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Mittal S, Joshi MK, Jaiswal R, Parshad R. Pulmonary mucormycosis eroding the chest wall: challenges in the management. BMJ Case Rep 2024; 17:e259929. [PMID: 39122378 DOI: 10.1136/bcr-2024-259929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary mucormycosis is a rare, life-threatening fungal infection usually seen in immunocompromised patients. Mortality in such patients is high due to underlying immunosuppression and poor general condition of the patients. Invasion of the adjacent structures is known but, to the best of our knowledge, pulmonary mucormycosis presenting with a full thickness chest wall erosion has not been reported. We report such a case with chest wall destruction with superadded bacterial infection. The use of prosthetic materials for chest wall reconstruction was not possible due to the presence of infection. In addition, there were other intra-operative and post-operative challenges which we managed using a multidisciplinary approach. This report highlights the successful outcome of this complex situation using pre-operative optimisation, adequate surgical debridement and effective management of post-operative complications with patience and perseverance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonali Mittal
- Surgical Disciplines, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, Delhi, India
| | - Mohit Kumar Joshi
- Surgical Disciplines, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, Delhi, India
| | - Rahul Jaiswal
- Surgery, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, Delhi, India
| | - Rajinder Parshad
- Surgery, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, Delhi, India
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2
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Julián Castrejón A, Hernández Martínez RM, Rivero Méndez D, Gil Velázquez IN, Rodríguez Piña JH, Salgado Camacho JM, Teyes Calva N, Espíndola Chavarría SI, Meza-Meneses PA, Castro-Fuentes CA. The Comprehensive Management of Patients with Rhino-Orbito-Cerebral Mucormycosis; A Perspective from Antifungal Treatment to Prosthetic Rehabilitation: A Descriptive Cohort Study. Trop Med Infect Dis 2024; 9:158. [PMID: 39058200 PMCID: PMC11281556 DOI: 10.3390/tropicalmed9070158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2024] [Revised: 06/28/2024] [Accepted: 07/09/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Surgical intervention is a key element in the management of patients diagnosed with mucormycosis. A retrospective cohort study was carried out, in which patients with a proven diagnosis of mucormycosis were evaluated over a period of 10 years, according to the MSGERC criteria. A descriptive analysis of the clinical characteristics, comorbidities, imaging, and microbiology studies, as well as medical and surgical treatment and the type of prosthesis was carried out. A total of 22 cases were identified, of which 54.5% (n = 12) of the population were men. Furthermore, 77.2% (n = 17) of the population had diabetes mellitus. The main antifungal treatment implemented was liposomal amphotericin B (77.2%, n = 17). The most affected structures in our patients were the paranasal sinuses (n = 18; 81%), followed by the maxilla and orbit (n = 15; 68%), nose (n = 12; 54%), central nervous system (n = 11; 50%), and skin and soft tissues (n = 2; <1%). Of the total population, 59.09% (n = 13) of patients underwent maxillofacial surgery, of which 61.53% (n = 8) required some type of prosthetic rehabilitation. Orbital exenteration and maxillectomy were the most frequent surgeries, accounting for 69.23% (n = 9), while skull base drainage was performed in four patients (30.76%). Of the total number of patients (n = 22), eight died (36.36%). Appropriate surgical management according to the affected structures, considering not only increasing the patient's survival, but also considering the aesthetic and functional consequences, will require subsequent rehabilitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angélica Julián Castrejón
- Maxillofacial Surgery Service, Hospital Regional de Alta Especialidad de Ixtapaluca, IMSS-BIENESTAR, Calle Gustavo E. Campa 54, Col. Guadalupe Inn, Alcaldía Álvaro Obregón, Ciudad de México C.P. 01020, Mexico;
| | - Rosa Marene Hernández Martínez
- Maxillofacial Prosthesis Service, Hospital Regional de Alta Especialidad de Ixtapaluca, IMSS-BIENESTAR, Calle Gustavo E. Campa 54, Col. Guadalupe Inn, Alcaldía Álvaro Obregón, Ciudad de México C.P. 01020, Mexico;
| | - Diana Rivero Méndez
- Otorhinolaryngology Service, Hospital Regional de Alta Especialidad de Ixtapaluca, IMSS-BIENESTAR, Calle Gustavo E. Campa 54, Col. Guadalupe Inn, Alcaldía Álvaro Obregón, Ciudad de México C.P. 01020, Mexico;
| | - Israel Nayensei Gil Velázquez
- Internal Medicine Service, Hospital Regional de Alta Especialidad de Ixtapaluca, IMSS-BIENESTAR, Calle Gustavo E. Campa 54, Col. Guadalupe Inn, Alcaldía Álvaro Obregón, Ciudad de México C.P. 01020, Mexico; (I.N.G.V.); (S.I.E.C.)
