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Nyberg T, Brook MN, Ficorella L, Lee A, Dennis J, Yang X, Wilcox N, Dadaev T, Govindasami K, Lush M, Leslie G, Lophatananon A, Muir K, Bancroft E, Easton DF, Tischkowitz M, Kote-Jarai Z, Eeles R, Antoniou AC. CanRisk-Prostate: A Comprehensive, Externally Validated Risk Model for the Prediction of Future Prostate Cancer. J Clin Oncol 2023; 41:1092-1104. [PMID: 36493335 PMCID: PMC9928632 DOI: 10.1200/jco.22.01453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2022] [Revised: 08/26/2022] [Accepted: 10/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Prostate cancer (PCa) is highly heritable. No validated PCa risk model currently exists. We therefore sought to develop a genetic risk model that can provide personalized predicted PCa risks on the basis of known moderate- to high-risk pathogenic variants, low-risk common genetic variants, and explicit cancer family history, and to externally validate the model in an independent prospective cohort. MATERIALS AND METHODS We developed a risk model using a kin-cohort comprising individuals from 16,633 PCa families ascertained in the United Kingdom from 1993 to 2017 from the UK Genetic Prostate Cancer Study, and complex segregation analysis adjusting for ascertainment. The model was externally validated in 170,850 unaffected men (7,624 incident PCas) recruited from 2006 to 2010 to the independent UK Biobank prospective cohort study. RESULTS The most parsimonious model included the effects of pathogenic variants in BRCA2, HOXB13, and BRCA1, and a polygenic score on the basis of 268 common low-risk variants. Residual familial risk was modeled by a hypothetical recessively inherited variant and a polygenic component whose standard deviation decreased log-linearly with age. The model predicted familial risks that were consistent with those reported in previous observational studies. In the validation cohort, the model discriminated well between unaffected men and men with incident PCas within 5 years (C-index, 0.790; 95% CI, 0.783 to 0.797) and 10 years (C-index, 0.772; 95% CI, 0.768 to 0.777). The 50% of men with highest predicted risks captured 86.3% of PCa cases within 10 years. CONCLUSION To our knowledge, this is the first validated risk model offering personalized PCa risks. The model will assist in counseling men concerned about their risk and can facilitate future risk-stratified population screening approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tommy Nyberg
- Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- MRC Biostatistics Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Mark N. Brook
- Oncogenetics Team, Division of Genetics and Epidemiology, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
| | - Lorenzo Ficorella
- Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew Lee
- Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Joe Dennis
- Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Xin Yang
- Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Naomi Wilcox
- Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Tokhir Dadaev
- Oncogenetics Team, Division of Genetics and Epidemiology, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
| | - Koveela Govindasami
- Oncogenetics Team, Division of Genetics and Epidemiology, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
| | - Michael Lush
- Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Goska Leslie
- Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Artitaya Lophatananon
- Division of Population Health, Health Services Research and Primary Care, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Kenneth Muir
- Division of Population Health, Health Services Research and Primary Care, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Elizabeth Bancroft
- Oncogenetics Team, Division of Genetics and Epidemiology, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
- Cancer Genetics Unit, The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Douglas F. Easton
- Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Marc Tischkowitz
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Zsofia Kote-Jarai
- Oncogenetics Team, Division of Genetics and Epidemiology, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
| | - Rosalind Eeles
- Oncogenetics Team, Division of Genetics and Epidemiology, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
- Cancer Genetics Unit, The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Antonis C. Antoniou
- Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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Wilson BD, Ricks-Santi LJ, Mason TE, Abbas M, Kittles RA, Dunston GM, Kanaan YM. Admixture Mapping Links RACGAP1 Regulation to Prostate Cancer in African Americans. Cancer Genomics Proteomics 2018; 15:185-191. [PMID: 29695400 DOI: 10.21873/cgp.20076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2017] [Revised: 11/16/2017] [Accepted: 11/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIM Prostate cancer is the most common malignancy in US males. African American men have higher incidence and mortality rates than European Americans. Five single nucleotide polymorphisms are associated with PCa. We hypothesized haplotypes inferred from these SNPs are also associated with PCa. PATIENTS AND METHODS We genotyped SNPs in a case-control admixture mapping study. SNP haplotypes inferred for 157 PCa cases and 150 controls were used in the regression analysis. RESULTS We found an association between "GTCCC", "ATTCT", and "ACCCC" haplotypes and PCa after ancestry adjustment (OR=3.62, 95%CI=1.42-9.21, p=0.0070; OR=7.89, 95%CI=2.36-26.31, p=0.0008; OR=4.34, 95%CI=1.75-10.78, p=0.0016). The rs615382 variant disrupts the recombination signal binding protein with immunoglobulin kappa J binding site in Rac GTPase activating protein 1 (RACGAP1). CONCLUSION Disruption of notch 1 mediated-repression of RACGAP1 may contribute to PCa in African Americans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bradford D Wilson
- National Human Genome Center, Howard University, Washington, DC, U.S.A.
| | | | - Tshela E Mason
- National Human Genome Center, Howard University, Washington, DC, U.S.A
| | - Muneer Abbas
- National Human Genome Center, Howard University, Washington, DC, U.S.A.,Department of Microbiology, Howard University, Washington, DC, U.S.A
| | - Rick A Kittles
- City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center, Duarte, CA, U.S.A
| | - Georgia M Dunston
- National Human Genome Center, Howard University, Washington, DC, U.S.A.,Department of Microbiology, Howard University, Washington, DC, U.S.A
| | - Yasmine M Kanaan
- Department of Microbiology, Howard University, Washington, DC, U.S.A
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Dias A, Kote-Jarai Z, Mikropoulos C, Eeles R. Prostate Cancer Germline Variations and Implications for Screening and Treatment. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 2018; 8:a030379. [PMID: 29101112 PMCID: PMC6120689 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a030379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PCa) is a highly heritable disease, and rapid evolution of sequencing technologies has enabled marked progression of our understanding of its genetic inheritance. A complex polygenic model that involves common low-penetrance susceptibility alleles causing individually small but cumulatively significant risk and rarer genetic variants causing greater risk represent the current most accepted model. Through genome-wide association studies, more than 100 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) associated with PCa risk have been identified. Consistent reports have identified germline mutations in the genes BRCA1, BRCA2, MMR, HOXB13, CHEK2, and NBS1 as conferring moderate risks, with some leading to a more aggressive disease behavior. Considering this knowledge, several research strategies have been developed to determine whether targeted prostate screening using genetic information can overcome the limitations of population-based prostate-specific antigen (PSA) screening. Germline DNA-repair mutations are more frequent in men with metastatic disease than previously thought, and these patients have a more favorable response to therapy with poly(adenosine diphosphate [ADP]-ribose) polymerase (PARP) inhibitors. Genomic information is a practical tool that has the potential to enable the concept of precision medicine to become a reality in all steps of PCa patient care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Dias
- The Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton, Surrey SM2 5NG, United Kingdom
- The Institute of Cancer Research and Royal Marsden National Health Service (NHS) Foundation Trust, Academic Urology Unit and The Oncogenetics Team, London SW3 6JJ, United Kingdom
| | - Zsofia Kote-Jarai
- The Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton, Surrey SM2 5NG, United Kingdom
| | | | - Ros Eeles
- The Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton, Surrey SM2 5NG, United Kingdom
- The Institute of Cancer Research and Royal Marsden National Health Service (NHS) Foundation Trust, Academic Urology Unit and The Oncogenetics Team, London SW3 6JJ, United Kingdom
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Gillessen S, Attard G, Beer TM, Beltran H, Bossi A, Bristow R, Carver B, Castellano D, Chung BH, Clarke N, Daugaard G, Davis ID, de Bono J, Borges Dos Reis R, Drake CG, Eeles R, Efstathiou E, Evans CP, Fanti S, Feng F, Fizazi K, Frydenberg M, Gleave M, Halabi S, Heidenreich A, Higano CS, James N, Kantoff P, Kellokumpu-Lehtinen PL, Khauli RB, Kramer G, Logothetis C, Maluf F, Morgans AK, Morris MJ, Mottet N, Murthy V, Oh W, Ost P, Padhani AR, Parker C, Pritchard CC, Roach M, Rubin MA, Ryan C, Saad F, Sartor O, Scher H, Sella A, Shore N, Smith M, Soule H, Sternberg CN, Suzuki H, Sweeney C, Sydes MR, Tannock I, Tombal B, Valdagni R, Wiegel T, Omlin A. Management of Patients with Advanced Prostate Cancer: The Report of the Advanced Prostate Cancer Consensus Conference APCCC 2017. Eur Urol 2018; 73:178-211. [PMID: 28655541 DOI: 10.1016/j.eururo.2017.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 369] [Impact Index Per Article: 61.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2017] [Accepted: 06/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In advanced prostate cancer (APC), successful drug development as well as advances in imaging and molecular characterisation have resulted in multiple areas where there is lack of evidence or low level of evidence. The Advanced Prostate Cancer Consensus Conference (APCCC) 2017 addressed some of these topics. OBJECTIVE To present the report of APCCC 2017. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS Ten important areas of controversy in APC management were identified: high-risk localised and locally advanced prostate cancer; "oligometastatic" prostate cancer; castration-naïve and castration-resistant prostate cancer; the role of imaging in APC; osteoclast-targeted therapy; molecular characterisation of blood and tissue; genetic counselling/testing; side effects of systemic treatment(s); global access to prostate cancer drugs. A panel of 60 international prostate cancer experts developed the program and the consensus questions. OUTCOME MEASUREMENTS AND STATISTICAL ANALYSIS The panel voted publicly but anonymously on 150 predefined questions, which have been developed following a modified Delphi process. RESULTS AND LIMITATIONS Voting is based on panellist opinion, and thus is not based on a standard literature review or meta-analysis. The outcomes of the voting had varying degrees of support, as reflected in the wording of this article, as well as in the detailed voting results recorded in Supplementary data. CONCLUSIONS The presented expert voting results can be used for support in areas of management of men with APC where there is no high-level evidence, but individualised treatment decisions should as always be based on all of the data available, including disease extent and location, prior therapies regardless of type, host factors including comorbidities, as well as patient preferences, current and emerging evidence, and logistical and economic constraints. Inclusion of men with APC in clinical trials should be strongly encouraged. Importantly, APCCC 2017 again identified important areas in need of trials specifically designed to address them. PATIENT SUMMARY The second Advanced Prostate Cancer Consensus Conference APCCC 2017 did provide a forum for discussion and debates on current treatment options for men with advanced prostate cancer. The aim of the conference is to bring the expertise of world experts to care givers around the world who see less patients with prostate cancer. The conference concluded with a discussion and voting of the expert panel on predefined consensus questions, targeting areas of primary clinical relevance. The results of these expert opinion votes are embedded in the clinical context of current treatment of men with advanced prostate cancer and provide a practical guide to clinicians to assist in the discussions with men with prostate cancer as part of a shared and multidisciplinary decision-making process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silke Gillessen
- Department of Medical Oncology, Cantonal Hospital St. Gallen and University of Berne, Switzerland.
