for the spike protein of all major variants. The predominant direction of SARS-CoV-2 evolution lies neither in promoting ACE2 affinity nor evading mAb neutralization but in maintaining a delicate balance between these two dimensions. Together, this review interprets how RBD mutations efficiently resist antibody neutralization and meanwhile how the affinity between ACE2 and spike protein is maintained, emphasizing the significance of comprehensive assessment of spike mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Song Xue
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (MOE/NHC/CAMS), Shanghai Institute of Infectious Disease and Biosecurity, Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Pathogenic Microorganisms and Infection, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Yuru Han
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (MOE/NHC/CAMS), Shanghai Institute of Infectious Disease and Biosecurity, Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Pathogenic Microorganisms and Infection, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Fan Wu
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (MOE/NHC/CAMS), Shanghai Institute of Infectious Disease and Biosecurity, Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Pathogenic Microorganisms and Infection, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Qiao Wang
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (MOE/NHC/CAMS), Shanghai Institute of Infectious Disease and Biosecurity, Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Pathogenic Microorganisms and Infection, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
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32
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Tamura T, Ito H, Torii S, Wang L, Suzuki R, Tsujino S, Kamiyama A, Oda Y, Tsuda M, Morioka Y, Suzuki S, Shirakawa K, Sato K, Yoshimatsu K, Matsuura Y, Iwano S, Tanaka S, Fukuhara T. Akaluc bioluminescence offers superior sensitivity to track in vivo dynamics of SARS-CoV-2 infection. iScience 2024; 27:109647. [PMID: 38638572 PMCID: PMC11025001 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2024.109647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2023] [Revised: 02/25/2024] [Accepted: 03/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Monitoring in vivo viral dynamics can improve our understanding of pathogenicity and tissue tropism. Because the gene size of RNA viruses is typically small, NanoLuc is the primary choice for accommodation within viral genome. However, NanoLuc/Furimazine and also the conventional firefly luciferase/D-luciferin are known to exhibit relatively low tissue permeability and thus less sensitivity for visualization of deep tissue including lungs. Here, we demonstrated in vivo sufficient visualization of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection using the pair of a codon-optimized Akaluc and AkaLumine. We engineered the codon-optimized Akaluc gene possessing the similar GC ratio of SARS-CoV-2. Using the SARS-CoV-2 recombinants carrying the codon-optimized Akaluc, we visualized in vivo infection of respiratory organs, including the tissue-specific differences associated with particular variants. Additionally, we could evaluate the efficacy of antivirals by monitoring changes in Akaluc signals. Overall, we offer an effective technology for monitoring viral dynamics in live animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomokazu Tamura
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-8638, Japan
- Institute for Vaccine Research and Development (IVReD), Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido 001-0021, Japan
- One Health Research Center, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0818, Japan
| | - Hayato Ito
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-8638, Japan
| | - Shiho Torii
- Laboratory of Virus Control, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Lei Wang
- Department of Cancer Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-8638, Japan
- Institute for Chemical Reaction Design and Discovery (WPI-ICReDD), Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido 001-0021, Japan
| | - Rigel Suzuki
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-8638, Japan
- Institute for Vaccine Research and Development (IVReD), Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido 001-0021, Japan
| | - Shuhei Tsujino
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-8638, Japan
| | - Akifumi Kamiyama
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-8638, Japan
| | - Yoshitaka Oda
- Department of Cancer Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-8638, Japan
| | - Masumi Tsuda
- Department of Cancer Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-8638, Japan
- Institute for Chemical Reaction Design and Discovery (WPI-ICReDD), Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido 001-0021, Japan
| | - Yuhei Morioka
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-8638, Japan
- Laboratory of Virus Control, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Saori Suzuki
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-8638, Japan
- Institute for Vaccine Research and Development (IVReD), Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido 001-0021, Japan
| | - Kotaro Shirakawa
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Kei Sato
- Division of Systems Virology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
- Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
- Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-0882, Japan
- CREST, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan
- International Research Center for Infectious Diseases, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
- International Vaccine Design Center, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
- Collaboration Unit for Infection, Joint Research Center for Human Retrovirus Infection, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Kumamoto 860-0811, Japan
| | - Kumiko Yoshimatsu
- Institute for Genetic Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0815, Japan
| | - Yoshiharu Matsuura
- Laboratory of Virus Control, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
- Laboratory of Virus Control, Center for Infectious Disease Education and Research, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Satoshi Iwano
- Institute for Tenure Track Promotion, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Miyazaki 889-2192, Japan
| | - Shinya Tanaka
- Department of Cancer Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-8638, Japan
- Institute for Chemical Reaction Design and Discovery (WPI-ICReDD), Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido 001-0021, Japan
| | - Takasuke Fukuhara
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-8638, Japan
- Institute for Vaccine Research and Development (IVReD), Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido 001-0021, Japan
- One Health Research Center, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0818, Japan
- Laboratory of Virus Control, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
- AMED-CREST, Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development (AMED), Tokyo, Tokyo 100-0004, Japan
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Faraji N, Zeinali T, Joukar F, Aleali MS, Eslami N, Shenagari M, Mansour-Ghanaei F. Mutational dynamics of SARS-CoV-2: Impact on future COVID-19 vaccine strategies. Heliyon 2024; 10:e30208. [PMID: 38707429 PMCID: PMC11066641 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e30208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2023] [Revised: 04/18/2024] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/07/2024] Open
Abstract
The rapid emergence of multiple strains of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) has sparked profound concerns regarding the ongoing evolution of the virus and its potential impact on global health. Classified by the World Health Organization (WHO) as variants of concern (VOC), these strains exhibit heightened transmissibility and pathogenicity, posing significant challenges to existing vaccine strategies. Despite widespread vaccination efforts, the continual evolution of SARS-CoV-2 variants presents a formidable obstacle to achieving herd immunity. Of particular concern is the coronavirus spike (S) protein, a pivotal viral surface protein crucial for host cell entry and infectivity. Mutations within the S protein have been shown to enhance transmissibility and confer resistance to antibody-mediated neutralization, undermining the efficacy of traditional vaccine platforms. Moreover, the S protein undergoes rapid molecular evolution under selective immune pressure, leading to the emergence of diverse variants with distinct mutation profiles. This review underscores the urgent need for vigilance and adaptation in vaccine development efforts to combat the evolving landscape of SARS-CoV-2 mutations and ensure the long-term effectiveness of global immunization campaigns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niloofar Faraji
- Gastrointestinal and Liver Diseases Research Center, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
| | - Tahereh Zeinali
- Gastrointestinal and Liver Diseases Research Center, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
| | - Farahnaz Joukar
- Gastrointestinal and Liver Diseases Research Center, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
| | - Maryam Sadat Aleali
- Gastrointestinal and Liver Diseases Research Center, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
| | - Narges Eslami
- Gastrointestinal and Liver Diseases Research Center, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
| | - Mohammad Shenagari
- Gastrointestinal and Liver Diseases Research Center, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
| | - Fariborz Mansour-Ghanaei
- Gastrointestinal and Liver Diseases Research Center, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
