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Ferraguti G, Francati S, Codazzo C, Blaconà G, Testino G, Angeloni A, Fiore M, Ceccanti M, Lucarelli M. DNA Sequence Variations Affecting Serotonin Transporter Transcriptional Regulation and Activity: Do They Impact Alcohol Addiction? Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:8089. [PMID: 39125658 PMCID: PMC11311659 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25158089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2024] [Revised: 07/17/2024] [Accepted: 07/23/2024] [Indexed: 08/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Genetic features of alcohol dependence have been extensively investigated in recent years. A large body of studies has underlined the important role of genetic variants not only in metabolic pathways but also in the neurobiology of alcohol dependence, mediated by the neuronal circuits regulating reward and craving. Serotonin transporter (5-HTT), encoded by the SLC6A4 gene (Solute carrier family 6-neurotransmitter transporter-member 4), is targeted by antidepressant drugs such as selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) and plays a pivotal role in serotoninergic transmission; it has been associated with psychiatric diseases and alcohol dependence. Transcriptional regulation and expression of 5-HTT depend not only on epigenetic modifications, among which DNA methylation (CpG and non-CpG) is primarily involved, but also on sequence variations occurring in intron/exon regions and in untranslated regions in 5' and 3', being the first sequences important for the splicing machinery and the last for the binding of transcription factors and micro RNAs. This work intends to shed light on the role of sequence variations known to affect the expression or function of 5-HTT in alcohol-dependent individuals. We found a statistically significant difference in the allelic (p = 0.0083) and genotypic (p = 0.0151) frequencies of the tri-allelic polymorphism, with higher function alleles and genotypes more represented in the control population. Furthermore, we identified three haplotypes more frequent in subjects with AUD (p < 0.0001) and one more frequent in the control population (p < 0.0001). The results obtained for the tri-allelic polymorphism in alcohol dependence confirm what is already present in part of the literature. The role of haplotypes requires further studies to be clarified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giampiero Ferraguti
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy; (S.F.); (G.B.); (G.T.); (A.A.); (M.L.)
| | - Silvia Francati
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy; (S.F.); (G.B.); (G.T.); (A.A.); (M.L.)
| | | | - Giovanna Blaconà
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy; (S.F.); (G.B.); (G.T.); (A.A.); (M.L.)
| | - Giancarlo Testino
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy; (S.F.); (G.B.); (G.T.); (A.A.); (M.L.)
| | - Antonio Angeloni
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy; (S.F.); (G.B.); (G.T.); (A.A.); (M.L.)
| | - Marco Fiore
- Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, IBBC-CNR, 00161 Rome, Italy;
| | - Mauro Ceccanti
- SITAC, Società Italiana Per il Trattamento Dell’alcolismo e le Sue Complicanze, 00185 Rome, Italy;
| | - Marco Lucarelli
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy; (S.F.); (G.B.); (G.T.); (A.A.); (M.L.)
- Pasteur Institute, Cenci Bolognetti Foundation, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy
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Tu G, Fu T, Zheng G, Xu B, Gou R, Luo D, Wang P, Xue W. Computational Chemistry in Structure-Based Solute Carrier Transporter Drug Design: Recent Advances and Future Perspectives. J Chem Inf Model 2024; 64:1433-1455. [PMID: 38294194 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jcim.3c01736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2024]
Abstract
Solute carrier transporters (SLCs) are a class of important transmembrane proteins that are involved in the transportation of diverse solute ions and small molecules into cells. There are approximately 450 SLCs within the human body, and more than a quarter of them are emerging as attractive therapeutic targets for multiple complex diseases, e.g., depression, cancer, and diabetes. However, only 44 unique transporters (∼9.8% of the SLC superfamily) with 3D structures and specific binding sites have been reported. To design innovative and effective drugs targeting diverse SLCs, there are a number of obstacles that need to be overcome. However, computational chemistry, including physics-based molecular modeling and machine learning- and deep learning-based artificial intelligence (AI), provides an alternative and complementary way to the classical drug discovery approach. Here, we present a comprehensive overview on recent advances and existing challenges of the computational techniques in structure-based drug design of SLCs from three main aspects: (i) characterizing multiple conformations of the proteins during the functional process of transportation, (ii) identifying druggability sites especially the cryptic allosteric ones on the transporters for substrates and drugs binding, and (iii) discovering diverse small molecules or synthetic protein binders targeting the binding sites. This work is expected to provide guidelines for a deep understanding of the structure and function of the SLC superfamily to facilitate rational design of novel modulators of the transporters with the aid of state-of-the-art computational chemistry technologies including artificial intelligence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gao Tu
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Natural Product Synthesis and Drug Research, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing 401331, China
| | - Tingting Fu
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | | | - Binbin Xu
- Chengdu Sintanovo Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Chengdu 610200, China
| | - Rongpei Gou
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Natural Product Synthesis and Drug Research, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing 401331, China
| | - Ding Luo
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Natural Product Synthesis and Drug Research, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing 401331, China
| | - Panpan Wang
- College of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Huanghuai University, Zhumadian 463000, China
| | - Weiwei Xue
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Natural Product Synthesis and Drug Research, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing 401331, China
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Gajeswski-Kurdziel PA, Walsh AE, Blakely RD. Functional and pathological consequences of being fast on the uptake: Protein kinase G and p38α MAPK regulation of serotonin transporters. Curr Res Physiol 2024; 7:100117. [PMID: 38298474 PMCID: PMC10825370 DOI: 10.1016/j.crphys.2024.100117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Revised: 12/29/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 02/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT) signaling plays an important role in dynamic control of peripheral and central nervous system physiology, with altered 5-HT homeostasis implicated in a significant number of disorders, ranging from pulmonary, bowel, and metabolic disease to depression, obsessive-compulsive disorder, and autism spectrum disorder (ASD). The presynaptic, 5-HT transporter (SERT) has a well-established role in regulating 5-HT signaling and is a target of widely prescribed psychotherapeutics, the 5-HT selective reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs). Although SSRI therapy provides symptom relief for many suffering from mood and anxiety disorders, response to these medications is slow (weeks), and too many receive modest or no benefit. At present, all prescribed SSRIs act as competitive SERT antagonists. Although non-serotonergic therapeutics for mood disorders deserve aggressive investigation, the development of agents that target SERT regulatory pathways have yet to be considered for their possible utility and may possibly offer improved efficacy and more rapid onset. Here, we focus attention on a significant body of evidence that SERT transport activity can be rapidly elevated by protein kinase G (PKG) and p38α mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK) linked pathways, mechanisms that are impacted by disease-associated genetic variation. Here, we provide a brief overview of kinase-linked, posttranslational regulation of SERT, with a particular focus on evidence from pharmacological and genetic studies that the transporter's regulation by PKG/p38α MAPK associated pathways offers an opportunity to more subtly adjust, rather than eliminate, SERT function as a therapeutic strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Allison E. Walsh
- Department of Biomedical Science, Charles E. Schmidt College of Medicine, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL, USA
| | - Randy D. Blakely
- Stiles-Nicholson Brain Institute, Jupiter, FL, USA
- Department of Biomedical Science, Charles E. Schmidt College of Medicine, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL, USA
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4
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Fu T, Zeng S, Zheng Q, Zhu F. The Important Role of Transporter Structures in Drug Disposition, Efficacy, and Toxicity. Drug Metab Dispos 2023; 51:1316-1323. [PMID: 37295948 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.123.001275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2023] [Revised: 05/27/2023] [Accepted: 06/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The ATP-binding cassette (ABC) and solute carrier (SLC) transporters are critical determinants of drug disposition, clinical efficacy, and toxicity as they specifically mediate the influx and efflux of various substrates and drugs. ABC transporters can modulate the pharmacokinetics of many drugs via mediating the translocation of drugs across biologic membranes. SLC transporters are important drug targets involved in the uptake of a broad range of compounds across the membrane. However, high-resolution experimental structures have been reported for a very limited number of transporters, which limits the study of their physiologic functions. In this review, we collected structural information on ABC and SLC transporters and described the application of computational methods in structure prediction. Taking P-glycoprotein (ABCB1) and serotonin transporter (SLC6A4) as examples, we assessed the pivotal role of structure in transport mechanisms, details of ligand-receptor interactions, drug selectivity, the molecular mechanisms of drug-drug interactions, and differences caused by genetic polymorphisms. The data collected contributes toward safer and more effective pharmacological treatments. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: The experimental structure of ATP-binding cassette and solute carrier transporters was collected, and the application of computational methods in structure prediction was described. P-glycoprotein and serotonin transporter were used as examples to reveal the pivotal role of structure in transport mechanisms, drug selectivity, the molecular mechanisms of drug-drug interactions, and differences caused by genetic polymorphisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Fu
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China (F.Z.); School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China (T.F., Q.Z.); College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China (S.Z., F.Z.); and Innovation Institute for Artificial Intelligence in Medicine of Zhejiang University, Alibaba-Zhejiang University Joint Research Center of Future Digital Healthcare, Hangzhou, China (F.Z.)
| | - Su Zeng
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China (F.Z.); School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China (T.F., Q.Z.); College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China (S.Z., F.Z.); and Innovation Institute for Artificial Intelligence in Medicine of Zhejiang University, Alibaba-Zhejiang University Joint Research Center of Future Digital Healthcare, Hangzhou, China (F.Z.)
| | - Qingchuan Zheng
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China (F.Z.); School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China (T.F., Q.Z.); College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China (S.Z., F.Z.); and Innovation Institute for Artificial Intelligence in Medicine of Zhejiang University, Alibaba-Zhejiang University Joint Research Center of Future Digital Healthcare, Hangzhou, China (F.Z.)
| | - Feng Zhu
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China (F.Z.); School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China (T.F., Q.Z.); College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China (S.Z., F.Z.); and Innovation Institute for Artificial Intelligence in Medicine of Zhejiang University, Alibaba-Zhejiang University Joint Research Center of Future Digital Healthcare, Hangzhou, China (F.Z.)