| | - Gerhardt Attard
- Department of Medical Oncology, The Institute of Cancer Research/Royal Marsden, London, UK
| | - Tomasz M Beer
- Oregon Health & Science University Knight Cancer Institute, OR, USA
| | - Himisha Beltran
- Department of Medical Oncology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Alberto Bossi
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Genito Urinary Oncology, Prostate Brachytherapy Unit, Goustave Roussy, Paris, France
| | - Rob Bristow
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre and University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, USA
| | - Brett Carver
- Department of Urology, Sidney Kimmel Center for Prostate and Urologic Cancers, New York, NY, USA
| | - Daniel Castellano
- Department of Medical Oncology, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain
| | - Byung Ha Chung
- Department of Urology, Gangnam Severance Hospital, Yonsei University Health System, Seoul, Korea
| | - Noel Clarke
- Department of Urology, The Christie and Salford Royal Hospitals, Manchester, UK
| | - Gedske Daugaard
- Department of Medical Oncology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ian D Davis
- Monash University and Eastern Health, Eastern Health Clinical School, Box Hill, Australia
| | - Johann de Bono
- Department of Medical Oncology, The Institute of Cancer Research/Royal Marsden, London, UK
| | - Rodolfo Borges Dos Reis
- Department of Urology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Charles G Drake
- Department of Medical Oncology, Division of Haematology/Oncology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ros Eeles
- Department of Clinical Oncology and Genetics, The Institute of Cancer Research and Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Eleni Efstathiou
- Department of Medical Oncology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, TX, USA
| | - Christopher P Evans
- Department of Urology, University of California, Davis School of Medicine, CA, USA
| | - Stefano Fanti
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Policlinico S. Orsola, Università di Bologna, Italy
| | - Felix Feng
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Karim Fizazi
- Department of Medical Oncology, Gustave Roussy, University of Paris Sud, Paris, France
| | - Mark Frydenberg
- Department of Surgery, Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University
| | - Martin Gleave
- Department of Urology, Vancouver Prostate Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Susan Halabi
- Department of Clinical trials and Statistics, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | | | - Celestia S Higano
- Department of Medicine, Division of Medical Oncology, University of Washington and Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, WA, USA
| | - Nicolas James
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Clinical Oncology Queen Elizabeth Hospital Birmingham and University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Philip Kantoff
- Department of Medical Oncology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center and Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
| | - Pirkko-Liisa Kellokumpu-Lehtinen
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Tampere University Hospital, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Tampere, Finland
| | - Raja B Khauli
- Department of Urology, American University of Beirut Medical Center, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Gero Kramer
- Department of Urology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Chris Logothetis
- Department of Genitourinary Medical Oncology, MD Anderson Cancer Centre, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Fernando Maluf
- Department of Medical Oncology Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein and Department of Medical Oncology Beneficência Portuguesa de São Paulo
| | - Alicia K Morgans
- Department of Medical Oncology and Epidemiology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Division of Hematology/Oncology, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Michael J Morris
- Department of Medical Oncology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Nicolas Mottet
- Department of Urology, University Hospital Nord St. Etienne, St. Etienne, France
| | - Vedang Murthy
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Tata Memorial Centre, Mumbai, India
| | - William Oh
- Department of Medical Oncology, Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, The Tisch Cancer Institute, New York, NY, USA
| | - Piet Ost
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Anwar R Padhani
- Department of Radiology, Mount Vernon Cancer Centre and Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | - Chris Parker
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, Sutton, UK
| | | | - Mack Roach
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Mark A Rubin
- Department of Pathology, University of Bern and the Inselspital, Bern (CH)
| | - Charles Ryan
- Department of Medical Oncology, Clinical Medicine and Urology at the Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center at the University of, California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Fred Saad
- Department of Urology, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Oliver Sartor
- Department of Medical Oncology, Tulane Cancer Center, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Howard Scher
- Department of Medical Oncology, Genitourinary Oncology Service, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Centre, New York, NY, USA
| | - Avishay Sella
- Department of Medical Oncology, Department of Oncology, Assaf Harofeh Medical Centre, Tel-Aviv University, Sackler School of Medicine, Zerifin, Israel
| | - Neal Shore
- Department of Urology, Carolina Urologic Research Center, Myrtle Beach, SC, USA
| | - Matthew Smith
- Department of Medical Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Centre, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Howard Soule
- Prostate Cancer Foundation, Santa Monica, CA, USA
| | - Cora N Sternberg
- Department of Medical Oncology, San Camillo Forlanini Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Hiroyoshi Suzuki
- Department of Urology, Toho University Sakura Medical Center, Japan
| | - Christopher Sweeney
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Matthew R Sydes
- MRC Clinical Trials Unit at UCL, Institute of Clinical Trials and Methodology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Ian Tannock
- Department of Medical Oncology, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre and University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Bertrand Tombal
- Department of Urology, Cliniques Universitaires Saint Luc, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Riccardo Valdagni
- Department of Oncology and Haemato-oncology, Università degli Studi di Milano. Radiation Oncology 1, Prostate Cancer Program, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy
| | - Thomas Wiegel
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Klinik für Strahlentherapie und Radioonkologie des Universitätsklinikum Ulm, Albert-Einstein-Allee, Ulm, Germany
| | - Aurelius Omlin
- Department of Medical Oncology, Cantonal Hospital St. Gallen and University of Berne, Switzerland
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Tan L, Wang LL, Ranasinghe W, Persad R, Bolton D, Lawrentschuk N, Sengupta S. Survival outcomes of younger men (< 55 years) undergoing radical prostatectomy. Prostate Int 2017; 6:31-35. [PMID: 29556487 PMCID: PMC5857187 DOI: 10.1016/j.prnil.2017.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2017] [Revised: 07/17/2017] [Accepted: 07/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The aim of the paper is to investigate the outcomes of patients younger than 55 years in Victoria, Australia undergoing radical prostatectomy (RP) for prostate cancer. Materials and methods Data on all men undergoing RP in Victoria between January 1, 2004 and December 31, 2014 were obtained from the Victorian Cancer Registry. Tumor characteristics including Gleason grade, stage of disease (based on final pathology specimen), and cause of death were also obtained. Statistical analysis was performed using Chi-square test, Cox proportional hazards method, and Kaplan-Meier analysis. Results A total of 14,686 men underwent RP during the defined period. Of these men 109 were aged 35–44 years and 1,998 were aged 45–54 years. Men aged 35–44 years and 45–54 years were compared against men aged 55–74 years. The majority of men between the ages of 35 years and 44 years, and 45 years and 54 years had higher rates of Gleason ≤ 7 disease compared with men aged between 55 years and 74 years (92.7% vs. 86.8% vs. 79.3%; P < 0.01) and ≤ T2 disease (82.6% vs. 75.6% vs. 49.9%; P < 0.01) but similar median prostate-specific antigen values. On a multivariate analysis adjusting for Gleason score, T stage, and prostate-specific antigen, men aged 45–54 years and 55–64 years had 67% and 46% increase in overall survival, respectively, compared to men aged 65–74 years; but these differences were not seen in the 35–44 year age group. There were no differences in prostate cancer specific deaths between the groups. The 5- and 10-year overall survival outcomes were both higher for men aged 45–54 years compared to mean aged 55–74 years (97.9% vs. 95.9% and 94.9% vs. 85.3). Conclusion Men aged 45–54 years undergoing RP had better overall survival compared to men aged 55–74 years, but these effects were not seen in men aged 35–44 years. There were no differences in prostate cancer specific survival in these groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lynn Tan
- Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Luke L. Wang
- Department of Urology, Eastern Health, Victoria, Australia
| | - Weranja Ranasinghe
- University of Melbourne, Department of Urology, Austin Health, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Raj Persad
- Department of Urology, University Hospital, NHS Trust, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Damien Bolton
- University of Melbourne, Department of Urology, Austin Health, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Nathan Lawrentschuk
- University of Melbourne, Department of Urology, Austin Health, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Shomik Sengupta
- Eastern Health Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Corresponding author. Eastern Health Clinical School, Level 2, 5 Arnold St, Box Hill, Victoria, 3128, Australia.Eastern Health Clinical SchoolLevel 25 Arnold StBox HillVictoria3128Australia
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Food Habits, Lifestyle Factors, and Risk of Prostate Cancer in Central Argentina: A Case Control Study Involving Self-Motivated Health Behavior Modifications after Diagnosis. Nutrients 2016; 8:nu8070419. [PMID: 27409631 PMCID: PMC4963895 DOI: 10.3390/nu8070419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2016] [Revised: 06/28/2016] [Accepted: 07/04/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer is the second most important non-communicable disease worldwide and disproportionately impacts low- to middle-income countries. Diet in combination with other lifestyle habits seems to modify the risk for some cancers but little is known about South Americans. Food habits of Argentinean men pre- and post-diagnosis of prostate cancer (n = 326) were assessed along with other lifestyle factors. We studied whether any of the behaviors and risk factors for prostate cancer were found in men with other cancers (n = 394), compared with control subjects (n = 629). Before diagnosis, both cases reported a greater mean consumption of meats and fats and lower intakes of fruits, green vegetables, cruciferous vegetables, legumes, nuts, seeds, and whole grains than the controls (all p < 0.001). After diagnosis, cases significantly reduced the intake of meats and fats, and reported other dietary modifications with increased consumption of fish, fruits (including red fruits in prostate cancer), cruciferous vegetables, legumes, nuts, and black tea (all p < 0.001). Additional lifestyle aspects significantly predominant in cases included a reduced quality of sleep, emotional stress, low physical activity, tobacco smoking, alcohol consumption, living in rural areas, and being exposed to environmental contaminants. Argentinian men were predisposed to modify their unhealthy dietary habits and other lifestyle factors after cancer diagnosis.