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Suzuki R, Kamiyama A, Ito H, Kawashiro K, Tomiyama T, Tamura T, Suzuki S, Yoshizumi T, Hotta K, Fukuhara T. The development of a rapid, high-throughput neutralization assay using a SARS-CoV-2 reporter. J Virol Methods 2024; 326:114894. [PMID: 38360268 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2024.114894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2023] [Revised: 02/10/2024] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 02/17/2024]
Abstract
Many methods have been developed to measure the neutralizing capacity of antibodies to SARS-CoV-2. However, these methods are low throughput and can be difficult to quickly modify in response to emerging variants. Therefore, an experimental system for rapid and easy measurement of the neutralizing capacity of antibodies against various variants is needed. In this study, we developed an experimental system that can efficiently measure the neutralizing capacity of sera by using a GFP-carrying recombinant SARS-CoV-2 with spike proteins of multiple variants (B.1.1, BA.5, or XBB.1.5). For all 3 recombinant chimeric genomes generated, neutralizing antibody titers determined by measuring GFP fluorescence intensity correlated significantly with those calculated from viral RNA levels measured by RT-qPCR in the supernatant of infected cells. Furthermore, neutralizing antibody titers determined by visually assessing GFP fluorescence using microscopy were also significantly correlated with those determined by RT-qPCR. By using this high-throughput method, it is now possible to quickly and easily determine the neutralizing capacity of antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rigel Suzuki
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-8638, Japan; Institute for Vaccine Research and Development: Hu-IVReD, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-8638, Japan
| | - Akifumi Kamiyama
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-8638, Japan
| | - Hayato Ito
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-8638, Japan
| | - Keita Kawashiro
- Department of Urology, Hokkaido University Hospital, Sapporo 060-8638, Japan
| | - Takahiro Tomiyama
- Department of Surgery and Sciences, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Tomokazu Tamura
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-8638, Japan; Institute for Vaccine Research and Development: Hu-IVReD, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-8638, Japan
| | - Saori Suzuki
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-8638, Japan; Institute for Vaccine Research and Development: Hu-IVReD, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-8638, Japan
| | - Tomoharu Yoshizumi
- Department of Surgery and Sciences, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Kiyohiko Hotta
- Department of Urology, Hokkaido University Hospital, Sapporo 060-8638, Japan
| | - Takasuke Fukuhara
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-8638, Japan; Institute for Vaccine Research and Development: Hu-IVReD, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-8638, Japan; Laboratory of Virus Control, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita 565-0871, Japan; AMED-CREST, Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development (AMED), Tokyo 100-004, Japan.
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35
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Fu Y, He X, Fang Q, Kong F, Zhang Y, Fu T, Chen L, Liu Y, Wang Z, Lyu J, Chen L. Rapid identification of SARS-CoV-2 variants using stable high-frequency mutation sites. APMIS 2024; 132:348-357. [PMID: 38488266 DOI: 10.1111/apm.13388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/16/2024]
Abstract
Respiratory infectious viruses, including SARS-CoV-2, undergo rapid genetic evolution, resulting in diverse subtypes with complex mutations. Detecting and differentiating these subtypes pose significant challenges in respiratory virus surveillance. To address these challenges, we integrated ARMS-PCR with molecular beacon probes, allowing selective amplification and discrimination of subtypes based on adjacent mutation sites. The method exhibited high specificity and sensitivity, detecting as low as 104 copies/mL via direct fluorescence analysis and ~106 copies/mL using real-time PCR. Our robust detection approach offers a reliable and efficient solution for monitoring evolving respiratory infections, aiding early diagnosis and control measures. Further research could extend its application to other respiratory viruses and optimize its implementation in clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Fu
- School of Laboratory Medicine and Bioengineering, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiaobai He
- School of Laboratory Medicine and Bioengineering, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, China
| | - Quan Fang
- Department of laboratory, Physical Examination Center, Air Force Hangzhou Special Service Convalescence Center Zone 1, Hangzhou, China
| | - Fei Kong
- School of Laboratory Medicine and Bioengineering, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- School of Laboratory Medicine and Bioengineering, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ting Fu
- School of Laboratory Medicine and Bioengineering, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, China
| | - Liang Chen
- School of Laboratory Medicine and Bioengineering, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, China
| | - YanXin Liu
- School of Laboratory Medicine and Bioengineering, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhen Wang
- Center for Laboratory Medicine, Allergy center, Department of Transfusion medicine, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Affiliated People's Hospital, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jianxin Lyu
- School of Laboratory Medicine and Bioengineering, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, China
- Laboratory Medicine Center, Department of Clinical Laboratory, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital (Affiliated People's Hospital), Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Linjie Chen
- School of Laboratory Medicine and Bioengineering, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, China
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Pérez-Vargas J, Lemieux G, Thompson CAH, Désilets A, Ennis S, Gao G, Gordon DG, Schulz AL, Niikura M, Nabi IR, Krajden M, Boudreault PL, Leduc R, Jean F. Nanomolar anti-SARS-CoV-2 Omicron activity of the host-directed TMPRSS2 inhibitor N-0385 and synergistic action with direct-acting antivirals. Antiviral Res 2024; 225:105869. [PMID: 38548023 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2024.105869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2024] [Revised: 03/10/2024] [Accepted: 03/16/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 Omicron subvariants with increased transmissibility and immune evasion are spreading globally with alarming persistence. Whether the mutations and evolution of spike (S) Omicron subvariants alter the viral hijacking of human TMPRSS2 for viral entry remains to be elucidated. This is particularly important to investigate because of the large number and diversity of mutations of S Omicron subvariants reported since the emergence of BA.1. Here we report that human TMPRSS2 is a molecular determinant of viral entry for all the Omicron clinical isolates tested in human lung cells, including ancestral Omicron subvariants (BA.1, BA.2, BA.5), contemporary Omicron subvariants (BQ.1.1, XBB.1.5, EG.5.1) and currently circulating Omicron BA.2.86. First, we used a co-transfection assay to demonstrate the endoproteolytic cleavage by TMPRSS2 of spike Omicron subvariants. Second, we found that N-0385, a highly potent TMPRSS2 inhibitor, is a robust entry inhibitor of virus-like particles harbouring the S protein of Omicron subvariants. Third, we show that N-0385 exhibits nanomolar broad-spectrum antiviral activity against live Omicron subvariants in human Calu-3 lung cells and primary patient-derived bronchial epithelial cells. Interestingly, we found that N-0385 is 10-20 times more potent than the repositioned TMPRSS2 inhibitor, camostat, against BA.5, EG.5.1, and BA.2.86. We further found that N-0385 shows broad synergistic activity with clinically approved direct-acting antivirals (DAAs), i.e., remdesivir and nirmatrelvir, against Omicron subvariants, demonstrating the potential therapeutic benefits of a multi-targeted treatment based on N-0385 and DAAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jimena Pérez-Vargas
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Gabriel Lemieux
- Department of Pharmacology-Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Institut de Pharmacologie de Sherbrooke, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada
| | - Connor A H Thompson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Antoine Désilets
- Department of Pharmacology-Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Institut de Pharmacologie de Sherbrooke, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada
| | - Siobhan Ennis
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada
| | - Guang Gao
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada; Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Danielle G Gordon
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Annika Lea Schulz
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Masahiro Niikura
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada
| | - Ivan Robert Nabi
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Mel Krajden
- British Columbia Centre for Disease Control Public Health Laboratory, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 4R4, Canada; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Pierre-Luc Boudreault
- Department of Pharmacology-Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Institut de Pharmacologie de Sherbrooke, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada
| | - Richard Leduc
- Department of Pharmacology-Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Institut de Pharmacologie de Sherbrooke, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada.