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Støier JF, Jørgensen TN, Sparsø T, Rasmussen HB, Kumar V, Newman AH, Blakely RD, Werge T, Gether U, Herborg F. Disruptive mutations in the serotonin transporter associate serotonin dysfunction with treatment-resistant affective disorder. MEDRXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR HEALTH SCIENCES 2023:2023.08.29.23294386. [PMID: 37693601 PMCID: PMC10491376 DOI: 10.1101/2023.08.29.23294386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/12/2023]
Abstract
Affective or mood disorders are a leading cause of disability worldwide. The serotonergic system has been heavily implicated in the complex etiology and serves as a therapeutic target. The serotonin transporter (SERT) is a major regulator of serotonin neurotransmission, yet the disease-relevance of impaired SERT function remains unknown. Here, we present the first identification and functional characterization of disruptive coding SERT variants found in patients with psychiatric diseases. In a unique cohort of 144 patients characterized by treatment-resistant chronic affective disorders with a lifetime history of electroconvulsive therapy, we identified two previously uncharacterized coding SERT variants: SERT-N217S and SERT-A500T. Both variants were significantly enriched in the patient cohort compared to GnomAD (SERT-N217S: OR = 151, P = 0.0001 and SERT-A500T: OR = 1348, P = 0.0022) and ethnicity-matched healthy controls (SERT-N217S: OR ≥ 17.7, P ≤ 0.013 and SERT-A500T: OR = ∞, P = 0.029). Functional investigations revealed that the mutations exert distinct perturbations to SERT function, but their overall effects converge on a partial loss-of-function molecular phenotype. Thus, the SERT-A500T variant compromises the catalytic activity, while SERT-N217S disrupts proper glycosylation of SERT with a resulting dominant-negative trafficking deficiency. Moreover, we demonstrate that the trafficking deficiency of SERT-N217S is amenable to pharmacochaperoning by noribogaine. Collectively, our findings describe the first disease-associated loss-of-function SERT variants and implicate serotonergic disturbances arising from SERT dysfunction as a risk factor for chronic affective disorders.
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Chan MC, Procko E, Shukla D. Structural Rearrangement of the Serotonin Transporter Intracellular Gate Induced by Thr276 Phosphorylation. ACS Chem Neurosci 2022; 13:933-945. [PMID: 35258286 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.1c00714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The reuptake of the neurotransmitter serotonin from the synaptic cleft by the serotonin transporter, SERT, is essential for proper neurological signaling. Biochemical studies have shown that Thr276 of transmembrane helix 5 is a site of PKG-mediated SERT phosphorylation, which has been proposed to shift the SERT conformational equilibria to promote inward-facing states, thus enhancing 5-HT transport. Recent structural and simulation studies have provided insights into the conformation transitions during substrate transport but have not shed light on SERT regulation via post-translational modifications. Using molecular dynamics simulations and Markov state models, we investigate how Thr276 phosphorylation impacts the SERT mechanism and its role in enhancing transporter stability and function. Our simulations show that Thr276 phosphorylation alters the hydrogen-bonding network involving residues on transmembrane helix 5. This in turn decreases the free energy barriers for SERT to transition to the inward-facing state, thus facilitating 5-HT import. The results provide atomistic insights into in vivo SERT regulation and can be extended to other pharmacologically important transporters in the solute carrier family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew C. Chan
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois Urbana−Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Erik Procko
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Illinois Urbana−Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Center for Biophysics and Quantitative Biology, University of Illinois Urbana−Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Neuroscience Program, University of Illinois Urbana−Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Cancer Center at Illinois, University of Illinois Urbana−Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Diwakar Shukla
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois Urbana−Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Center for Biophysics and Quantitative Biology, University of Illinois Urbana−Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Cancer Center at Illinois, University of Illinois Urbana−Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- National Center for Supercomputing Applications, University of Illinois Urbana−Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois Urbana−Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
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7
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Abstract
Social anxiety disorder (SAD) is a common psychiatric disorder, often associated with avoidant temperament. Research studies have implicated a strong genetic architecture of SAD. We have conducted a systematic review on the genetics of SAD and yielded 66 articles. In general, prior research studies have focused on the serotonin transporter, oxytocin receptor, brain-derived neurotrophic factor and catechol-O-methyltransferase genes. Mixed and inconsistent results have been reported. Additional approaches and phenotypes have also been investigated, including pharmacogenetics of treatment response, imaging genetics and gene-environment interactions. Future directions warrant further international collaborative efforts, deep-phenotyping of clinical characteristics including consistent and reliable measurement-based symptom severity, and larger sample sizes to ensure sufficient power for stratification due to the heterogeneity of this chronic and often debilitating condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ami Baba
- Neurogenetics Section, Molecular Brain Science Department, Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre
| | - Stefan Kloiber
- Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, General Adult Psychiatry and Health Systems Division, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto
- Institute of Medical Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Gwyneth Zai
- Neurogenetics Section, Molecular Brain Science Department, Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre
- Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, General Adult Psychiatry and Health Systems Division, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto
- Institute of Medical Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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8
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Sudden infant death syndrome revisited: serotonin transporter gene, polymorphisms and promoter methylation. Pediatr Res 2022; 92:694-699. [PMID: 34764460 PMCID: PMC9556327 DOI: 10.1038/s41390-021-01773-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2021] [Revised: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Based on findings in the brain stems of SIDS victims, the serotonin transporter (5-HTT) gene has been discussed to be associated with SIDS. METHODS In the largest study to date, we investigated the promoter length (5-HTTLPR) and intron 2 VNTR polymorphisms in 274 cases and 264 controls and the Ile425Val polymorphism in 65 cases and 64 controls. Moreover, the methylation of the internal promoter region was investigated in 35 cases and 14 controls. RESULTS For 5-HTTLPR, we observed a trend towards an association of allele L (58.8% vs. 53.4%) with SIDS and significant results were observed after stratifying for age, season at death, and prone position. Nevertheless, when pooling all published data, a significant association of allele L with SIDS is confirmed (p: 0.001). For the intron 2 VNTR polymorphism, no significant differences were observed. After pooling, a significant accumulation of the rare allele 9 was observed in SIDS (2.1% vs. 0.6%; p: 0.018). For the Ile425Val polymorphism, no differences were observed. CONCLUSION We conclude that genetic variation at this gene might be of some importance in SIDS. Epigenetic analysis of the internal promoter, however, revealed no influence on the relative risk to succumb to SIDS. IMPACT This is the largest study published up to now on 5-HTT gene polymorphisms and SIDS. Polymorphisms in the 5-HTT gene appear to contribute (although to a small degree) to the risk to die from SIDS. There is no evidence that a methylation of the promoter region is of impact for the etiology of SIDS.
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Hirakawa H, Taguchi K, Murakawa S, Asano M, Noguchi S, Kikkawa S, Harada K, Adachi N, Ueyama T, Hide I, Tanaka S, Sakai N. Effects of flurbiprofen on the functional regulation of serotonin transporter and its misfolded mutant. J Pharmacol Sci 2021; 148:187-195. [PMID: 34924125 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphs.2021.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Revised: 11/05/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Flurbiprofen, a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug, reportedly exhibits chemical chaperone activity. Herein, we investigated the role of flurbiprofen in regulating serotonin transporter (SERT) function via membrane trafficking. We used COS-7 cells transiently expressing wild-type (WT) SERT or a C-terminus-deleted mutant of SERT (SERTΔCT), a misfolded protein. Flurbiprofen treatment reduced the expression of immaturely glycosylated SERT and enhanced the expression of maturely glycosylated SERT. In addition, we observed increased serotonin uptake in SERT-expressing cells. These results suggest that flurbiprofen modulates SERT function by promoting membrane trafficking. In SERTΔCT-expressing cells, flurbiprofen reduced the protein expression and uptake activity of SERTΔCT. Furthermore, flurbiprofen inhibited the formation of SERTΔCT aggregates. Studies using flurbiprofen enantiomers suggested that these effects of flurbiprofen on SERT were not mediated via cyclooxygenase inhibition. The levels of GRP78/BiP, an endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress marker, were assessed to elucidate whether flurbiprofen can ameliorate SERTΔCT-induced ER stress. Interestingly, flurbiprofen induced GRP78/BiP expression only under ER stress conditions and not under steady-state conditions. In HRD1 E3 ubiquitin ligase knockdown cells, flurbiprofen affected the ER-associated degradation system. Collectively, the findings suggest that flurbiprofen may function as an inducer of molecular chaperones, in addition to functioning as a chemical chaperone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haruki Hirakawa
- Department of Molecular and Pharmacological Neuroscience, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3 Kausmi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima 734-8551, Japan
| | - Kei Taguchi
- Department of Molecular and Pharmacological Neuroscience, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3 Kausmi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima 734-8551, Japan
| | - Seiya Murakawa
- Department of Molecular and Pharmacological Neuroscience, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3 Kausmi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima 734-8551, Japan
| | - Masaya Asano
- Department of Molecular and Pharmacological Neuroscience, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3 Kausmi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima 734-8551, Japan
| | - Soma Noguchi
- Department of Molecular and Pharmacological Neuroscience, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3 Kausmi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima 734-8551, Japan
| | - Satoshi Kikkawa
- Department of Molecular and Pharmacological Neuroscience, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3 Kausmi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima 734-8551, Japan
| | - Kana Harada
- Department of Molecular and Pharmacological Neuroscience, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3 Kausmi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima 734-8551, Japan
| | - Naoko Adachi
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Biosignal Research Center, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai-cho, Nada-ku, Kobe 657-8501, Japan
| | - Takehiko Ueyama
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Biosignal Research Center, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai-cho, Nada-ku, Kobe 657-8501, Japan
| | - Izumi Hide
- Department of Molecular and Pharmacological Neuroscience, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3 Kausmi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima 734-8551, Japan
| | - Shigeru Tanaka
- Department of Molecular and Pharmacological Neuroscience, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3 Kausmi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima 734-8551, Japan
| | - Norio Sakai
- Department of Molecular and Pharmacological Neuroscience, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3 Kausmi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima 734-8551, Japan.