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8
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Rojas PA, Torres-Estay V, Cerda-Infante J, Montecinos VP, Domínguez J, Arenas J, Godoy AS, San Francisco IF. Association of a single-nucleotide polymorphism from chromosome 17q12 with the aggressiveness of prostate cancer in a Hispanic population. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2014; 140:783-8. [PMID: 24627192 DOI: 10.1007/s00432-014-1635-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2014] [Accepted: 03/02/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To study the association between the polymorphisms, rs1859962 and rs4430796, from the chromosomes 17q24 and 17q12, respectively, with the risk of prostate cancer (PCa) and its clinical characteristics in a Hispanic (Chilean) population. METHODS This study included 33 controls and 167 patients diagnosed with PCa. The polymorphisms, rs1859962 and rs4430796, were analyzed on blood specimens using quantitative PCR. The genetic analysis of the qPCR data was performed using the SNPStats program. A comparison between the clinical characteristics of the prostate cancers from the patients and the presence of the different polymorphism genotypes detected in blood specimens obtained from these patients was performed using the IBM SPSS v20.0 software. RESULTS We observed no association of the SNPs and the risk of developing PCa (OR 0.84, 95 % CI 0.30-2.38, p = 1.0 to rs1859962 and OR 1.94, 95 % CI 0.57-6.52, p = 0.28 to rs4430796), both sporadic and hereditary. However, patients carrying the genotype G/G from the polymorphism rs4430796 had significantly higher PSA levels than patients carrying the other genotypes (15.05 ng/ml to G/G, 10 and 8.11 ng/ml to genotypes A/G y A/A, respectively, p = 0.01). Furthermore, patients with the genotype G/G of rs4430796 had higher tumor volume than other genotypes (9.45 cc to G/G and 5.22 cc to A/G + A/A, p = 0.04). CONCLUSION The polymorphism rs4430796 of the chromosome 17q12 appears to be a biomarker for cancer aggressiveness, increased PSA and tumor volume of PCa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo A Rojas
- Departamento de Urología, Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Marcoleta 352, Santiago, Chile,
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Doolan G, Benke G, Giles G. An Update on Occupation and Prostate Cancer. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2014; 15:501-16. [DOI: 10.7314/apjcp.2014.15.2.501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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[Ten years national research project "familial prostate cancer": problems in identifying risk families]. Urologe A 2011; 50:813-20. [PMID: 21461841 DOI: 10.1007/s00120-011-2552-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The German national research project"familial prostate cancer" has been recruiting prostate cancer patients nationwide since 1999. In 2009, a comprehensive data analysis of the 25,065 families recruited was performed. Of these, 77.4% were identified as sporadic, 20.0% as familial and 2.6% as hereditary cases of prostate cancer. However, obtaining comprehensive, validated information about all relatives often fails. RESULTS The high average age of the patients, the lower life expectancy in further generations and the low number of first-degree male relatives hampers the classification of sporadic, familial and hereditary cases. Consequently we describe here that in our database the identification of 100 hereditary cases requires a recruitment of more than 5,000 patients with their families. For 100 sporadic patients with 2 first-degree male relatives without a case history 1,250 patients are needed.
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Mattila H, Schindler M, Isotalo J, Ikonen T, Vihinen M, Oja H, Tammela TLJ, Wahlfors T, Schleutker J. NMD and microRNA expression profiling of the HPCX1 locus reveal MAGEC1 as a candidate prostate cancer predisposition gene. BMC Cancer 2011; 11:327. [PMID: 21810217 PMCID: PMC3162583 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-11-327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2011] [Accepted: 08/02/2011] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Several predisposition loci for hereditary prostate cancer (HPC) have been suggested, including HPCX1 at Xq27-q28, but due to the complex structure of the region, the susceptibility gene has not yet been identified. METHODS In this study, nonsense-mediated mRNA decay (NMD) inhibition was used for the discovery of truncating mutations. Six prostate cancer (PC) patients and their healthy brothers were selected from a group of HPCX1-linked families. Expression analyses were done using Agilent 44 K oligoarrays, and selected genes were screened for mutations by direct sequencing. In addition, microRNA expression levels in the lymphoblastic cells were analyzed to trace variants that might alter miRNA expression and explain partly an inherited genetic predisposion to PC. RESULTS Seventeen genes were selected for resequencing based on the NMD array, but no truncating mutations were found. The most interesting variant was MAGEC1 p.Met1?. An association was seen between the variant and unselected PC (OR = 2.35, 95% CI = 1.10-5.02) and HPC (OR = 3.38, 95% CI = 1.10-10.40). miRNA analysis revealed altogether 29 miRNAs with altered expression between the PC cases and controls. miRNA target analysis revealed that 12 of them also had possible target sites in the MAGEC1 gene. These miRNAs were selected for validation process including four miRNAs located in the X chromosome. The expressions of 14 miRNAs were validated in families that contributed to the significant signal differences in Agilent arrays. CONCLUSIONS Further functional studies are needed to fully understand the possible contribution of these miRNAs and MAGEC1 start codon variant to PC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henna Mattila
- Institute of Biomedical Technology, University of Tampere and Centre for Laboratory Medicine, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
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12
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MacInnis RJ, Antoniou AC, Eeles RA, Severi G, Guy M, McGuffog L, Hall AL, O'Brien LT, Wilkinson RA, Dearnaley DP, Ardern-Jones AT, Horwich A, Khoo VS, Parker CC, Huddart RA, McCredie MR, Smith C, Southey MC, Staples MP, English DR, Hopper JL, Giles GG, Easton DF. Prostate cancer segregation analyses using 4390 families from UK and Australian population-based studies. Genet Epidemiol 2010; 34:42-50. [PMID: 19492347 DOI: 10.1002/gepi.20433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Familial aggregation of prostate cancer is likely to be due to multiple susceptibility loci, perhaps acting in conjunction with shared lifestyle risk factors. Models that assume a single mode of inheritance may be unrealistic. We analyzed genetic models of susceptibility to prostate cancer using segregation analysis of occurrence in families ascertained through population-based series totaling 4390 incident cases. We investigated major gene models (dominant, recessive, general, X-linked), polygenic models, and mixed models of susceptibility using the pedigree analysis software MENDEL. The hypergeometric model was used to approximate polygenic inheritance. The best-fitting model for the familial aggregation of prostate cancer was the mixed recessive model. The frequency of the susceptibility allele in the population was estimated to be 0.15 (95% confidence interval (CI) 0.11-0.20), with a relative risk for homozygote carriers of 94 (95% CI 46-192), and a polygenic standard deviation of 2.01 (95% CI 1.72-2.34). These analyses suggest that one or more genes having a strong recessively inherited effect on risk, as well as a number of genes with variants having small multiplicative effects on risk, may account for the genetic susceptibility to prostate cancer. The recessive component would predict the observed higher familial risk for siblings of cases than for fathers, but this could also be due to other factors such as shared lifestyle by siblings, targeted screening effects, and/or non-additive effects of one or more genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert J MacInnis
- Cancer Research UK Genetic Epidemiology Unit, Strangeways Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
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13
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Overview of risk prediction models in cardiovascular disease research. Ann Epidemiol 2009; 19:711-7. [PMID: 19628409 DOI: 10.1016/j.annepidem.2009.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2008] [Revised: 04/18/2009] [Accepted: 05/18/2009] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Many risk prediction models have been developed for cardiovascular diseases in different countries during the past three decades. However, there has not been consistent agreement regarding how to appropriately assess a risk prediction model, especially when new markers are added to an established risk prediction model. Researchers often use the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC) to assess the discriminatory ability of a risk prediction model. However, recent studies suggest that this method has serious limitations and cannot be the sole approach to evaluate the usefulness of a new marker in clinical and epidemiological studies. To overcome the shortcomings of this traditional method, new assessment methods have been proposed. The aim of this article is to overview various risk prediction models for cardiovascular diseases, to describe the receiver operating characteristic curve method and discuss some new assessment methods proposed recently. Some of the methods were illustrated with figures from a cardiovascular disease study in Australia.
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14
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Tischkowitz MD, Yilmaz A, Chen LQ, Karyadi DM, Novak D, Kirchhoff T, Hamel N, Tavtigian SV, Kolb S, Bismar TA, Aloyz R, Nelson PS, Hood L, Narod SA, White KA, Ostrander EA, Isaacs WB, Offit K, Cooney KA, Stanford JL, Foulkes WD. Identification and characterization of novel SNPs in CHEK2 in Ashkenazi Jewish men with prostate cancer. Cancer Lett 2008; 270:173-80. [PMID: 18571837 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2008.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2008] [Revised: 01/17/2008] [Accepted: 05/06/2008] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Checkpoint kinase 2 (CHEK2) is a protein involved in arresting cell cycle in response to DNA damage. To investigate whether it plays an important role in the development of prostate cancer (PRCA) in the Ashkenazi Jewish (AJ) population, we sequenced CHEK2 in 75 AJ individuals with prostate, breast, or no cancer (n=25 each). We identified seven coding SNPs (five are novel) that changed the amino-acid sequence, resulting in R3W, E394F, Y424H, S428F, D438Y, P509S, and P509L. We determined the frequency of each variant in 76 AJ families collected by members of the International Consortium for Prostate Cancer Genetics (ICPCG) where >or=2 men were affected by PRCA. Only one variant, Y424H in exon 11, was identified in more than two families. Exon 11 was then screened in nine additional AJ ICPCG families (a total of 85 families). The Y424H variant occurred in nine affected cases from four different families; however, it did not completely segregate with the disease. We performed bioinformatics analysis, which showed that Y424H is a non-conservative missense substitution that falls at a position that is invariant in vertebrate CHEK2 orthologs. Both SIFT and Align-GVGD predict that Y424H is a loss of function mutation. However, the frequency of Y424H was not significantly different between unselected AJ cases from Montreal/Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Centre (MSKCC) and AJ controls from Israel/MSKCC (OR 1.18, 95%CI: 0.34-4.61, p=.99). Moreover, functional assays using Saccharomyces cerevisiae revealed that the Y424H substitution did not alter function of CHEK2 protein. Although we cannot rule out a subtle influence of the CHEK2 variants on PRCA risk, these results suggest that germline CHEK2 mutations have a minor role in, if any, PRCA susceptibility in AJ men.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc D Tischkowitz
- Department of Oncology and Medical Genetics, Cancer Prevention Centre, E740, Sir MB Davis-Jewish General Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
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15