| | - François Jean
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
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Scarpa F, Ciccozzi M. Genetic variability of the SARS-CoV-2 JN.1 lineage. Pathog Glob Health 2024; 118:277-279. [PMID: 38616495 PMCID: PMC11221470 DOI: 10.1080/20477724.2024.2342620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/16/2024] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Scarpa
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Massimo Ciccozzi
- Unit of Medical Statistics and Molecular Epidemiology, Università Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, Rome, Italy
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Igari H, Sakao S, Ishige T, Saito K, Murata S, Yahaba M, Taniguchi T, Suganami A, Matsushita K, Tamura Y, Suzuki T, Ido E. Dynamic diversity of SARS-CoV-2 genetic mutations in a lung transplantation patient with persistent COVID-19. Nat Commun 2024; 15:3604. [PMID: 38684722 PMCID: PMC11058237 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-47941-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2023] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Numerous SARS-CoV-2 variant strains with altered characteristics have emerged since the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic. Remdesivir (RDV), a ribonucleotide analogue inhibitor of viral RNA polymerase, has become a valuable therapeutic agent. However, immunosuppressed hosts may respond inadequately to RDV and develop chronic persistent infections. A patient with respiratory failure caused by interstitial pneumonia, who had undergone transplantation of the left lung, developed COVID-19 caused by Omicron BA.5 strain with persistent chronic viral shedding, showing viral fusogenicity. Genome-wide sequencing analyses revealed the occurrence of several viral mutations after RDV treatment, followed by dynamic changes in the viral populations. The C799F mutation in nsp12 was found to play a pivotal role in conferring RDV resistance, preventing RDV-triphosphate from entering the active site of RNA-dependent RNA polymerase. The occurrence of diverse mutations is a characteristic of SARS-CoV-2, which mutates frequently. Herein, we describe the clinical case of an immunosuppressed host in whom inadequate treatment resulted in highly diverse SARS-CoV-2 mutations that threatened the patient's health due to the development of drug-resistant variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hidetoshi Igari
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Chiba University Hospital, Chiba, Chiba, Japan.
- Future Mucosal Vaccine Research and Development Center, Chiba University Hospital, Chiba, Chiba, Japan.
- COVID-19 Vaccine Center, Chiba University Hospital, Chiba, Chiba, Japan.
- Research Institute of Disaster Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Chiba, Japan.
| | - Seiichiro Sakao
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Chiba University Hospital, Chiba, Chiba, Japan
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, School of Medicine, International University of Health and Welfare, Narita, Chiba, Japan
| | - Takayuki Ishige
- Division of Laboratory Medicine, Chiba University Hospital, Chiba, Chiba, Japan.
| | - Kengo Saito
- Department of Molecular Virology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Chiba, Japan
| | - Shota Murata
- Division of Laboratory Medicine, Chiba University Hospital, Chiba, Chiba, Japan
| | - Misuzu Yahaba
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Chiba University Hospital, Chiba, Chiba, Japan
| | - Toshibumi Taniguchi
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Chiba University Hospital, Chiba, Chiba, Japan
- Research Institute of Disaster Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Chiba, Japan
| | - Akiko Suganami
- Department of Bioinformatics, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Chiba, Japan
| | - Kazuyuki Matsushita
- Division of Laboratory Medicine, Chiba University Hospital, Chiba, Chiba, Japan
| | - Yutaka Tamura
- Department of Bioinformatics, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Chiba, Japan
| | - Takuji Suzuki
- Future Mucosal Vaccine Research and Development Center, Chiba University Hospital, Chiba, Chiba, Japan
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Chiba University Hospital, Chiba, Chiba, Japan
- Synergy Institute for Futuristic Mucosal Vaccine Research and Development, Chiba University, Chiba, Chiba, Japan
| | - Eiji Ido
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Chiba University Hospital, Chiba, Chiba, Japan.
- Department of Molecular Virology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Chiba, Japan.
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39
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Wagner C, Kistler KE, Perchetti GA, Baker N, Frisbie LA, Torres LM, Aragona F, Yun C, Figgins M, Greninger AL, Cox A, Oltean HN, Roychoudhury P, Bedford T. Positive selection underlies repeated knockout of ORF8 in SARS-CoV-2 evolution. Nat Commun 2024; 15:3207. [PMID: 38615031 PMCID: PMC11016114 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-47599-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2024] [Indexed: 04/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Knockout of the ORF8 protein has repeatedly spread through the global viral population during SARS-CoV-2 evolution. Here we use both regional and global pathogen sequencing to explore the selection pressures underlying its loss. In Washington State, we identified transmission clusters with ORF8 knockout throughout SARS-CoV-2 evolution, not just on novel, high fitness viral backbones. Indeed, ORF8 is truncated more frequently and knockouts circulate for longer than for any other gene. Using a global phylogeny, we find evidence of positive selection to explain this phenomenon: nonsense mutations resulting in shortened protein products occur more frequently and are associated with faster clade growth rates than synonymous mutations in ORF8. Loss of ORF8 is also associated with reduced clinical severity, highlighting the diverse clinical impacts of SARS-CoV-2 evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cassia Wagner
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, USA.
