1
|
Tiwari P, Elgazzaz M, Lazartigues E, Hanif K. Effect of Diminazene Aceturate, an ACE2 activator, on platelet CD40L signaling induced glial activation in rat model of hypertension. Int Immunopharmacol 2024; 139:112654. [PMID: 38996777 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2024.112654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2023] [Revised: 06/30/2024] [Accepted: 07/06/2024] [Indexed: 07/14/2024]
Abstract
Hypertension causes platelet activation and adhesion in the brain resulting in glial activation and neuroinflammation. Further, activation of Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2/Angiotensin (1-7)/Mas Receptor (ACE2/Ang (1-7)/MasR) axis of central Renin-Angiotensin System (RAS), is known to reduce glial activation and neuroinflammation, thereby exhibiting anti-hypertensive and anti-neuroinflammatory properties. Therefore, in the present study, the role of ACE2/Ang (1-7)/MasR axis was studied on platelet-induced glial activation and neuroinflammation using Diminazene Aceturate (DIZE), an ACE2 activator, in astrocytes and microglial cells as well as in rat model of hypertension. We found that the ACE2 activator DIZE, independently of its BP-lowering properties, efficiently prevented hypertension-induced glial activation, neuroinflammation, and platelet CD40-CD40L signaling via upregulation of ACE2/Ang (1-7)/MasR axis. Further, DIZE decreased platelet deposition in the brain by reducing the expression of adhesion molecules on the brain endothelium. Activation of ACE2 also reduced hypertension-induced endothelial dysfunction by increasing eNOS bioavailability. Interestingly, platelets isolated from hypertensive rats or activated with ADP had significantly increased sCD40L levels and induced significantly more glial activation than platelets from DIZE treated group. Therefore, injection of DIZE pre-treated ADP-activated platelets into normotensive rats strongly reduced glial activation compared to ADP-treated platelets. Moreover, CD40L-induced glial activation, CD40 expression, and NFкB-NLRP3 inflammatory signaling are reversed by DIZE. Furthermore, the beneficial effects of ACE2 activation, DIZE was found to be significantly blocked by MLN4760 (ACE2 inhibitor) as well as A779 (MasR antagonist) treatments. Hence, our study demonstrated that ACE2 activation reduced the platelet CD40-CD40L induced glial activation and neuroinflammation, hence imparted neuroprotection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Priya Tiwari
- Division of Pharmacology, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow 226031, U.P., India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Mona Elgazzaz
- Department of Pharmacology & Experimental Therapeutics, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Eric Lazartigues
- Department of Pharmacology & Experimental Therapeutics, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Kashif Hanif
- Division of Pharmacology, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow 226031, U.P., India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Yang G, Khan A, Liang W, Xiong Z, Stegbauer J. Aortic aneurysm: pathophysiology and therapeutic options. MedComm (Beijing) 2024; 5:e703. [PMID: 39247619 PMCID: PMC11380051 DOI: 10.1002/mco2.703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2023] [Revised: 08/06/2024] [Accepted: 08/06/2024] [Indexed: 09/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Aortic aneurysm (AA) is an aortic disease with a high mortality rate, and other than surgery no effective preventive or therapeutic treatment have been developed. The renin-angiotensin system (RAS) is an important endocrine system that regulates vascular health. The ACE2/Ang-(1-7)/MasR axis can antagonize the adverse effects of the activation of the ACE/Ang II/AT1R axis on vascular dysfunction, atherosclerosis, and the development of aneurysms, thus providing an important therapeutic target for the prevention and treatment of AA. However, products targeting the Ang-(1-7)/MasR pathway still lack clinical validation. This review will outline the epidemiology of AA, including thoracic, abdominal, and thoracoabdominal AA, as well as current diagnostic and treatment strategies. Due to the highest incidence and most extensive research on abdominal AA (AAA), we will focus on AAA to explain the role of the RAS in its development, the protective function of Ang-(1-7)/MasR, and the mechanisms involved. We will also describe the roles of agonists and antagonists, suggest improvements in engineering and drug delivery, and provide evidence for Ang-(1-7)/MasR's clinical potential, discussing risks and solutions for clinical use. This study will enhance our understanding of AA and offer new possibilities and promising targets for therapeutic intervention.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guang Yang
- Division of Renal Medicine Peking University Shenzhen Hospital Shenzhen China
- Shenzhen Institute of Translational Medicine Shenzhen Second People's Hospital The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University Shenzhen China
- Department of Life Sciences Yuncheng University Yuncheng China
- Shenzhen Clinical Research Center for Urology and Nephrology Shenzhen China
| | - Abbas Khan
- Department of Nutrition and Health Promotion University of Home Economics Lahore Pakistan Lahore Pakistan
| | - Wei Liang
- Division of Renal Medicine Peking University Shenzhen Hospital Shenzhen China
- Shenzhen Clinical Research Center for Urology and Nephrology Shenzhen China
| | - Zibo Xiong
- Division of Renal Medicine Peking University Shenzhen Hospital Shenzhen China
- Shenzhen Clinical Research Center for Urology and Nephrology Shenzhen China
| | - Johannes Stegbauer
- Department of Nephrology Medical Faculty University Hospital Düsseldorf Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf Düsseldorf Germany
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Naidu AS, Wang CK, Rao P, Mancini F, Clemens RA, Wirakartakusumah A, Chiu HF, Yen CH, Porretta S, Mathai I, Naidu SAG. Precision nutrition to reset virus-induced human metabolic reprogramming and dysregulation (HMRD) in long-COVID. NPJ Sci Food 2024; 8:19. [PMID: 38555403 PMCID: PMC10981760 DOI: 10.1038/s41538-024-00261-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2023] [Accepted: 03/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/02/2024] Open
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2, the etiological agent of COVID-19, is devoid of any metabolic capacity; therefore, it is critical for the viral pathogen to hijack host cellular metabolic machinery for its replication and propagation. This single-stranded RNA virus with a 29.9 kb genome encodes 14 open reading frames (ORFs) and initiates a plethora of virus-host protein-protein interactions in the human body. These extensive viral protein interactions with host-specific cellular targets could trigger severe human metabolic reprogramming/dysregulation (HMRD), a rewiring of sugar-, amino acid-, lipid-, and nucleotide-metabolism(s), as well as altered or impaired bioenergetics, immune dysfunction, and redox imbalance in the body. In the infectious process, the viral pathogen hijacks two major human receptors, angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE)-2 and/or neuropilin (NRP)-1, for initial adhesion to cell surface; then utilizes two major host proteases, TMPRSS2 and/or furin, to gain cellular entry; and finally employs an endosomal enzyme, cathepsin L (CTSL) for fusogenic release of its viral genome. The virus-induced HMRD results in 5 possible infectious outcomes: asymptomatic, mild, moderate, severe to fatal episodes; while the symptomatic acute COVID-19 condition could manifest into 3 clinical phases: (i) hypoxia and hypoxemia (Warburg effect), (ii) hyperferritinemia ('cytokine storm'), and (iii) thrombocytosis (coagulopathy). The mean incubation period for COVID-19 onset was estimated to be 5.1 days, and most cases develop symptoms after 14 days. The mean viral clearance times were 24, 30, and 39 days for acute, severe, and ICU-admitted COVID-19 patients, respectively. However, about 25-70% of virus-free COVID-19 survivors continue to sustain virus-induced HMRD and exhibit a wide range of symptoms that are persistent, exacerbated, or new 'onset' clinical incidents, collectively termed as post-acute sequelae of COVID-19 (PASC) or long COVID. PASC patients experience several debilitating clinical condition(s) with >200 different and overlapping symptoms that may last for weeks to months. Chronic PASC is a cumulative outcome of at least 10 different HMRD-related pathophysiological mechanisms involving both virus-derived virulence factors and a multitude of innate host responses. Based on HMRD and virus-free clinical impairments of different human organs/systems, PASC patients can be categorized into 4 different clusters or sub-phenotypes: sub-phenotype-1 (33.8%) with cardiac and renal manifestations; sub-phenotype-2 (32.8%) with respiratory, sleep and anxiety disorders; sub-phenotype-3 (23.4%) with skeleto-muscular and nervous disorders; and sub-phenotype-4 (10.1%) with digestive and pulmonary dysfunctions. This narrative review elucidates the effects of viral hijack on host cellular machinery during SARS-CoV-2 infection, ensuing detrimental effect(s) of virus-induced HMRD on human metabolism, consequential symptomatic clinical implications, and damage to multiple organ systems; as well as chronic pathophysiological sequelae in virus-free PASC patients. We have also provided a few evidence-based, human randomized controlled trial (RCT)-tested, precision nutrients to reset HMRD for health recovery of PASC patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Satyanarayan Naidu
- Global Nutrition Healthcare Council (GNHC) Mission-COVID, Yorba Linda, CA, USA.
- N-terminus Research Laboratory, 232659 Via del Rio, Yorba Linda, CA, 92887, USA.
| | - Chin-Kun Wang
- Global Nutrition Healthcare Council (GNHC) Mission-COVID, Yorba Linda, CA, USA
- School of Nutrition, Chung Shan Medical University, 110, Section 1, Jianguo North Road, Taichung, 40201, Taiwan
| | - Pingfan Rao
- Global Nutrition Healthcare Council (GNHC) Mission-COVID, Yorba Linda, CA, USA
- College of Food and Bioengineering, Fujian Polytechnic Normal University, No.1, Campus New Village, Longjiang Street, Fuqing City, Fujian, China
| | - Fabrizio Mancini
- Global Nutrition Healthcare Council (GNHC) Mission-COVID, Yorba Linda, CA, USA
- President-Emeritus, Parker University, 2540 Walnut Hill Lane, Dallas, TX, 75229, USA
| | - Roger A Clemens
- Global Nutrition Healthcare Council (GNHC) Mission-COVID, Yorba Linda, CA, USA
- University of Southern California, Alfred E. Mann School of Pharmacy/D. K. Kim International Center for Regulatory & Quality Sciences, 1540 Alcazar St., CHP 140, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA
| | - Aman Wirakartakusumah
- International Union of Food Science and Technology (IUFoST), Guelph, ON, Canada
- IPMI International Business School Jakarta; South East Asian Food and Agriculture Science and Technology, IPB University, Bogor, Indonesia
| | - Hui-Fang Chiu
- Department of Chinese Medicine, Taichung Hospital, Ministry of Health & Well-being, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Hua Yen
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital; School of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Sebastiano Porretta
- Global Nutrition Healthcare Council (GNHC) Mission-COVID, Yorba Linda, CA, USA
- President, Italian Association of Food Technology (AITA), Milan, Italy
- Experimental Station for the Food Preserving Industry, Department of Consumer Science, Viale Tanara 31/a, I-43121, Parma, Italy
| | - Issac Mathai
- Global Nutrition Healthcare Council (GNHC) Mission-COVID, Yorba Linda, CA, USA
- Soukya International Holistic Health Center, Whitefield, Bengaluru, India
| | - Sreus A G Naidu
- Global Nutrition Healthcare Council (GNHC) Mission-COVID, Yorba Linda, CA, USA
- N-terminus Research Laboratory, 232659 Via del Rio, Yorba Linda, CA, 92887, USA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Zhang QQ, Chen QS, Feng F, Cao X, Chen XF, Zhang H. Benzoylaconitine: A promising ACE2-targeted agonist for enhancing cardiac function in heart failure. Free Radic Biol Med 2024; 214:206-218. [PMID: 38369076 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2024.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2023] [Revised: 01/23/2024] [Accepted: 02/10/2024] [Indexed: 02/20/2024]
Abstract
Benzoylaconitine is a natural product in the treatment of cardiovascular disease. However, its pharmacological effect, direct target protein, and molecular mechanisms for the treatment of heart failure are unclear. In this study, benzoylaconitine inhibited Ang II-induced cell hypertrophy and fibrosis in rat primary cardiomyocytes and rat fibroblasts, while attenuating cardiac function and cardiac remodeling in TAC mice. Using the limited proteolysis-mass spectrometry (LiP-MS) method, the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) was confirmed as a direct binding target of benzoylaconitine for the treatment of heart failure. In ACE2-knockdown cells and ACE2-/- mice, benzoylaconitine failed to ameliorate cardiomyocyte hypertrophy, fibrosis, and heart failure. Online RNA-sequence analysis indicated p38/ERK-mediated mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS) and nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) activation are the possible downstream molecular mechanisms for the effect of BAC-ACE2 interaction. Further studies in ACE2-knockdown cells and ACE2-/- mice suggested that benzoylaconitine targeted ACE2 to suppress p38/ERK-mediated mitochondrial ROS and NF-κB pathway activation. Our findings suggest that benzoylaconitine is a promising ACE2 agonist in regulating mitochondrial ROS release and inflammation activation to improve cardiac function in the treatment of heart failure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qi-Qiang Zhang
- Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Qing-Shan Chen
- Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Fei Feng
- School of Pharmacy, Naval Medical University (Second Military Medical University), 325 Guohe Road, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Xiang Cao
- Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Xiao-Fei Chen
- School of Pharmacy, Naval Medical University (Second Military Medical University), 325 Guohe Road, Shanghai, 200433, China.