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Tischkowitz M, Sabbaghian N, Ray AM, Lange EM, Foulkes WD, Cooney KA. Analysis of the gene coding for the BRCA2-interacting protein PALB2 in hereditary prostate cancer. Prostate 2008; 68:675-8. [PMID: 18288683 PMCID: PMC2683627 DOI: 10.1002/pros.20729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The genetic basis of susceptibility to prostate cancer (PRCA) remains elusive. Mutations in BRCA2 have been associated with increased prostate cancer risk and account for around 2% of young onset (<56 years) prostate cancer cases. PALB2 is a recently identified breast cancer susceptibility gene whose protein is closely associated with BRCA2 and is essential for BRCA2 anchorage to nuclear structures. This functional relationship made PALB2 a candidate PRCA susceptibility gene. METHODS We sequenced PALB2 in probands from 95 PRCA families, 77 of which had two or more cases of early onset PRCA (age at diagnosis <55 years), and the remaining 18 had one case of early onset PRCA and five or more total cases of PRCA. RESULTS Two previously unreported variants, K18R and V925L were identified, neither of which is in a known PALB2 functional domain and both of which are unlikely to be pathogenic. No truncating mutations were identified. CONCLUSIONS These results indicate that deleterious PALB2 mutations are unlikely to play a significant role in hereditary prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Tischkowitz
- Programin Cancer Genetics, Departmentsof Oncology, Human Geneticsand Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Segal Cancer Centre, Sir M.B. Davis-Jewish General Hospital, Côte St-Catherine, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Nelly Sabbaghian
- Programin Cancer Genetics, Departmentsof Oncology, Human Geneticsand Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Segal Cancer Centre, Sir M.B. Davis-Jewish General Hospital, Côte St-Catherine, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Anna M. Ray
- Departments of Internal Medicine and Urology, Universityof Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Ethan M. Lange
- Departmentsof Geneticsand Biostatistics, Universityof North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - William D. Foulkes
- Programin Cancer Genetics, Departmentsof Oncology, Human Geneticsand Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Segal Cancer Centre, Sir M.B. Davis-Jewish General Hospital, Côte St-Catherine, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Research Institute, McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
- Correspondence to: Dr. William D. Foulkes, Cancer Prevention Centre, Segal Cancer Centre Sir M.B. Davis Jewish General Hospital, 3755 Côte St Catherine, Montréal, Quebec, Canada H3T 1E2. E-mail:
| | - Kathleen A. Cooney
- Departments of Internal Medicine and Urology, Universityof Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
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16
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Ostrander EA, Johannesson B. Prostate cancer susceptibility loci: finding the genes. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2008; 617:179-90. [PMID: 18497042 DOI: 10.1007/978-0-387-69080-3_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/06/2022]
Abstract
Studies to date suggest that PC is a genetically very heterogeneous disease. High-risk families, in which multiple men are affected likely, reflect the contributions of a number of genes, some that are rare and highly penetrant, while others are more common and weakly penetrant. In this review, we have discussed only the first type of loci, and found that the identification of such genomic regions is a formidable problem. Replication between seemingly similar data sets is weak, likely reflecting the older age of onset associated with the disease, the inability to collect affected individuals from more than two generations in a family, and the variation seen in disease presentation, in addition to the underlying locus heterogeneity. Indeed, the definition of PC is ever changing, as diagnostic criteria and tools for pinpointing early lesions improve. Are we making progress? Clearly the answer is yes. The ability to divide large data sets into homogenous subset of families likely to share common genetic under-pinnings has improved power to identify loci and reproducibility between loci is now more common. Indeed, several groups report linkage to loci on chromosomes 1, 17, 19, and 22. Key to our continued success is our ever increasing ability to understand the disease. Identifying the subset of men who are likely to get clinically significant disease is the goal of genetic studies like these, and identifying the underlying loci is the key for developing diagnostics. The willingness of the community to work together has been an important factor in the successes the community has enjoyed to date, and will likely be as important as we move forward to untangle the genetics of this complex and common disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elanie A Ostrander
- National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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17
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Fine mapping of familial prostate cancer families narrows the interval for a susceptibility locus on chromosome 22q12.3 to 1.36 Mb. Hum Genet 2007; 123:65-75. [PMID: 18066601 DOI: 10.1007/s00439-007-0451-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2007] [Accepted: 12/02/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Genetic studies suggest that hereditary prostate cancer is a genetically heterogeneous disease with multiple contributing loci. Studies of high-risk prostate cancer families selected for aggressive disease, analysis of large multigenerational families, and a meta-analysis from the International Consortium for Prostate Cancer Genetics (ICPCG), all highlight chromosome 22q12.3 as a susceptibility locus with strong statistical significance. Recently, two publications have narrowed the 22q12.3 locus to a 2.18 Mb interval using 54 high-risk families from the ICPCG collaboration, as defined by three recombination events on either side of the locus. In this paper, we present the results from fine mapping studies at 22q12.3 using both haplotype and recombination data from 42 high-risk families contributed from the Mayo Clinic and the Prostate Cancer Genetic Research Study (PROGRESS) mapping studies. No clear consensus interval is present when all families are used. However, in the subset of 14 families with >/=5 affected men per family, a 2.53-Mb shared consensus segment that overlaps with the previously published interval is identified. Combining these results with data from the earlier ICPCG study reduces the three-recombination interval at 22q12.3 to approximately 1.36 Mb.
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18
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Sun J, Turner A, Xu J, Grönberg H, Isaacs W. Genetic variability in inflammation pathways and prostate cancer risk. Urol Oncol 2007; 25:250-9. [PMID: 17483024 DOI: 10.1016/j.urolonc.2006.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Genetic susceptibility to prostate cancer has been consistently observed by a large number of studies. Recently, several pieces of evidence obtained from epidemiological and pathological studies support that chronic inflammation in prostate tissues may play a role in prostate cancer development. Multiple genes that play critical roles in inflammatory pathways have been associated with prostate cancer risk. In this article we review the key genetic findings of the associated genes. This includes 2 genes identified through family studies, ribonuclease L (RNASEL) and macrophage scavenger receptor 1 (MSR1), as well as a number of genes suggested by case-control studies, such as macrophage inhibitory cytokine-1 (MIC-1), interleukins (IL-8, IL-10), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), intercellular adhesion molecule (ICAM), and Toll-like receptors (TLR-4, TLR-1-6-10 gene cluster). Overall, recent studies seem to suggest multiple genes work together to increase prostate risk, and this is consistent with the reality that inflammation is a very complex process. Thus, future studies are expected to place an emphasis on the study of gene-gene interactions. Advances in high throughput genotyping, data mining, and algorithm development are needed in order to produce interpretable results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jielin Sun
- Center for Human Genomics, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
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19
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Cui J, Qian G. Selection of Working Correlation Structure and Best Model in GEE Analyses of Longitudinal Data. COMMUN STAT-SIMUL C 2007. [DOI: 10.1080/03610910701539617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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20
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Suuriniemi M, Agalliu I, Schaid DJ, Johanneson B, McDonnell SK, Iwasaki L, Stanford JL, Ostrander EA. Confirmation of a positive association between prostate cancer risk and a locus at chromosome 8q24. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2007; 16:809-14. [PMID: 17416775 DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-06-1049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Family-based linkage studies, association studies, and studies of tumors have highlighted human chromosome 8q as a genomic region of interest for prostate cancer susceptibility loci. Recently, a locus at 8q24, characterized by both a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) and a microsatellite marker, was shown to be associated with prostate cancer risk in Icelandic, Swedish, and U.S. samples. Although the data were provocative, the U.S. samples were not population based, which precludes assessment of the potential contribution of this locus to prostate cancer incidence in the United States. METHODS We analyzed both markers in a population-based, case-control study of middle-aged men from King County, Washington. RESULTS Overall, there was a significant positive association between the A allele of the SNP rs1447295 and prostate cancer risk [odds ratio, 1.4; 95% confidence interval (95% CI), 1.1-2.0] but no significant association with the microsatellite DG8S737. However, significant associations were observed for both markers in men with high Gleason scores. Adjusting for age, first-degree family history of prostate cancer, and prostate cancer screening history, the adjusted odds ratios were 1.4 (95% CI, 1.1-1.8) for the A allele of the SNP and 1.9 (95% CI, 1.2-2.8) for the -10 allele of the microsatellite. CONCLUSIONS These data suggest that the locus on chromosome 8q24 harbors a genetic variant associated with prostate cancer and that the microsatellite marker is a stronger risk factor for aggressive prostate cancers defined by poorly differentiated tumor morphology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miia Suuriniemi
- Cancer Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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21
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Mitra AV, Bancroft EK, Eeles RA. A review of targeted screening for prostate cancer: introducing the IMPACT Study. BJU Int 2007; 99:1350-5. [PMID: 17419707 DOI: 10.1111/j.1464-410x.2007.06759.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anita V Mitra
- Cancer Genetics, Institute of Cancer Research and Royal Marsden Hospital, London, UK.
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22
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Maier C, Vogel W. Genetik des Prostatakarzinoms. MED GENET-BERLIN 2007. [DOI: 10.1007/s11825-007-0010-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Zusammenfassung
Das Prostatakarzinom ist der häufigste maligne Tumor des Mannes, und es weist ätiologisch den größten genetischen Einfluss auf. Dennoch konnten bislang keine Gene identifiziert werden, die einen größeren Teil familiärer Fälle erklären und entsprechende Diagnostik ermöglichen. Keimbahnmutationen in 3 aus Kopplungsanalysen hervorgegangenen Genen (ELAC2, RNASEL, MSR1) sind zu selten und in ihrer Penetranz fraglich. Assoziationen zu diversen Genen sind meist schwach und nur für BRCA2 bzw. familiären Brustkrebs klinisch von Bedeutung. Infolge der extremen Heterogenität muss sich die genetische Beratung auf Risikoschätzungen aus dem Stammbaum stützen, wobei bereits ein betroffener Verwandter 1. Grades zu einem relevanten Risiko führt.