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Cacabelos R, Carrera I, Martínez O, Alejo R, Fernández-Novoa L, Cacabelos P, Corzo L, Rodríguez S, Alcaraz M, Nebril L, Tellado I, Cacabelos N, Pego R, Naidoo V, Carril JC. Atremorine in Parkinson's disease: From dopaminergic neuroprotection to pharmacogenomics. Med Res Rev 2021; 41:2841-2886. [PMID: 34106485 DOI: 10.1002/med.21838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Revised: 02/11/2021] [Accepted: 05/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Atremorine is a novel bioproduct obtained by nondenaturing biotechnological processes from a genetic species of Vicia faba. Atremorine is a potent dopamine (DA) enhancer with powerful effects on the neuronal dopaminergic system, acting as a neuroprotective agent in Parkinson's disease (PD). Over 97% of PD patients respond to a single dose of Atremorine (5 g, p.o.) 1 h after administration. This response is gender-, time-, dose-, and genotype-dependent, with optimal doses ranging from 5 to 20 g/day, depending upon disease severity and concomitant medication. Drug-free patients show an increase in DA levels from 12.14 ± 0.34 pg/ml to 6463.21 ± 1306.90 pg/ml; and patients chronically treated with anti-PD drugs show an increase in DA levels from 1321.53 ± 389.94 pg/ml to 16,028.54 ± 4783.98 pg/ml, indicating that Atremorine potentiates the dopaminergic effects of conventional anti-PD drugs. Atremorine also influences the levels of other neurotransmitters (adrenaline, noradrenaline) and hormones which are regulated by DA (e.g., prolactin, PRL), with no effect on serotonin or histamine. The variability in Atremorine-induced DA response is highly attributable to pharmacogenetic factors. Polymorphic variants in pathogenic (SNCA, NUCKS1, ITGA8, GPNMB, GCH1, BCKDK, APOE, LRRK2, ACMSD), mechanistic (DRD2), metabolic (CYP2D6, CYP2C9, CYP2C19, CYP3A4/5, NAT2), transporter (ABCB1, SLC6A2, SLC6A3, SLC6A4) and pleiotropic genes (APOE) influence the DA response to Atremorine and its psychomotor and brain effects. Atremorine enhances DNA methylation and displays epigenetic activity via modulation of the pharmacoepigenetic network. Atremorine is a novel neuroprotective agent for dopaminergic neurons with potential prophylactic and therapeutic activity in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramón Cacabelos
- Department of Genomic Medicine, EuroEspes Biomedical Research Center, International Center of Neuroscience and Genomic Medicine, Bergondo, Spain
| | - Iván Carrera
- Department of Health Biotechnology, EuroEspes Biomedical Research Center, International Center of Neuroscience and Genomic Medicine, Bergondo, Spain
| | - Olaia Martínez
- Department of Medical Epigenetics, EuroEspes Biomedical Research Center, International Center of Neuroscience and Genomic Medicine, Bergondo, Spain
| | | | | | - Pablo Cacabelos
- Department of Digital Diagnosis, EuroEspes Biomedical Research Center, International Center of Neuroscience and Genomic Medicine, Bergondo, Spain
| | - Lola Corzo
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, EuroEspes Biomedical Research Center, International Center of Neuroscience and Genomic Medicine, Bergondo, Spain
| | - Susana Rodríguez
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, EuroEspes Biomedical Research Center, International Center of Neuroscience and Genomic Medicine, Bergondo, Spain
| | - Margarita Alcaraz
- Department of Genomic Medicine, EuroEspes Biomedical Research Center, International Center of Neuroscience and Genomic Medicine, Bergondo, Spain
| | - Laura Nebril
- Department of Genomic Medicine, EuroEspes Biomedical Research Center, International Center of Neuroscience and Genomic Medicine, Bergondo, Spain
| | - Iván Tellado
- Department of Digital Diagnosis, EuroEspes Biomedical Research Center, International Center of Neuroscience and Genomic Medicine, Bergondo, Spain
| | - Natalia Cacabelos
- Department of Medical Documentation, EuroEspes Biomedical Research Center, International Center of Neuroscience and Genomic Medicine, Bergondo, Spain
| | - Rocío Pego
- Department of Neuropsychology, EuroEspes Biomedical Research Center, International Center of Neuroscience and Genomic Medicine, Bergondo, Spain
| | - Vinogran Naidoo
- Department of Neuroscience, EuroEspes Biomedical Research Center, International Center of Neuroscience and Genomic Medicine, Bergondo, Spain
| | - Juan C Carril
- Department of Genomics & Pharmacogenomics, EuroEspes Biomedical Research Center, International Center of Neuroscience and Genomic Medicine, Bergondo, Spain
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11
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Stilley SE, Blakely RD. Rare Opportunities for Insights Into Serotonergic Contributions to Brain and Bowel Disorders: Studies of the SERT Ala56 Mouse. Front Cell Neurosci 2021; 15:677563. [PMID: 34149362 PMCID: PMC8210832 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2021.677563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Altered structure, expression, and regulation of the presynaptic serotonin (5-HT) transporter (SERT) have been associated with multiple neurobehavioral disorders, including mood disorders, obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), and autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Opportunities to investigate mechanistic links supporting these associations were spurred with the identification of multiple, rare human SERT coding variants in a study that established a male-specific linkage of ASD to a linkage marker on chromosome 17 which encompassed the location of the SERT gene (SLC6A4). We have explored the most common of these variants, SERT Ala56, in vitro and in vivo. Results support a tonic elevation of 5-HT transport activity in transfected cells and human lymphoblasts by the variant in vitro that leads to an increased 5-HT clearance rate in vivo when studied in the SERT Ala56 mouse model, along with altered sensitivity to SERT regulatory signaling pathways. Importantly, hyperserotonemia, or an elevated whole blood 5-HT, level, was found in SERT Ala56 mice, reproducing a well-replicated trait observed in a significant fraction of ASD subjects. Additionally, we found multiple biochemical, physiological, and behavioral alterations in the SERT Ala56 mice that can be analogized to those observed in ASD and its medical comorbidities. The similarity of the functional impact of the SERT Ala56 variant to the consequences of p38α MAPK activation, ascribed to the induction of a biased conformation of the transporter toward an outward-facing conformation, has resulted in successful efforts to restore normal behavioral and bowel function via pharmacological and genetic p38α MAPK targeting. Moreover, the ability of the inflammatory cytokine IL-1β to enhance SERT activity via a p38α MAPK-dependent pathway suggests that the SERT Ala56 conformation mimics that of a chronic inflammatory state, supporting findings in ASD of elevated inflammatory cytokine levels. In this report, we review studies of the SERT Ala56 variant, discussing opportunities for continued insight into how chronically altered synaptic 5-HT homeostasis can drive reversible, functional perturbations in 5-HT sensitive pathways in the brain and periphery, and how targeting the SERT regulome, particularly through activating pathways such as those involving IL-1β/p38α MAPK, may be of benefit for neurobehavioral disorders, including ASD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha E. Stilley
- Department of Biomedical Science, Charles E. Schmidt College of Medicine, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL, United States
| | - Randy D. Blakely
- Department of Biomedical Science, Charles E. Schmidt College of Medicine, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL, United States
- Brain Institute, Florida Atlantic University, Jupiter, FL, United States
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12
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Meinke C, Quinlan MA, Paffenroth KC, Harrison FE, Fenollar-Ferrer C, Katamish RM, Stillman I, Ramamoorthy S, Blakely RD. Serotonin Transporter Ala276 Mouse: Novel Model to Assess the Neurochemical and Behavioral Impact of Thr276 Phosphorylation In Vivo. Neurochem Res 2021; 47:37-60. [PMID: 33830406 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-021-03299-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2020] [Revised: 02/21/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The serotonin (5-HT) transporter (SERT) is a key regulator of 5-HT signaling and is a major target for antidepressants and psychostimulants. Human SERT coding variants have been identified in subjects with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) and autism spectrum disorder (ASD) that impact transporter phosphorylation, cell surface trafficking and/or conformational dynamics. Prior to an initial description of a novel mouse line expressing the non-phosphorylatable SERT substitution Thr276Ala, we review efforts made to elucidate the structure and conformational dynamics of SERT with a focus on research implicating phosphorylation at Thr276 as a determinant of SERT conformational dynamics. Using the high-resolution structure of human SERT in inward- and outward-open conformations, we explore the conformation dependence of SERT Thr276 exposure, with results suggesting that phosphorylation is likely restricted to an inward-open conformation, consistent with prior biochemical studies. Assessment of genotypes from SERT/Ala276 heterozygous matings revealed a deviation from Mendelian expectations, with reduced numbers of Ala276 offspring, though no genotype differences were seen in growth or physical appearance. Similarly, no genotype differences were evident in midbrain or hippocampal 5-HT levels, midbrain and hippocampal SERT mRNA or midbrain protein levels, nor in midbrain synaptosomal 5-HT uptake kinetics. Behaviorally, SERT Ala276 homozygotes appeared normal in measures of anxiety and antidepressant-sensitive stress coping behavior. However, these mice displayed sex-dependent alterations in repetitive and social interactions, consistent with circuit-dependent requirements for Thr276 phosphorylation underlying these behaviors. Our findings indicate the utility of SERT Ala276 mice in evaluation of developmental, functional and behavioral consequences of regulatory SERT phosphorylation in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carina Meinke
- International Max Planck Research School for Brain and Behavior, Max Planck Florida Institute for Neuroscience, Jupiter, FL, USA.,Department of Biomedical Science, Charles E. Schmidt College of Medicine, Florida Atlantic University, Jupiter, FL, USA
| | - Meagan A Quinlan
- Department of Biomedical Science, Charles E. Schmidt College of Medicine, Florida Atlantic University, Jupiter, FL, USA.,Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | - Fiona E Harrison
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Cristina Fenollar-Ferrer
- Laboratories of Molecular Genetics and Molecular Biology, National Institute On Deafness and Other Communication Disorders, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Rania M Katamish
- Department of Biomedical Science, Charles E. Schmidt College of Medicine, Florida Atlantic University, Jupiter, FL, USA
| | - Isabel Stillman
- Department of Biomedical Science, Charles E. Schmidt College of Medicine, Florida Atlantic University, Jupiter, FL, USA
| | | | - Randy D Blakely
- Department of Biomedical Science, Charles E. Schmidt College of Medicine, Florida Atlantic University, Jupiter, FL, USA. .,Florida Atlantic University Brain Institute, Rm 109, MC-17, 5353 Parkside Dr, Jupiter, FL, 35348, USA.