| | - Hai Zhang
- Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Wu G, Zhou J, Ren H, Qin Y, Qian D, Hu Q, Xu P, Yu T, Ma H, Chen H, He M, Shi J. Unraveling the molecular crosstalk and immune landscape between COVID-19 infections and ischemic heart failure comorbidity: New insights into diagnostic biomarkers and therapeutic approaches. Cell Signal 2023; 112:110909. [PMID: 37777104 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2023.110909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Revised: 09/25/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), resulting from severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), remains a persistent global health concern. Evidence has highlighted a significant association between COVID-19 and ischemic heart failure (IHF), contributing to disease progression and increased mortality. This study identified diagnostic biomarkers for these comorbidities and elucidated disease progression's molecular mechanisms. METHODS We retrieved differentially expressed gene (DEG) data for COVID-19 and IHF from publicly available microarray and RNA-Seq datasets to investigate the underlying mechanisms and potential pathways associated with the co-occurrence of COVID-19 and IHF. By intersecting the results from the two diseases, we obtained diagnostic biomarkers using SVM-RFE and LASSO algorithms. Animal experiments and immunological analyses were conducted to help understand the association between SARS-CoV-2 and IHF in patients, enabling early diagnosis of disease progression. Finally, we analyzed the regulatory network of critical genes and identified potential drug compounds that could target the genetic links identified in our study. RESULTS 1974 common DEGs were identified between COVID-19 and IHF, contributing to disease progression and potential cancer risk by participating in immune and cancer-related pathways. In addition, we identified six hub genes (VDAC3, EIF2AK2, CHMP5, FTL, VPS4A, and CHMP4B) associated with the co-morbidity, and their diagnostic potential was confirmed through validation using relevant datasets and a mouse model. Functional enrichment analysis and examination of immune cell infiltration revealed immune dysregulation after disease progression. The comorbid hub genes exhibited outstanding immunomodulatory capacities. We also constructed regulatory networks tightly linked to both disorders, including transcription factors (TFs), miRNAs, and genes at both transcriptional and post-transcriptional levels. Finally, we identified 92 potential drug candidates to enhance the precision of anti-comorbidity treatment strategies. CONCLUSION Our study reveals a shared pathogenesis between COVID-19 and IHF, demonstrating that their coexistence exacerbates disease severity. By identifying and consolidating hub genes as pivotal diagnostic biomarkers for COVID-19 and IHF comorbidity, we have made significant advancements in understanding the underlying mechanisms of these conditions. Moreover, our study highlights dysregulated immunity and increased cancer risk in the advanced stages of disease progression. These findings offer novel perspectives for diagnosing and treating IHF progression during SARS-CoV-2 infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gujie Wu
- Department of Cardiology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong 226000, China; Department of Cardiology, Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China; Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Jiabin Zhou
- Department of Cardiology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong 226000, China
| | - Hefei Ren
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Changzheng Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Yiran Qin
- Department of Cardiology, Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China; Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Diandian Qian
- Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China; Department of Geriatrics, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China; Center for Evidence Based Medicine and Clinical Epidemiology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Qin Hu
- Department of Cardiology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong 226000, China; Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Peng Xu
- Department of Cardiology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong 226000, China
| | - Tao Yu
- Department of Cardiology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong 226000, China; Department of Cardiology, Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China; Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Huiyun Ma
- Department of Cardiology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong 226000, China
| | - Hongyu Chen
- Department of Cardiology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong 226000, China
| | - Min He
- Department of Cardiology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong 226000, China
| | - Jiayu Shi
- Department of Cardiology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong 226000, China.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Abstract
Viral infections are a leading cause of myocarditis and pericarditis worldwide, conditions that frequently coexist. Myocarditis and pericarditis were some of the early comorbidities associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection and COVID-19. Many epidemiologic studies have been conducted since that time concluding that SARS-CoV-2 increased the incidence of myocarditis/pericarditis at least 15× over pre-COVID levels although the condition remains rare. The incidence of myocarditis pre-COVID was reported at 1 to 10 cases/100 000 individuals and with COVID ranging from 150 to 4000 cases/100 000 individuals. Before COVID-19, some vaccines were reported to cause myocarditis and pericarditis in rare cases, but the use of novel mRNA platforms led to a higher number of reported cases than with previous platforms providing new insight into potential pathogenic mechanisms. The incidence of COVID-19 vaccine-associated myocarditis/pericarditis covers a large range depending on the vaccine platform, age, and sex examined. Importantly, the findings highlight that myocarditis occurs predominantly in male patients aged 12 to 40 years regardless of whether the cause was due to a virus-like SARS-CoV-2 or associated with a vaccine-a demographic that has been reported before COVID-19. This review discusses findings from COVID-19 and COVID-19 vaccine-associated myocarditis and pericarditis considering the known symptoms, diagnosis, management, treatment, and pathogenesis of disease that has been gleaned from clinical research and animal models. Sex differences in the immune response to COVID-19 are discussed, and theories for how mRNA vaccines could lead to myocarditis/pericarditis are proposed. Additionally, gaps in our understanding that need further research are raised.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- DeLisa Fairweather
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine (D.F., D.J.B., D.N.D., L.T.C.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences and Engineering, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD (D.F.,)
- Center for Clinical and Translational Science, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN (D.F., D.J.B., D.N.D.)
| | - Danielle J. Beetler
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine (D.F., D.J.B., D.N.D., L.T.C.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL
- Mayo Clinic Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences (D.J.B., D.N.D.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL
- Center for Clinical and Translational Science, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN (D.F., D.J.B., D.N.D.)
| | - Damian N. Di Florio
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine (D.F., D.J.B., D.N.D., L.T.C.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL
- Mayo Clinic Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences (D.J.B., D.N.D.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL
- Center for Clinical and Translational Science, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN (D.F., D.J.B., D.N.D.)
| | - Nicolas Musigk
- Deutsches Herzzentrum der Charité, Berlin, Germany (N.M., B.H.)
| | | | - Leslie T. Cooper
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine (D.F., D.J.B., D.N.D., L.T.C.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Chen H, Peng J, Wang T, Wen J, Chen S, Huang Y, Zhang Y. Counter-regulatory renin-angiotensin system in hypertension: Review and update in the era of COVID-19 pandemic. Biochem Pharmacol 2023; 208:115370. [PMID: 36481346 PMCID: PMC9721294 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2022.115370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Revised: 11/26/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease is the major cause of mortality and disability, with hypertension being the most prevalent risk factor. Excessive activation of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) under pathological conditions, leading to vascular remodeling and inflammation, is closely related to cardiovascular dysfunction. The counter-regulatory axis of the RAS consists of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), angiotensin (1-7), angiotensin (1-9), alamandine, proto-oncogene Mas receptor, angiotensin II type-2 receptor and Mas-related G protein-coupled receptor member D. Each of these components has been shown to counteract the effects of the overactivated RAS. In this review, we summarize the latest insights into the complexity and interplay of the counter-regulatory RAS axis in hypertension, highlight the pathophysiological functions of ACE2, a multifunctional molecule linking hypertension and COVID-19, and discuss the function and therapeutic potential of targeting this counter-regulatory RAS axis to prevent and treat hypertension in the context of the current COVID-19 pandemic.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hongyin Chen
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518000, Guangdong, China
| | - Jiangyun Peng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Guangdong-Hong Kong Joint Laboratory for RNA Medicine, Medical Research Center, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510120, Guangdong, China,Nanhai Translational Innovation Center of Precision Immunology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Foshan 528200, Guangdong, China
| | - Tengyao Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Guangdong-Hong Kong Joint Laboratory for RNA Medicine, Medical Research Center, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510120, Guangdong, China,Nanhai Translational Innovation Center of Precision Immunology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Foshan 528200, Guangdong, China
| | - Jielu Wen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Guangdong-Hong Kong Joint Laboratory for RNA Medicine, Medical Research Center, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510120, Guangdong, China,Nanhai Translational Innovation Center of Precision Immunology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Foshan 528200, Guangdong, China
| | - Sifan Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Guangdong-Hong Kong Joint Laboratory for RNA Medicine, Medical Research Center, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510120, Guangdong, China,Nanhai Translational Innovation Center of Precision Immunology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Foshan 528200, Guangdong, China
| | - Yu Huang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China,Corresponding authors
| | - Yang Zhang
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518000, Guangdong, China,Corresponding authors
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Pelisek J, Reutersberg B, Greber UF, Zimmermann A. Vascular dysfunction in COVID-19 patients: update on SARS-CoV-2 infection of endothelial cells and the role of long non-coding RNAs. Clin Sci (Lond) 2022; 136:1571-1590. [PMID: 36367091 PMCID: PMC9652506 DOI: 10.1042/cs20220235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2022] [Revised: 10/13/2022] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 08/16/2023]
Abstract
Although COVID-19 is primarily a respiratory disease, it may affect also the cardiovascular system. COVID-19 patients with cardiovascular disorder (CVD) develop a more severe disease course with a significantly higher mortality rate than non-CVD patients. A common denominator of CVD is the dysfunction of endothelial cells (ECs), increased vascular permeability, endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition, coagulation, and inflammation. It has been assumed that clinical complications in COVID-19 patients suffering from CVD are caused by SARS-CoV-2 infection of ECs through the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptor and the cellular transmembrane protease serine 2 (TMPRSS2) and the consequent dysfunction of the infected vascular cells. Meanwhile, other factors associated with SARS-CoV-2 entry into the host cells have been described, including disintegrin and metalloproteinase domain-containing protein 17 (ADAM17), the C-type lectin CD209L or heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPG). Here, we discuss the current data about the putative entry of SARS-CoV-2 into endothelial and smooth muscle cells. Furthermore, we highlight the potential role of long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) affecting vascular permeability in CVD, a process that might exacerbate disease in COVID-19 patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jaroslav Pelisek
- Department of Vascular Surgery, University Hospital Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | | | - Urs F Greber
- Department of Molecular Life Sciences, University of Zürich, Switzerland
| | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Sandeep B, Xiao Z, Gao K, Mao L, Chen J, Ping W, Hong W, Zhang Z. Role and interaction between ACE1, ACE2 and their related genes in cardiovascular disorders. Curr Probl Cardiol 2022:101162. [PMID: 35245599 DOI: 10.1016/j.cpcardiol.2022.101162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2022] [Accepted: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease is the greatest health care burden and one of the most common causes of death worldwide. Less is known about the genetic factors that are responsible for predisposition to cardiovascular disease thus; the molecular and genetic mechanisms underlying cardiovascular diseases remain obscure. One important regulator of blood pressure homeostasis is the renin-angiotensin system (RAS). The protease renin cleaves angiotensinogen into the inactive decameric peptide angiotensin I (AngI). Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) catalyzes the cleavage of the Ang I into the active octomer angiotensin II (Ang II). In humans, can ACE polymorphism has been associated with determinants of renal and cardiovascular function and pharmacological inhibition of ACE and Ang II receptors are effective in lowering blood pressure and preventing kidney disease. In addition, inhibition of ACE and Ang II receptors has beneficial effects in heart failure. A homologue of ACE, termed ACE2, has been identified; it is predominantly expressed in the vascular endothelial cells of the kidney and heart. Unlike ACE, ACE2 functions as a carboxypeptidase, cleaving a single residue from AngI, generating Ang1-9, and a single residue from AngII to generate Ang1-7. Nevertheless, the in vivo role of ACE2 in the cardiovascular system and the RAS is not known.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bhushan Sandeep
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Chengdu Second People's Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610017.
| | - Zongwei Xiao
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Chengdu Second People's Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610017
| | - Ke Gao
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Chengdu Second People's Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610017
| | - Long Mao
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Chengdu Second People's Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610017
| | - Jian Chen
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Chengdu Second People's Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610017
| | - Wu Ping
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Chengdu Second People's Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610017
| | - Wang Hong
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Chengdu Second People's Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610017
| | - Zhengwei Zhang
- Department of Critical Care Unit, Chengdu Second People's Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610017
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Sandeep B, Xiao Z, Gao K, Mao L, Chen J, Ping W, Hong W, Zhang Z. Role and interaction between ACE1, ACE2 and their related genes in cardiovascular disorders. Curr Probl Cardiol 2022. [DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpcardiol.2022.101162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
|
11
|
Fiorillo B, Marchianò S, Moraca F, Sepe V, Carino A, Rapacciuolo P, Biagioli M, Limongelli V, Zampella A, Catalanotti B, Fiorucci S. Discovery of Bile Acid Derivatives as Potent ACE2 Activators by Virtual Screening and Essential Dynamics. J Chem Inf Model 2022; 62:196-209. [PMID: 34914393 PMCID: PMC8691454 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jcim.1c01126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The angiotensin-converting enzyme II (ACE2) is a key molecular player in the regulation of vessel contraction, inflammation, and reduction of oxidative stress. In addition, ACE2 has assumed a prominent role in the fight against the COVID-19 pandemic-causing virus SARS-CoV-2, as it is the very first receptor in the host of the viral spike protein. The binding of the spike protein to ACE2 triggers a cascade of events that eventually leads the virus to enter the host cell and initiate its life cycle. At the same time, SARS-CoV-2 infection downregulates ACE2 expression especially in the lung, altering the biochemical signals regulated by the enzyme and contributing to the poor clinical prognosis characterizing the late stage of the COVID-19 disease. Despite its important biological role, a very limited number of ACE2 activators are known. Here, using a combined in silico and experimental approach, we show that ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) derivatives work as ACE2 activators. In detail, we have identified two potent ACE2 ligands, BAR107 and BAR708, through a docking virtual screening campaign and elucidated their mechanism of action from essential dynamics of the enzyme observed during microsecond molecular dynamics calculations. The in silico results were confirmed by in vitro pharmacological assays with the newly identified compounds showing ACE2 activity comparable to that of DIZE, the most potent ACE2 activator known so far. Our work provides structural insight into ACE2/ligand-binding interaction useful for the design of compounds with therapeutic potential against SARS-CoV-2 infection, inflammation, and other ACE2-related diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bianca Fiorillo
- Department
of Pharmacy, Università di Napoli
“Federico II”, Via D. Montesano, 49, I-80131 Napoli, Italy
| | - Silvia Marchianò
- Department
of Medicine and Surgery, Università
di Perugia School of Medicine, Piazza L. Severi, I-06132 Perugia, Italy
| | - Federica Moraca
- Department
of Pharmacy, Università di Napoli
“Federico II”, Via D. Montesano, 49, I-80131 Napoli, Italy
- Net4Science
S.r.l., University “Magna Græcia” of Catanzaro, Campus Universitario “S.