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Affiliation(s)
- C. Maier
- Aff1 grid.410712.1 Institut für Humangenetik Universitätsklinikum Ulm Albert-Einstein-Allee 11 89081 Ulm Deutschland
| | - W. Vogel
- Aff1 grid.410712.1 Institut für Humangenetik Universitätsklinikum Ulm Albert-Einstein-Allee 11 89081 Ulm Deutschland
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23
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Johanneson B, Deutsch K, McIntosh L, Friedrichsen-Karyadi DM, Janer M, Kwon EM, Iwasaki L, Hood L, Ostrander EA, Stanford JL. Suggestive genetic linkage to chromosome 11p11.2-q12.2 in hereditary prostate cancer families with primary kidney cancer. Prostate 2007; 67:732-42. [PMID: 17372923 DOI: 10.1002/pros.20528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Seattle-based PROGRESS study was started in 1995 to ascertain hereditary prostate cancer (HPC) families for studies of genetic susceptibility. Subsequent studies by several research groups, including our own, suggest that HPC is a genetically heterogeneous disease. To be successful in mapping loci for such a complex disease, one must consider ways of grouping families into subsets that likely share the same genetic origin. Towards that end, we analyzed a genome-wide scan of HPC families with primary kidney cancer. METHODS An 8.1 cM genome-wide scan including 441 microsatellite markers was analyzed by both parametric and non-parametric linkage approaches in fifteen HPC families with the co-occurrence of kidney cancer. RESULTS There was no evidence for significant linkage in the initial findings. However, two regions of suggestive linkage were observed at 11q12 and 4q21, with HLOD scores of 2.59 and 2.10, respectively. The primary result on chromosome 11 was strengthened after excluding two families with members who had rare transitional cell carcinoma (TCC). Specifically, we observed a non-parametric Kong and Cox P-value of 0.004 for marker D11S1290 at 11p11.2. The 8 cM region between 11p11.2 and 11q12.2 was refined by the addition of 16 new markers. The subset of HPC families with a median age of diagnosis >65 years demonstrated the strongest evidence for linkage, with an HLOD = 2.50. The P-values associated with non-parametric analysis ranged from 0.004 to 0.05 across five contiguous markers. CONCLUSIONS Analysis of HPC families with members diagnosed with primary renal cell carcinoma demonstrates suggestive linkage to chromosome 11p11.2-q12.2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Johanneson
- Cancer Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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24
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Pakkanen S, Baffoe-Bonnie AB, Matikainen MP, Koivisto PA, Tammela TLJ, Deshmukh S, Ou L, Bailey-Wilson JE, Schleutker J. Segregation analysis of 1,546 prostate cancer families in Finland shows recessive inheritance. Hum Genet 2007; 121:257-67. [PMID: 17203302 PMCID: PMC1945246 DOI: 10.1007/s00439-006-0310-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2006] [Accepted: 11/25/2006] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PCa) is the most frequently diagnosed cancer in men worldwide and is likely to be caused by a number of genes with different modes of inheritance, population frequencies and penetrance. The objective of this study was to assess the familial aggregation of PCa in a sample of 1,546 nuclear families ascertained through an affected father and diagnosed during 1988-1993, from the unique, founder population-based resource of the Finnish Cancer Registry. Segregation analysis was performed for two cohorts of 557 early-onset and 989 late-onset families evaluating residual paternal effects and assuming that age at diagnosis followed a logistic distribution after log-transformation. The results did not support an autosomal dominant inheritance as has been reported in many of the hospital-based prostatectomy series. Instead, it confirmed the existence of hereditary PCa in the Finnish population under a complex model that included a major susceptibility locus with Mendelian recessive inheritance and a significant paternal regressive coefficient that is indicative of a polygenic/multifactorial component. The strengths of our study are the homogenous Finnish population, large epidemiological population-based data, histologically confirmed cancer diagnosis done before the PSA-era in Finland and registry based approach. Our results support the evidence that the inheritance of PCa is controlled by major genes and are in line with the previous linkage studies. Moreover, this is the first time a recessive inheritance is suggested to fit PCa in all data even when divided to early and late-onset cohorts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanna Pakkanen
- Laboratory of Cancer Genetics, Institute of Medical Technology, University of Tampere and Tampere University Hospital, Biokatu 8, 33014 Tampere, Finland
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25
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Lange EM, Ho LA, Beebe-Dimmer JL, Wang Y, Gillanders EM, Trent JM, Lange LA, Wood DP, Cooney KA. Genome-wide linkage scan for prostate cancer susceptibility genes in men with aggressive disease: significant evidence for linkage at chromosome 15q12. Hum Genet 2006; 119:400-7. [PMID: 16508751 DOI: 10.1007/s00439-006-0149-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2005] [Accepted: 01/23/2006] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Epidemiological and twin studies have consistently demonstrated a strong genetic component to prostate cancer (PCa) susceptibility. To date, numerous linkage studies have been performed to identify chromosomal regions containing PCa susceptibility genes. Unfortunately, results from these studies have failed to form any obvious consensus regarding which regions are most likely to contain genes that may contribute to PCa predisposition. One plausible explanation for the difficulty in mapping susceptibility loci is the existence of considerable heterogeneity in the phenotype of PCa, with significant variation in clinical stage and grade of disease even among family members. To address this issue, we performed a genome-wide linkage scan on 71 informative families with two or more men with aggressive PCa. When only men with aggressive PCa were coded as affected, statistically significant evidence for linkage at chromosome 15q12 was detected (LOD=3.49; genome-wide p=0.005). Furthermore, the evidence for linkage increased when analyses were restricted to Caucasian-American pedigrees (n=65; LOD=4.05) and pedigrees with two confirmed aggressive cases (n=42, LOD=4.76). Interestingly, a 1-LOD support interval about our peak at 15q12 overlaps a region of suggestive linkage, 15q11, identified by a recent linkage study on 1,233 PCa families by the International Consortium for Prostate Cancer Genetics. Using a more rigid definition of PCa in linkage studies will result in a severe reduction in sample sizes available for study, but may ultimately prove to increase statistical power to detect susceptibility genes for this multigenic trait.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ethan M Lange
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina, 4300D MBRB, CB# 7264, 103 Mason Farm Road, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7264, USA.
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26
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Chang BL, Lange EM, Dimitrov L, Valis CJ, Gillanders EM, Lange LA, Wiley KE, Isaacs SD, Wiklund F, Baffoe-Bonnie A, Langefeld CD, Zheng SL, Matikainen MP, Ikonen T, Fredriksson H, Tammela T, Walsh PC, Bailey-Wilson JE, Schleutker J, Gronberg H, Cooney KA, Isaacs WB, Suh E, Trent JM, Xu J. Two-locus genome-wide linkage scan for prostate cancer susceptibility genes with an interaction effect. Hum Genet 2005; 118:716-24. [PMID: 16328469 DOI: 10.1007/s00439-005-0099-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2005] [Accepted: 09/26/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Prostate cancer represents a significant worldwide public health burden. Epidemiological and genetic epidemiological studies have consistently provided data supporting the existence of inherited prostate cancer susceptibility genes. Segregation analyses of prostate cancer suggest that a multigene model may best explain familial clustering of this disease. Therefore, modeling gene-gene interactions in linkage analysis may improve the power to detect chromosomal regions harboring these disease susceptibility genes. In this study, we systematically screened for prostate cancer linkage by modeling two-locus gene-gene interactions for all possible pairs of loci across the genome in 426 prostate cancer families from Johns Hopkins Hospital, University of Michigan, University of Umeå, and University of Tampere. We found suggestive evidence for an epistatic interaction for six sets of loci (target chromosome-wide/reference marker-specific P< or =0.0001). Evidence for these interactions was found in two independent subsets from within the 426 families. While the validity of these results requires confirmation from independent studies and the identification of the specific genes underlying this linkage evidence, our approach of systematically assessing gene-gene interactions across the entire genome represents a promising alternative approach for gene identification for prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bao-Li Chang
- Center for Human Genomics, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
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Abstract
The incidence of prostate cancer has increased in Japan recently and is developing into a life-threatening disease for many Japanese men. This is a result of several convergent factors including the adoption of a Western lifestyle, the widespread use of prostate-specific antigen (PSA) testing, and an increased population of advanced years in Japanese men. Although there is much information to date relating to molecular events underlying the etiology of prostate cancer, it is still unclear as to how and when these genetic alterations occur in each step of tumorigenesis. One fruitful area of investigation has been in the analysis of chromosomal abnormalities commonly observed in prostate cancer. However, no single candidate gene has been definitely identified in cancer initiation and/or progression; in addition, less research has been devoted to understanding the molecular events that underlie tumor histogenesis in terms of likely precursor lesions, such as prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (PIN). This article reviews the current knowledge of the molecular pathology of prostate cancer, including its histogenesis, genetic and epigenetic alterations, and hereditary factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noboru Konishi
- Department of Pathology, Nara Medical University School of Medicine, Nara, Japan.
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Maier C, Herkommer K, Hoegel J, Vogel W, Paiss T. A genomewide linkage analysis for prostate cancer susceptibility genes in families from Germany. Eur J Hum Genet 2005; 13:352-60. [PMID: 15536476 DOI: 10.1038/sj.ejhg.5201333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer is a complex disease with a substantial genetic contribution involved in the disease risk. Several genomewide linkage studies conducted so far have demonstrated a strong heterogeneity of susceptibility. In order to assess candidate regions that are particularly relevant for the German population, we performed a genomewide linkage search on 139 prostate cancer families. A nonparametric method (Zlr scores), using GENEHUNTERPLUS, was applied at 500 markers (panel P1400, deCODE), with an average spacing of 7.25 cM. In the entire family collection, linkage was most evident at 8p22 (Zlr=2.47, P=0.0068), close to the previously identified susceptibility gene MSR1. Further local maxima with Zlr>2 (P<0.025) were observed at 1q, 5q and 15q. In a subgroup of 47 families, which matched the Johns Hopkins criteria of hereditary prostate cancer, suggestive linkage was found on 1p31 (Zlr=3.37, P=0.00038), a previously not described candidate region. The remaining 92 pedigrees, with no strong disease history, revealed a maximum Zlr=3.15 (P=0.00082) at 8q13, possibly indicating a gene with reduced penetrance or recessive inheritance. Our results suggest pronounced locus heterogeneity of prostate cancer susceptibility in Germany. In the present study population, the MSR1 gene could play a significant role. Other conspicuous loci, like 1p31 and 8q13, need further investigation in order to verify their relevance and to identify candidate genes.