| | - Kathryn E Kistler
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Garrett A Perchetti
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Noah Baker
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | | | - Frank Aragona
- Washington State Department of Health, Shoreline, WA, USA
| | - Cory Yun
- Washington State Department of Health, Shoreline, WA, USA
| | - Marlin Figgins
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Applied Mathematics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Alexander L Greninger
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Alex Cox
- Washington State Department of Health, Shoreline, WA, USA
| | - Hanna N Oltean
- Washington State Department of Health, Shoreline, WA, USA
| | - Pavitra Roychoudhury
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Trevor Bedford
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
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40
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Minami S, Kotaki T, Sakai Y, Okamura S, Torii S, Ono C, Motooka D, Hamajima R, Nouda R, Nurdin JA, Yamasaki M, Kanai Y, Ebina H, Maeda Y, Okamoto T, Tachibana T, Matsuura Y, Kobayashi T. Vero cell-adapted SARS-CoV-2 strain shows increased viral growth through furin-mediated efficient spike cleavage. Microbiol Spectr 2024; 12:e0285923. [PMID: 38415690 PMCID: PMC10986611 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.02859-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 02/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) utilizes several host proteases to cleave the spike (S) protein to enter host cells. SARS-CoV-2 S protein is cleaved into S1 and S2 subunits by furin, which is closely involved in the pathogenicity of SARS-CoV-2. However, the effects of the modulated protease cleavage activity due to S protein mutations on viral replication and pathogenesis remain unclear. Herein, we serially passaged two SARS-CoV-2 strains in Vero cells and characterized the cell-adapted SARS-CoV-2 strains in vitro and in vivo. The adapted strains showed high viral growth, effective S1/S2 cleavage of the S protein, and low pathogenicity compared with the wild-type strain. Furthermore, the viral growth and S1/S2 cleavage were enhanced by the combination of the Δ68-76 and H655Y mutations using recombinant SARS-CoV-2 strains generated by the circular polymerase extension reaction. The recombinant SARS-CoV-2 strain, which contained the mutation of the adapted strain, showed increased susceptibility to the furin inhibitor, suggesting that the adapted SARS-CoV-2 strain utilized furin more effectively than the wild-type strain. Pathogenicity was attenuated by infection with effectively cleaved recombinant SARS-CoV-2 strains, suggesting that the excessive cleavage of the S proteins decreases virulence. Finally, the high-growth-adapted SARS-CoV-2 strain could be used as the seed for a low-cost inactivated vaccine; immunization with this vaccine can effectively protect the host from SARS-CoV-2 variants. Our findings provide novel insights into the growth and pathogenicity of SARS-CoV-2 in the evolution of cell-cell transmission. IMPORTANCE The efficacy of the S protein cleavage generally differs among the SARS-CoV-2 variants, resulting in distinct viral characteristics. The relationship between a mutation and the entry of SARS-CoV-2 into host cells remains unclear. In this study, we analyzed the sequence of high-growth Vero cell-adapted SARS-CoV-2 and factors determining the enhancement of the growth of the adapted virus and confirmed the characteristics of the adapted strain by analyzing the recombinant SARS-CoV-2 strain. We successfully identified mutations Δ68-76 and H655Y, which enhance viral growth and the S protein cleavage by furin. Using recombinant viruses enabled us to conduct a virus challenge experiment in vivo. The pathogenicity of SARS-CoV-2 introduced with the mutations Δ68-76, H655Y, P812L, and Q853L was attenuated in hamsters, indicating the possibility of the attenuation of excessive cleaved SARS-CoV-2. These findings provide novel insights into the infectivity and pathogenesis of SARS-CoV-2 strains, thereby significantly contributing to the field of virology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shohei Minami
- Department of Virology, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Kotaki
- Department of Virology, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yusuke Sakai
- Department of Pathology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shinya Okamura
- Virus Vaccine Group, BIKEN Innovative Vaccine Research Alliance Laboratories, Institute for Open and Transdisciplinary Research Initiatives, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
- The Research Foundation for Microbial Diseases of Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Shiho Torii
- Laboratory of Virus Control, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Chikako Ono
- Laboratory of Virus Control, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
- Center for Infectious Disease Education and Research, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Daisuke Motooka
- Department of Infection Metagenomics, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Rina Hamajima
- Department of Virology, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Ryotaro Nouda
- Department of Virology, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Jeffery A. Nurdin
- Department of Virology, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Moeko Yamasaki
- Department of Virology, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yuta Kanai
- Department of Virology, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hirotaka Ebina
- Virus Vaccine Group, BIKEN Innovative Vaccine Research Alliance Laboratories, Institute for Open and Transdisciplinary Research Initiatives, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
- The Research Foundation for Microbial Diseases of Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
- Center for Infectious Disease Education and Research, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
- Center for Advanced Modalities and DDS, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yusuke Maeda
- Laboratory of Viral Dynamism Research, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Toru Okamoto
- Institute for Advanced Co-creation Studies, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Taro Tachibana
- Cell Engineering Corporation, Osaka, Japan
- Department of Bioengineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka Metropolitan University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yoshiharu Matsuura
- Laboratory of Virus Control, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
- Center for Infectious Disease Education and Research, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
- Center for Advanced Modalities and DDS, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Takeshi Kobayashi
- Department of Virology, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
- Center for Infectious Disease Education and Research, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
- Center for Advanced Modalities and DDS, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
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Scovino AM, Dahab EC, Diniz-Lima I, de Senna Silveira E, Barroso SPC, Cardoso KM, Nico D, Makhoul GJ, da Silva-Junior EB, Freire-de-Lima CG, Freire-de-Lima L, da Fonseca LM, Valente N, Nacife V, Machado A, Araújo M, Vieira GF, Pauvolid-Corrêa A, Siqueira M, Morrot A. A Comparative Analysis of Innate Immune Responses and the Structural Characterization of Spike from SARS-CoV-2 Gamma Variants and Subvariants. Microorganisms 2024; 12:720. [PMID: 38674664 PMCID: PMC11052025 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms12040720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Revised: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The SARS-CoV-2 P.1 variant, responsible for an outbreak in Manaus, Brazil, is distinguished by 12 amino acid differences in the S protein, potentially increasing its ACE-2 affinity and immune evasion capability. We investigated the innate immune response of this variant compared to the original B.1 strain, particularly concerning cytokine production. Blood samples from three severe COVID-19 patients were analyzed post-infection with both strains. Results showed no significant difference in cytokine production of mononuclear cells and neutrophils for either variant. While B.1 had higher cytopathogenicity, neither showed viral replication in mononuclear cells. Structural analyses of the S protein highlighted physicochemical variations, which might be linked to the differences in infectivity between the strains. Our studies point to the increased infectivity of P.1 could stem from altered immunogenicity and receptor-binding affinity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aline Miranda Scovino
- Instituto de Microbiologia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, Brazil (E.C.D.); (D.N.)
- Laboratório de Imunoparasitologia, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (Fiocruz), Rio de Janeiro 21040-360, Brazil
| | - Elizabeth Chen Dahab
- Instituto de Microbiologia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, Brazil (E.C.D.); (D.N.)
- Laboratório de Imunoparasitologia, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (Fiocruz), Rio de Janeiro 21040-360, Brazil
| | - Israel Diniz-Lima
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, Brazil; (I.D.-L.); (G.J.M.); (E.B.d.S.-J.); (C.G.F.-d.-L.); (L.F.-d.-L.)
| | - Etiele de Senna Silveira
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Genética e Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre 91501-970, Brazil; (E.d.S.S.)
| | - Shana Priscila Coutinho Barroso
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular, Instituto de Pesquisa Biomédica, Hospital Naval Marcílio Dias, Marinha do Brazil, Rio de Janeiro 20725-090, Brazil; (S.P.C.B.); (K.M.C.)
- Biomanguinhos, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (Fiocruz), Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, Brazil
| | - Karina Martins Cardoso
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular, Instituto de Pesquisa Biomédica, Hospital Naval Marcílio Dias, Marinha do Brazil, Rio de Janeiro 20725-090, Brazil; (S.P.C.B.); (K.M.C.)
| | - Dirlei Nico
- Instituto de Microbiologia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, Brazil (E.C.D.); (D.N.)
| | - Gustavo José Makhoul
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, Brazil; (I.D.-L.); (G.J.M.); (E.B.d.S.-J.); (C.G.F.-d.-L.); (L.F.-d.-L.)
| | - Elias Barbosa da Silva-Junior
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, Brazil; (I.D.-L.); (G.J.M.); (E.B.d.S.-J.); (C.G.F.-d.-L.); (L.F.-d.-L.)
| | - Celio Geraldo Freire-de-Lima
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, Brazil; (I.D.-L.); (G.J.M.); (E.B.d.S.-J.); (C.G.F.-d.-L.); (L.F.-d.-L.)
| | - Leonardo Freire-de-Lima
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, Brazil; (I.D.-L.); (G.J.M.); (E.B.d.S.-J.); (C.G.F.-d.-L.); (L.F.-d.-L.)
| | - Leonardo Marques da Fonseca
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, Brazil; (I.D.-L.); (G.J.M.); (E.B.d.S.-J.); (C.G.F.-d.-L.); (L.F.-d.-L.)