Venuta”, I-88100 Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Valentina Sepe
- Department
of Pharmacy, Università di Napoli
“Federico II”, Via D. Montesano, 49, I-80131 Napoli, Italy
| | - Adriana Carino
- Department
of Medicine and Surgery, Università
di Perugia School of Medicine, Piazza L. Severi, I-06132 Perugia, Italy
| | - Pasquale Rapacciuolo
- Department
of Pharmacy, Università di Napoli
“Federico II”, Via D. Montesano, 49, I-80131 Napoli, Italy
| | - Michele Biagioli
- Department
of Medicine and Surgery, Università
di Perugia School of Medicine, Piazza L. Severi, I-06132 Perugia, Italy
| | - Vittorio Limongelli
- Department
of Pharmacy, Università di Napoli
“Federico II”, Via D. Montesano, 49, I-80131 Napoli, Italy
- Faculty
of Biomedical Sciences, Euler Institute, Università della Svizzera italiana (USI), via G. Buffi 13, CH-6900 Lugano, Switzerland
| | - Angela Zampella
- Department
of Pharmacy, Università di Napoli
“Federico II”, Via D. Montesano, 49, I-80131 Napoli, Italy
| | - Bruno Catalanotti
- Department
of Pharmacy, Università di Napoli
“Federico II”, Via D. Montesano, 49, I-80131 Napoli, Italy
| | - Stefano Fiorucci
- Department
of Medicine and Surgery, Università
di Perugia School of Medicine, Piazza L. Severi, I-06132 Perugia, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Wang X, Gao B, Feng Y. Recent advances in inhibiting atherosclerosis and restenosis: from pathogenic factors, therapeutic agents to nano-delivery strategies. J Mater Chem B 2022; 10:1685-1708. [DOI: 10.1039/d2tb00003b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Due to dominant atherosclerosis etiology, cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) remain the leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. In clinical trials, advanced atherosclerotic plaques can be removed by angioplasty and vascular...
Collapse
|
13
|
Oyagbemi AA, Ajibade TO, Aboua YG, Gbadamosi IT, Adedapo ADA, Aro AO, Adejumobi OA, Thamahane-Katengua E, Omobowale TO, Falayi OO, Oyagbemi TO, Ogunpolu BS, Hassan FO, Ogunmiluyi IO, Ola-Davies OE, Saba AB, Adedapo AA, Nkadimeng SM, McGaw LJ, Kayoka-Kabongo PN, Yakubu MA, Oguntibeju OO. The therapeutic potential of the novel angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 in the treatment of coronavirus disease-19. Vet World 2021; 14:2705-2713. [PMID: 34903929 PMCID: PMC8654738 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2021.2705-2713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is the etiological agent of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). This virus has become a global pandemic with unprecedented mortality and morbidity along with attendant financial and economic crises. Furthermore, COVID-19 can easily be transmitted regardless of religion, race, sex, or status. Globally, high hospitalization rates of COVID-19 patients have been reported, and billions of dollars have been spent to contain the pandemic. Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) 2 is a receptor of SARS-CoV-2, which has a significant role in the entry of the virus into the host cell. ACE2 is highly expressed in the type II alveolar cells of the lungs, upper esophagus, stratified epithelial cells, and other tissues in the body. The diminished expressions of ACE2 have been associated with hypertension, arteriosclerosis, heart failure, chronic kidney disease, and immune system dysregulation. Overall, the potential drug candidates that could serve as ACE2 activators or enhance the expression of ACE2 in a disease state, such as COVID-19, hold considerable promise in mitigating the COVID-19 pandemic. This study reviews the therapeutic potential and pharmacological benefits of the novel ACE2 in the management of COVID-19 using search engines, such as Google, Scopus, PubMed, and PubMed Central.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ademola Adetokunbo Oyagbemi
- Department of Veterinary Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Temitayo Olabisi Ajibade
- Department of Veterinary Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Yapo Guillaume Aboua
- Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Health and Applied Sciences, Namibia University of Science and Technology, Private Bag 13388, Namibia
| | | | | | - Abimbola Obemisola Aro
- Department of Agriculture and Animal Health, College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, University of South Africa, Florida, South Africa
| | | | - Emma Thamahane-Katengua
- Department of Health Information Management, Botho University, Faculty of Health and Education, Botswana
| | | | - Olufunke Olubunmi Falayi
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Taiwo Olaide Oyagbemi
- Department of Veterinary Parasitology and Entomology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Ibadan, Nigeria
| | | | - Fasilat Oluwakemi Hassan
- Department of Veterinary Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Ibadan, Nigeria
| | | | - Olufunke Eunice Ola-Davies
- Department of Veterinary Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Adebowale Benard Saba
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Adeolu Alex Adedapo
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Sanah Malomile Nkadimeng
- Department of Paraclinical Science, Phytomedicine Programme, University of Pretoria, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Old Soutpan Road, Onderstepoort, 0110, South Africa
| | - Lyndy Joy McGaw
- Department of Paraclinical Science, Phytomedicine Programme, University of Pretoria, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Old Soutpan Road, Onderstepoort, 0110, South Africa
| | - Prudence Ngalula Kayoka-Kabongo
- Department of Agriculture and Animal Health, College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, University of South Africa, Florida, South Africa
| | - Momoh Audu Yakubu
- Department of Environmental and Interdisciplinary Sciences, College of Science, Engineering and Technology, Vascular Biology Unit, Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Texas Southern University, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Oluwafemi Omoniyi Oguntibeju
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Phytomedicine and Phytochemistry Group, Oxidative Stress Research Centre, Faculty of Health and Wellness Sciences, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, Bellville 7535, South Africa
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Rajtik T, Galis P, Bartosova L, Paulis L, Goncalvesova E, Klimas J. Alternative RAS in Various Hypoxic Conditions: From Myocardial Infarction to COVID-19. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222312800. [PMID: 34884604 PMCID: PMC8657827 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222312800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2021] [Revised: 11/20/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Alternative branches of the classical renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system (RAS) represent an important cascade in which angiotensin 2 (AngII) undergoes cleavage via the action of the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) with subsequent production of Ang(1-7) and other related metabolites eliciting its effects via Mas receptor activation. Generally, this branch of the RAS system is described as its non-canonical alternative arm with counterbalancing actions to the classical RAS, conveying vasodilation, anti-inflammatory, anti-remodeling and anti-proliferative effects. The implication of this branch was proposed for many different diseases, ranging from acute cardiovascular conditions, through chronic respiratory diseases to cancer, nonetheless, hypoxia is one of the most prominent common factors discussed in conjugation with the changes in the activity of alternative RAS branches. The aim of this review is to bring complex insights into the mechanisms behind the various forms of hypoxic insults on the activity of alternative RAS branches based on the different duration of stimuli and causes (acute vs. intermittent vs. chronic), localization and tissue (heart vs. vessels vs. lungs) and clinical relevance of studied phenomenon (experimental vs. clinical condition). Moreover, we provide novel insights into the future strategies utilizing the alternative RAS as a diagnostic tool as well as a promising pharmacological target in serious hypoxia-associated cardiovascular and cardiopulmonary diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tomas Rajtik
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Comenius University, 832 32 Bratislava, Slovakia; (P.G.); (L.B.); (J.K.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +42-12-501-17-391
| | - Peter Galis
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Comenius University, 832 32 Bratislava, Slovakia; (P.G.); (L.B.); (J.K.)
| | - Linda Bartosova
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Comenius University, 832 32 Bratislava, Slovakia; (P.G.); (L.B.); (J.K.)
| | - Ludovit Paulis
- Institute of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University, 811 08 Bratislava, Slovakia;
| | - Eva Goncalvesova
- Department of Heart Failure, Clinic of Cardiology, National Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, 831 01 Bratislava, Slovakia;
| | - Jan Klimas
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Comenius University, 832 32 Bratislava, Slovakia; (P.G.); (L.B.); (J.K.)
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Das D, Podder S. Unraveling the molecular crosstalk between Atherosclerosis and COVID-19 comorbidity. Comput Biol Med 2021; 134:104459. [PMID: 34020127 PMCID: PMC8088080 DOI: 10.1016/j.compbiomed.2021.104459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2021] [Revised: 04/23/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Corona virus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus -2 (SARS-CoV-2) has created ruckus throughout the world. Growing epidemiological studies have depicted atherosclerosis as a comorbid factor of COVID-19. Though both these diseases are triggered via inflammatory rage that leads to injury of healthy tissues, the molecular linkage between them and their co-influence in causing fatality is not yet understood. METHODS We have retrieved the data of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) for both atherosclerosis and COVID-19 from publicly available microarray and RNA-Seq datasets. We then reconstructed the protein-protein interaction networks (PPIN) for these diseases from protein-protein interaction data of corresponding DEGs. Using RegNetwork and TRRUST, we mapped the transcription factors (TFs) in atherosclerosis and their targets (TGs) in COVID-19 PPIN. RESULTS From the atherosclerotic PPIN, we have identified 6 hubs (TLR2, TLR4, EGFR, SPI1, MYD88 and IRF8) as differentially expressed TFs that might control the expression of their 17 targets in COVID-19 PPIN. The important target proteins include IL1B, CCL5, ITGAM, IFIT3, CXCL1, CXCL2, CXCL3 and CXCL8. Consequent functional enrichment analysis of these TGs have depicted inflammatory responses to be overrepresented among the gene sets. CONCLUSION Finally, analyzing the DEGs in cardiomyocytes infected with SARS-CoV-2, we have concluded that MYD88 is a crucial linker of atherosclerosis and COVID-19, the co-existence of which lead to fatal outcomes. Anti-inflammatory therapy targeting MYD88 could be a potent strategy for combating this comorbidity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Deepyaman Das
- Department of Microbiology, Raiganj University, Raiganj, Uttar Dinajpur, 733134, West Bengal, India
| | - Soumita Podder
- Department of Microbiology, Raiganj University, Raiganj, Uttar Dinajpur, 733134, West Bengal, India.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Bakhshandeh B, Sorboni SG, Javanmard AR, Mottaghi SS, Mehrabi MR, Sorouri F, Abbasi A, Jahanafrooz Z. Variants in ACE2; potential influences on virus infection and COVID-19 severity. INFECTION, GENETICS AND EVOLUTION : JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR EPIDEMIOLOGY AND EVOLUTIONARY GENETICS IN INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2021; 90:104773. [PMID: 33607284 PMCID: PMC7886638 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2021.104773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2020] [Revised: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The third pandemic of coronavirus infection, called COVID-19 disease, was first detected in November 2019th. Various determinants of disease progression such as age, sex, virus mutations, comorbidity, lifestyle, host immune response, and genetic background variation have caused clinical variability of COVID-19. The causative agent of COVID-19 is an enveloped coronavirus named severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) that invades host cells using an endocytic pathway. The SARS-CoV-2 spike protein is the main viral protein that contributes to the fusion of the virus particle to the host cell through angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2). The highly conserved expression of ACE2 is found in various animals, which indicates its pivotal physiological function. The ACE2 has a crucial role in vascular, renal, and myocardial physiology. Genetic factors contributing to the outcome of SARS-CoV-2 infection are unknown; however, variants in the specific sites of ACE2 gene could be regarded as a main genetic risk factor for COVID-19. Given that ACE2 is the main site for virus landing on host cells, the effect of amino acid sequences of ACE2 on host susceptibility to COVID-19 seems reasonable. It would likely have a substantial role in the occurrence of a wide range of clinical symptoms. Several ACE2 variants can affect the protein stability, influencing the interaction between spike protein and ACE2 through imposing conformational changes while some other variants are known to cause a decrease or an increase in the ligand-receptor affinity. The other variations are located at the proteolytic cleavage site, which can influence virus infection; because soluble ACE2 can act as a decoy receptor for virus and decrease virus intake by cell surface ACE2. Notably, polymorphisms of regulatory and non-coding regions such as promoter in ACE2, can play crucial role in different expression levels of ACE2 among different individuals. Many studies should be performed to investigate the involvement of ACE2 polymorphism with susceptibility to COVID-19. Herein, we discuss some reported associations between variants of ACE2 and COVID-19 in details. In addition, the mode of action of ACE2 and its role in SARS-CoV-2 infection are highlighted which is followed by addressing the effects of several ACE2 variants on its protein stability, viral tropism or ligand-receptor affinity, secondary and tertiary structure or protein conformation, proteolytic cleavage site, and finally inter-individual clinical variability in COVID-19. The polymorphisms of regulatory regions of ACE2 and their effect on expression levels of ACE2 are also provided in this review. Such studies can improve the prediction of the affinity of mutant ACE2 variations with spike protein, and help the biopharmaceutical industry to design effective approaches for recombinant hACE2 therapy and vaccination of COVID-19 disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Behnaz Bakhshandeh
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Science, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran; Department of Microbiology, School of Biology, College of Science, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.