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Hope Q, Bullock S, Evans C, Meitz J, Hamel N, Edwards SM, Severi G, Dearnaley D, Jhavar S, Southgate C, Falconer A, Dowe A, Muir K, Houlston RS, Engert JC, Roquis D, Sinnett D, Simard J, Heimdal K, Møller P, Maehle L, Badzioch M, Eeles RA, Easton DF, English DR, Southey MC, Hopper JL, Foulkes WD, Giles GG. Macrophage scavenger receptor 1 999C>T (R293X) mutation and risk of prostate cancer. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2005; 14:397-402. [PMID: 15734964 DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-04-0202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Variants in the gene encoding the macrophage scavenger receptor 1 (MSR1(4)) protein have been identified in men with prostate cancer, and several small studies have suggested that the 999C>T (R293X) protein-truncating mutation may be associated with an increased risk for this disease. METHODS Using large case-control, cohort, and prostate cancer family studies conducted in several Western countries, we tested for the 999C>T mutation in 2,943 men with invasive prostate carcinoma, including 401 males from multiple-case families, 1,982 cases unselected for age, and 575 men diagnosed before the age of 56 years, and in 2,870 male controls. Risk ratios were estimated by unconditional logistic regression adjusting for country and by a modified segregation analysis. A meta-analysis was conducted pooling our data with published data. RESULTS The prevalence of MSR1*999C>T mutation carriers was 0.027 (SE, 0.003) in cases and 0.022 (SE, 0.002) in controls, and did not differ by country, ethnicity, or source. The adjusted risk ratio for prostate cancer associated with being a 999C>T carrier was 1.31 [95% confidence interval (CI), 0.93-1.84; P = 0.16]. The modified segregation analysis estimated the risk ratio to be 1.20 (95% CI, 0.87-1.66; P = 0.16). The risk ratio estimated from the meta-analysis was 1.34 (95% CI, 0.94-1.89; P = 0.10). CONCLUSION Our large-scale analysis of case and controls from several countries found no evidence that the 999C>T mutation is associated with increased risk of prostate cancer. The meta-analysis suggests it is unlikely that this mutation confers more than a 2-fold increased risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Questa Hope
- Translational Cancer Genetics Team, Section of Cancer Genetics and Urology Unit, Male Urological Centre and Institute of Cancer Research and Royal Marsden NHS Trust, Surrey, United Kingdom
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Schaid DJ, Chang BL. Description of the International Consortium For Prostate Cancer Genetics, and failure to replicate linkage of hereditary prostate cancer to 20q13. Prostate 2005; 63:276-90. [PMID: 15599943 DOI: 10.1002/pros.20198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The International Consortium for Prostate Cancer Genetics (ICPCG) is an international collaborative effort to pool pedigrees with hereditary prostate cancer (PC) in order to replicate linkage findings for PC. A strength of the ICPCG is the large number of well-characterized pedigrees, allowing linkage analyses within large subsets. Given the heterogeneity and complexity of PC, the historical difficulties of synthesizing different studies reporting positive and negative linkage replication, and the use of different statistical analysis methods and different stratification criteria, the ICPCG provides a valuable resource to evaluate linkage for hereditary PC. To date, linkage of chromosome 20 (HPC20) to hereditary PC has been one of the strongest linkage signals, yet the efforts to replicate this linkage have been limited. This paper reports a linkage analysis of chromosome 20 markers for 1,234 pedigrees with multiple cases of PC ascertained through the ICPCG, and represents the most thorough attempt to confirm or refute linkage to chromosome 20. From the original 158 Mayo pedigrees in which linkage was detected, the maximum heterogeneity LOD (HLOD) score, under a recessive model, was 2.78. In contrast, for the 1,076 pedigrees not included in the original study, the maximum HLOD score (recessive model) was 0.06. Although, a few small linkage signals for chromosome 20 were found in various strata of this pooled analysis, this large study failed to replicate linkage to HPC20. This study illustrates the value of the ICPCG family collection to evaluate reported linkage signals and suggests that the HPC20 region does not make a major contribution to PC susceptibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J Schaid
- Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
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Larson GP, Ding Y, Cheng LSC, Lundberg C, Gagalang V, Rivas G, Geller L, Weitzel J, MacDonald D, Archambeau J, Slater J, Neuberg D, Daly MB, Angel I, Benson AB, Smith K, Kirkwood JM, O'Dwyer PJ, Raskay B, Sutphen R, Drew R, Stewart JA, Werndli J, Johnson D, Ruckdeschel JC, Elston RC, Krontiris TG. Genetic Linkage of Prostate Cancer Risk to the Chromosome 3 Region Bearing FHIT. Cancer Res 2005. [DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.805.65.3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
We conducted linkage analysis of 80 candidate genes in 201 brother pairs affected with prostatic adenocarcinoma. Markers representing two adjacent candidate genes on chromosome 3p, CDC25A and FHIT, showed suggestive evidence for linkage with single-point identity-by-descent allele-sharing statistics. Fine-structure multipoint linkage analysis yielded a maximum LOD score of 3.17 (P = 0.00007) at D3S1234 within FHIT intron 5. For a subgroup of 38 families in which three or more affected brothers were reported, the LOD score was 3.83 (P = 0.00001). Further analysis reported herein suggested a recessive mode of inheritance. Association testing of 16 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) spanning a 381-kb interval surrounding D3S1234 in 202 cases of European descent with 143 matched, unrelated controls revealed significant evidence for association between case status and the A allele of single nucleotide polymorphism rs760317, located within intron 5 of FHIT (Pearson's χ2 = 8.54, df = 1, P = 0.0035). Our results strongly suggest involvement of germline variations of FHIT in prostate cancer risk.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yan Ding
- 1Divisions of Molecular Medicine and
| | - Li S-C. Cheng
- 2Information Sciences, Beckman Research Institute and
| | | | | | | | | | - Jeffrey Weitzel
- 1Divisions of Molecular Medicine and
- 3Department of Cancer Genetics, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, California
| | - Deborah MacDonald
- 3Department of Cancer Genetics, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, California
| | - John Archambeau
- 4Department of Radiation Medicine, Loma Linda University Medical Center, Loma Linda, California
| | - Jerry Slater
- 4Department of Radiation Medicine, Loma Linda University Medical Center, Loma Linda, California
| | - Donna Neuberg
- 5Division of Biostatistics, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School and Department of Biostatistics, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Mary B. Daly
- 6Department of Population Science, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Irene Angel
- 6Department of Population Science, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Al B. Benson
- 7Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology and
| | - Kimberly Smith
- 8Clinical Research Office, Robert J. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - John M. Kirkwood
- 9Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Peter J. O'Dwyer
- 10Department of Medicine, Hematology-Oncology Division, University of Pennsylvania Cancer Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Barbara Raskay
- 10Department of Medicine, Hematology-Oncology Division, University of Pennsylvania Cancer Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Rebecca Sutphen
- 11Interdisciplinary Oncology Program, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida
| | - Rosalind Drew
- 11Interdisciplinary Oncology Program, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida
| | - James A. Stewart
- 12University of Wisconsin Comprehensive Cancer Center and University of Wisconsin School of Medicine, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Jae Werndli
- 12University of Wisconsin Comprehensive Cancer Center and University of Wisconsin School of Medicine, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - David Johnson
- 13Division of Hematology & Oncology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee
| | | | - Robert C. Elston
- 15Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Case Western Reserve University, Metro Health Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio
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Abstract
Prostate cancer is a heterogeneous disease with multiple loci contributing to susceptibility. Traditionally, genome-wide scans using high-risk families have utilized stratification by number of affected individuals, family history of other cancers, or family age at diagnosis to improve genetic homogeneity. In addition to locus heterogeneity, for later onset diseases such as prostate cancer, a major limitation to mapping efforts is that key parental DNA samples are rarely available. The lack of available samples from upper generations reduces inheritance information, and as a result, the standard 10-cM genome scan does not provide full power to detect linkage. To increase the ability to find disease-associated loci, much denser genome-wide scans must be undertaken in multiple ethnic groups. In addition, new ways of defining homogenous subsets of families need to be developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elaine A Ostrander
- Division of Clinical Research1, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington 98109-1024, USA.
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McKay JD, Thompson D, Lesueur F, Stankov K, Pastore A, Watfah C, Strolz S, Riccabona G, Moncayo R, Romeo G, Goldgar DE. Evidence for interaction between the TCO and NMTC1 loci in familial non-medullary thyroid cancer. J Med Genet 2004; 41:407-12. [PMID: 15173224 PMCID: PMC1735809 DOI: 10.1136/jmg.2003.017350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Familial non-medullary thyroid cancer (fNMTC) is a complex genetic disorder that is more aggressive than its sporadic counterpart. Thus far, three genetic loci have been implicated in susceptibility to fNMTC by linkage analysis. METHODS We used linkage analysis to test the significance of two of the known susceptibility loci for fNMTC, TCO on 19p13 and NMTC1 on 2q21 in 10 fNMTC families, nine of which present with cell oxyphilia, a rare histological phenotype associated with TCO. Furthermore, we used two-locus linkage analysis to examine the possibility that the TCO and NMTC1 loci interact to increase the risk of NMTC. RESULTS The 10 families provided evidence for linkage at both TCO and NMTC, with LOD scores of 1.56 and 2.85, respectively. Two-locus linkage analysis, using a multiplicative risk model for the development of NMTC, achieved a maximum LOD of 3.92, with an LOD of 4.51 when assuming 70% of families were linked, indicating that the segregation in these families is consistent with an interaction model. Most of this evidence came from a large Tyrolean family that singularly achieved a two-locus LOD of 3.21. CONCLUSIONS These results provide further evidence that susceptibility genes for fNMTC exist at 19p13 and 2q21, and furthermore, raise the possibility that in a subset of fNMTC pedigrees, these loci interact resulting in significantly increased risk of NMTC for patients that carry both susceptibility loci.
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Affiliation(s)
- J D McKay
- Menzies Center for Population Health Research, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
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34
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Edwards SM, Eeles RA. Unravelling the genetics of prostate cancer. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL GENETICS PART C-SEMINARS IN MEDICAL GENETICS 2004; 129C:65-73. [PMID: 15264274 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.c.30027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
This review describes what is currently known about the genetics of prostate cancer. Traditionally, the genetics of a suspected inherited cancer predisposition have generally been thought of in terms of a single, high-risk gene with a dominant mode of inheritance. Such a gene might be observed in families, as has been documented in familial breast cancer (BRCA1/2), familial colorectal cancer (HNPCC), retinoblastoma (RB1), and Wilms tumor (WT1). This review investigates the evidence for the existence, first of familial prostate cancer, and second, for the presence of such a high-risk gene in those families by epidemiological and experimental approaches. Another current area of interest in prostate cancer is the investigation of the contribution of common lower penetrance genes to the disease. This alternative approach has become popular, as it raises the issue of frequently seen genetic variations such as single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) having relevance to the risk of developing the disease. Finally, this article will explore the way forward, with emphasis on worldwide collaboration from teams attempting to find the genes responsible for the disease and investment in new technologies that will aid in their discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen M Edwards
- Translational Cancer Genetics Team, Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton, Surrey SM2 5NG, UK
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35
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Gillanders EM, Xu J, Chang BL, Lange EM, Wiklund F, Bailey-Wilson JE, Baffoe-Bonnie A, Jones M, Gildea D, Riedesel E, Albertus J, Isaacs SD, Wiley KE, Mohai CE, Matikainen MP, Tammela TLJ, Zheng SL, Brown WM, Rökman A, Carpten JD, Meyers DA, Walsh PC, Schleutker J, Gronberg H, Cooney KA, Isaacs WB, Trent JM. Combined genome-wide scan for prostate cancer susceptibility genes. J Natl Cancer Inst 2004; 96:1240-7. [PMID: 15316059 DOI: 10.1093/jnci/djh228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prostate cancer represents a substantial public health burden worldwide. It is the second leading cause of cancer death among men in the United States. A family history of the disease is among the most well-established risk factors for prostate cancer. Efforts to localize prostate cancer susceptibility alleles by using genetic linkage analysis methods have been hindered by genetic heterogeneity, incomplete penetrance, disease phenocopies, and the lack of DNA samples from parents of individuals with late-onset prostate cancer. METHODS We performed a combined genome-wide linkage analysis among 426 families from four existing hereditary prostate cancer (HPC) study populations to systematically search for prostate cancer susceptibility genes. To decrease the degree of locus heterogeneity, we analyzed subsets of families with similar clinical and demographic characteristics. Nonparametric multipoint linkage was the primary method of analysis. Results are presented as allele-sharing logarithm of the odds (LOD) scores, and all reported P values are two-sided. RESULTS The strongest evidence for prostate cancer linkage was found at chromosome region 17q22 (nonparametric multipoint Kong and Cox allele-sharing LOD score = 3.16 at marker D17S787; P =.00007). Stratified analyses revealed several additional chromosomal regions that are likely to segregate prostate cancer susceptibility genes among specific subsets of HPC families, including 15q11 among families with late-onset disease (allele-sharing LOD = 5.57 at marker D15S128; P<.00001) and 4q35 among families with four or more affected family members (allele-sharing LOD = 3.10 at marker D4S1615; P =.00008). CONCLUSION Fine mapping studies to facilitate identification of prostate cancer susceptibility genes in these linked regions are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth M Gillanders
- National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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36
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Kommu S, Edwards S, Eeles R. The clinical genetics of prostate cancer. Hered Cancer Clin Pract 2004; 2:111-21. [PMID: 20233465 PMCID: PMC4392519 DOI: 10.1186/1897-4287-2-3-111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2004] [Accepted: 07/27/2004] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer is the most common cancer in men and the second highest cause of cancer-related mortality in the U.K. A genetic component in predisposition to prostate cancer has been recognized for decades. One of the strongest epidemiological risk factors for prostate cancer is a positive family history. The hunt for the genes that predispose to prostate cancer in families has been the focus of many research groups worldwide for the past 10 years. Both epidemiological and twin studies support a role for genetic predisposition to prostate cancer. Familial cancer loci have been found, but the genes that cause familial prostate cancer remain largely elusive. Unravelling the genetics of prostate cancer is challenging and is likely to involve the analysis of numerous predisposition genes. Current evidence supports the hypothesis that excess familial risk of prostate cancer could be due to the inheritance of multiple moderate-risk genetic variants. Although research on hereditary prostate cancer has improved our knowledge of the genetic aetiology of the disease, a lot of questions still remain unanswered. This article explores the current evidence that there is a genetic component to the aetiology of prostate cancer and attempts to put into context the diverse findings that have been shown to be possibly associated with the development of hereditary prostate cancer. Linkage searches over the last decade are summarised. It explores issues as to why understanding the genetics of prostate cancer has been so difficult and why despite this, it is still a major focus of research. Finally, current and future management strategies of men with Hereditary Prostate Cancer (HPC) are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sashi Kommu
- Reader in Clinical Cancer Genetics, Translational Cancer Genetics Team, Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton, UK.