- Curso de Medicina, Universidade Castelo Branco (UCB), Rio de Janeiro 21710-255, Brazil
| | - Natalia Valente
- Laboratório de Vírus Respiratórios e Sarampo, COVID-19 National Reference Laboratory of Brazil and World Health Organization COVID-19 Reference Laboratory, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (Fiocruz), Rio de Janeiro 21040-360, Brazil; (N.V.); (V.N.); (A.M.); (A.P.-C.)
| | - Valeria Nacife
- Laboratório de Vírus Respiratórios e Sarampo, COVID-19 National Reference Laboratory of Brazil and World Health Organization COVID-19 Reference Laboratory, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (Fiocruz), Rio de Janeiro 21040-360, Brazil; (N.V.); (V.N.); (A.M.); (A.P.-C.)
| | - Ana Machado
- Laboratório de Vírus Respiratórios e Sarampo, COVID-19 National Reference Laboratory of Brazil and World Health Organization COVID-19 Reference Laboratory, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (Fiocruz), Rio de Janeiro 21040-360, Brazil; (N.V.); (V.N.); (A.M.); (A.P.-C.)
| | - Mia Araújo
- Laboratório de Vírus Respiratórios e Sarampo, COVID-19 National Reference Laboratory of Brazil and World Health Organization COVID-19 Reference Laboratory, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (Fiocruz), Rio de Janeiro 21040-360, Brazil; (N.V.); (V.N.); (A.M.); (A.P.-C.)
| | - Gustavo Fioravanti Vieira
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Genética e Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre 91501-970, Brazil; (E.d.S.S.)
- PPGSDH—Programa de Pós-Graduação em Saúde e Desenvolvimento Humano, Universidade La Salle, Canoas 92010-000, Brazil
| | - Alex Pauvolid-Corrêa
- Laboratório de Vírus Respiratórios e Sarampo, COVID-19 National Reference Laboratory of Brazil and World Health Organization COVID-19 Reference Laboratory, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (Fiocruz), Rio de Janeiro 21040-360, Brazil; (N.V.); (V.N.); (A.M.); (A.P.-C.)
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
- Laboratório de Virologia Veterinária de Viçosa, Departamento de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa 36570-900, Brazil
| | - Marilda Siqueira
- Laboratório de Vírus Respiratórios e Sarampo, COVID-19 National Reference Laboratory of Brazil and World Health Organization COVID-19 Reference Laboratory, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (Fiocruz), Rio de Janeiro 21040-360, Brazil; (N.V.); (V.N.); (A.M.); (A.P.-C.)
| | - Alexandre Morrot
- Laboratório de Imunoparasitologia, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (Fiocruz), Rio de Janeiro 21040-360, Brazil
- Escola de Medicina, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-909, Brazil
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Bandyszewska M, Ambrożek-Latecka M, Hoser G, Grzanka M, Hornung F, Deinhardt-Emmer S, Skirecki T. SARS-CoV-2 virus-like particle variants alpha and delta mimic the native viruses in their differential inflammasome activating potential. Antiviral Res 2024; 224:105857. [PMID: 38453031 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2024.105857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2023] [Revised: 02/18/2024] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024]
Abstract
The emerging SARS-CoV-2 variants are evolving to evade human immunity and differ in their pathogenicity. While evasion of the variants from adaptive immunity is widely investigated, there is a paucity of knowledge about their interactions with innate immunity. Inflammasome assembly is one of the most potent mechanisms of the early innate response to viruses, but when it is inappropriate, it can perpetuate tissue damage. In this study, we focused on the capacity of SARS-CoV-2 Alpha and Delta variants to activate the NLRP3 inflammasome. We compared the macrophage activation, particularly the inflammasome formation, using Alpha- and Delta-spike virus-like particles (VLPs). We found that VLPs of both variants activated the inflammasome even without a priming step. Delta-spike VLPs had a significantly stronger effect on triggering pyroptosis and inflammasome assembly in THP-1 macrophages than did Alfa-spike VLPs. Cells treated with Delta VLPs showed greater cleavage of caspase-1 and IL-1β release. Furthermore, Delta VLPs induced stronger cytokine secretion from macrophages and caused essential impairment of mitochondrial respiration in comparison to Alpha VLPs. Additionally, infection of primary human monocyte-derived macrophages with the SARS-CoV-2 variants confirmed the observations in VLPs. Collectively, we revealed that SARS-CoV-2 Delta had a greater impact on the inflammasome activation, cell death and mitochondrial respiration in macrophages than did the Alpha variant. Importantly, the differential response to the SARS-CoV-2 variants can influence the efficacy of therapies targeting the host's innate immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Bandyszewska
- Department of Translational Immunology and Experimental Intensive Care, Centre of Translational Research, Centre of Postgraduate Medical Education, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Magdalena Ambrożek-Latecka
- Department of Translational Immunology and Experimental Intensive Care, Centre of Translational Research, Centre of Postgraduate Medical Education, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Grażyna Hoser
- Department of Translational Immunology and Experimental Intensive Care, Centre of Translational Research, Centre of Postgraduate Medical Education, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Grzanka
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Centre of Translational Research, Centre of Postgraduate Medical Education, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Franziska Hornung
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Jena University Hospital, Am Klinikum 1, Germany
| | | | - Tomasz Skirecki
- Department of Translational Immunology and Experimental Intensive Care, Centre of Translational Research, Centre of Postgraduate Medical Education, Warsaw, Poland.
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Valleriani F, Di Pancrazio C, Spedicato M, Di Teodoro G, Malatesta D, Petrova T, Profeta F, Colaianni ML, Berjaoui S, Puglia I, Caporale M, Rossi E, Marcacci M, Luciani M, Sacchini F, Portanti O, Bencivenga F, Decaro N, Bonfante F, Lorusso A. A cell-adapted SARS-CoV-2 mutant, showing a deletion in the spike protein spanning the furin cleavage site, has reduced virulence at the lung level in K18-hACE2 mice. Virology 2024; 592:109997. [PMID: 38324940 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2024.109997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2023] [Revised: 01/05/2024] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 02/09/2024]
Abstract
Here we investigated the virulence properties of a unique cell-adapted SARS-CoV-2 mutant showing a ten-amino acid deletion encompassing the furin cleavage site of the spike protein (Δ680SPRAARSVAS689; Δ680-689-B.1) in comparison to its parental strain (wt-B.1) and two Delta variants (AY.122 and AY.21) of concern. After intranasal inoculation, transgenic K18-hACE2 mice were monitored for 14 days for weight change, lethality, and clinical score; oral swabs were daily collected and tested for the presence of N protein subgenomic RNA. At 3 and 7 dpi mice were also sacrificed and organs collected for molecular, histopathological, and immune response profile investigations. The Δ680-689-B.1-infected mice exhibited reduced shedding, lower virulence at the lung level, and milder pulmonary lesions. In the lung, infection with Δ680-689-B.1 was associated with a significant lower expression of some cytokines at 3 dpi (IL-4, IL-27, and IL-28) and 7 dpi (IL-4, IL-27, IL-28, IFN-γ and IL-1α).