| | | | - Amir-Reza Javanmard
- Molecular Genetics Department, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyed Saeed Mottaghi
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Science, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad-Reza Mehrabi
- Department of Microbial Biotechnology, School of Biology, College of Science, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Farzaneh Sorouri
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biomaterials, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ardeshir Abbasi
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zohreh Jahanafrooz
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Maragheh, Maragheh, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Negri S, Faris P, Moccia F. Endolysosomal Ca 2+ signaling in cardiovascular health and disease. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2021; 363:203-269. [PMID: 34392930 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ircmb.2021.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
An increase in intracellular Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]i) regulates a plethora of functions in the cardiovascular (CV) system, including contraction in cardiomyocytes and vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs), and angiogenesis in vascular endothelial cells and endothelial colony forming cells. The sarco/endoplasmic reticulum (SR/ER) represents the largest endogenous Ca2+ store, which releases Ca2+ through ryanodine receptors (RyRs) and/or inositol-1,4,5-trisphosphate receptors (InsP3Rs) upon extracellular stimulation. The acidic vesicles of the endolysosomal (EL) compartment represent an additional endogenous Ca2+ store, which is targeted by several second messengers, including nicotinic acid adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NAADP) and phosphatidylinositol 3,5-bisphosphate [PI(3,5)P2], and may release intraluminal Ca2+ through multiple Ca2+ permeable channels, including two-pore channels 1 and 2 (TPC1-2) and Transient Receptor Potential Mucolipin 1 (TRPML1). Herein, we discuss the emerging, pathophysiological role of EL Ca2+ signaling in the CV system. We describe the role of cardiac TPCs in β-adrenoceptor stimulation, arrhythmia, hypertrophy, and ischemia-reperfusion injury. We then illustrate the role of EL Ca2+ signaling in VSMCs, where TPCs promote vasoconstriction and contribute to pulmonary artery hypertension and atherosclerosis, whereas TRPML1 sustains vasodilation and is also involved in atherosclerosis. Subsequently, we describe the mechanisms whereby endothelial TPCs promote vasodilation, contribute to neurovascular coupling in the brain and stimulate angiogenesis and vasculogenesis. Finally, we discuss about the possibility to target TPCs, which are likely to mediate CV cell infection by the Severe Acute Respiratory Disease-Coronavirus-2, with Food and Drug Administration-approved drugs to alleviate the detrimental effects of Coronavirus Disease-19 on the CV system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sharon Negri
- Laboratory of Physiology, Department of Biology and Biotechnology "Lazzaro Spallanzani", University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Pawan Faris
- Laboratory of Physiology, Department of Biology and Biotechnology "Lazzaro Spallanzani", University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Francesco Moccia
- Laboratory of Physiology, Department of Biology and Biotechnology "Lazzaro Spallanzani", University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Poznyak AV, Bezsonov EE, Eid AH, Popkova TV, Nedosugova LV, Starodubova AV, Orekhov AN. ACE2 Is an Adjacent Element of Atherosclerosis and COVID-19 Pathogenesis. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22094691. [PMID: 33946649 PMCID: PMC8124184 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22094691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2021] [Revised: 04/17/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
COVID-19 is a highly contagious new infection caused by the single-stranded RNA Sars-CoV-2 virus. For the first time, this infection was recorded in December 2019 in the Chinese province of Wuhan. The virus presumably crossed the interspecies barrier and passed to humans from a bat. Initially, the disease was considered exclusively in the context of damage to the respiratory system, but it quickly became clear that the disease also entails serious consequences from various systems, including the cardiovascular system. Among these consequences are myocarditis, myocardial damage, subsequent heart failure, myocardial infarction, and Takotsubo syndrome. On the other hand, clinical data indicate that the presence of chronic diseases in a patient aggravates the course and outcome of coronavirus infection. In this context, the relationship between COVID-19 and atherosclerosis, a condition preceding cardiovascular disease and other disorders of the heart and blood vessels, is particularly interesting. The renin-angiotensin system is essential for the pathogenesis of both coronavirus disease and atherosclerosis. In particular, it has been shown that ACE2, an angiotensin-converting enzyme 2, plays a key role in Sars-CoV-2 infection due to its receptor activity. It is noteworthy that this enzyme is important for the normal functioning of the cardiovascular system. Disruptions in its production and functioning can lead to various disorders, including atherosclerosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anastasia V. Poznyak
- Institute for Atherosclerosis Research, Skolkovo Innovative Center, 121609 Moscow, Russia
- Correspondence: (A.V.P.); (A.N.O.)
| | - Evgeny E. Bezsonov
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Pathology of Cardiovascular System, Institute of Human Morphology, 3 Tsyurupa Street, 117418 Moscow, Russia;
- Laboratory of Angiopathology, Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology, 8 Baltiiskaya Street, 125315 Moscow, Russia
| | - Ali H. Eid
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, QU Health, Qatar University, Doha P.O. Box 2713, Qatar;
- Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Research Unit, QU Health, Qatar University, Doha P.O. Box 2713, Qatar
| | - Tatyana V. Popkova
- V.A. Nasonova Institute of Rheumatology, 34A Kashirskoye Shosse, 115522 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Ludmila V. Nedosugova
- Federal State Autonomous Educational Institution of Higher Education I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation 8/2 Trubenskaya Street, 119991 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Antonina V. Starodubova
- Federal Research Centre for Nutrition, Biotechnology and Food Safety, 2/14 Ustinsky Passage, 109240 Moscow, Russia;
- Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, 1 Ostrovitianov Street, 117997 Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexander N. Orekhov
- Institute for Atherosclerosis Research, Skolkovo Innovative Center, 121609 Moscow, Russia
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Pathology of Cardiovascular System, Institute of Human Morphology, 3 Tsyurupa Street, 117418 Moscow, Russia;
- Laboratory of Angiopathology, Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology, 8 Baltiiskaya Street, 125315 Moscow, Russia
- Correspondence: (A.V.P.); (A.N.O.)
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Physiological cyclic stretch up-regulates angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 expression to reduce proliferation and migration of vascular smooth muscle cells. Biosci Rep 2021; 40:225043. [PMID: 32463098 PMCID: PMC7295630 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20192012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2019] [Revised: 04/29/2020] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) is considered as an endogenous negative regulator of renin–angiotensin system (RAS), exerting multiple cardiovascular protective roles. Whether mechanical stretch modulates ACE2 expression remains unknown. The present study aimed at investigating whether ACE2 is involved in physiological stretch (10% elongation, 1 Hz) mediated cellular functions and the underlying mechanism. Cultured human aortic smooth muscle cells (HASMCs) were exposed to 10% stretch for indicated time, and real-time PCR and Western blot analysis showed 10% stretch increased ACE2 expression and activity significantly compared with static conditions and increased Ang-(1-7) level, but decreased Ang II level; Brdu incorporation assay and Scratch test showed that ACE2 was involved in the inhibition of HASMCs proliferation and migration by 10% stretch; the Dual-Luciferase Reporter Assay demonstrated that 10% increased ACE2 promoter activity, but had no effect on ACE2 mRNA stability; kinase inhibition study and Electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA) showed that JNK1/2 and PKCβII pathway, as well as their downstream transcription factors, AP-1 and NF-κB, were involved in 10% stretch induced ACE2 expression. In conclusion, our study indicates ACE2 is a mechanosensitive gene, and may represent a potential therapeutic target for mechanical forces related vascular diseases.
Collapse
|
20
|
Coto E, Avanzas P, Gómez J. The Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System and Coronavirus Disease 2019. Eur Cardiol 2021; 16:e07. [PMID: 33737961 PMCID: PMC7967817 DOI: 10.15420/ecr.2020.30] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Accepted: 10/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The renin-aldosterone-angiotensin system (RAAS) plays an important role in the pathogenesis of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), which is caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) is the cellular receptor for SARS-CoV-2 and the host's expression of this membrane-bound protein could affect susceptibility to infection. The RAAS is an important regulator of cardiovascular physiology and ACE2 has an essential role. People with hypertension and other traits have shown to have an imbalance in ACE/ACE2 levels and reduced levels of ACE2 could enhance the risk of adverse outcome in patients with COVID-19. It has been hypothesised that the RAAS may mediate the interplay between cardiovascular disease and COVID-19 severity. Evidence shows that antihypertensive drugs that target the RAAS have no significant effect on the risk of infection and disease outcome. Variations in RAAS genes have been associated with the risk of developing hypertension and cardiovascular disease and could partly explain the heterogenous response to SARS-CoV-2 infection. This article explores the interplay between the RAAS and COVID-19, with emphasis on the possible relationship between genetic variations and disease severity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eliecer Coto
- Genética Molecular, Hospital Universitario Central Asturias Oviedo, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias, ISPA Oviedo, Spain.,Universidad de Oviedo Oviedo, Spain.,Red de Investigación Renal (REDINREN) Madrid, Spain
| | - Pablo Avanzas
- Cardiología, Hospital Universitario Central Asturias Oviedo, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias, ISPA Oviedo, Spain.,Universidad de Oviedo Oviedo, Spain
| | - Juan Gómez
- Genética Molecular, Hospital Universitario Central Asturias Oviedo, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias, ISPA Oviedo, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Malinowska B, Baranowska-Kuczko M, Kicman A, Schlicker E. Opportunities, Challenges and Pitfalls of Using Cannabidiol as an Adjuvant Drug in COVID-19. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:1986. [PMID: 33671463 PMCID: PMC7922403 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22041986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2021] [Revised: 02/11/2021] [Accepted: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection may lead to coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) which, in turn, may be associated with multiple organ dysfunction. In this review, we present advantages and disadvantages of cannabidiol (CBD), a non-intoxicating phytocannabinoid from the cannabis plant, as a potential agent for the treatment of COVID-19. CBD has been shown to downregulate proteins responsible for viral entry and to inhibit SARS-CoV-2 replication. Preclinical studies have demonstrated its effectiveness against diseases of the respiratory system as well as its cardioprotective, nephroprotective, hepatoprotective, neuroprotective and anti-convulsant properties, that is, effects that may be beneficial for COVID-19. Only the latter two properties have been demonstrated in clinical studies, which also revealed anxiolytic and antinociceptive effects of CBD (given alone or together with Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol), which may be important for an adjuvant treatment to improve the quality of life in patients with COVID-19 and to limit post-traumatic stress symptoms. However, one should be aware of side effects of CBD (which are rarely serious), drug interactions (also extending to drugs acting against COVID-19) and the proper route of its administration (vaping may be dangerous). Clearly, further clinical studies are necessary to prove the suitability of CBD for the treatment of COVID-19.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Malinowska
- Department of Experimental Physiology and Pathophysiology, Medical University of Białystok, 15-222 Białystok, Poland; (M.B.-K.); (A.K.)
| | - Marta Baranowska-Kuczko
- Department of Experimental Physiology and Pathophysiology, Medical University of Białystok, 15-222 Białystok, Poland; (M.B.-K.); (A.K.)
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Medical University of Białystok, 15-222 Białystok, Poland
| | - Aleksandra Kicman
- Department of Experimental Physiology and Pathophysiology, Medical University of Białystok, 15-222 Białystok, Poland; (M.B.-K.); (A.K.)
| | - Eberhard Schlicker
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
ACE2 and energy metabolism: the connection between COVID-19 and chronic metabolic disorders. Clin Sci (Lond) 2021; 135:535-554. [PMID: 33533405 DOI: 10.1042/cs20200752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Revised: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The renin-angiotensin system (RAS) has currently attracted increasing attention due to its potential function in regulating energy homeostasis, other than the actions on cellular growth, blood pressure, fluid, and electrolyte balance. The existence of RAS is well established in metabolic organs, including pancreas, liver, skeletal muscle, and adipose tissue, where activation of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) - angiotensin II pathway contributes to the impairment of insulin secretion, glucose transport, fat distribution, and adipokines production. However, the activation of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) - angiotensin (1-7) pathway, a novel branch of the RAS, plays an opposite role in the ACE pathway, which could reverse these consequences by improving local microcirculation, inflammation, stress state, structure remolding, and insulin signaling pathway. In addition, new studies indicate the protective RAS arm possesses extraordinary ability to enhance brown adipose tissue (BAT) activity and induces browning of white adipose tissue, and consequently, it leads to increased energy expenditure in the form of heat instead of ATP synthesis. Interestingly, ACE2 is the receptor of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), which is threating public health worldwide. The main complications of SARS-CoV-2 infected death patients include many energy metabolism-related chronic diseases, such as diabetes. The specific mechanism leading to this phenomenon is largely unknown. Here, we summarize the latest pharmacological and genetic tools on regulating ACE/ACE2 balance and highlight the beneficial effects of the ACE2 pathway axis hyperactivity on glycolipid metabolism, as well as the thermogenic modulation.