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37
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Jonsson BA, Adami HO, Hägglund M, Bergh A, Göransson I, Stattin P, Wiklund F, Grönberg H. -160C/A polymorphism in the E-cadherin gene promoter and risk of hereditary, familial and sporadic prostate cancer. Int J Cancer 2004; 109:348-52. [PMID: 14961571 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.11629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The E-cadherin (CDH1) gene has been associated with prostate carcinogenesis. The C/A polymorphism--160 base pairs relative to the transcription start site has been shown to decrease gene transcription. We analyzed the association between this polymorphism and the risk of sporadic, familial (2 close relatives) and hereditary (3 or more close relatives) prostate cancer. We combined data from 3 population-based epidemiologic studies in Sweden encompassing altogether 1,036 prostate cancer cases and 669 controls that were genotyped for the short nucleotide polymorphism. Odds ratios with 95% confidence intervals were estimated through unconditional logistic regression. We found no significant association between the A-allele and sporadic (OR = 1.0; 95% CI = 0.8-1.2) or familial (OR = 1.4; 95% CI = 0.9-2.2) prostate cancer. In contrast, risk of hereditary cancer was increased among heterozygote CA carriers (OR = 1.7; 95% CI = 1.0-2.7) and particularly among homozygote AA carriers (OR = 2.6; 95% CI = 1.4-4.9). Our data indicate that the -160 single nucleotide polymorphism in CDH1 is a low-penetrant prostate cancer susceptibility gene that might explain a proportion of familial and notably hereditary prostate cancer.
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38
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Friedrichsen DM, Stanford JL, Isaacs SD, Janer M, Chang BL, Deutsch K, Gillanders E, Kolb S, Wiley KE, Badzioch MD, Zheng SL, Walsh PC, Jarvik GP, Hood L, Trent JM, Isaacs WB, Ostrander EA, Xu J. Identification of a prostate cancer susceptibility locus on chromosome 7q11-21 in Jewish families. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2004; 101:1939-44. [PMID: 14769943 PMCID: PMC357031 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0308336100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Results from over a dozen prostate cancer susceptibility genome-wide scans, encompassing some 1,500 hereditary prostate cancer families, indicate that prostate cancer is an extremely heterogeneous disease with multiple loci contributing to overall susceptibility. In an attempt to reduce locus heterogeneity, we performed a genomewide linkage scan for prostate cancer susceptibility genes with 36 Jewish families, which represent a stratification of hereditary prostate cancer families with potentially increased locus homogeneity. The 36 Jewish families represent a combined dataset of 17 Jewish families from the Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center-based Prostate Cancer Genetic Research Study dataset and 19 Ashkenazi Jewish families collected at Johns Hopkins University. All available family members, including 94 affected men, were genotyped at markers distributed across the genome with an average interval of <10 centimorgans. Nonparametric multipoint linkage analyses were the primary approach, although parametric analyses were performed as well. Our strongest signal was a significant linkage peak at 7q11-21, with a nonparametric linkage (NPL) score of 3.01 (P = 0.0013). Simulations indicated that this corresponds to a genomewide empirical P = 0.006. All other regions had NPL P values >/=0.02. After genotyping additional markers within the 7q11-21 peak, the NPL score increased to 3.35 (P = 0.0004) at D7S634 with an allele-sharing logarithm of odds of 3.12 (P = 0.00007). These studies highlight the utility of analyzing defined sets of families with a common origin for reducing locus heterogeneity problems associated with studying complex traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle M Friedrichsen
- Divisions of Clinical Research and Human Biology and Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
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39
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Verhage BAJ, Aben KKH, Witjes JA, Straatman H, Schalken JA, Kiemeney LALM. Site-specific familial aggregation of prostate cancer. Int J Cancer 2004; 109:611-7. [PMID: 14991584 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.20015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Over the last decade, epidemiologic evidence has accumulated in favor of a significant but heterogeneous hereditary component in prostate cancer (PC) susceptibility. In order to map and clone PC susceptibility genes, stratification of PC families into genetically homogeneous groups appears to be a key issue. Subset definition based on age at diagnosis, presumed mode of inheritance, number of affecteds per family and coaggregation of PC with other cancers has already proven successful in some studies. Previously, the finding of the coaggregation of malignancies of the central nervous system within PC families helped to link a prostate-brain cancer susceptibility gene (CAPB) to chromosome 1p36. In this study, we evaluate the risk of PC and malignancies at other sites among first-degree relatives of a large population-based group of Dutch PC patients. A population-based family case-control study was initiated that included Caucasian PC patients newly diagnosed between July 1996 and December 1999. Information on 12,575 first-degree relatives of 704 PC patients and 1,371 controls was collected through postal questionnaires and telephone interviews. All reported PC in first-degree relatives was verified through medical records. In our population, PC has a strong familial component that is reflected by a 2.9-fold increased risk (95% CI = 2.2-3.9) of PC for first-degree relatives of PC patients. This familial risk was somewhat higher among brothers (hazard ratio = 3.9; 95% CI = 2.4-6.4) compared to fathers (hazard ratio = 2.5; 95% CI = 1.7-3.6). Cancers at other sites did not coaggregate with PC. Our data suggest that familial PC, at least in this Western European population, is site-specific, not part of an inherited cancer syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bas A J Verhage
- Center for Prevention and Health Services Research (PZO), National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, The Netherlands.
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40
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Hemminki K, Li X. Familial risks of cancer as a guide to gene identification and mode of inheritance. Int J Cancer 2004; 110:291-4. [PMID: 15069696 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.20107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Occurrence of cancer in parents and offspring may be due to dominant causes, whereas cancer affecting only siblings may indicate a recessive causation. Systematic comparisons of mode of inheritance have not been available for most types of cancer. Using the Swedish Family-Cancer Database, standardized incidence ratios (SIR) were calculated for offspring whose parents or siblings were diagnosed with the same cancer. The degree of environmental causation was assessed by spouse correlation and by comparing risks among siblings of different ages. We identified reliable familial risks for all common neoplasms, SIRs ranging from 1.6 to 4.3 when only a parent was affected and up to 8.5 when only a sibling was effected. Risks between siblings were particularly high for renal cancer. Spouse correlation was found only for lung and stomach cancer, but the analysis of sibling risks by their age difference suggested that even for some other cancers environmental effects in childhood may contribute to familial aggregation. The results from these analysis suggest that familial cluster of cancer at most sites is heritable, caused by dominant effects; for renal cancer recessive effects may be most important.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kari Hemminki
- Division of Molecular Genetic Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.
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Abstract
A genetic component in prostate cancer has been recognized since decades. Through numerous epidemiological and molecular biological studies, much evidence has accumulated in favor of a significant but heterogeneous hereditary component in prostate cancer (PCa) susceptibility. Since the mapping of a high-penetrant PCa susceptibility locus at 1q24-25, much attention has been paid to the identification of PCa susceptibility genes. So far, seven loci have been mapped, and at three of these loci, genes have been cloned and mutations identified. Yet their role in hereditary and sporadic disease is still under debate and probably very modest. Although research on hereditary prostate cancer has improved our knowledge of the genetic etiology of the disease, still a lot of questions remain unanswered. Here, we aim to review the genetic epidemiological and molecular biological research in the field of hereditary prostate cancer and the problems that are encountered with this research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bas A J Verhage
- Department of Epidemiology and Urology (252 EPIB), University Medical Centre, St. Radboud, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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Bruner DW, Moore D, Parlanti A, Dorgan J, Engstrom P. Relative risk of prostate cancer for men with affected relatives: systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Cancer 2003; 107:797-803. [PMID: 14566830 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.11466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
An increased risk of prostate cancer associated with a family history of prostate cancer has been documented in multiple published reports. Risk has been shown to vary by degree of relationship and age of onset of disease in the affected relative. Several studies, using various designs, have estimated the relative risk (RR) for these associations. The purpose of our study was to identify and summarize published reports on the relationship between risk of prostate cancer and family history, which is defined as having a father, brother, any first- or second-degree relative or other relative affected with prostate cancer. A Medline and manual search from 1982 to 2000 identified 24 studies that reported RR and confidence intervals (CI) and satisfied inclusion criteria. Pooled RR estimates based upon a weighted average model were as follows: any affected family member RR = 1.93, CI 1.65-2.26; affected first-degree relative RR = 2.22, CI 2.06-2.40; affected second-degree relative RR = 1.88, CI 1.54-2.30; father with prostate cancer RR = 2.12, CI 1.82-2.51; and brother with prostate cancer RR = 2.87, CI 2.21-3.73). Statistical comparison of pooled data demonstrated that the RR is significantly higher for affected brother than for affected father (p < 0.03). A sensitivity analysis demonstrated that these results are robust with respect to population bias. This meta-analysis confirms that risk of prostate cancer is associated with family history of disease and improves the quantification of this risk.