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabrizia Valleriani
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e Molise (IZSAM), Teramo-Italy; IZSVe-IZSAM Joint FAO Reference Centre for Zoonotic Coronaviruses, Italy
| | - Chiara Di Pancrazio
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e Molise (IZSAM), Teramo-Italy; IZSVe-IZSAM Joint FAO Reference Centre for Zoonotic Coronaviruses, Italy
| | - Massimo Spedicato
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e Molise (IZSAM), Teramo-Italy; IZSVe-IZSAM Joint FAO Reference Centre for Zoonotic Coronaviruses, Italy
| | - Giovanni Di Teodoro
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e Molise (IZSAM), Teramo-Italy; IZSVe-IZSAM Joint FAO Reference Centre for Zoonotic Coronaviruses, Italy
| | - Daniela Malatesta
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e Molise (IZSAM), Teramo-Italy; IZSVe-IZSAM Joint FAO Reference Centre for Zoonotic Coronaviruses, Italy
| | - Tetyana Petrova
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e Molise (IZSAM), Teramo-Italy; IZSVe-IZSAM Joint FAO Reference Centre for Zoonotic Coronaviruses, Italy
| | - Francesca Profeta
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e Molise (IZSAM), Teramo-Italy; IZSVe-IZSAM Joint FAO Reference Centre for Zoonotic Coronaviruses, Italy
| | | | - Shadia Berjaoui
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e Molise (IZSAM), Teramo-Italy; IZSVe-IZSAM Joint FAO Reference Centre for Zoonotic Coronaviruses, Italy
| | - Ilaria Puglia
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e Molise (IZSAM), Teramo-Italy; IZSVe-IZSAM Joint FAO Reference Centre for Zoonotic Coronaviruses, Italy
| | - Marialuigia Caporale
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e Molise (IZSAM), Teramo-Italy; IZSVe-IZSAM Joint FAO Reference Centre for Zoonotic Coronaviruses, Italy
| | - Emanuela Rossi
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e Molise (IZSAM), Teramo-Italy; IZSVe-IZSAM Joint FAO Reference Centre for Zoonotic Coronaviruses, Italy
| | - Maurilia Marcacci
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e Molise (IZSAM), Teramo-Italy; IZSVe-IZSAM Joint FAO Reference Centre for Zoonotic Coronaviruses, Italy
| | - Mirella Luciani
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e Molise (IZSAM), Teramo-Italy; IZSVe-IZSAM Joint FAO Reference Centre for Zoonotic Coronaviruses, Italy
| | - Flavio Sacchini
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e Molise (IZSAM), Teramo-Italy; IZSVe-IZSAM Joint FAO Reference Centre for Zoonotic Coronaviruses, Italy
| | - Ottavio Portanti
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e Molise (IZSAM), Teramo-Italy; IZSVe-IZSAM Joint FAO Reference Centre for Zoonotic Coronaviruses, Italy
| | | | - Nicola Decaro
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari, Valenzano-Italy
| | - Francesco Bonfante
- IZSVe-IZSAM Joint FAO Reference Centre for Zoonotic Coronaviruses, Italy; Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie (IZSVe), Legnaro-Italy
| | - Alessio Lorusso
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e Molise (IZSAM), Teramo-Italy; IZSVe-IZSAM Joint FAO Reference Centre for Zoonotic Coronaviruses, Italy.
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Scarpa F, Branda F, Petrosillo N, Ciccozzi M. On the SARS-CoV-2 Variants. Infect Dis Rep 2024; 16:289-297. [PMID: 38667750 PMCID: PMC11050187 DOI: 10.3390/idr16020024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2024] [Revised: 03/09/2024] [Accepted: 03/22/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The evolutionary dynamics of viruses, particularly exemplified by SARS-CoV-2 during the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic, underscore the intricate interplay between genetics, host adaptation, and viral spread. This paper delves into the genetic evolution of SARS-CoV-2, emphasizing the implications of viral variants on global health. Initially emerging from the Wuhan-Hu-1 lineage, SARS-CoV-2 rapidly diversified into numerous variants, each characterized by distinct mutations in the spike protein and other genomic regions. Notable variants such as B.1.1.7 (α), B.1.351 (β), P.1 (γ), B.1.617.2 (δ), and the Omicron variant have garnered significant attention due to their heightened transmissibility and immune evasion capabilities. In particular, the Omicron variant has presented a myriad of subvariants, raising concerns about its potential impact on public health. Despite the emergence of numerous variants, the vast majority have exhibited limited expansion capabilities and have not posed significant threats akin to early pandemic strains. Continued genomic surveillance is imperative to identify emerging variants of concern promptly. While genetic adaptation is intrinsic to viral evolution, effective public health responses must be grounded in empirical evidence to navigate the evolving landscape of the pandemic with resilience and precision.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Scarpa
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sassari, Viale San Pietro 43b, 07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - Francesco Branda
- Unit of Medical Statistics and Molecular Epidemiology, Università Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, 00128 Rome, Italy; (F.B.); (M.C.)
| | - Nicola Petrosillo
- Infection Prevention Control/Infectious Disease Service, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Campus Bio-Medico, 00127 Rome, Italy
| | - Massimo Ciccozzi
- Unit of Medical Statistics and Molecular Epidemiology, Università Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, 00128 Rome, Italy; (F.B.); (M.C.)
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Wang Z, Hu S, Popowski KD, Liu S, Zhu D, Mei X, Li J, Hu Y, Dinh PUC, Wang X, Cheng K. Inhalation of ACE2-expressing lung exosomes provides prophylactic protection against SARS-CoV-2. Nat Commun 2024; 15:2236. [PMID: 38472181 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-45628-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Continued emergence of SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern that are capable of escaping vaccine-induced immunity highlights the urgency of developing new COVID-19 therapeutics. An essential mechanism for SARS-CoV-2 infection begins with the viral spike protein binding to the human ACE2. Consequently, inhibiting this interaction becomes a highly promising therapeutic strategy against COVID-19. Herein, we demonstrate that ACE2-expressing human lung spheroid cells (LSC)-derived exosomes (LSC-Exo) could function as a prophylactic agent to bind and neutralize SARS-CoV-2, protecting the host against SARS-CoV-2 infection. Inhalation of LSC-Exo facilitates its deposition and biodistribution throughout the whole lung in a female mouse model. We show that LSC-Exo blocks the interaction of SARS-CoV-2 with host cells in vitro and in vivo by neutralizing the virus. LSC-Exo treatment protects hamsters from SARS-CoV-2-induced disease and reduced viral loads. Furthermore, LSC-Exo intercepts the entry of multiple SARS-CoV-2 variant pseudoviruses in female mice and shows comparable or equal potency against the wild-type strain, demonstrating that LSC-Exo may act as a broad-spectrum protectant against existing and emerging virus variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenzhen Wang
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou International Campus, Guangzhou, 511442, P.R. China.