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13
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Cacabelos R, Carrera I, Martínez O, Naidoo V, Cacabelos N, Aliev G, Carril JC. Influence of dopamine, noradrenaline, and serotonin transporters on the pharmacogenetics of Atremorine in Parkinson's disease. Drug Dev Res 2021; 82:695-706. [PMID: 33458869 DOI: 10.1002/ddr.21784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Revised: 11/27/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Atremorine is a potent dopamine (DA) enhancer obtained by nondenaturing biotechnological processes from a genetic species of Vicia faba. Atremorine affects the neuronal dopaminergic system by acting as a neuroprotective agent against Parkinson's disease (PD). PD patients (N = 127) responded to a single dose of Atremorine (5 g, p.o.) 1 h after administration in a sex-, time-, dose-, and genotype-dependent fashion. Drug-free patients (N = 81) showed an increase in DA levels from 12.14 ± 0.34 pg/ml to 6463.21 ± 1306.90 pg/ml; and patients chronically treated with anti-PD drugs (N = 46) showed an increase in DA levels from 1321.53 ± 389.94 pg/ml to 16,028.54 ± 4783.98 pg/ml, indicating that Atremorine potentiates the dopaminergic effect of conventional anti-PD drugs. The variability in Atremorine-induced DA response is strongly attributable to pharmacogenetic factors. Polymorphic variants in pathogenic, mechanistic, metabolic, transporter, and pleiotropic genes influence the DA response to Atremorine. Genetic variation in the DA (SLC6A3; rs460000), noradrenaline (NA) (SLC6A2; rs12708954, rs3785143, rs5569), and serotonin (5-HT) transporter (SLC6A4; rs2020934, rs2020936, rs4251417, rs6354) genes exert a genotype-dependent Atremorine-induced DA response in PD, with potential impact on the DA-related pharmacogenetic outcome and minimum effects on NA and 5-HT levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramón Cacabelos
- EuroEspes Biomedical Research Center, International Center of Neuroscience and Genomic Medicine, Bergondo, Spain
| | - Iván Carrera
- EuroEspes Biomedical Research Center, International Center of Neuroscience and Genomic Medicine, Bergondo, Spain
| | - Olaia Martínez
- EuroEspes Biomedical Research Center, International Center of Neuroscience and Genomic Medicine, Bergondo, Spain
| | - Vinogran Naidoo
- EuroEspes Biomedical Research Center, International Center of Neuroscience and Genomic Medicine, Bergondo, Spain
| | - Natalia Cacabelos
- EuroEspes Biomedical Research Center, International Center of Neuroscience and Genomic Medicine, Bergondo, Spain
| | - Gjumrakch Aliev
- EuroEspes Biomedical Research Center, International Center of Neuroscience and Genomic Medicine, Bergondo, Spain.,Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Moscow, Russian Federation.,Research Institute of Human Morphology, Russian Academy of Medical Science, Moscow, Russian Federation.,Institute of Physiologically Active Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russian Federation.,GALLY International Research Institute, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - Juan C Carril
- EuroEspes Biomedical Research Center, International Center of Neuroscience and Genomic Medicine, Bergondo, Spain
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14
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Unger EK, Keller JP, Altermatt M, Liang R, Matsui A, Dong C, Hon OJ, Yao Z, Sun J, Banala S, Flanigan ME, Jaffe DA, Hartanto S, Carlen J, Mizuno GO, Borden PM, Shivange AV, Cameron LP, Sinning S, Underhill SM, Olson DE, Amara SG, Temple Lang D, Rudnick G, Marvin JS, Lavis LD, Lester HA, Alvarez VA, Fisher AJ, Prescher JA, Kash TL, Yarov-Yarovoy V, Gradinaru V, Looger LL, Tian L. Directed Evolution of a Selective and Sensitive Serotonin Sensor via Machine Learning. Cell 2020; 183:1986-2002.e26. [PMID: 33333022 PMCID: PMC8025677 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2020.11.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2019] [Revised: 06/22/2020] [Accepted: 11/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Serotonin plays a central role in cognition and is the target of most pharmaceuticals for psychiatric disorders. Existing drugs have limited efficacy; creation of improved versions will require better understanding of serotonergic circuitry, which has been hampered by our inability to monitor serotonin release and transport with high spatial and temporal resolution. We developed and applied a binding-pocket redesign strategy, guided by machine learning, to create a high-performance, soluble, fluorescent serotonin sensor (iSeroSnFR), enabling optical detection of millisecond-scale serotonin transients. We demonstrate that iSeroSnFR can be used to detect serotonin release in freely behaving mice during fear conditioning, social interaction, and sleep/wake transitions. We also developed a robust assay of serotonin transporter function and modulation by drugs. We expect that both machine-learning-guided binding-pocket redesign and iSeroSnFR will have broad utility for the development of other sensors and in vitro and in vivo serotonin detection, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth K Unger
- Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Chemistry, Statistics, Molecular and Cellular Biology, and Physiology and Membrane Biology, the Center for Neuroscience, and Graduate Programs in Molecular, Cellular, and Integrative Physiology, Biochemistry, Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology and Neuroscience, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Jacob P Keller
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA 20174, USA
| | - Michael Altermatt
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Ruqiang Liang
- Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Chemistry, Statistics, Molecular and Cellular Biology, and Physiology and Membrane Biology, the Center for Neuroscience, and Graduate Programs in Molecular, Cellular, and Integrative Physiology, Biochemistry, Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology and Neuroscience, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Aya Matsui
- Laboratory on Neurobiology of Compulsive Behaviors, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Chunyang Dong
- Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Chemistry, Statistics, Molecular and Cellular Biology, and Physiology and Membrane Biology, the Center for Neuroscience, and Graduate Programs in Molecular, Cellular, and Integrative Physiology, Biochemistry, Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology and Neuroscience, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Olivia J Hon
- Bowles Center for Alcohol Studies, Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Zi Yao
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Junqing Sun
- Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Chemistry, Statistics, Molecular and Cellular Biology, and Physiology and Membrane Biology, the Center for Neuroscience, and Graduate Programs in Molecular, Cellular, and Integrative Physiology, Biochemistry, Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology and Neuroscience, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Samba Banala
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA 20174, USA
| | - Meghan E Flanigan
- Bowles Center for Alcohol Studies, Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - David A Jaffe
- Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Chemistry, Statistics, Molecular and Cellular Biology, and Physiology and Membrane Biology, the Center for Neuroscience, and Graduate Programs in Molecular, Cellular, and Integrative Physiology, Biochemistry, Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology and Neuroscience, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Samantha Hartanto
- Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Chemistry, Statistics, Molecular and Cellular Biology, and Physiology and Membrane Biology, the Center for Neuroscience, and Graduate Programs in Molecular, Cellular, and Integrative Physiology, Biochemistry, Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology and Neuroscience, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Jane Carlen
- Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Chemistry, Statistics, Molecular and Cellular Biology, and Physiology and Membrane Biology, the Center for Neuroscience, and Graduate Programs in Molecular, Cellular, and Integrative Physiology, Biochemistry, Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology and Neuroscience, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Grace O Mizuno
- Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Chemistry, Statistics, Molecular and Cellular Biology, and Physiology and Membrane Biology, the Center for Neuroscience, and Graduate Programs in Molecular, Cellular, and Integrative Physiology, Biochemistry, Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology and Neuroscience, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Phillip M Borden
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA 20174, USA
| | - Amol V Shivange
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Lindsay P Cameron
- Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Chemistry, Statistics, Molecular and Cellular Biology, and Physiology and Membrane Biology, the Center for Neuroscience, and Graduate Programs in Molecular, Cellular, and Integrative Physiology, Biochemistry, Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology and Neuroscience, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Steffen Sinning
- Department of Pharmacology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Suzanne M Underhill
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Neurobiology, National Institute on Mental Health, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - David E Olson
- Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Chemistry, Statistics, Molecular and Cellular Biology, and Physiology and Membrane Biology, the Center for Neuroscience, and Graduate Programs in Molecular, Cellular, and Integrative Physiology, Biochemistry, Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology and Neuroscience, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Susan G Amara
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Neurobiology, National Institute on Mental Health, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Duncan Temple Lang
- Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Chemistry, Statistics, Molecular and Cellular Biology, and Physiology and Membrane Biology, the Center for Neuroscience, and Graduate Programs in Molecular, Cellular, and Integrative Physiology, Biochemistry, Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology and Neuroscience, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Gary Rudnick
- Department of Pharmacology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Jonathan S Marvin
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA 20174, USA
| | - Luke D Lavis
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA 20174, USA
| | - Henry A Lester
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Veronica A Alvarez
- Laboratory on Neurobiology of Compulsive Behaviors, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Andrew J Fisher
- Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Chemistry, Statistics, Molecular and Cellular Biology, and Physiology and Membrane Biology, the Center for Neuroscience, and Graduate Programs in Molecular, Cellular, and Integrative Physiology, Biochemistry, Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology and Neuroscience, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Jennifer A Prescher
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Thomas L Kash
- Bowles Center for Alcohol Studies, Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Vladimir Yarov-Yarovoy
- Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Chemistry, Statistics, Molecular and Cellular Biology, and Physiology and Membrane Biology, the Center for Neuroscience, and Graduate Programs in Molecular, Cellular, and Integrative Physiology, Biochemistry, Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology and Neuroscience, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Viviana Gradinaru
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Loren L Looger
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA 20174, USA.
| | - Lin Tian
- Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Chemistry, Statistics, Molecular and Cellular Biology, and Physiology and Membrane Biology, the Center for Neuroscience, and Graduate Programs in Molecular, Cellular, and Integrative Physiology, Biochemistry, Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology and Neuroscience, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
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15
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Bhat S, El-Kasaby A, Freissmuth M, Sucic S. Functional and Biochemical Consequences of Disease Variants in Neurotransmitter Transporters: A Special Emphasis on Folding and Trafficking Deficits. Pharmacol Ther 2020; 222:107785. [PMID: 33310157 PMCID: PMC7612411 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2020.107785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Neurotransmitters, such as γ-aminobutyric acid, glutamate, acetyl choline, glycine and the monoamines, facilitate the crosstalk within the central nervous system. The designated neurotransmitter transporters (NTTs) both release and take up neurotransmitters to and from the synaptic cleft. NTT dysfunction can lead to severe pathophysiological consequences, e.g. epilepsy, intellectual disability, or Parkinson’s disease. Genetic point mutations in NTTs have recently been associated with the onset of various neurological disorders. Some of these mutations trigger folding defects in the NTT proteins. Correct folding is a prerequisite for the export of NTTs from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and the subsequent trafficking to their pertinent site of action, typically at the plasma membrane. Recent studies have uncovered some of the key features in the molecular machinery responsible for transporter protein folding, e.g., the role of heat shock proteins in fine-tuning the ER quality control mechanisms in cells. The therapeutic significance of understanding these events is apparent from the rising number of reports, which directly link different pathological conditions to NTT misfolding. For instance, folding-deficient variants of the human transporters for dopamine or GABA lead to infantile parkinsonism/dystonia and epilepsy, respectively. From a therapeutic point of view, some folding-deficient NTTs are amenable to functional rescue by small molecules, known as chemical and pharmacological chaperones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shreyas Bhat
- Institute of Pharmacology and the Gaston H. Glock Research Laboratories for Exploratory Drug Development, Center of Physiology and Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Ali El-Kasaby
- Institute of Pharmacology and the Gaston H. Glock Research Laboratories for Exploratory Drug Development, Center of Physiology and Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Michael Freissmuth
- Institute of Pharmacology and the Gaston H. Glock Research Laboratories for Exploratory Drug Development, Center of Physiology and Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Sonja Sucic
- Institute of Pharmacology and the Gaston H. Glock Research Laboratories for Exploratory Drug Development, Center of Physiology and Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, A-1090 Vienna, Austria.