Collapse
|
23
|
Kuriakose J, Montezano A, Touyz R. ACE2/Ang-(1-7)/Mas1 axis and the vascular system: vasoprotection to COVID-19-associated vascular disease. Clin Sci (Lond) 2021; 135:387-407. [PMID: 33511992 PMCID: PMC7846970 DOI: 10.1042/cs20200480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2020] [Revised: 01/07/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The two axes of the renin-angiotensin system include the classical ACE/Ang II/AT1 axis and the counter-regulatory ACE2/Ang-(1-7)/Mas1 axis. ACE2 is a multifunctional monocarboxypeptidase responsible for generating Ang-(1-7) from Ang II. ACE2 is important in the vascular system where it is found in arterial and venous endothelial cells and arterial smooth muscle cells in many vascular beds. Among the best characterized functions of ACE2 is its role in regulating vascular tone. ACE2 through its effector peptide Ang-(1-7) and receptor Mas1 induces vasodilation and attenuates Ang II-induced vasoconstriction. In endothelial cells activation of the ACE2/Ang-(1-7)/Mas1 axis increases production of the vasodilator's nitric oxide and prostacyclin's and in vascular smooth muscle cells it inhibits pro-contractile and pro-inflammatory signaling. Endothelial ACE2 is cleaved by proteases, shed into the circulation and measured as soluble ACE2. Plasma ACE2 activity is increased in cardiovascular disease and may have prognostic significance in disease severity. In addition to its enzymatic function, ACE2 is the receptor for severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)-coronavirus (CoV) and SARS-Cov-2, which cause SARS and coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19) respectively. ACE-2 is thus a double-edged sword: it promotes cardiovascular health while also facilitating the devastations caused by coronaviruses. COVID-19 is associated with cardiovascular disease as a risk factor and as a complication. Mechanisms linking COVID-19 and cardiovascular disease are unclear, but vascular ACE2 may be important. This review focuses on the vascular biology and (patho)physiology of ACE2 in cardiovascular health and disease and briefly discusses the role of vascular ACE2 as a potential mediator of vascular injury in COVID-19.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jithin Kuriakose
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Augusto C. Montezano
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Rhian M. Touyz
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Liu Y, Zhang HG. Vigilance on New-Onset Atherosclerosis Following SARS-CoV-2 Infection. Front Med (Lausanne) 2021; 7:629413. [PMID: 33553222 PMCID: PMC7855580 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2020.629413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by SARS-CoV-2, has become a global challenge to public health. While its typical clinical manifestations are respiratory disorders, emerging evidence of cardiovascular complications indicates the adverse interaction between SARS-CoV-2 infection and cardiovascular outcomes. Given that viral infection has emerged as an additional risk factor for atherosclerosis, in this paper, we attempt to clarify the susceptibility to new-onset atherosclerosis in individuals infected with SARS-CoV-2. Mechanistically, serving as functional receptors for SARS-CoV-2, angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) mediates SARS-CoV-2 infection of endothelial cells (ECs) directly, leading to endothelial dysfunction and dysregulation of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS). In addition, high expression of CD147, an alternative receptor, and activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome may also contribute to atherosclerosis in the context of COVID-19. More importantly, SARS-CoV-2 attacks the immune system, which results in excessive inflammation and perpetuates a vicious cycle of deteriorated endothelial dysfunction that further promotes inflammation. The alterations in the blood lipid profile induced by COVID-19 should not be ignored in assessing the predisposition toward atherosclerosis in victims of COVID-19. A better understanding of the underlying mechanisms of SARS-CoV-2 infection and the long-term monitoring of inflammatory factors and endothelial function should be considered in the follow-up of patients who have recovered from COVID-19 for early detection and prevention of atherosclerosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Hai-Gang Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Liu X, Liu X, Li M, Zhang Y, Chen W, Zhang M, Zhang C, Zhang M. Mechanical Stretch Induces Smooth Muscle Cell Dysfunction by Regulating ACE2 via P38/ATF3 and Post-transcriptional Regulation by miR-421. Front Physiol 2021; 11:540591. [PMID: 33536929 PMCID: PMC7848200 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.540591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Mechanical stretch promotes deregulation of vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) functions during hypertension-induced vascular remodeling. ACE2 has a wide range of cardiovascular and renal protective effects. Loss of ACE2 is associated with cardiovascular disease, but little is known about the regulation of its expression, especially by abnormal mechanical stretch during hypertension. The present study was designed to investigate the contribution of ACE2 to vascular remodeling under mechanical stretch and to assess the possible underlying mechanisms. The abdominal aortic constriction model was established to mimic the environment in vivo. FX-5000T Strain Unit provided mechanical stretch in vitro. Overexpression was used to analyze the role of ACE2 played in the proliferation, migration, apoptosis, and collagen metabolism of the VSMCs. RT-qPCR, Western blot, luciferase assay, and ChIP assay were used to elucidate the molecular mechanism of ACE2 expression regulated by stretch. We found that mechanical stretch modulated the expression of the ACE2/Ang-(1–7) and ACE/AngII axis. ACE2 was mechanically sensitive and was involved in the stretch-induced dysfunction of VSMCs. The p38 MAPK/ATF3 pathway and miR-421 participated in the regulation of ACE2. Thus, ACE2 may contribute to the development of vascular remodeling under conditions of mechanical stretch.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolin Liu
- The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, The State and Shandong Province Joint Key Laboratory of Translational Cardiovascular Medicine, Chinese Ministry of Education, Chinese National Health Commission and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Xinxin Liu
- The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, The State and Shandong Province Joint Key Laboratory of Translational Cardiovascular Medicine, Chinese Ministry of Education, Chinese National Health Commission and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Mengmeng Li
- The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, The State and Shandong Province Joint Key Laboratory of Translational Cardiovascular Medicine, Chinese Ministry of Education, Chinese National Health Commission and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, The State and Shandong Province Joint Key Laboratory of Translational Cardiovascular Medicine, Chinese Ministry of Education, Chinese National Health Commission and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Weijia Chen
- The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, The State and Shandong Province Joint Key Laboratory of Translational Cardiovascular Medicine, Chinese Ministry of Education, Chinese National Health Commission and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Meng Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, The State and Shandong Province Joint Key Laboratory of Translational Cardiovascular Medicine, Chinese Ministry of Education, Chinese National Health Commission and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Cheng Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, The State and Shandong Province Joint Key Laboratory of Translational Cardiovascular Medicine, Chinese Ministry of Education, Chinese National Health Commission and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Mei Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, The State and Shandong Province Joint Key Laboratory of Translational Cardiovascular Medicine, Chinese Ministry of Education, Chinese National Health Commission and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Yamaoka-Tojo M. Vascular Endothelial Glycocalyx Damage in COVID-19. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21249712. [PMID: 33352699 PMCID: PMC7766512 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21249712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2020] [Revised: 12/06/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The new coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19), which is spreading around the world and threatening people, is easily infecting a large number of people through airborne droplets; moreover, patients with hypertension, diabetes, obesity, and cardiovascular disease are more likely to experience severe conditions. Vascular endothelial dysfunction has been suggested as a common feature of high-risk patients prone to severe COVID-19, and measurement of vascular endothelial function may be recommended for predicting severe conditions in high-risk patients with COVID-19. However, fragmented vascular endothelial glycocalyx (VEGLX) is elevated in COVID-19 patients, suggesting that it may be useful as a prognostic indicator. Although the relationship between VEGLX and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infections has not been well studied, some investigations into COVID-19 have clarified the relationship between VEGLX and the mechanism that leads to severe conditions. Clarifying the usefulness of VEGLX assessment as a predictive indicator of the development of severe complications is important as a strategy for confronting pandemics caused by new viruses with a high affinity for the vascular endothelium that may recur in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Minako Yamaoka-Tojo
- Department of Rehabilitation/Regenerative Medicine and Cell Design Research Facility, Kitasato University School of Allied Health Sciences, Sagamihara 252-0373, Japan; ; Tel.: +81-42-778-8111; Fax: +81-42-778-9696
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Kitasato University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Sagamihara 252-0373, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Sparks MA, South AM, Badley AD, Baker-Smith CM, Batlle D, Bozkurt B, Cattaneo R, Crowley SD, Dell’Italia LJ, Ford AL, Griendling K, Gurley SB, Kasner SE, Murray JA, Nath KA, Pfeffer MA, Rangaswami J, Taylor WR, Garovic VD. Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2, COVID-19, and the Renin-Angiotensin System: Pressing Needs and Best Research Practices. Hypertension 2020; 76:1350-1367. [PMID: 32981369 PMCID: PMC7685174 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.120.15948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic is associated with significant morbidity and mortality throughout the world, predominantly due to lung and cardiovascular injury. The virus responsible for COVID-19-severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2-gains entry into host cells via ACE2 (angiotensin-converting enzyme 2). ACE2 is a primary enzyme within the key counter-regulatory pathway of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS), which acts to oppose the actions of Ang (angiotensin) II by generating Ang-(1-7) to reduce inflammation and fibrosis and mitigate end organ damage. As COVID-19 spans multiple organ systems linked to the cardiovascular system, it is imperative to understand clearly how severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 may affect the multifaceted RAS. In addition, recognition of the role of ACE2 and the RAS in COVID-19 has renewed interest in its role in the pathophysiology of cardiovascular disease in general. We provide researchers with a framework of best practices in basic and clinical research to interrogate the RAS using appropriate methodology, especially those who are relatively new to the field. This is crucial, as there are many limitations inherent in investigating the RAS in experimental models and in humans. We discuss sound methodological approaches to quantifying enzyme content and activity (ACE, ACE2), peptides (Ang II, Ang-[1-7]), and receptors (types 1 and 2 Ang II receptors, Mas receptor). Our goal is to ensure appropriate research methodology for investigations of the RAS in patients with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 and COVID-19 to ensure optimal rigor and reproducibility and appropriate interpretation of results from these investigations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew A. Sparks
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC
- Renal Section, Durham VA Health Care System, Durham, NC
- American Heart Association, Council on Kidney in Cardiovascular Disease
| | - Andrew M. South
- American Heart Association, Council on Kidney in Cardiovascular Disease
- American Heart Association, Council on Hypertension
- Section of Nephrology, Department of Pediatrics, Brenner Children’s Hospital, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston Salem, NC
- Department of Epidemiology and Prevention, Division of Public Health Sciences, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston Salem, NC
- Department of Surgery-Hypertension and Vascular Research, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston Salem, NC
- Cardiovascular Sciences Center, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston Salem, NC
| | - Andrew D. Badley
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN
| | - Carissa M. Baker-Smith
- Director of Preventive Cardiology, Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics, Nemours/Alfred I. duPont Hospital for Children, Wilmington, DE
- American Heart Association, Council on Lifelong Congenital Heart Disease and Heart Health in the Young
| | - Daniel Batlle
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Northwestern University Feinberg Medical School, Chicago, IL
- American Heart Association, Council on Hypertension
| | - Biykem Bozkurt
- Section of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
- Michael E. DeBakey VA Medical Center, Houston, TX
- American Heart Association, Council on Clinical Cardiology
| | - Roberto Cattaneo
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN
| | - Steven D. Crowley
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC
- Renal Section, Durham VA Health Care System, Durham, NC
- American Heart Association, Council on Kidney in Cardiovascular Disease
| | - Louis J. Dell’Italia
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Disease, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL
- Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Birmingham, AL
- American Heart Association, Council on Basic Cardiovascular Sciences
| | - Andria L. Ford
- Department of Neurology, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
- American Heart Association, Stroke Council
| | - Kathy Griendling
- American Heart Association, Council on Basic Cardiovascular Sciences
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA
| | - Susan B. Gurley
- American Heart Association, Council on Kidney in Cardiovascular Disease
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR
| | - Scott E. Kasner
- Department of Neurology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
- American Heart Association, Stroke Council
| | - Joseph A. Murray
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN
| | - Karl A. Nath
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN
| | - Marc A. Pfeffer
- American Heart Association, Council on Clinical Cardiology
- Cardiovascular Division, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Janani Rangaswami
- American Heart Association, Council on Kidney in Cardiovascular Disease
- Department of Medicine, Einstein Medical Center Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA
- Sidney Kimmel College of Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA
| | - W. Robert Taylor
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Emory University and Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA
- Division of Cardiology, Atlanta VA Medical Center, Decatur, GA
- American Heart Association, Council on Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis and Vascular Biology
| | - Vesna D. Garovic
- American Heart Association, Council on Hypertension
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Jia H, Yue X, Lazartigues E. ACE2 mouse models: a toolbox for cardiovascular and pulmonary research. Nat Commun 2020; 11:5165. [PMID: 33057007 PMCID: PMC7560817 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-18880-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2020] [Accepted: 09/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) has been identified as the host entry receptor for the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) responsible for the COVID-19 pandemic. ACE2 is a regulatory enzyme of the renin-angiotensin system and has protective functions in many cardiovascular, pulmonary and metabolic diseases. This review summarizes available murine models with systemic or organ-specific deletion of ACE2, or with overexpression of murine or human ACE2. The purpose of this review is to provide researchers with the genetic tools available for further understanding of ACE2 biology and for the investigation of ACE2 in the pathogenesis and treatment of COVID-19.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hongpeng Jia
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Xinping Yue
- Department of Physiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, 70112, USA
| | - Eric Lazartigues
- Department of Pharmacology & Experimental Therapeutics, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, 70112, USA. .,Cardiovascular Center of Excellence, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, 70112, USA. .,Southeast Louisiana Veterans Health Care Systems, New Orleans, LA, 70119, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Saba L, Gerosa C, Wintermark M, Hedin U, Fanni D, Suri JS, Balestrieri A, Faa G. Can COVID19 trigger the plaque vulnerability-a Kounis syndrome warning for "asymptomatic subjects". Cardiovasc Diagn Ther 2020; 10:1352-1355. [PMID: 33224760 PMCID: PMC7666923 DOI: 10.21037/cdt-20-561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2020] [Accepted: 07/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Luca Saba
- Department of Radiology, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria (A.O.U.), Cagliari, Italy
| | - Clara Gerosa
- Department of Pathology, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria (A.O.U.), Cagliari, Italy
| | - Max Wintermark
- Department of Radiology, Neuroradiology Division, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Ulf Hedin
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden and Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Daniela Fanni
- Department of Pathology, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria (A.O.U.), Cagliari, Italy
| | - Jasjit S. Suri
- Stroke Monitoring and Diagnosis Division, AtheroPoint, Roseville, CA, USA
| | - Antonella Balestrieri
- Department of Radiology, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria (A.O.U.), Cagliari, Italy
| | - Gavino Faa
- Department of Pathology, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria (A.O.U.), Cagliari, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Silva GM, França-Falcão MS, Calzerra NTM, Luz MS, Gadelha DDA, Balarini CM, Queiroz TM. Role of Renin-Angiotensin System Components in Atherosclerosis: Focus on Ang-II, ACE2, and Ang-1-7. Front Physiol 2020; 11:1067. [PMID: 33013457 PMCID: PMC7494970 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.01067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 08/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is the leading cause of vascular disease worldwide and contributes significantly to deaths from cardiovascular complications. There is a remarkably close relationship between atherosclerotic plaque formation and the activation of renin-angiotensin system (RAS). However, depending on which RAS pathway is activated, pro- or anti-atherogenic outcomes may be observed. This brief review focuses on the role of three of the most important pieces of RAS axis, angiotensin II (Ang-II), angiotensin converting enzyme type 2 (ACE2), and angiotensin 1-7 (Ang-1-7) and their involvement in atherosclerosis. We focused on the effects of these molecules on vascular function and inflammation, which are important determinants of atherogenesis. Furthermore, we highlighted potential pharmacological approaches to treat this disorder.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela M Silva