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Easton DF, Schaid DJ, Whittemore AS, Isaacs WJ. Where are the prostate cancer genes?--A summary of eight genome wide searches. Prostate 2003; 57:261-9. [PMID: 14601022 DOI: 10.1002/pros.10300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is strong evidence for genetic susceptibility to prostate cancer, but most of the genes underlying this susceptibility remain to be identified. METHODS We reviewed the results of eight genome-wide linkage searches based on 1,293 families with multiple cases of prostate cancer. RESULTS Across these studies, 11 linkage peaks with LOD scores in excess of 2 were identified. However, no chromosomal region was reported as significant at this level by more than one study and only one corresponded to a peak previously suggested by another group. CONCLUSIONS These results indicate that prostate cancer is genetically complex, and that combined analyses of large family sets will be required to evaluate reliably the linkage evidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas F Easton
- Cancer Research U.K. Genetic Epidemiology Unit, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Strangeways Research Laboratory, Worts Causeway, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
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Janer M, Friedrichsen DM, Stanford JL, Badzioch MD, Kolb S, Deutsch K, Peters MA, Goode EL, Welti R, DeFrance HB, Iwasaki L, Li S, Hood L, Ostrander EA, Jarvik GP. Genomic scan of 254 hereditary prostate cancer families. Prostate 2003; 57:309-19. [PMID: 14601027 DOI: 10.1002/pros.10305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Hereditary prostate cancer (HPC) is a genetically heterogeneous disease, complicating efforts to map and clone susceptibility loci. We have used stratification of a large dataset of 254 HPC families in an effort to improve power to detect HPC loci and to understand what types of family features may improve locus identification. The strongest result is that of a dominant locus at 6p22.3 (heterogeneity LOD (HLOD) = 2.51), the evidence for which is increased by consideration of the age of PC onset (HLOD = 3.43 in 214 families with median age-of-onset 56-72 years) and co-occurrence of primary brain cancer (HLOD = 2.34 in 21 families) in the families. Additional regions for which we observe modest evidence for linkage include chromosome 7q and 17p. Only weak evidence of several previously implicated HPC regions is detected. These analyses support the existence of multiple HPC loci, whose presence may be best identified by analyses of large, including pooled, datasets which consider locus heterogeneity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Janer
- Institute for Systems Biology, Seattle, Washington, USA
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45
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Edwards S, Meitz J, Eles R, Evans C, Easton D, Hopper J, Giles G, Foulkes WD, Narod S, Simard J, Badzioch M, Mahle L. Results of a genome-wide linkage analysis in prostate cancer families ascertained through the ACTANE consortium. Prostate 2003; 57:270-9. [PMID: 14601023 DOI: 10.1002/pros.10301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aggregation of prostate cancer within families suggests a major inherited component to the disease. Genetic linkage studies have identified several chromosomal regions that may contain prostate cancer susceptibility loci, but none has been definitively implicated. METHODS We performed a genome-wide linkage search based on 64 families, 63 with at least 3 cases of prostate cancer, ascertained in five countries. The majority of cases from these centers presented with clinically detected disease. Four hundred and one polymorphic markers were typed in 268 individuals. Multipoint heterogeneity analysis was conducted under three models of susceptibility; non-parametric analyses were also performed. RESULTS Some weak evidence of linkage, under at least one of the genetic models, was observed to markers on chromosomes 2 (heterogeneity LOD (HLOD) = 1.15, P = 0.021), 3 (HLOD = 1.25, P = 0.016), 4 (HLOD = 1.28, P = 0.015), 5 (HLOD = 1.20, P = 0.019), 6 (HLOD = 1.41, P = 0.011), and 11 (HLOD = 1.24, P = 0.018), and in two regions on chromosome 18 (HLOD = 1.40, P = 0.011 and HLOD = 1.34, P = 0.013). There were no HLOD scores greater than 1.5 under any model, and no locus would be predicted to explain more than half of the genetic effect. No evidence in favor of linkage to previously suggested regions on chromosomes 1, 8, 17, 20, or X was found. CONCLUSIONS Genetic susceptibility to prostate cancer is likely to be controlled by many loci, with no single gene explaining a large fraction of the familial risk. Pooling of results from all available genome scans is likely to be required to obtain definitive linkage results.
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Cunningham JM, McDonnell SK, Marks A, Hebbring S, Anderson SA, Peterson BJ, Slager S, French A, Blute ML, Schaid DJ, Thibodeau SN. Genome linkage screen for prostate cancer susceptibility loci: results from the Mayo Clinic Familial Prostate Cancer Study. Prostate 2003; 57:335-46. [PMID: 14601030 DOI: 10.1002/pros.10308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Prostate cancer is one of the most common cancers among men and has long been recognized to occur in familial clusters. Brothers and sons of affected men have a twofold to threefold increased risk of developing prostate cancer. However, identification of genetic susceptibility loci for prostate cancer has been extremely difficult. Several putative loci identified by genetic linkage have been reported to exist on chromosomes 1 (HPC1, PCAP, and CAPB), X (HPCX), 17 (HPC2), and 20 (HPC20), with genes RNASEL (HPC1) and ELAC2 (HPC2) tentatively defined. In this study, we report our genome linkage scan in 160 prostate cancer families, using the ABI Prism Linkage Mapping Set Version 2 with 402 microsatellite markers. The most significant linkage was found for chromosome 20, with a recessive model heterogeneity LOD score (HLOD) of 4.77, and a model-free LOD score (LOD - ZLR) of 3.46 for the entire group of pedigrees. Linkage for chromosome 20 was most prominent among families with a late age of diagnosis (average age at diagnosis >/= 66 years; maximum LOD - ZLR = 2.82), with <5 affected family members (LOD - ZLR = 3.02), with presence of hereditary prostate cancer (LOD - ZLR = 2.81), or with no male-to-male transmission of disease (LOD - ZLR = 3.84). No other chromosome showed significant evidence for linkage. However, chromosomes 6 and X showed suggestive results, with maximum LOD - ZLR values of 1.38 and 1.36, respectively. Subset analyses suggest additional chromosomal regions worth further follow-up.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie M Cunningham
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic/Foundation, Rochester, Minnesota 55905, USA
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Bevan S, Edwards SM, Ardern Jones A, Dowe A, Southgate C, Dearnaley D, Easton DF, Houlston RS, Eeles RA. Germline mutations in fumarate hydratase (FH) do not predispose to prostate cancer. Prostate Cancer Prostatic Dis 2003; 6:12-4. [PMID: 12664059 DOI: 10.1038/sj.pcan.4500616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2002] [Accepted: 06/13/2002] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Inherited susceptibility to prostate cancer has been linked to a number of chromosomal regions, however no genes have been unequivocally shown to underlie reported linkages. The putative gene localised to chromosome 1q42-q43, has been designated PCaP. We have recently shown that germline mutations in the fumarate hydratase (FH) gene located on 1q43 cause smooth muscle tumours and renal cell carcinoma. It is conceivable that germline FH mutations might confer an increased risk of prostate cancer and underlie linkage of prostate cancer to PCaP. To examine this proposition we have analysed the entire coding region of FH in 160 prostate cancer cases in 77 multiple case families. No pathogenic mutations in FH were identified in any of the cases. This data makes it highly unlikely that mutations in FH confer susceptibility to prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Bevan
- Molecular and Population Genetics Team, Section of Cancer Genetics, Institute of Cancer Research and Royal Marsden NHS Trust, Sutton, Surrey, UK
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48
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Affiliation(s)
- William G Nelson
- Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA.
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49
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Conlon EM, Goode EL, Gibbs M, Stanford JL, Badzioch M, Janer M, Kolb S, Hood L, Ostrander EA, Jarvik GP, Wijsman EM. Oligogenic segregation analysis of hereditary prostate cancer pedigrees: evidence for multiple loci affecting age at onset. Int J Cancer 2003; 105:630-5. [PMID: 12740911 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.11128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies have suggested strong evidence for a hereditary component to prostate cancer (PC) susceptibility. Here, we analyze 3,796 individuals in 263 PC families recruited as part of the ongoing Prostate Cancer Genetic Research Study (PROGRESS). We use Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) oligogenic segregation analysis to estimate the number of quantitative trait loci (QTLs) and their contribution to the variance in age at onset of hereditary PC (HPC). We estimate 2 covariate effects: diagnosis of PC before and after prostate-specific antigen (PSA) test availability, and presence/absence of at least 1 blood relative with primary neuroepithelial brain cancer (BC). We find evidence that 2 to 3 QTLs contribute to the variance in age at onset of HPC. The 2 QTLs with the largest contribution to the total variance are both effectively dominant loci. We find that the covariate for diagnosis before and after PSA test availability is important. Our findings for the number of QTLs contributing to HPC and the variance contribution of these QTLs will be instructive in mapping and identifying these genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin M Conlon
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Box 357720, Seattle, WA 98195-7720, USA
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Hsu L, Li H, Houwing-Duistermaat JJ. A method for incorporating ages at onset in affected sibpair linkage studies. Hum Hered 2003; 54:1-12. [PMID: 12446982 DOI: 10.1159/000066693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Data with varying age at disease onset arise frequently in studies of mapping disease associated genes. Naively combining affected subjects with different ages at onset may result in a much reduced power in detecting the disease genes. In this paper we present a weighted score test statistic to detect the linkage between marker and latent disease loci using affected sibpairs, where the weight is used for assigning differential contribution due to the varying age at onset of each affected sibpair to the test statistic. We show that the weighted test has a correct type I error rate asymptotically. For an illustrative purpose, we analyze a data set from the 12th Genetic Analysis Workshop. The result shows that the weighted tests appear to be able to pinpoint the location of latent disease genes better than the mean IBD test with equal weight with respect to the age at onset. To avoid the potential power loss due to the improper weight, we propose to use a combined test statistic, taking the maximum of two tests, one that is weighted by the age-dependent penetrance function and the other that may be invariant to the age. We conduct an analytical study, comparing the combined test with weighted and equal weight with respect to age test. It shows that the combined test retains the most power of the better one of the two tests being combined.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Hsu
- Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Wash 98109-1024, USA.
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