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Pazuniak M, Pekrul SR. Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder in Autism Spectrum Disorder Across the Lifespan. Psychiatr Clin North Am 2020; 43:745-758. [PMID: 33127006 DOI: 10.1016/j.psc.2020.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Obsessive-compulsive disorder is a relatively common disorder seen in autism spectrum disorder across the lifespan. Many obsessive-compulsive disorder symptoms can present similarly to the core features of autism spectrum disorder and it is often difficult to differentiate between obsessive-compulsive disorder and stereotypic behaviors or restricted interests in autism spectrum disorder. However, there are differences between the 2 disorders. This article is a review of the current literature with the goal of helping the clinician to diagnose and treat obsessive-compulsive disorder in a patient with autism spectrum disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markian Pazuniak
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University of Maryland Medical Center, 701 West Pratt Street, 2nd Floor, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Scott R Pekrul
- Sheppard Pratt Health System, 6501 North Charles Street, Baltimore, MD 21204, USA.
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17
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Taguchi K, Kaneko M, Motoike S, Harada K, Hide I, Tanaka S, Sakai N. Role of the E3 ubiquitin ligase HRD1 in the regulation of serotonin transporter function. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2020; 534:583-589. [PMID: 33243462 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2020.11.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Accepted: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
To elucidate the regulation of serotonin transporter (SERT) function via its membrane trafficking, we investigated the involvement of the ubiquitin E3 ligase HRD1 (HMG-CoA reductase degradation protein), which participates in endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-associated degradation (ERAD), in the functional regulation of SERT. Cells transiently expressing wild-type SERT or a SERT C-terminal deletion mutant (SERTΔCT), a SERT protein predicted to be misfolded, were used for experiments. Studies using HRD1-overexpressing or HRD1-knockdown cells demonstrated that HRD1 is involved in SERT proteolysis. Overexpression of HRD1 promoted SERT ubiquitination, the effect of which was augmented by treatment with the proteasome inhibitor MG132. Immunoprecipitation studies revealed that HRD1 interacts with SERT in the presence of MG132. In addition, HRD1 was intracellularly colocalized with SERT, especially with aggregates of SERTΔCT in the ER. HRD1 also affected SERT uptake activity in accordance with the expression levels of the SERT protein. These results suggest that HRD1 contributes to the membrane trafficking and functional regulation of SERT through its involvement in ERAD-mediated SERT degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kei Taguchi
- Department of Molecular and Pharmacological Neuroscience, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Japan
| | - Masayuki Kaneko
- Department of Biochemistry, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Japan; Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutic Innovation, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences
| | - Serika Motoike
- Department of Molecular and Pharmacological Neuroscience, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Japan; Department of Dental Anesthesiology, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Japan
| | - Kana Harada
- Department of Molecular and Pharmacological Neuroscience, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Japan
| | - Izumi Hide
- Department of Molecular and Pharmacological Neuroscience, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Japan
| | - Shigeru Tanaka
- Department of Molecular and Pharmacological Neuroscience, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Japan
| | - Norio Sakai
- Department of Molecular and Pharmacological Neuroscience, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Japan.
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18
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Ding L, Maloney SK, Wang M, Rodger J, Chen L, Blache D. Association between temperament related traits and single nucleotide polymorphisms in the serotonin and oxytocin systems in Merino sheep. GENES BRAIN AND BEHAVIOR 2020; 20:e12714. [PMID: 33161622 DOI: 10.1111/gbb.12714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Revised: 11/04/2020] [Accepted: 11/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Animal temperament is defined as the consistent behavioral and physiological differences that are seen between individuals in response to the same stressor. Neurotransmitter systems, like serotonin and oxytocin in the central nervous system, underlie variation in behavioral traits in humans and other animals. Variations like single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the genes for tryptophan 5-hydroxylase (TPH2), the serotonin transporter (SLC6A4), the serotonin receptor (HTR2A), and the oxytocin receptor (OXTR) are associated with behavioral phenotype in humans. Thus, the objective of this study was to identify SNPs in those genes and to test if those variations are associated with the temperament in Merino sheep. Using ewes from the University of Western Australia temperament flock, which has been selected on emotional reactivity for more than 20 generations, eight SNPs (rs107856757, rs107856818, rs107856856 and rs107857156 in TPH2, rs20917091 in SLC6A4, rs17196799 and rs17193181 in HTR2A, and rs17664565 in OXTR) were found to be distributed differently between calm and nervous sheep. These eight SNPs were then genotyped in 260 sheep from a flock that has never been selected on emotional reactivity, followed by the estimation of the behavioral traits of those 260 sheep using an arena test and an isolation box test. We found that several SNPs in TPH2 (rs107856757, rs107856818, rs107856856 and rs107857156) were in strong linkage disequilibrium, and all were associated with behavioral phenotype in the nonselected sheep. Similarly, rs17196799 in HTR2A was also associated with the behavioral phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luoyang Ding
- School of Agriculture and Environment, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia.,College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Shane K Maloney
- School of Human Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Mengzhi Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jennifer Rodger
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Lianmin Chen
- Department of Genetics and Pediatrics, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Dominique Blache
- School of Agriculture and Environment, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia
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19
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Hernández-Muñoz S, Camarena-Medellin B, González-Macías L, Aguilar-García A, Flores-Flores G, Luna Dominguez D, Azaola-Espinosa A, Flores-Ramos M, Caballero-Romo A. Sequence analysis of five exons of SLC6A4 gene in Mexican patients with anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa. Gene 2020; 748:144675. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2020.144675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2019] [Revised: 03/04/2020] [Accepted: 04/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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20
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Abstract
Obsessive-compulsive disorder is a relatively common disorder seen in autism spectrum disorder across the lifespan. Many obsessive-compulsive disorder symptoms can present similarly to the core features of autism spectrum disorder and it is often difficult to differentiate between obsessive-compulsive disorder and stereotypic behaviors or restricted interests in autism spectrum disorder. However, there are differences between the 2 disorders. This article is a review of the current literature with the goal of helping the clinician to diagnose and treat obsessive-compulsive disorder in a patient with autism spectrum disorder.
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Hartin SN, Hossain WA, Francis D, Godler DE, Barkataki S, Butler MG. Analysis of the Prader-Willi syndrome imprinting center using droplet digital PCR and next-generation whole-exome sequencing. Mol Genet Genomic Med 2019; 7:e00575. [PMID: 30793526 PMCID: PMC6465664 DOI: 10.1002/mgg3.575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2018] [Revised: 12/13/2018] [Accepted: 01/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Detailed analysis of imprinting center (IC) defects in individuals with Prader-Willi syndrome (PWS) is not readily available beyond chromosomal microarray (MA) analysis, and such testing is important for a more accurate diagnosis and recurrence risks. This is the first feasibility study of newly developed droplet digital polymerase chain reaction (ddPCR) examining DNA copy number differences in the PWS IC region of those with IC defects. METHODS The study cohort included 17 individuals without 15q11-q13 deletions or maternal disomy but with IC defects as determined by genotype analysis showing biparental inheritance. Seven sets of parents and two healthy, unrelated controls were also analyzed. RESULTS Copy number differences were distinguished by comparing the number of positive droplets detected by IC probes to those from a chromosome 15 reference probe, GABRβ3. The ddPCR findings were compared to results from other methods including MA, and whole-exome sequencing (WES) with 100% concordance. The study also estimated the frequency of IC microdeletions and identified gene variants by WES that may impact phenotypes including CPT2 and NTRK1 genes. CONCLUSION Droplet digital polymerase chain reaction is a cost-effective method that can be used to confirm the presence of microdeletions in PWS with impact on genetic counseling and recurrence risks for families.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha N. Hartin
- Departments of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences and PediatricsUniversity of Kansas Medical CenterKansas CityKansas
| | - Waheeda A. Hossain
- Departments of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences and PediatricsUniversity of Kansas Medical CenterKansas CityKansas
| | - David Francis
- Cyto‐molecular Diagnostic Research LaboratoryRoyal Children's Hospital, Victorian Clinical Genetics Services and Murdoch Children's Research InstituteMelbourneVictoriaAustralia
| | - David E. Godler
- Cyto‐molecular Diagnostic Research LaboratoryRoyal Children's Hospital, Victorian Clinical Genetics Services and Murdoch Children's Research InstituteMelbourneVictoriaAustralia
| | | | - Merlin G. Butler
- Departments of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences and PediatricsUniversity of Kansas Medical CenterKansas CityKansas
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22
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Asano M, Motoike S, Yokota C, Usuki N, Yamamoto H, Urabe T, Katarao K, Hide I, Tanaka S, Kawamoto M, Irifune M, Sakai N. SKF-10047, a prototype Sigma-1 receptor agonist, augmented the membrane trafficking and uptake activity of the serotonin transporter and its C-terminus-deleted mutant via a Sigma-1 receptor-independent mechanism. J Pharmacol Sci 2019; 139:29-36. [PMID: 30522963 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphs.2018.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2018] [Revised: 11/11/2018] [Accepted: 11/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The serotonin transporter (SERT) is functionally regulated via membrane trafficking. Our previous studies have demonstrated that the SERT C-terminal deletion mutant (SERTΔCT) showed a robust decrease in its membrane trafficking and was retained in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), suggesting that SERTΔCT is an unfolded protein that may cause ER stress. The Sigma-1 receptor (SigR1) has been reported to attenuate ER stress via its chaperone activity. In this study, we investigated the effects of SKF-10047, a prototype SigR1 agonist, on the membrane trafficking and uptake activity of SERT and SERTΔCT expressed in COS-7 cells. Twenty-four hours of SKF-10047 treatment (>200 μM) accelerated SERT membrane trafficking and robustly upregulated SERTΔCT activity. Interestingly, these effects of SKF-10047 on SERT functions were also found in cells in which SigR1 expression was knocked down by shRNA, suggesting that SKF-10047 exerted these effects on SERT via a mechanism independent of SigR1. A cDNA array study identified several candidate genes involved in the mechanism of action of SKF-10047. Among them, Syntaxin3, a member of the SNARE complex, was significantly upregulated by 48 h of SKF-10047 treatment. These results suggest that SKF-10047 is a candidate for ER stress relief.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaya Asano
- Department of Molecular and Pharmacological Neuroscience, Graduate School of Biomedical & Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3 Kausmi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima 734-8551, Japan
| | - Serika Motoike
- Department of Molecular and Pharmacological Neuroscience, Graduate School of Biomedical & Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3 Kausmi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima 734-8551, Japan; Department of Dental Anesthesiology, Graduate School of Biomedical & Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3 Kausmi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima 734-8551, Japan
| | - Chika Yokota
- Department of Molecular and Pharmacological Neuroscience, Graduate School of Biomedical & Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3 Kausmi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima 734-8551, Japan
| | - Naoto Usuki
- Department of Molecular and Pharmacological Neuroscience, Graduate School of Biomedical & Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3 Kausmi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima 734-8551, Japan
| | - Hikaru Yamamoto
- Department of Molecular and Pharmacological Neuroscience, Graduate School of Biomedical & Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3 Kausmi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima 734-8551, Japan
| | - Tomoaki Urabe
- Department of Molecular and Pharmacological Neuroscience, Graduate School of Biomedical & Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3 Kausmi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima 734-8551, Japan; Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Graduate School of Biomedical & Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3 Kausmi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima 734-8551, Japan
| | - Kazusa Katarao
- Department of Molecular and Pharmacological Neuroscience, Graduate School of Biomedical & Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3 Kausmi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima 734-8551, Japan
| | - Izumi Hide
- Department of Molecular and Pharmacological Neuroscience, Graduate School of Biomedical & Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3 Kausmi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima 734-8551, Japan
| | - Shigeru Tanaka
- Department of Molecular and Pharmacological Neuroscience, Graduate School of Biomedical & Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3 Kausmi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima 734-8551, Japan
| | - Masashi Kawamoto
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Graduate School of Biomedical & Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3 Kausmi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima 734-8551, Japan
| | - Masahiro Irifune
- Department of Dental Anesthesiology, Graduate School of Biomedical & Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3 Kausmi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima 734-8551, Japan
| | - Norio Sakai
- Department of Molecular and Pharmacological Neuroscience, Graduate School of Biomedical & Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3 Kausmi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima 734-8551, Japan.