- Laboratory of Nutrition, Physical Activity and Phenotypic Plasticity, Federal University of Pernambuco, Vitória de Santo Antão, Brazil
| | | | | | - Mickael S Luz
- Center of Biotechnology, Federal University of Paraiba, João Pessoa, Brazil
| | | | - Camille M Balarini
- Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Paraiba, João Pessoa, Brazil
| | - Thyago M Queiroz
- Laboratory of Nutrition, Physical Activity and Phenotypic Plasticity, Federal University of Pernambuco, Vitória de Santo Antão, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Gawałko M, Kapłon-Cieślicka A, Hohl M, Dobrev D, Linz D. COVID-19 associated atrial fibrillation: Incidence, putative mechanisms and potential clinical implications. IJC HEART & VASCULATURE 2020; 30:100631. [PMID: 32904969 PMCID: PMC7462635 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcha.2020.100631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2020] [Revised: 08/14/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a novel, highly transmittable and severe strain disease, which has rapidly spread worldwide. Despite epidemiological evidence linking COVID-19 with cardiovascular diseases, little is known about whether and how COVID-19 influences atrial fibrillation (AF), the most prevalent arrhythmia in clinical practice. Here, we review the available evidence for prevalence and incidence of AF in patients infected with the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and discuss disease management approaches and potential treatment options for COVID-19 infected AF patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Monika Gawałko
- 1st Department of Cardiology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland.,Department of Cardiology, Maastricht University Medical Centre and Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | | | - Mathias Hohl
- Klinik für Innere Medizin III, Universität des Saarlandes, Homburg/Saar, Germany
| | - Dobromir Dobrev
- Institute of Pharmacology, West German Heart and Vascular Center, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Dominik Linz
- Department of Cardiology, Maastricht University Medical Centre and Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht, The Netherlands.,Centre for Heart Rhythm Disorders, University of Adelaide and Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, Australia.,Department of Cardiology, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Filardi T, Morano S. COVID-19: is there a link between the course of infection and pharmacological agents in diabetes? J Endocrinol Invest 2020; 43:1053-1060. [PMID: 32495299 PMCID: PMC7268955 DOI: 10.1007/s40618-020-01318-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Accepted: 05/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and type 2 diabetes (T2D) are two pandemics that share the dramatic impact on global mortality and economic resources. COVID-19 largely exhibits mild to moderate clinical manifestations. However, severe pneumonia with high fatality rate may occur, especially in the elderly and in patients with underlying conditions, such as diabetes and cardiovascular disease. SARS-CoV-2 (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2) binds to the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), a ubiquitous trans-membrane carboxypeptidase, to enter the cells. AIMS This short review discusses some open questions about the link between COVID-19 and diabetes, principally focusing on the possible effects of commonly used drugs in patients with diabetes. RESULTS Preclinical studies have reported that angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs) and ACE inhibitors might increase ACE2 expression in several cell types. Hence, it has been speculated that the treatment with these agents might influence the course of the infection, and both harmful and beneficial effects have been supposed. Other pharmacological agents are thought to increase ACE2 expression, including statins and proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPAR-γ) agonists. All these drug classes are broadly adopted in T2D. Besides ACE2, other unknown co-factors might be involved in cell infection. It has been recently observed that dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP4), the receptor for MERS-CoV (Middle East respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus) and ACE2 have similar expression profiles in the lung. DPP4 has important metabolic and immune functions and is a target for commonly used therapies in T2D. CONCLUSIONS Although clinical data supporting an influence of all these drugs on the course of the disease are limited, this is an interesting background for further research that might help unravel the complex mechanisms underlying the link between COVID-19 and diabetes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- T Filardi
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Policlinico Umberto I, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Viale del Policlinico 155, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - S Morano
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Policlinico Umberto I, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Viale del Policlinico 155, 00161, Rome, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Wazny V, Siau A, Wu KX, Cheung C. Vascular underpinning of COVID-19. Open Biol 2020; 10:200208. [PMID: 32847471 PMCID: PMC7479931 DOI: 10.1098/rsob.200208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2020] [Accepted: 08/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
COVID-19 management guidelines have largely attributed critically ill patients who develop acute respiratory distress syndrome, to a systemic overproduction of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Cardiovascular dysfunction may also represent a primary phenomenon, with increasing data suggesting that severe COVID-19 reflects a confluence of vascular dysfunction, thrombosis and dysregulated inflammation. Here, we first consolidate the information on localized microvascular inflammation and disordered cytokine release, triggering vessel permeability and prothrombotic conditions that play a central role in perpetuating the pathogenic COVID-19 cascade. Secondly, we seek to clarify the gateways which SARS-CoV-2, the causative COVID-19 virus, uses to enter host vascular cells. Post-mortem examinations of patients' tissues have confirmed direct viral endothelial infection within several organs. While there have been advances in single-cell RNA sequencing, endothelial cells across various vascular beds express low or undetectable levels of those touted SARS-CoV-2 entry factors. Emerging studies postulate alternative pathways and the apicobasal distribution of host cell surface factors could influence endothelial SARS-CoV-2 entry and replication. Finally, we provide experimental considerations such as endothelial polarity, cellular heterogeneity in organoids and shear stress dynamics in designing cellular models to facilitate research on viral-induced endothelial dysfunctions. Understanding the vascular underpinning of COVID-19 pathogenesis is crucial to managing outcomes and mortality.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Wazny
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University Singapore, 59 Nanyang Drive, Singapore636921, Singapore
| | - Anthony Siau
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University Singapore, 59 Nanyang Drive, Singapore636921, Singapore
| | - Kan Xing Wu
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University Singapore, 59 Nanyang Drive, Singapore636921, Singapore
| | - Christine Cheung
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University Singapore, 59 Nanyang Drive, Singapore636921, Singapore
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, 61 Biopolis Drive, Singapore138673, Singapore
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Lv H, Chen T, Pan Y, Wang H, Chen L, Lu Y. Pulmonary vascular enlargement on thoracic CT for diagnosis and differential diagnosis of COVID-19: a systematic review and meta-analysis. ANNALS OF TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2020; 8:878. [PMID: 32793722 DOI: 10.21037/atm-20-4955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Background The 2019 coronavirus disease (COVID-19) has become a global pandemic. To date, although many studies have reported on the computed tomography (CT) manifestations of COVID-19, the vascular enlargement sign (VES) of COVID-19 has not been deeply examined, with the few available studies reporting an inconsistent prevalence. We thus performed a systematic review and meta-analysis based on the best available studies to estimate the prevalence and identify the underlying differential diagnostic value of VES. Methods We searched nine English and Chinese language databases up to April 23, 2020. Studies that evaluated CT features of COVID-19 patients and reported VES, with or without comparison with other pneumonia were included. The methodologic quality was assessed using Quality Assessment of Diagnostic Accuracy Studies-2 (QUADAS-2). Meta-analyses with random effects models were performed to calculate the aggregate prevalence and pooled odds ratios (ORs) of VES. We also conducted meta-regression and subgroup analyses to analyze heterogeneity. Results VES findings from a total of 1969 patients were summarized and pooled across 22 studies. Our analysis demonstrated that the prevalence of VES among COVID-19 patients was 69.37% [95% confidence interval (CI): 57.40-79.20%]. Compared with non-COVID-19 patients, VES manifestation was more frequently observed in confirmed COVID-19 patients (OR =6.43, 95% CI: 3.39-12.22). Studies that explicitly defined distribution of VES in the lesion area demonstrated a significantly higher prevalence (P=0.03). Subgroup analyses also revealed a relatively higher VES rate in studies with a sample size larger than 50, but the difference was not statistically significant. No significant difference in VES rates was found between different countries (China/Italy), regions (Hubei/outside Hubei), average age groups (over/less than 50-year-old), or slice thicknesses of CT scan. Extensive heterogeneity was identified across most estimates (I2>80%). Some of the variations (R2=19.73%) could be explained by VES distribution, and sample size. No significant publication bias was seen (P=0.29). Conclusions VES on thoracic CT was found in almost two-thirds of COVID-19 patients, and was more prevalent compared with that of the non-COVID-19 patients, supporting a promising role for VES in identifying pneumonia caused by coronavirus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Haiying Lv
- Department of Radiology, Ruijin Hospital/Lu Wan Branch, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Tongtong Chen
- Department of Radiology, Ruijin Hospital/Lu Wan Branch, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yaling Pan
- Department of Radiology, Ruijin Hospital/Lu Wan Branch, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hanqi Wang
- Department of Radiology, Ruijin Hospital/Lu Wan Branch, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Liuping Chen
- Department of Radiology, Ruijin Hospital/Lu Wan Branch, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yong Lu
- Department of Radiology, Ruijin Hospital/Lu Wan Branch, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
South AM, Diz DI, Chappell MC. COVID-19, ACE2, and the cardiovascular consequences. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2020; 318:H1084-H1090. [PMID: 32228252 PMCID: PMC7191628 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00217.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 489] [Impact Index Per Article: 122.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2020] [Revised: 03/30/2020] [Accepted: 03/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The novel SARS coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 pandemic may be particularly deleterious to patients with underlying cardiovascular disease (CVD). The mechanism for SARS-CoV-2 infection is the requisite binding of the virus to the membrane-bound form of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) and internalization of the complex by the host cell. Recognition that ACE2 is the coreceptor for the coronavirus has prompted new therapeutic approaches to block the enzyme or reduce its expression to prevent the cellular entry and SARS-CoV-2 infection in tissues that express ACE2 including lung, heart, kidney, brain, and gut. ACE2, however, is a key enzymatic component of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS); ACE2 degrades ANG II, a peptide with multiple actions that promote CVD, and generates Ang-(1-7), which antagonizes the effects of ANG II. Moreover, experimental evidence suggests that RAAS blockade by ACE inhibitors, ANG II type 1 receptor antagonists, and mineralocorticoid antagonists, as well as statins, enhance ACE2 which, in part, contributes to the benefit of these regimens. In lieu of the fact that many older patients with hypertension or other CVDs are routinely treated with RAAS blockers and statins, new clinical concerns have developed regarding whether these patients are at greater risk for SARS-CoV-2 infection, whether RAAS and statin therapy should be discontinued, and the potential consequences of RAAS blockade to COVID-19-related pathologies such as acute and chronic respiratory disease. The current perspective critically examines the evidence for ACE2 regulation by RAAS blockade and statins, the cardiovascular benefits of ACE2, and whether ACE2 blockade is a viable approach to attenuate COVID-19.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew M South
- Cardiovascular Sciences Center, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
| | - Debra I Diz
- Cardiovascular Sciences Center, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
| | - Mark C Chappell
- Cardiovascular Sciences Center, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Age-Dependent and -Independent Effects of Perivascular Adipose Tissue and Its Paracrine Activities during Neointima Formation. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 21:ijms21010282. [PMID: 31906225 PMCID: PMC6981748 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21010282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2019] [Revised: 12/15/2019] [Accepted: 12/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular risk factors may act by modulating the composition and function of the adventitia. Here we examine how age affects perivascular adipose tissue (PVAT) and its paracrine activities during neointima formation. Aortic tissue and PVAT or primary aortic smooth muscle cells from male C57BL/6JRj mice aged 52 weeks (“middle-aged”) were compared to tissue or cells from mice aged 16 weeks (“adult”). Vascular injury was induced at the carotid artery using 10% ferric chloride. Carotid arteries from the middle-aged mice exhibited smooth muscle de-differentiation and elevated senescence marker expression, and vascular injury further aggravated media and adventitia thickening. Perivascular transplantation of PVAT had no effect on these parameters, but age-independently reduced neointima formation and lumen stenosis. Quantitative PCR analysis revealed a blunted increase in senescence-associated proinflammatory changes in perivascular tissue compared to visceral adipose tissue and higher expression of mediators attenuating neointima formation. Elevated levels of protein inhibitor of activated STAT1 (PIAS1) and lower expression of STAT1- or NFκB-regulated genes involved in adipocyte differentiation, inflammation, and apoptosis/senescence were present in mouse PVAT, whereas PIAS1 was reduced in the PVAT of patients with atherosclerotic vessel disease. Our findings suggest that age affects adipose tissue and its paracrine vascular activities in a depot-specific manner. PIAS1 may mediate the age-independent vasculoprotective effects of perivascular fat.
Collapse
|
37
|
Itcho K, Oki K, Kobuke K, Ohno H, Yoneda M, Hattori N. Angiotensin 1-7 suppresses angiotensin II mediated aldosterone production via JAK/STAT signaling inhibition. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2019; 185:137-141. [PMID: 30125658 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2018.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2018] [Revised: 08/03/2018] [Accepted: 08/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Angiotensin 1-7 (Ang 1-7), which is a protein cleaved from angiotensin II (A-II), binds to the MAS receptor. Ang 1-7 has been demonstrated to exert protective effects against A-II-mediated cardiac, atherosclerotic, and renal damages. The aims of our study were to demonstrate the inhibitory role of Ang 1-7 in A-II-mediated aldosterone production by interacting with the MAS receptor in human adrenocortical carcinoma (HAC15) cells, and clarify the intracellular signaling mechanisms underlying the inhibition of aldosterone production by Ang 1-7. Ang 1-7 significantly suppressed A-II-stimulated aldosterone production, and partially abrogated A-II-induced upregulation of CYP11B2 expression. Treatment with a selective Ang 1-7 antagonist abrogated Ang 1-7-mediated inhibition of aldosterone production in HAC15 cells. Incubation of A-II-treated HAC15 cells with conditioned medium containing Ang 1-7 was demonstrated to suppress A-II-mediated aldosterone production and CYP11B2 expression. Proteomic analysis showed that Ang 1-7 predominantly inhibited the phosphorylation of JAK-STAT proteins in A-II stimulated HAC15 cells. Treatment of HAC15 cells with a STAT3 inhibitor partially but significantly repressed A-II-mediated aldosterone production by 63.2%. Similarly, treatment with a STAT5 inhibitor significantly abrogated A-II-stimulated aldosterone production in HAC15 cells by 60.7%. In conclusion, we demonstrated that Ang 1-7 negatively regulates A-II-mediated aldosterone production, and the observed inhibition of aldosterone production was associated with JAK/STAT signaling in human adrenal cells. Therefore, activation of Ang 1-7 or stimulation of the MAS receptor, which inhibits aldosterone production, is a promising therapeutic approach for the prevention of cardiovascular events that can directly affect the target organs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kiyotaka Itcho
- Department of Molecular and Internal Medicine, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima, 734-8551, Japan
| | - Kenji Oki
- Department of Molecular and Internal Medicine, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima, 734-8551, Japan.
| | - Kazuhiro Kobuke
- Department of Molecular and Internal Medicine, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima, 734-8551, Japan
| | - Haruya Ohno
- Department of Molecular and Internal Medicine, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima, 734-8551, Japan
| | - Masayasu Yoneda
- Department of Molecular and Internal Medicine, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima, 734-8551, Japan
| | - Noboru Hattori
- Department of Molecular and Internal Medicine, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima, 734-8551, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Santos RAS. Genetic Models. ANGIOTENSIN-(1-7) 2019. [PMCID: PMC7120897 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-22696-1_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Genetically altered rat and mouse models have been instrumental in the functional analysis of genes in a physiological context. In particular, studies on the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) have profited from this technology in the past. In this review, we summarize the existing animal models for the protective axis of the RAS consisting of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), angiotensin-(1-7)(Ang-(1-7), and its receptor Mas. With the help of models with altered expression of the components of this axis in the brain and cardiovascular organs, its physiological and pathophysiological functions have been elucidated. Thus, novel opportunities for therapeutic interventions in cardiovascular diseases were revealed targeting ACE2 or Mas.