- Department of Molecular Biomedical Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27606, USA.
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, and North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27606, USA.
| | - Shiqi Hu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, New York, 10032, USA
| | - Kristen D Popowski
- Department of Molecular Biomedical Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27606, USA
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, and North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27606, USA
| | - Shuo Liu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, New York, 10032, USA
| | - Dashuai Zhu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, New York, 10032, USA
| | - Xuan Mei
- Department of Molecular Biomedical Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27606, USA
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, and North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27606, USA
| | - Junlang Li
- Xsome Biotech Inc., Raleigh, North Carolina, 27607, USA
| | - Yilan Hu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, New York, 10032, USA
| | - Phuong-Uyen C Dinh
- Department of Molecular Biomedical Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27606, USA
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, and North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27606, USA
| | - Xiaojie Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, P.R. China.
- Engineering Research Center of the Chinese Ministry of Education for Bioreactor and Pharmaceutical Development, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118, P.R. China.
| | - Ke Cheng
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, New York, 10032, USA.
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Kubinski HC, Despres HW, Johnson BA, Schmidt MM, Jaffrani SA, Mills MG, Lokugamage K, Dumas CM, Shirley DJ, Estes LK, Pekosz A, Crothers JW, Roychoudhury P, Greninger AL, Jerome KR, Di Genova BM, Walker DH, Ballif BA, Ladinsky MS, Bjorkman PJ, Menachery VD, Bruce EA. Variant mutation in SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid enhances viral infection via altered genomic encapsidation. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.03.08.584120. [PMID: 38559000 PMCID: PMC10979914 DOI: 10.1101/2024.03.08.584120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
The evolution of SARS-CoV-2 variants and their respective phenotypes represents an important set of tools to understand basic coronavirus biology as well as the public health implications of individual mutations in variants of concern. While mutations outside of Spike are not well studied, the entire viral genome is undergoing evolutionary selection, particularly the central disordered linker region of the nucleocapsid (N) protein. Here, we identify a mutation (G215C), characteristic of the Delta variant, that introduces a novel cysteine into this linker domain, which results in the formation of a disulfide bond and a stable N-N dimer. Using reverse genetics, we determined that this cysteine residue is necessary and sufficient for stable dimer formation in a WA1 SARS-CoV-2 background, where it results in significantly increased viral growth both in vitro and in vivo. Finally, we demonstrate that the N:G215C virus packages more nucleocapsid per virion and that individual virions are larger, with elongated morphologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah C. Kubinski
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Robert Larner, M.D. College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington VT, 05405, USA
| | - Hannah W. Despres
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Robert Larner, M.D. College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington VT, 05405, USA
| | - Bryan A. Johnson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
- Institute for Human Infection and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
- Center for Tropical Diseases, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Madaline M. Schmidt
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Robert Larner, M.D. College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington VT, 05405, USA
| | - Sara A. Jaffrani
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Robert Larner, M.D. College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington VT, 05405, USA
| | - Margaret G. Mills
- Virology Division, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle WA 98195, USA
| | - Kumari Lokugamage
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - Caroline M. Dumas
- Department of Biology, University of Vermont 109 Carrigan Drive, 120A Marsh Life Sciences, Burlington VT 05404, USA
| | - David J. Shirley
- Faraday, Inc. Data Science Department. Burlington VT, 05405, USA
| | - Leah K. Estes
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - Andrew Pekosz
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, The Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Jessica W. Crothers
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Robert Larner, MD College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA
| | - Pavitra Roychoudhury
- Virology Division, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle WA 98195, USA
| | - Alexander L. Greninger
- Virology Division, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle WA 98195, USA
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle WA 98109, USA
| | - Keith R. Jerome
- Virology Division, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle WA 98195, USA
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle WA 98109, USA
| | - Bruno Martorelli Di Genova
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Robert Larner, M.D. College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington VT, 05405, USA
| | - David H. Walker
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - Bryan A. Ballif
- Department of Biology, University of Vermont 109 Carrigan Drive, 120A Marsh Life Sciences, Burlington VT 05404, USA
| | - Mark S. Ladinsky
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA. 91125, USA
| | - Pamela J. Bjorkman
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA. 91125, USA
| | - Vineet D. Menachery
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
- World Reference Center of Emerging Viruses and Arboviruses, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
- Center for Biodefense and Emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - Emily A. Bruce
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Robert Larner, M.D. College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington VT, 05405, USA
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Ozawa T, Ikeda Y, Chen L, Suzuki R, Hoshino A, Noguchi A, Kita S, Anraku Y, Igarashi E, Saga Y, Inasaki N, Taminishi S, Sasaki J, Kirita Y, Fukuhara H, Maenaka K, Hashiguchi T, Fukuhara T, Hirabayashi K, Tani H, Kishi H, Niimi H. Rational in silico design identifies two mutations that restore UT28K SARS-CoV-2 monoclonal antibody activity against Omicron BA.1. Structure 2024; 32:263-272.e7. [PMID: 38228146 DOI: 10.1016/j.str.2023.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2023] [Revised: 11/27/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2024]
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 rapidly mutates and acquires resistance to neutralizing antibodies. We report an in-silico-designed antibody that restores the neutralizing activity of a neutralizing antibody. Our previously generated antibody, UT28K, exhibited broad neutralizing activity against mutant variants; however, its efficacy against Omicron BA.1 was compromised by the mutation. Using previously determined structural information, we designed a modified-UT28K (VH T28R/N57D), UT28K-RD targeting the mutation site. In vitro and in vivo experiments demonstrated the efficacy of UT28K-RD in neutralizing Omicron BA.1. Although the experimentally determined structure partially differed from the predicted model, our study serves as a successful case of antibody design, wherein the predicted amino acid substitution enhanced the recognition of the previously elusive Omicron BA.1. We anticipate that numerous similar cases will be reported, showcasing the potential of this approach for improving protein-protein interactions. Our findings will contribute to the development of novel therapeutic strategies for highly mutable viruses, such as SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuhiko Ozawa
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Academic Assembly, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan; Center for Advanced Antibody Drug Development, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan.
| | - Yoshiki Ikeda
- Institute for Integrated Cell-Material Sciences, Kyoto University, Yoshidahonnmachi, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan.