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23
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Zhuang X, Xu H, Fang Z, Xu C, Xue C, Hong X. Platelet serotonin and serotonin transporter as peripheral surrogates in depression and anxiety patients. Eur J Pharmacol 2018; 834:213-220. [PMID: 30031795 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2018.07.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2018] [Revised: 07/16/2018] [Accepted: 07/18/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Previous studies suggested that serotonergic neurons and platelets share similarities in serotonin (5-HT) uptake by serotonin transporter (SERT), storage, metabolism and release mechanisms, indicating that platelets may be used as a reliable peripheral surrogate to measure central SERT activity in neuropsychiatric research. In this study, platelet 5-HT content and 5-HT uptake capacity of SERT in depression and anxiety patients were measured by ELISA and flow cytometry with IDT307 at baseline and after serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) treatment for 4 weeks. Healthy persons matched with age and gender were used as reference. The clinical presentations of the patients were assessed with Hamilton Depression (HAMD) and Anxiety Rating Scales (HAMA) at the same time points. Compared to healthy subjects, anxiety and depression patients showed higher levels of platelet 5-HT and IDT307 fluorescence intensity, but the values were comparable between the patient groups. SSRIs administration for 4 weeks significantly decreased scores of HAMD (29 vs 14) and HAMA (22 vs 14) in depression and anxiety patients, respectively; while it decreased platelet 5-HT content, but did not change the IDT307 fluorescence intensity of platelets. After incubation with fluoxetine in vitro, the IDT307 fluorescence intensity of isolated platelets from both healthy subjects and patients decreased in a dose-dependent manner. These results provide further evidence supporting the employment of platelet 5-HT content and SERT as peripheral surrogates in depression and anxiety patients, and are of help in understanding the several weeks' delay from the initiation of antidepressant medication to their full therapeutic effects in the patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyin Zhuang
- The Mental Health Center, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, PR China
| | - Haiyun Xu
- The Mental Health Center, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, PR China
| | - Zeman Fang
- The Mental Health Center, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, PR China
| | - Chongtao Xu
- The Mental Health Center, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, PR China
| | - Chaobiao Xue
- Outpatient Department, Shantou Central Hospital, Shantou, Guangdong, PR China
| | - Xiaohong Hong
- The Mental Health Center, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, PR China.
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24
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Mitra S, Bult-Ito A. Attenuation of compulsive-like behavior by fluvoxamine in a non-induced mouse model of obsessive-compulsive disorder. Behav Pharmacol 2018; 29:299-305. [PMID: 29035919 PMCID: PMC5899065 DOI: 10.1097/fbp.0000000000000348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The current study evaluated the role of strain and compulsive trait differences in response to fluvoxamine, a common obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) drug, in two different mouse strains (BIG1 and BIG2) with a spontaneous compulsive-like phenotype. For compulsive-like nest-building behavior, dose-dependent attenuation of nesting by fluvoxamine was observed for the BIG1 compulsive-like strain during the first hour after administration. No significant differences were found for the BIG2 strain during the first hour, although a dose-dependent trend similar to that in the BIG1 strain was observed. Fluvoxamine dose dependently decreased the number of marbles buried in both strains 1 h after administration. For anxiety-like behaviors in the open field, no significant drug effects were found for the latency to leave the center and the number of line crossings. Significant strain differences were observed, with the BIG2 strain showing higher anxiety-like behaviors and reduced locomotor activity compared with the BIG1 strain. Consequently, this study adds predictive validity to our mouse model of OCD, whereas the anxiety-like differences between the strains add heterogeneity to our mouse model, similar to the heterogeneity observed in OCD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swarup Mitra
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Alaska Fairbanks, USA
- IDeA Network of Biomedical Research Excellence (INBRE) University of Alaska Fairbanks, USA
| | - Abel Bult-Ito
- Department of Biology & Wildlife, University of Alaska Fairbanks, USA
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25
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Özyurt G, Beşiroğlu L. Autism Spectrum Symptoms in Children and Adolescents with Obsessive Compulsive Disorder and Their Mothers. NORO PSIKIYATRI ARSIVI 2018; 55:40-48. [PMID: 30042640 DOI: 10.29399/npa.18138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2016] [Accepted: 10/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Introduction Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) affects 1-3% of children and adolescents. Although a close relation between OCD and autism spectrum disorder (ASD) has been pointed out, the relation between maternal ASD symptoms and subclinical ASD symptoms in OCD have not been evaluated adequately. In this study, children and adolescents with OCD diagnosis, and OSB indications in their mothers were investigated. The relationship between the clinical severity of these indications in children and adolescents with OCD, and maternal OSB indications will be examined. Method The study group consisted of 38 cases (8-18 years old) diagnosed with OCD. The control group (n=39) comprised patients of other clinics at hospital, and was matched for gender and age to the OCD patients. The Kiddie Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia for School Aged Children - Present and Lifetime Version (K-SADS-PL) was used to diagnose OCD and accompanying comorbidities. Social Communication Questionnaire (SCQ) was used to evaluate children's ASD symptoms while Autism Spectrum Quotient (ASQ) was used to evaluate maternal broad autism phenotype. OCD symptoms in children were evaluated with Children Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale-(C-Y-BOCS), and OCD symptoms in mothers were evaluated with Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale-(Y-BOCS). Results There was no significant difference between sociodemographic data of two groups. When cases and controls were compared with SCQ; all subscales' scores and total score of SCQ were statistically significant higher in OCD group and also mothers of OCD group had statistically significant higher scores in total score of ASQ and subscales except "imagination". Also in comparing the groups with Y-BOCS and C-Y-BOCS; OCD group had statistically significant higher scores in these scales. Conclusion ASD symptoms are prevalent in cases diagnosed with OCD and ASD symptoms increases with OCD severity. Further studies are needed to examine genetic and environmental common risk factors between OCD and ASD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gonca Özyurt
- Department of Child Psychiatry, Nevşehir State Hospital, Nevşehir, Turkey
| | - Lütfullah Beşiroğlu
- Department of Psychiatry, Katip Çelebi University Medical Faculty, İzmir, Turkey
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26
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Moya PR, Wendland JR, Fox MA. Dennis Luke Murphy, M.D. (1936-2017). GENES, BRAIN, AND BEHAVIOR 2018; 17:e12455. [PMID: 29596735 DOI: 10.1111/gbb.12455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2017] [Revised: 12/21/2017] [Accepted: 12/21/2017] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- P R Moya
- Instituto de Fisiologia, Universidad de Valparaíso, Chile
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27
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Lu Q, Komenoi S, Usuki T, Takahashi D, Sakane F. Abnormalities of the serotonergic system in diacylglycerol kinase δ-deficient mouse brain. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2018; 497:1031-1037. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2018.02.165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2018] [Accepted: 02/20/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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28
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Rives ML, Javitch JA, Wickenden AD. Potentiating SLC transporter activity: Emerging drug discovery opportunities. Biochem Pharmacol 2017; 135:1-11. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2017.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2017] [Accepted: 02/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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29
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Abstract
Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) and Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) are both highly heritable neurodevelopmental disorders that conceivably share genetic risk factors. However, the underlying genetic determinants remain largely unknown. In this work, the authors describe a combined genome-wide association study (GWAS) of ASD and OCD. The OCD dataset includes 2998 individuals in nuclear families. The ASD dataset includes 6898 individuals in case-parents trios. GWAS summary statistics were examined for potential enrichment of functional variants associated with gene expression levels in brain regions. The top ranked SNP is rs4785741 (chromosome 16) with P value=6.9×10-7 in our re-analysis. Polygenic risk score analyses were conducted to investigate the genetic relationship within and across the two disorders. These analyses identified a significant polygenic component of ASD, predicting 0.11% of the phenotypic variance in an independent OCD data set. In addition, we examined the genomic architecture of ASD and OCD by estimating heritability on different chromosomes and different allele frequencies, analyzing genome-wide common variant data by using the Genome-wide Complex Trait Analysis (GCTA) program. The estimated global heritability of OCD is 0.427 (se=0.093) and 0.174 (se=0.053) for ASD in these imputed data.