Collapse
|
39
|
Alenina N, Bader M. ACE2 in Brain Physiology and Pathophysiology: Evidence from Transgenic Animal Models. Neurochem Res 2018; 44:1323-1329. [PMID: 30443713 PMCID: PMC7089194 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-018-2679-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2018] [Revised: 10/15/2018] [Accepted: 11/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) is a protein consisting of two domains, the N-terminus is a carboxypeptidase homologous to ACE and the C-terminus is homologous to collectrin and responsible for the trafficking of the neutral amino acid transporter B(0)AT1 to the plasma membrane of gut epithelial cells. The carboxypeptidase domain not only metabolizes angiotensin II to angiotensin-(1–7), but also other peptide substrates, such as apelin, kinins and morphins. In addition, the collectrin domain regulates the levels of some amino acids in the blood, in particular of tryptophan. Therefore it is of no surprise that animals with genetic alterations in the expression of ACE2 develop a diverse pattern of phenotypes ranging from hypertension, metabolic and behavioural dysfunctions, to impairments in serotonin synthesis and neurogenesis. This review summarizes the phenotypes of such animals with a particular focus on the central nervous system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Alenina
- Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine (MDC), Robert-Rössle-Str. 10, 13125, Berlin, Germany
- DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Michael Bader
- Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine (MDC), Robert-Rössle-Str. 10, 13125, Berlin, Germany.
- DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
- Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Berlin, Germany.
- Charité - University Medicine, Berlin, Germany.
- Institute for Biology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Santos RAS, Sampaio WO, Alzamora AC, Motta-Santos D, Alenina N, Bader M, Campagnole-Santos MJ. The ACE2/Angiotensin-(1-7)/MAS Axis of the Renin-Angiotensin System: Focus on Angiotensin-(1-7). Physiol Rev 2018; 98:505-553. [PMID: 29351514 PMCID: PMC7203574 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00023.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 711] [Impact Index Per Article: 118.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2016] [Revised: 05/09/2017] [Accepted: 06/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The renin-angiotensin system (RAS) is a key player in the control of the cardiovascular system and hydroelectrolyte balance, with an influence on organs and functions throughout the body. The classical view of this system saw it as a sequence of many enzymatic steps that culminate in the production of a single biologically active metabolite, the octapeptide angiotensin (ANG) II, by the angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE). The past two decades have revealed new functions for some of the intermediate products, beyond their roles as substrates along the classical route. They may be processed in alternative ways by enzymes such as the ACE homolog ACE2. One effect is to establish a second axis through ACE2/ANG-(1-7)/MAS, whose end point is the metabolite ANG-(1-7). ACE2 and other enzymes can form ANG-(1-7) directly or indirectly from either the decapeptide ANG I or from ANG II. In many cases, this second axis appears to counteract or modulate the effects of the classical axis. ANG-(1-7) itself acts on the receptor MAS to influence a range of mechanisms in the heart, kidney, brain, and other tissues. This review highlights the current knowledge about the roles of ANG-(1-7) in physiology and disease, with particular emphasis on the brain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Robson Augusto Souza Santos
- National Institute of Science and Technology in Nanobiopharmaceutics, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais , Belo Horizonte , Brazil ; Department of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Ouro Preto , Ouro Preto , Brazil ; Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine (MDC), Berlin , Germany ; Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Berlin , Germany ; Charité - University Medicine, Berlin , Germany ; DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Berlin, Berlin , Germany ; Institute for Biology, University of Lübeck , Lübeck , Germany
| | - Walkyria Oliveira Sampaio
- National Institute of Science and Technology in Nanobiopharmaceutics, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais , Belo Horizonte , Brazil ; Department of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Ouro Preto , Ouro Preto , Brazil ; Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine (MDC), Berlin , Germany ; Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Berlin , Germany ; Charité - University Medicine, Berlin , Germany ; DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Berlin, Berlin , Germany ; Institute for Biology, University of Lübeck , Lübeck , Germany
| | - Andreia C Alzamora
- National Institute of Science and Technology in Nanobiopharmaceutics, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais , Belo Horizonte , Brazil ; Department of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Ouro Preto , Ouro Preto , Brazil ; Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine (MDC), Berlin , Germany ; Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Berlin , Germany ; Charité - University Medicine, Berlin , Germany ; DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Berlin, Berlin , Germany ; Institute for Biology, University of Lübeck , Lübeck , Germany
| | - Daisy Motta-Santos
- National Institute of Science and Technology in Nanobiopharmaceutics, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais , Belo Horizonte , Brazil ; Department of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Ouro Preto , Ouro Preto , Brazil ; Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine (MDC), Berlin , Germany ; Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Berlin , Germany ; Charité - University Medicine, Berlin , Germany ; DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Berlin, Berlin , Germany ; Institute for Biology, University of Lübeck , Lübeck , Germany
| | - Natalia Alenina
- National Institute of Science and Technology in Nanobiopharmaceutics, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais , Belo Horizonte , Brazil ; Department of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Ouro Preto , Ouro Preto , Brazil ; Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine (MDC), Berlin , Germany ; Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Berlin , Germany ; Charité - University Medicine, Berlin , Germany ; DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Berlin, Berlin , Germany ; Institute for Biology, University of Lübeck , Lübeck , Germany
| | - Michael Bader
- National Institute of Science and Technology in Nanobiopharmaceutics, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais , Belo Horizonte , Brazil ; Department of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Ouro Preto , Ouro Preto , Brazil ; Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine (MDC), Berlin , Germany ; Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Berlin , Germany ; Charité - University Medicine, Berlin , Germany ; DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Berlin, Berlin , Germany ; Institute for Biology, University of Lübeck , Lübeck , Germany
| | - Maria Jose Campagnole-Santos
- National Institute of Science and Technology in Nanobiopharmaceutics, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais , Belo Horizonte , Brazil ; Department of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Ouro Preto , Ouro Preto , Brazil ; Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine (MDC), Berlin , Germany ; Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Berlin , Germany ; Charité - University Medicine, Berlin , Germany ; DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Berlin, Berlin , Germany ; Institute for Biology, University of Lübeck , Lübeck , Germany
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Nehme A, Zibara K. Cellular distribution and interaction between extended renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system pathways in atheroma. Atherosclerosis 2017; 263:334-342. [PMID: 28600074 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2017.05.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2016] [Revised: 04/14/2017] [Accepted: 05/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The importance of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the development of atherosclerotic has been experimentally documented. In fact, RAAS components have been shown to be locally expressed in the arterial wall and to be differentially regulated during atherosclerotic lesion progression. RAAS transcripts and proteins were shown to be differentially expressed and to interact in the 3 main cells of atheroma: endothelial cells, vascular smooth muscle cells, and macrophages. This review describes the local expression and cellular distribution of extended RAAS components in the arterial wall and their differential regulation during atherosclerotic lesion development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ali Nehme
- EA4173, Functional Genomics of Arterial Hypertension, Hôpital Nord-Ouest, Villefranche-sur-Saône, Université Lyon1, Lyon, France; ER045, Laboratory of Stem Cells, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Lebanese University, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Kazem Zibara
- ER045, Laboratory of Stem Cells, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Lebanese University, Beirut, Lebanon.
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Karnik SS, Singh KD, Tirupula K, Unal H. Significance of angiotensin 1-7 coupling with MAS1 receptor and other GPCRs to the renin-angiotensin system: IUPHAR Review 22. Br J Pharmacol 2017; 174:737-753. [PMID: 28194766 PMCID: PMC5387002 DOI: 10.1111/bph.13742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2016] [Revised: 01/31/2017] [Accepted: 02/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Angiotensins are a group of hormonal peptides and include angiotensin II and angiotensin 1-7 produced by the renin angiotensin system. The biology, pharmacology and biochemistry of the receptors for angiotensins were extensively reviewed recently. In the review, the receptor nomenclature committee was not emphatic on designating MAS1 as the angiotensin 1-7 receptor on the basis of lack of classical G protein signalling and desensitization in response to angiotensin 1-7, as well as a lack of consensus on confirmatory ligand pharmacological analyses. A review of recent publications (2013-2016) on the rapidly progressing research on angiotensin 1-7 revealed that MAS1 and two additional receptors can function as 'angiotensin 1-7 receptors', and this deserves further consideration. In this review we have summarized the information on angiotensin 1-7 receptors and their crosstalk with classical angiotensin II receptors in the context of the functions of the renin angiotensin system. It was concluded that the receptors for angiotensin II and angiotensin 1-7 make up a sophisticated cross-regulated signalling network that modulates the endogenous protective and pathogenic facets of the renin angiotensin system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sadashiva S Karnik
- Department of Molecular Cardiology, Lerner Research InstituteCleveland Clinic FoundationClevelandOhioUSA
| | | | - Kalyan Tirupula
- Department of Molecular Cardiology, Lerner Research InstituteCleveland Clinic FoundationClevelandOhioUSA
- Biological E Limited, ShamirpetHyderabadIndia
| | - Hamiyet Unal
- Department of Molecular Cardiology, Lerner Research InstituteCleveland Clinic FoundationClevelandOhioUSA
- Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy and Betul Ziya Eren Genome and Stem Cell CenterErciyes UniversityKayseriTurkey
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Angiotensin-(1-7) abrogates angiotensin II-induced proliferation, migration and inflammation in VSMCs through inactivation of ROS-mediated PI3K/Akt and MAPK/ERK signaling pathways. Sci Rep 2016; 6:34621. [PMID: 27687768 PMCID: PMC5043354 DOI: 10.1038/srep34621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2016] [Accepted: 08/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The proliferation, migration and inflammation of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) contribute to the pathogenesis and progression of several cardiovascular diseases such as atherosclerosis and hypertension. Angiotensin (Ang)-(1–7) and Ang II are identified to be involved in regulating cardiovascular activity. The present study is designed to determine the interaction between Ang-(1–7) and Ang II on VSMCs proliferation, migration and inflammation as well as their underlying mechanisms. We found that Ang-(1–7) significantly suppressed the positive effects of Ang II on VSMCs proliferation, migration and inflammation, as well as on induction of the phosphorylation of Akt and ERK1/2 and increase of superoxide anion level and NAD(P)H oxidase activity in VSMCs, whereas Ang-(1–7) alone had no significant effects. This inhibitory effects of Ang-(1–7) were abolished by Mas receptor antagonist A-779. In addition, Ang II type 1 (AT1) receptor antagonist losartan, but not A-779, abolished Ang II induced VSMCs proliferation, migration and inflammation responses. Furthermore, superoxide anion scavenger N-acetyl-L-cysteine (NAC) or NAD(P)H oxidase inhibitor apocynin inhibited Ang II-induced activation of Akt and ERK1/2 signaling. These results indicate that Ang-(1–7) antagonizes the Ang II-induced VSMC proliferation, migration and inflammation through activation of Mas receptor and then suppression of ROS-dependent PI3K/Akt and MAPK/ERK signaling pathways.
Collapse
|
44
|
Abstract
The health of the cardiovascular and pulmonary systems is inextricably linked to the renin-angiotensin system (RAS). Physiologically speaking, a balance between the vasodeleterious (Angiotensin-converting enzyme [ACE]/Angiotensin II [Ang II]/Ang II type 1 receptor [AT1R]) and vasoprotective (Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 [ACE2]/Angiotensin-(1-7) [Ang-(1-7)]/Mas receptor [MasR]) components of the RAS is critical for cardiopulmonary homeostasis. Upregulation of the ACE/Ang II/AT1R axis shifts the system toward vasoconstriction, proliferation, hypertrophy, inflammation, and fibrosis, all factors that contribute to the development and progression of cardiopulmonary diseases. Conversely, stimulation of the vasoprotective ACE2/Ang-(1-7)/MasR axis produces a counter-regulatory response that promotes cardiovascular health. Current research is investigating novel strategies to augment actions of the vasoprotective RAS components, particularly ACE2, in order to treat various pathologies. Although multiple approaches to increase the activity of ACE2 have displayed beneficial effects against experimental disease models, the mechanisms behind its protective actions remain incompletely understood. Recent work demonstrating a non-catalytic role for ACE2 in amino acid transport in the gut has led us to speculate that the therapeutic effects of ACE2 can be mediated, in part, by its actions on the gastrointestinal tract and/or gut microbiome. This is consistent with emerging data which suggest that dysbiosis of the gut and lung microbiomes is associated with cardiopulmonary disease. This review highlights new developments in the protective actions of ACE2 against cardiopulmonary disorders, discusses innovative approaches to targeting ACE2 for therapy, and explores an evolving role for gut and lung microbiota in cardiopulmonary health.