| | - Liuan Chen
- Laboratory of Biomolecular Science, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Rigel Suzuki
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan; Institute for Vaccine Research and Development (HU-IVReD), Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Atsushi Hoshino
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Akira Noguchi
- Department of Diagnostic Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Academic Assembly, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
| | - Shunsuke Kita
- Laboratory of Biomolecular Science, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Yuki Anraku
- Laboratory of Biomolecular Science, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Emiko Igarashi
- Department of Virology, Toyama Institute of Health, Toyama, Japan
| | - Yumiko Saga
- Department of Virology, Toyama Institute of Health, Toyama, Japan
| | - Noriko Inasaki
- Department of Virology, Toyama Institute of Health, Toyama, Japan
| | - Shunta Taminishi
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Jiei Sasaki
- Laboratory of Medical Virology, Institute for Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yuhei Kirita
- Department of Nephrology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Hideo Fukuhara
- Laboratory of Biomolecular Science, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan; Institute for Vaccine Research and Development (HU-IVReD), Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan; Center for Research and Education on Drug Discovery, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan; Division of Pathogen Structure, International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Katsumi Maenaka
- Laboratory of Biomolecular Science, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan; Institute for Vaccine Research and Development (HU-IVReD), Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan; Center for Research and Education on Drug Discovery, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan; Division of Pathogen Structure, International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan; Global Station for Biosurfaces and Drug Discovery, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Takao Hashiguchi
- Laboratory of Medical Virology, Institute for Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Takasuke Fukuhara
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan; Institute for Vaccine Research and Development (HU-IVReD), Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan; Laboratory of Virus Control, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita, Japan; AMED-CREST, Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development (AMED), Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kenichi Hirabayashi
- Department of Diagnostic Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Academic Assembly, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
| | - Hideki Tani
- Department of Virology, Toyama Institute of Health, Toyama, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Kishi
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Academic Assembly, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan; Center for Advanced Antibody Drug Development, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
| | - Hideki Niimi
- Center for Advanced Antibody Drug Development, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan; Department of Clinical Laboratory and Molecular Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Academic Assembly, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
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Han G, Deng W, Lyu Q, Ma Q, Qiao L. Multiplexed discrimination of SARS-CoV-2 variants via duplex-specific nuclease combined MALDI-TOF MS. Anal Bioanal Chem 2024; 416:1833-1842. [PMID: 38367041 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-024-05202-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2024] [Revised: 02/02/2024] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 02/19/2024]
Abstract
The frequent mutations in SARS-CoV-2 significantly increase the virus's pathogenicity and transmissibility while also diminishing the effectiveness of vaccines. Consequently, assays capable of rapidly and simultaneously identifying multiple SARS-CoV-2 variants are essential for large-scale applications that aim to monitor the evolution of the virus. In this work, we propose a method combining duplex-specific nuclease (DSN)-assisted cyclic amplification with matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) detection, enabling the simultaneous identification of multiple SARS-CoV-2 variants at high-throughput. Due to the high specificity of DSN, single-base mutations can be resolved by the method. With ultra-sensitive detection by MALDI-TOF MS, a limit of detection of 100 pM viral RNA fragment was demonstrated. The assay was used for simultaneous identification and typing of SARS-CoV-2 Alpha, Beta, and Delta variants. The whole assay can be accomplished within 3 h, and the amplification is performed under constant temperature, making the technique simple in operation and efficient. It is also feasible to extend the technique to the detection of many other variants of the virus. We expect that the method can add value to the rapid screening of viral variants and can play an important role in pandemic control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guobin Han
- Department of Chemistry, and Shanghai Stomatological Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200000, China
- Hangzhou Institute of Medicine (HIM), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, 310022, Zhejiang, China
| | - Wenchan Deng
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, Zhejiang, China
| | - Qian Lyu
- Bioyong Technologics Inc, Beijing, 100176, China
| | - Qingwei Ma
- Bioyong Technologics Inc, Beijing, 100176, China
| | - Liang Qiao
- Department of Chemistry, and Shanghai Stomatological Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200000, China.
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49
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Yao Z, Zhang L, Duan Y, Tang X, Lu J. Molecular insights into the adaptive evolution of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein. J Infect 2024; 88:106121. [PMID: 38367704 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinf.2024.106121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2023] [Revised: 02/02/2024] [Accepted: 02/10/2024] [Indexed: 02/19/2024]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic, caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has substantially damaged the global economy and human health. The spike (S) protein of coronaviruses plays a pivotal role in viral entry by binding to host cell receptors. Additionally, it acts as the primary target for neutralizing antibodies in those infected and is the central focus for currently utilized or researched vaccines. During the virus's adaptation to the human host, the S protein of SARS-CoV-2 has undergone significant evolution. As the COVID-19 pandemic has unfolded, new mutations have arisen and vanished, giving rise to distinctive amino acid profiles within variant of concern strains of SARS-CoV-2. Notably, many of these changes in the S protein have been positively selected, leading to substantial alterations in viral characteristics, such as heightened transmissibility and immune evasion capabilities. This review aims to provide an overview of our current understanding of the structural implications associated with key amino acid changes in the S protein of SARS-CoV-2. These research findings shed light on the intricate and dynamic nature of viral evolution, underscoring the importance of continuous monitoring and analysis of viral genomes. Through these molecular-level investigations, we can attain deeper insights into the virus's adaptive evolution, offering valuable guidance for designing vaccines and developing antiviral drugs to combat the ever-evolving viral threats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuocheng Yao
- College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Lin Zhang
- College of Fishery, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Yuange Duan
- State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, Center for Bioinformatics, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Xiaolu Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, Center for Bioinformatics, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Jian Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, Center for Bioinformatics, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.
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Katte RH, Ao Y, Xu W, Han Y, Zhong G, Ghimire D, Florence J, Tucker TA, Lu M. Differentiating Cell Entry Potentials of SARS-CoV-2 Omicron Subvariants on Human Lung Epithelium Cells. Viruses 2024; 16:391. [PMID: 38543757 PMCID: PMC10975267 DOI: 10.3390/v16030391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2024] [Revised: 02/25/2024] [Accepted: 02/28/2024] [Indexed: 04/01/2024] Open
Abstract
The surface spike (S) glycoprotein mediates cell entry of SARS-CoV-2 into the host through fusion at the plasma membrane or endocytosis. Omicron lineages/sublineages have acquired extensive mutations in S to gain transmissibility advantages and altered antigenicity. The fusogenicity, antigenicity, and evasion of Omicron subvariants have been extensively investigated at unprecedented speed to align with the mutation rate of S. Cells that overexpress receptors/cofactors are mostly used as hosts to amplify infection sensitivity to tested variants. However, systematic cell entry comparisons of most prior dominant Omicron subvariants using human lung epithelium cells are yet to be well-studied. Here, with human bronchial epithelium BEAS-2B cells as the host, we compared single-round virus-to-cell entry and cell-to-cell fusion of Omicron BA.1, BA.5, BQ.1.1, CH.1.1, XBB.1.5, and XBB.1.16 based upon split NanoLuc fusion readout assays and the S-pseudotyped lentivirus system. Virus-to-cell entry of tested S variants exhibited cell-type dependence. The parental Omicron BA.1 required more time to develop full entry to HEK293T-ACE2-TMPRSS2 than BEAS-2B cells. Compared to unchanged P681, S-cleavage constructs of P681H/R did not have any noticeable advantages in cell entry. Omicron BA.1 and its descendants entered BEAS-2B cells more efficiently than D614G, and it was slightly less or comparable to that of Delta. Serine protease-pretreated Omicron subvariants enhanced virus-to-cell entry in a dose-dependent manner, suggesting fusion at the plasma membrane persists as a productive cell entry route. Spike-mediated cell-to-cell fusion and total S1/S2 processing of Omicron descendants were similar. Our results indicate no obvious entry or fusion advantages of recent Omicron descendants over preceding variants since Delta, thus supporting immune evasion conferred by antigenicity shifts due to altered S sequences as probably the primary viral fitness driver.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Maolin Lu
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, University of Texas at Tyler Health Science Center, Tyler, TX 75708, USA; (R.H.K.); (Y.H.); (T.A.T.)
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