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30
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Yang PY, Menga YJ, Li T, Huang Y. Associations of endocrine stress-related gene polymorphisms with risk of autism spectrum disorders: Evidence from an integrated meta-analysis. Autism Res 2017; 10:1722-1736. [PMID: 28656683 DOI: 10.1002/aur.1822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2017] [Revised: 04/12/2017] [Accepted: 05/23/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorders (ASD) are related to serotonin transporter (5-HTT) and catechol-O-methyl transferase (COMT) as two most monoaminergic polymorphic variations. However, multiple studies assessing rs4680 and 5-HTTLPR variants in ASD have reported inconsistent results. Therefore, we conducted an integrated meta-analysis to combine case-control and transmission/disequilibrium test (TDT) studies to determine whether COMT and 5-HTT are associated with ASD. We searched multiple electronic databases (PubMed, EmBase and Web of Science) to identify studies assessing the rs4680 and 5-HTTLPR variants in ASD from Jan 1997 to Dec 2016. Then allelic data from case-control and TDT studies were analyzed by the Catmap package in the R software. A total of 5 studies were eligible for the meta-analysis of rs4680, including 3 case-control, 1 TDT and 1 TDT & case-control studies. Meanwhile, 22 studies of 5-HTTLPR were available, including 16 TDT, 4 case-control and 2 TDT & case-control studies. The current meta-analysis included 814 ASD cases, 741 controls and 311 families related to rs4680; 749 ASD cases, 1,118 controls and 1,861 families relevant to 5-HTTLPR were also evaluated. For rs4680, the pooled OR was 1.18 (95% CI = 0.87-1.59, P = 0.29, Pheterogeneity < 0.00001). There was no significant association of rs4680 with risk of ASD between the two subgroups. For 5-HTTLPR, the pooled OR was 1.05 (95% CI = 0.92-1.20, P = 0.4652, Pheterogeneity < 0.00001). Meanwhile, we found no significant risk in individual case-control or TDT studies. The above findings indicated that neither COMT rs4680 nor 5-HTT 5-HTTLPR polymorphism significantly affects ASD risk. Autism Res 2017, 10: 1722-1736. © 2017 International Society for Autism Research, Wiley Periodicals, Inc. LAY SUMMARY Our results showed no evidence of significant association of either COMT rs4680 or 5-HTT 5-HTTLPR variants with ASD, showing that these two genes may not be major susceptible genetic factors in ASD occurrence, and may have a reciprocal action with each other in combination with environmental factors. These findings further provide evidence that a single gene variant may not dictate autism occurrence, but possibly contributes to a specific phenotype or subtype of ASD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping-Yuan Yang
- Mental Health Center, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ya-Jing Menga
- Psychiatric Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.,Brain Research Center, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Tao Li
- Mental Health Center, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Psychiatric Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.,Brain Research Center, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yi Huang
- Mental Health Center, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Psychiatric Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.,Brain Research Center, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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31
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Peripheral SLC6A4 Gene Expression in Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder in the Han Chinese Population. SHANGHAI ARCHIVES OF PSYCHIATRY 2017; 29:146-153. [PMID: 28904509 PMCID: PMC5579458 DOI: 10.11919/j.issn.1002-0829.216105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Serotonergic system dysfunction has been implicated in obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). This study examined peripheral SLC6A4 gene expression in OCD patients and healthy controls to explore the relationship between SLC6A4 and OCD. METHODS Participants included 50 first episode OCD patients and 60 age and gender-matched healthy controls. Relative SLC6A4 gene expression were examined by real-time quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) in peripheral leukocytes of all the subjects. The Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale (Y-BOCS) was used to assess the severity and subtype of OCD. RESULTS SLC6A4 gene expression, normalized by glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH), were not significantly different between the OCD patients and healthy controls(z=-0.79, p=0.428). Male OCD patients showed a tendency of low gene expression of SLC6A4 in peripheral blood (z=-1.66, p=0.096). We did not find a significant correlation between SLC6A4 expression and the severity and subtype of OCD. CONCLUSION There is no correlation between SLC6A4 expression levels and the severity and subtype of OCD, but male OCD patients showed a tendency of low gene expression of SLC6A4 in peripheral blood. These results suggest that gene expression of SLC6A4 in peripheral blood may not be a useful biomarker of OCD in the Han Chinese population.
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32
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Sinopoli VM, Burton CL, Kronenberg S, Arnold PD. A review of the role of serotonin system genes in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2017; 80:372-381. [PMID: 28576508 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2017.05.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2017] [Revised: 04/20/2017] [Accepted: 05/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is a debilitating neuropsychiatric disorder that causes the patient to experience intrusive thoughts and/or to carry out repetitive, ritualized behaviors that are time consuming and impairing. OCD is familial and heritable. The genetic factors responsible for pathogenesis, however, remain largely unknown despite the numerous candidate gene studies conducted. Based on efficacy of serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SRIs) in treating OCD, serotonin system genes have been a dominant focus in OCD candidate gene studies. We review the most commonly studied candidate serotonin system gene variants (specifically in SLC6A4, HTR2A, HTR1B, and HTR2C) and their association with OCD. Although findings to date are mixed, serotonin transporter polymorphism 5-HTTLPR and HTR2A polymorphism rs6311 (or rs6313) are most consistently associated with OCD. Mixed findings may be the result of genetic complexity and phenotypic heterogeneity that future studies should account for. Homogenous patient subgroups reflecting OCD symptom dimensions, OCD subtypes, and sex should be used for gene discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa M Sinopoli
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Canada; Program in Genetics & Genome Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada
| | - Christie L Burton
- Program in Genetics & Genome Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada; Program in Neurosciences and Mental Health, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada
| | - Sefi Kronenberg
- Department of Psychiatry, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Canada
| | - Paul D Arnold
- Program in Genetics & Genome Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada; Mathison Centre for Mental Health Research & Education, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Canada; Departments of Psychiatry and Medical Genetics, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Canada.
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33
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Robson MJ, Quinlan MA, Blakely RD. Immune System Activation and Depression: Roles of Serotonin in the Central Nervous System and Periphery. ACS Chem Neurosci 2017; 8:932-942. [PMID: 28345868 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.6b00412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT) has long been recognized as a key contributor to the regulation of mood and anxiety and is strongly associated with the etiology of major depressive disorder (MDD). Although more known for its roles within the central nervous system (CNS), 5-HT is recognized to modulate several key aspects of immune system function that may contribute to the development of MDD. Copious amounts of research have outlined a connection between alterations in immune system function, inflammation status, and MDD. Supporting this connection, peripheral immune activation results in changes in the function and/or expression of many components of 5-HT signaling that are associated with depressive-like phenotypes. How 5-HT is utilized by the immune system to effect CNS function and ultimately behaviors related to depression is still not well understood. This Review summarizes the evidence that immune system alterations related to depression affect CNS 5-HT signaling that can alter MDD-relevant behaviors and that 5-HT regulates immune system signaling within the CNS and periphery. We suggest that targeting the interrelationships between immune and 5-HT signaling may provide more effective treatments for subsets of those suffering from inflammation-associated MDD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J. Robson
- Department of Biomedical
Science, Charles E. Schmidt College of Medicine, Florida Atlantic University, Jupiter, Florida 33458, United States
| | - Meagan A. Quinlan
- Department of Biomedical
Science, Charles E. Schmidt College of Medicine, Florida Atlantic University, Jupiter, Florida 33458, United States
- Department
of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37240-7933, United States
| | - Randy D. Blakely
- Department of Biomedical
Science, Charles E. Schmidt College of Medicine, Florida Atlantic University, Jupiter, Florida 33458, United States
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34
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Katarao K, Murakawa S, Asano M, Usuki N, Yamamoto H, Shirafuji T, Tanaka S, Hide I, Sakai N. The Development of Screening Methods to Identify Drugs to Limit ER Stress Using Wild-type and Mutant Serotonin Transporter. Acta Histochem Cytochem 2016; 49:197-206. [PMID: 28127108 PMCID: PMC5263230 DOI: 10.1267/ahc.16029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2016] [Accepted: 10/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The function of the serotonin transporter (SERT) is regulated by its membrane trafficking. Previously, we showed that the C-terminus-deleted mutant of SERT (SERTΔCT) exhibited an aberrant membrane trafficking and subsequent retention at the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). In addition, we found that proteasome inhibitor-induced ER stress resulted in the impairment of SERT membrane trafficking and retention of SERT at the ER, an impairment very similar to that of SERTΔCT. Based on the result that the chemical chaperone 4-phnylbutulic acid (4-PBA), which relieves ER stress, accelerated the membrane trafficking and upregulated SERT activity, we hypothesized that drugs that facilitate the membrane trafficking of SERT would have potential therapeutic effects on an ER stress-related disease. In this study, we aimed to develop simple screening methods for such drugs using SERT. We first validated the serotonin uptake assay using fluorescent substrates. This simple and reliable assay method was useful for screening for drugs that affected the wild-type SERT but not SERTΔCT. In addition, we verified an assay focusing on the formation of SERTΔCT aggregates. The drugs 4-PBA and SKF-10047 facilitated the trafficking of SERT to the membrane and reduced SERTΔCT aggregates, indicating that the drugs with such characters could be potential candidates for ER stress relief. For both assays, we clarified the usefulness of a high-content screening microscope. These results could pave the way for high-throughput screening for such drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazusa Katarao
- Department of Molecular and Pharmacological Neuroscience, Institute of Biomedical & Health Sciences, Hiroshima University
| | - Seiya Murakawa
- Department of Molecular and Pharmacological Neuroscience, Institute of Biomedical & Health Sciences, Hiroshima University
| | - Masaya Asano
- Department of Molecular and Pharmacological Neuroscience, Institute of Biomedical & Health Sciences, Hiroshima University
| | - Naoto Usuki
- Department of Molecular and Pharmacological Neuroscience, Institute of Biomedical & Health Sciences, Hiroshima University
| | - Hikaru Yamamoto
- Department of Molecular and Pharmacological Neuroscience, Institute of Biomedical & Health Sciences, Hiroshima University
| | - Toshihiko Shirafuji
- Department of Molecular and Pharmacological Neuroscience, Institute of Biomedical & Health Sciences, Hiroshima University
| | - Shigeru Tanaka
- Department of Molecular and Pharmacological Neuroscience, Institute of Biomedical & Health Sciences, Hiroshima University
| | - Izumi Hide
- Department of Molecular and Pharmacological Neuroscience, Institute of Biomedical & Health Sciences, Hiroshima University
| | - Norio Sakai
- Department of Molecular and Pharmacological Neuroscience, Institute of Biomedical & Health Sciences, Hiroshima University
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Lawson SK, Gray AC, Woehrle NS. Effects of oxytocin on serotonin 1B agonist-induced autism-like behavior in mice. Behav Brain Res 2016; 314:52-64. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2016.07.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2016] [Revised: 07/12/2016] [Accepted: 07/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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36
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Behavioral and pharmacological phenotypes of brain-specific diacylglycerol kinase δ-knockout mice. Brain Res 2016; 1648:193-201. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2016.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2016] [Revised: 07/06/2016] [Accepted: 07/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Jin DC, Cao HL, Xu MQ, Wang SN, Wang YM, Yan F, Wang BM. Regulation of the serotonin transporter in the pathogenesis of irritable bowel syndrome. World J Gastroenterol 2016; 22:8137-8148. [PMID: 27688655 PMCID: PMC5037082 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v22.i36.8137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2016] [Revised: 05/28/2016] [Accepted: 06/15/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Serotonin (5-HT) and the serotonin transporter (SERT) have earned a tremendous amount of attention regarding the pathogenesis of irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). Considering that enteric 5-HT is responsible for the secretion, motility and perception of the bowel, the involvement of altered enteric 5-HT metabolism in the pathogenesis of IBS has been elucidated. Higher 5-HT availability is commonly associated with depressed SERT mRNA in patients with IBS compared with healthy controls. The expression difference of SERT between IBS patients and healthy controls might suggest that SERT plays an essential role in IBS pathogenesis, and SERT was expected to be a novel therapeutic target for IBS. Progress in this area has begun to illuminate the complex regulatory mechanisms of SERT in the etiology of IBS. In this article, current insights regarding the regulation of SERT in IBS are provided, including aspects of SERT gene polymorphisms, microRNAs, immunity and inflammation, gut microbiota, growth factors, among others. Potential SERT-directed therapies for IBS are also described. The potential regulators of SERT are of clinical importance and are important for better understanding IBS pathophysiology and therapeutic strategies.