Collapse
|
45
|
Chen LJ, Xu YL, Song B, Yu HM, Oudit GY, Xu R, Zhang ZZ, Jin HY, Chang Q, Zhu DL, Zhong JC. Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 ameliorates renal fibrosis by blocking the activation of mTOR/ERK signaling in apolipoprotein E-deficient mice. Peptides 2016; 79:49-57. [PMID: 27018342 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2016.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2016] [Revised: 03/06/2016] [Accepted: 03/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) has been shown to prevent atherosclerotic lesions and renal inflammation. However, little was elucidated upon the effects and mechanisms of ACE2 in atherosclerotic kidney fibrosis progression. Here, we examined regulatory roles of ACE2 in renal fibrosis in the apolipoprotein E (ApoE) knockout (KO) mice. The ApoEKO mice were randomized to daily deliver either angiotensin (Ang) II (1.5mg/kg) and/or human recombinant ACE2 (rhACE2; 2mg/kg) for 2 weeks. Downregulation of ACE2 and upregulation of phosphorylated Akt, mTOR and ERK1/2 levels were observed in ApoEKO kidneys. Ang II infusion led to increased tubulointerstitial fibrosis in the ApoEKO mice with greater activation of the mTOR/ERK1/2 signaling. The Ang II-mediated renal fibrosis and structural injury were strikingly rescued by rhACE2 supplementation, associated with reduced mRNA expression of TGF-β1 and collagen I and elevated renal Ang-(1-7) levels. In cultured mouse kidney fibroblasts, exposure with Ang II (100nmolL(-1)) resulted in obvious elevations in superoxide generation, phosphorylated levels of mTOR and ERK1/2 as well as mRNA levels of TGF-β1, collagen I and fibronectin 1, which were dramatically prevented by rhACE2 (1mgmL(-1)) or mTOR inhibitor rapamycin (10μmolL(-1)). These protective effects of rhACE2 were eradicated by the Ang-(1-7)/Mas receptor antagonist A779 (1μmolL(-1)). Our results demonstrate the importance of ACE2 in amelioration of kidney fibrosis and renal injury in the ApoE-mutant mice via modulation of the mTOR/ERK signaling and renal Ang-(1-7)/Ang II balance, thus indicating potential therapeutic strategies by enhancing ACE2 action for preventing atherosclerosis and fibrosis-associated kidney disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lai-Jiang Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, Pôle Sino-Français de Recherches en Science du Vivant et Génomique, Ruijin Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Hypertension, Shanghai Institute of Hypertension, Shanghai 200025, China; Institute of Health Sciences, Shanghai Institute for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Ying-Le Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, Pôle Sino-Français de Recherches en Science du Vivant et Génomique, Ruijin Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Hypertension, Shanghai Institute of Hypertension, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Bei Song
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, Pôle Sino-Français de Recherches en Science du Vivant et Génomique, Ruijin Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Hypertension, Shanghai Institute of Hypertension, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Hui-Min Yu
- Department of Cardiology, Guangdong General Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences and Guangdong Cardiovascular Institute, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Gavin Y Oudit
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Mazankowski Alberta Heart Institute, Edmonton T6G 2S2, Canada
| | - Ran Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, Pôle Sino-Français de Recherches en Science du Vivant et Génomique, Ruijin Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Hypertension, Shanghai Institute of Hypertension, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Zhen-Zhou Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, Pôle Sino-Français de Recherches en Science du Vivant et Génomique, Ruijin Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Hypertension, Shanghai Institute of Hypertension, Shanghai 200025, China; Institute of Health Sciences, Shanghai Institute for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Hai-Yan Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, Pôle Sino-Français de Recherches en Science du Vivant et Génomique, Ruijin Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Hypertension, Shanghai Institute of Hypertension, Shanghai 200025, China; Department of Mental Health, Ruijin Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Qing Chang
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, Pôle Sino-Français de Recherches en Science du Vivant et Génomique, Ruijin Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Hypertension, Shanghai Institute of Hypertension, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Ding-Liang Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, Pôle Sino-Français de Recherches en Science du Vivant et Génomique, Ruijin Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Hypertension, Shanghai Institute of Hypertension, Shanghai 200025, China; Institute of Health Sciences, Shanghai Institute for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Jiu-Chang Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, Pôle Sino-Français de Recherches en Science du Vivant et Génomique, Ruijin Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Hypertension, Shanghai Institute of Hypertension, Shanghai 200025, China; Institute of Health Sciences, Shanghai Institute for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200025, China.
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Li Y, Han L, Ding WY, Ti Y, Li YH, Tang MX, Wang ZH, Zhang Y, Zhang W, Zhong M. Prostaglandin F2α receptor silencing attenuates vascular remodeling in rats with type 2 diabetes. Exp Mol Pathol 2015; 99:517-23. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yexmp.2015.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2015] [Revised: 09/11/2015] [Accepted: 09/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
|
47
|
Diminazene enhances stability of atherosclerotic plaques in ApoE-deficient mice. Vascul Pharmacol 2015; 74:103-113. [PMID: 26304699 DOI: 10.1016/j.vph.2015.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2015] [Revised: 07/22/2015] [Accepted: 08/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Angiotensin (Ang) II contributes to the development of atherosclerosis, while Ang-(1-7) has atheroprotective actions. Accordingly, angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), which breaks-down Ang II and forms Ang-(1-7), has been suggested as a target against atherosclerosis. Here we investigated the actions of diminazene, a recently developed ACE2 activator compound, in a model of vulnerable atherosclerotic plaque. Atherosclerotic plaque formation was induced in the carotid artery of ApoE-deficient mice by a shear stress (SS) modifier device. The animals were treated with diminazene (15mg/kg/day) or vehicle. ACE2 was strongly expressed in the aortic root and low SS-induced carotid plaques, but poorly expressed in the oscillatory SS-induced carotid plaques. Diminazene treatment did not change the lesion size, but ameliorated the composition of aortic root and low SS-induced carotid plaques by increasing collagen content and decreasing both MMP-9 expression and macrophage infiltration. Interestingly, these beneficial effects were not observed in the oscillatory SS-induced plaque. Additionally, diminazene treatment decreased intraplaque ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 expression, circulating cytokine and chemokine levels and serum triglycerides. In summary, ACE2 was distinctively expressed in atherosclerotic plaques, which depends on the local pattern of shear stress. Moreover, diminazene treatment enhances the stability of atherosclerotic plaques.
Collapse
|
48
|
Jin HY, Chen LJ, Zhang ZZ, Xu YL, Song B, Xu R, Oudit GY, Gao PJ, Zhu DL, Zhong JC. Deletion of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 exacerbates renal inflammation and injury in apolipoprotein E-deficient mice through modulation of the nephrin and TNF-alpha-TNFRSF1A signaling. J Transl Med 2015; 13:255. [PMID: 26245758 PMCID: PMC4527357 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-015-0616-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2015] [Accepted: 07/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The renin-angiotensin system (RAS) has been implicated in atherosclerotic lesions and progression to chronic kidney diseases. We examined regulatory roles of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) in the apolipoprotein E (ApoE) knockout (KO) kidneys. Methods The 3-month-old wild-type, ApoEKO, ACE2KO and ApoE/ACE2 double-KO (DKO) mice in a C57BL/6 background were used. The ApoEKO mice were randomized to daily deliver either Ang II (1.5 mg/kg) and/or human recombinant ACE2 (rhACE2; 2 mg/kg) for 2 weeks. We examined changes in pro-inflammatory cytokines, renal ultrastructure, and pathological signaling in mouse kidneys. Results Downregulation of ACE2 and nephrin levels was observed in ApoEKO kidneys. Genetic ACE2 deletion resulted in modest elevations in systolic blood pressure levels and Ang II type 1 receptor expression and reduced nephrin expression in kidneys of the ApoE/ACE2 DKO mice with a decrease in renal Ang-(1-7) levels. These changes were linked with marked increases in renal superoxide generation, NADPH oxidase (NOX) 4 and proinflammatory factors levels, including interleukin (IL)-1beta, IL-6, IL-17A, RANTES, ICAM-1, Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) and TNFRSF1A. Renal dysfunction and ultrastructure injury were aggravated in the ApoE/ACE2 DKO mice and Ang II-infused ApoEKO mice with increased plasma levels of creatinine, blood urea nitrogen and enhanced levels of Ang II in plasma and kidneys. The Ang II-mediated reductions of renal ACE2 and nephrin levels in ApoEKO mice were remarkably rescued by rhACE2 supplementation, along with augmentation of renal Ang-(1-7) levels. More importantly, rhACE2 treatment significantly reversed Ang II-induced renal inflammation, superoxide generation, kidney dysfunction and adverse renal injury in ApoEKO mice with suppression of the NOX4 and TNF-alpha-TNFRSF1A signaling. However, rhACE2 had no effect on renal NOX2 and TNFRSF1B expression and circulating lipid levels. Conclusions ACE2 deficiency exacerbates kidney inflammation, oxidative stress and adverse renal injury in the ApoE-mutant mice through modulation of the nephrin, NOX4 and TNF-alpha-TNFRSF1A signaling. While rhACE2 supplementation alleviates inflammation, renal dysfunction and glomerulus injury in the ApoE-mutant mice associated with upregulations of Ang-(1-7) levels and nephrin expression and suppression of the TNF-alpha-TNFRSF1A signaling. Strategies aimed at enhancing the ACE2/Ang-(1-7) actions may have important therapeutic potential for atherosclerotic renal injury and kidney diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hai-Yan Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Hypertension, Shanghai Institute of Hypertension, Ruijin Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 197 Ruijin 2nd Road, Shanghai, 200025, China. .,Pôle Sino-Français de Recherches en Science du Vivant et Génomique, Department of Mental Health, Ruijin Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200025, China.
| | - Lai-Jiang Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Hypertension, Shanghai Institute of Hypertension, Ruijin Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 197 Ruijin 2nd Road, Shanghai, 200025, China. .,Institute of Health Sciences, Shanghai Institute for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200025, China.
| | - Zhen-Zhou Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Hypertension, Shanghai Institute of Hypertension, Ruijin Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 197 Ruijin 2nd Road, Shanghai, 200025, China. .,Institute of Health Sciences, Shanghai Institute for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200025, China.
| | - Ying-Le Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Hypertension, Shanghai Institute of Hypertension, Ruijin Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 197 Ruijin 2nd Road, Shanghai, 200025, China.
| | - Bei Song
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Hypertension, Shanghai Institute of Hypertension, Ruijin Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 197 Ruijin 2nd Road, Shanghai, 200025, China.
| | - Ran Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Hypertension, Shanghai Institute of Hypertension, Ruijin Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 197 Ruijin 2nd Road, Shanghai, 200025, China.
| | - Gavin Y Oudit
- Department of Medicine, Mazankowski Alberta Heart Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, T6G 2S2, Canada.
| | - Ping-Jin Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Hypertension, Shanghai Institute of Hypertension, Ruijin Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 197 Ruijin 2nd Road, Shanghai, 200025, China. .,Institute of Health Sciences, Shanghai Institute for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200025, China.
| | - Ding-Liang Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Hypertension, Shanghai Institute of Hypertension, Ruijin Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 197 Ruijin 2nd Road, Shanghai, 200025, China. .,Pôle Sino-Français de Recherches en Science du Vivant et Génomique, Department of Mental Health, Ruijin Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200025, China. .,Institute of Health Sciences, Shanghai Institute for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200025, China.
| | - Jiu-Chang Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Hypertension, Shanghai Institute of Hypertension, Ruijin Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 197 Ruijin 2nd Road, Shanghai, 200025, China. .,Pôle Sino-Français de Recherches en Science du Vivant et Génomique, Department of Mental Health, Ruijin Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200025, China. .,Institute of Health Sciences, Shanghai Institute for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200025, China.
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Local Angiotensin Pathways in Human Carotid Atheroma: Towards a Systems Biology Approach. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.1155/2015/593086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
We will summarize the data we have obtained in human carotid artery concerning the organization of an extended local renin angiotensin aldosterone system and its variations at different stages of atheroma. In a system view, we propose a model where concomitant increase in angiotensin and glucocorticoid signaling is induced and amplified in VSMC while vascular smooth muscle cells transdifferentiate toward a lipid storing phenotype.
Collapse
|
50
|
Olkowicz M, Chlopicki S, Smolenski RT. Perspectives for angiotensin profiling with liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry to evaluate ACE/ACE2 balance in endothelial dysfunction and vascular pathologies. Pharmacol Rep 2015; 67:778-85. [PMID: 26321281 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharep.2015.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2015] [Revised: 03/22/2015] [Accepted: 03/25/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Vascular injury, characterized by endothelial dysfunction, inflammation, structural remodeling, thrombosis and calcification leads to cardiovascular diseases. Angiotensin (Ang) II (1-8) - synthesized mainly by angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) is the best characterized mediator of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS). This peptide initially identified by its vasoactive properties was found to play a major role in vascular response to insult. However, recent discovery of angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) that produces vasoprotective Ang-(1-7) peptide highlighted complexity of the system and suggested that balance between ACE/Ang II and ACE2/Ang-(1-7) is fundamental in maintaining vascular homeostasis and its disorders are associated with cardiovascular pathology. There is therefore a need to develop methods for comprehensive analysis of biologically active Ang peptides and their metabolites of ACE/Ang II and ACE2/Ang-(1-7) axes. Liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (LC/MS) is an analytical technique that offers potential for specific, simultaneous analysis of Ang peptides. With sensitivity added by application of preconcentration nanochromatography reaching picomolar concentrations, practically all Ang peptides identified so far could be quantified in biological samples. Ang profiling is important not only for understanding their physiological or pathological role but could also serve as an early diagnostic biomarker of endothelial dysfunction and cardiovascular pathology. It could also be used for monitoring the efficacy of the RAS-targeted therapies. Although, the methodology requires further improvements to adopt it for routine application, Ang peptide profiling with targeted LC/MS analysis might assess functional balance between ACE/Ang II and ACE2/Ang-(1-7) axes, facilitate our understanding of the cardiovascular pathology and enhance biomarker portfolio in cardiovascular diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mariola Olkowicz
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdańsk, Poland; Department of Biotechnology and Food Microbiology, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Poznań, Poland.
| | - Stefan Chlopicki
- Jagiellonian Centre for Experimental Therapeutics (JCET), Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland; Department of Experimental Pharmacology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Kraków, Poland
| | | |
Collapse
|