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Rodent models of obsessive compulsive disorder: Evaluating validity to interpret emerging neurobiology. Neuroscience 2016; 345:256-273. [PMID: 27646291 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2016.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2016] [Revised: 05/03/2016] [Accepted: 09/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD) is a common neuropsychiatric disorder with unknown molecular underpinnings. Identification of genetic and non-genetic risk factors has largely been elusive, primarily because of a lack of power. In contrast, neuroimaging has consistently implicated the cortico-striatal-thalamo-cortical circuits in OCD. Pharmacological treatment studies also show specificity, with consistent response of OCD symptoms to chronic treatment with serotonin reuptake inhibitors; although most patients are left with residual impairment. In theory, animal models could provide a bridge from the neuroimaging and pharmacology data to an understanding of pathophysiology at the cellular and molecular level. Several mouse models have been proposed using genetic, immunological, pharmacological, and optogenetic tools. These experimental model systems allow testing of hypotheses about the origins of compulsive behavior. Several models have generated behavior that appears compulsive-like, particularly excessive grooming, and some have demonstrated response to chronic serotonin reuptake inhibitors, establishing both face validity and predictive validity. Construct validity is more difficult to establish in the context of a limited understanding of OCD risk factors. Our current models may help us to dissect the circuits and molecular pathways that can elicit OCD-relevant behavior in rodents. We can hope that this growing understanding, coupled with developing technology, will prepare us when robust OCD risk factors are better understood.
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de Vries RE, Tybur JM, Pollet TV, van Vugt M. Evolution, situational affordances, and the HEXACO model of personality. EVOL HUM BEHAV 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2016.04.001 order by 1-- #] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/10/2023]
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de Vries RE, Tybur JM, Pollet TV, van Vugt M. Evolution, situational affordances, and the HEXACO model of personality. EVOL HUM BEHAV 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2016.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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41
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de Vries RE, Tybur JM, Pollet TV, van Vugt M. Evolution, situational affordances, and the HEXACO model of personality. EVOL HUM BEHAV 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2016.04.001 order by 1-- -] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/10/2023]
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de Vries RE, Tybur JM, Pollet TV, van Vugt M. Evolution, situational affordances, and the HEXACO model of personality. EVOL HUM BEHAV 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2016.04.001 order by 1-- gadu] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/10/2023]
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Evolution, situational affordances, and the HEXACO model of personality. EVOL HUM BEHAV 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2016.04.001 order by 8029-- #] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/10/2023]
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de Vries RE, Tybur JM, Pollet TV, van Vugt M. Evolution, situational affordances, and the HEXACO model of personality. EVOL HUM BEHAV 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2016.04.001 and 1880=1880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/10/2023]
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de Vries RE, Tybur JM, Pollet TV, van Vugt M. Evolution, situational affordances, and the HEXACO model of personality. EVOL HUM BEHAV 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2016.04.001 order by 8029-- awyx] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/10/2023]
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Evolution, situational affordances, and the HEXACO model of personality. EVOL HUM BEHAV 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2016.04.001 order by 8029-- -] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/10/2023]
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Muller CL, Anacker AMJ, Veenstra-VanderWeele J. The serotonin system in autism spectrum disorder: From biomarker to animal models. Neuroscience 2016; 321:24-41. [PMID: 26577932 PMCID: PMC4824539 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2015.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 319] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2015] [Revised: 10/26/2015] [Accepted: 11/04/2015] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Elevated whole blood serotonin, or hyperserotonemia, was the first biomarker identified in autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and is present in more than 25% of affected children. The serotonin system is a logical candidate for involvement in ASD due to its pleiotropic role across multiple brain systems both dynamically and across development. Tantalizing clues connect this peripheral biomarker with changes in brain and behavior in ASD, but the contribution of the serotonin system to ASD pathophysiology remains incompletely understood. Studies of whole blood serotonin levels in ASD and in a large founder population indicate greater heritability than for the disorder itself and suggest an association with recurrence risk. Emerging data from both neuroimaging and postmortem samples also indicate changes in the brain serotonin system in ASD. Genetic linkage and association studies of both whole blood serotonin levels and of ASD risk point to the chromosomal region containing the serotonin transporter (SERT) gene in males but not in females. In ASD families with evidence of linkage to this region, multiple rare SERT amino acid variants lead to a convergent increase in serotonin uptake in cell models. A knock-in mouse model of one of these variants, SERT Gly56Ala, recapitulates the hyperserotonemia biomarker and shows increased brain serotonin clearance, increased serotonin receptor sensitivity, and altered social, communication, and repetitive behaviors. Data from other rodent models also suggest an important role for the serotonin system in social behavior, in cognitive flexibility, and in sensory development. Recent work indicates that reciprocal interactions between serotonin and other systems, such as oxytocin, may be particularly important for social behavior. Collectively, these data point to the serotonin system as a prime candidate for treatment development in a subgroup of children defined by a robust, heritable biomarker.
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Affiliation(s)
- C L Muller
- Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Vanderbilt University, 465 21st Avenue South, Nashville, TN 37232, USA.
| | - A M J Anacker
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, 1051 Riverside Drive, Mail Unit 78, New York, NY 10032, USA.
| | - J Veenstra-VanderWeele
- Sackler Institute for Developmental Psychobiology, Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University; Center for Autism and the Developing Brain, New York Presbyterian Hospital; New York State Psychiatric Institute, 1051 Riverside Drive, Mail Unit 78, New York, NY 10032, USA.
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Control of serotonin transporter phosphorylation by conformational state. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2016; 113:E2776-83. [PMID: 27140629 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1603282113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Serotonin transporter (SERT) is responsible for reuptake and recycling of 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT; serotonin) after its exocytotic release during neurotransmission. Mutations in human SERT are associated with psychiatric disorders and autism. Some of these mutations affect the regulation of SERT activity by cGMP-dependent phosphorylation. Here we provide direct evidence that this phosphorylation occurs at Thr276, predicted to lie near the cytoplasmic end of transmembrane helix 5 (TM5). Using membranes from HeLa cells expressing SERT and intact rat basophilic leukemia cells, we show that agents such as Na(+) and cocaine that stabilize outward-open conformations of SERT decreased phosphorylation and agents that stabilize inward-open conformations (e.g., 5-HT, ibogaine) increased phosphorylation. The opposing effects of the inhibitors cocaine and ibogaine were each reversed by an excess of the other inhibitor. Inhibition of phosphorylation by Na(+) and stimulation by ibogaine occurred at concentrations that induced outward opening and inward opening, respectively, as measured by the accessibility of cysteine residues in the extracellular and cytoplasmic permeation pathways, respectively. The results are consistent with a mechanism of SERT regulation that is activated by the transport of 5-HT, which increases the level of inward-open SERT and may lead to unwinding of the TM5 helix to allow phosphorylation.
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Davis BA, Nagarajan A, Forrest LR, Singh SK. Mechanism of Paroxetine (Paxil) Inhibition of the Serotonin Transporter. Sci Rep 2016; 6:23789. [PMID: 27032980 PMCID: PMC4817154 DOI: 10.1038/srep23789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2016] [Accepted: 03/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The serotonin transporter (SERT) is an integral membrane protein that exploits preexisting sodium-, chloride-, and potassium ion gradients to catalyze the thermodynamically unfavorable movement of synaptic serotonin into the presynaptic neuron. SERT has garnered significant clinical attention partly because it is the target of multiple psychoactive agents, including the antidepressant paroxetine (Paxil), the most potent selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor known. However, the binding site and orientation of paroxetine in SERT remain controversial. To provide molecular insight, we constructed SERT homology models based on the Drosophila melanogaster dopamine transporter and docked paroxetine to these models. We tested the predicted binding configurations with a combination of radioligand binding and flux assays on wild-type and mutant SERTs. Our data suggest that the orientation of paroxetine, specifically its fluorophenyl ring, in SERT’s substrate binding site directly depends on this pocket’s charge distribution, and thereby provide an avenue toward understanding and enhancing high-affinity antidepressant activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruce A Davis
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT 06520 USA
| | - Anu Nagarajan
- Computational Structural Biology Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, 35 Convent Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA
| | - Lucy R Forrest
- Computational Structural Biology Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, 35 Convent Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA
| | - Satinder K Singh
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT 06520 USA
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Ghadiri M, Nourmohammadi I, Fasihi Ramandi M, Moazen Zadeh E. Association involving serotonin transporter gene linked polymorphic region and bipolar disorder type 1 in Iranian population. Asia Pac Psychiatry 2016; 8:92-7. [PMID: 25808404 DOI: 10.1111/appy.12179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2014] [Accepted: 02/03/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Serotonin transporter gene linked polymorphic region, also called 5HTTLPR, is a candidate in the genetics of bipolar disorder; however, the results of previous association studies are inconsistent. Several explanations have been proposed for that inconsistency; among them are the existing differences both in the genetic basis of bipolar disorder subtypes and the genetic backgrounds of the studied populations. We aimed to investigate the association of 5HTTLPR with bipolar disorder type I (BP-1) in Iranian population. METHODS In this case-control study, 146 patients with BP-1 and 165 controls were recruited. The patients were selected through the Structured Clinical Interview for Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th edition. It was required that the patients do not have any present history of general medical conditions, substance abuse, and concurrent major psychiatric disorders. The polymorphism was evaluated by blood sampling and subsequent DNA extraction, polymerase chain reaction, and agarose gel electrophoresis. Chi-square test was used for analyzing allelic and genotype frequencies and two-tailed P values were obtained. RESULTS The S allele was significantly more frequent in the BP-1 patients compared with the controls (P = 0.02, S allele odds ratio = 1.5, confidence interval 95% = 1.06-2.11). DISCUSSION Our statistically significant results suggest that the role of 5HTTLPR in the pathogenesis of BP-1 needs to be clarified by further scrutiny in Iranian population and other populations of Near East.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Ghadiri
- Iran Psychiatric Hospital, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Issa Nourmohammadi
- Department of Biochemistry, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahdi Fasihi Ramandi
- Research Center of Molecular Biology, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ehsan Moazen Zadeh
- Mental Health Research Center, Tehran Psychiatric Institute, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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