| | - Juan Heriberto Rodríguez Piña
- Neurology Service, Hospital Regional de Alta Especialidad de Ixtapaluca, IMSS-BIENESTAR, Calle Gustavo E. Campa 54, Col. Guadalupe Inn, Alcaldía Álvaro Obregón, Ciudad de México C.P. 01020, Mexico;
| | - Juan Manuel Salgado Camacho
- Neurosurgery Service, Hospital Regional de Alta Especialidad de Ixtapaluca, IMSS-BIENESTAR, Calle Gustavo E. Campa 54, Col. Guadalupe Inn, Alcaldía Álvaro Obregón, Ciudad de México C.P. 01020, Mexico; (J.M.S.C.); (N.T.C.)
| | - Nicolás Teyes Calva
- Neurosurgery Service, Hospital Regional de Alta Especialidad de Ixtapaluca, IMSS-BIENESTAR, Calle Gustavo E. Campa 54, Col. Guadalupe Inn, Alcaldía Álvaro Obregón, Ciudad de México C.P. 01020, Mexico; (J.M.S.C.); (N.T.C.)
| | - Sayuri I. Espíndola Chavarría
- Internal Medicine Service, Hospital Regional de Alta Especialidad de Ixtapaluca, IMSS-BIENESTAR, Calle Gustavo E. Campa 54, Col. Guadalupe Inn, Alcaldía Álvaro Obregón, Ciudad de México C.P. 01020, Mexico; (I.N.G.V.); (S.I.E.C.)
| | - Patricia A. Meza-Meneses
- Infectology Service, Hospital Regional de Alta Especialidad de Ixtapaluca, IMSS-BIENESTAR, Calle Gustavo E. Campa 54, Col. Guadalupe Inn, Alcaldía Álvaro Obregón, Ciudad de México C.P. 01020, Mexico
| | - Carlos Alberto Castro-Fuentes
- Research Unit, Hospital Regional de Alta Especialidad de Ixtapaluca, IMSS-BIENESTAR, Calle Gustavo E. Campa 54, Col. Guadalupe Inn, Alcaldía Álvaro Obregón, Ciudad de México C.P. 01020, Mexico
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3
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Morrissey CO, Kim HY, Garnham K, Dao A, Chakrabarti A, Perfect JR, Alastruey-Izquierdo A, Harrison TS, Bongomin F, Galas M, Siswanto S, Dagne DA, Roitberg F, Gigante V, Sati H, Alffenaar JW, Beardsley J. Mucorales: A systematic review to inform the World Health Organization priority list of fungal pathogens. Med Mycol 2024; 62:myad130. [PMID: 38935901 PMCID: PMC11210621 DOI: 10.1093/mmy/myad130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2023] [Revised: 11/18/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2024] Open
Abstract
The World Health Organization, in response to the growing burden of fungal disease, established a process to develop a fungal priority pathogens list (FPPL). This systematic review aimed to evaluate the epidemiology and impact of invasive fungal disease due to Mucorales. PubMed and Web of Science were searched to identify studies published between January 1, 2011 and February 23, 2021. Studies reporting on mortality, inpatient care, complications and sequelae, antifungal susceptibility, risk factors, preventability, annual incidence, global distribution, and emergence during the study time frames were selected. Overall, 24 studies were included. Mortality rates of up to 80% were reported. Antifungal susceptibility varied across agents and species, with the minimum inhibitory concentrations lowest for amphotericin B and posaconazole. Diabetes mellitus was a common risk factor, detected in 65%-85% of patients with mucormycosis, particularly in those with rhino-orbital disease (86.9%). Break-through infection was detected in 13.6%-100% on azole or echinocandin antifungal prophylaxis. The reported prevalence rates were variable, with some studies reporting stable rates in the USA of 0.094-0.117/10 000 discharges between 2011 and 2014, whereas others reported an increase in Iran from 16.8% to 24% between 2011 and 2015. Carefully designed global surveillance studies, linking laboratory and clinical data, are required to develop clinical breakpoints to guide antifungal therapy and determine accurate estimates of complications and sequelae, annual incidence, trends, and global distribution. These data will provide robust estimates of disease burden to refine interventions and better inform future FPPL.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Orla Morrissey
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Alfred Health and Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Hannah Yejin Kim
- Infectious Diseases Institute (Sydney ID), The University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, School of Pharmacy, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia
- Department of Pharmacy, Westmead Hospital, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Katherine Garnham
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Gold Coast University Hospital, Southport, Queensland, Australia
| | - Aiken Dao
- Infectious Diseases Institute (Sydney ID), The University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Sydney Medical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia
- Orthopaedic Research and Biotechnology Unit, Children’s Hospital at Westmead, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
| | | | - John R Perfect
- Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Ana Alastruey-Izquierdo
- Mycology Reference Laboratory, National Centre for Microbiology, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
| | - Thomas S Harrison
- Institute for Infection and Immunity, and Clinical Academic Group in Infection and Immunity, St. George’s, University of London, and St. George's University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
- MRC Centre for Medical Mycology, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Felix Bongomin
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Gulu University, Gulu, Uganda
| | - Marcelo Galas
- Antimicrobial Resistance Special Program, Communicable Diseases and Environmental Determinants of Health, Pan American Health Organization, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
| | - Siswanto Siswanto
- World Health Organization, South-East Asia Region Office, New Delhi, India
| | - Daniel Argaw Dagne
- Department of Control of Neglected Tropical Diseases, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Felipe Roitberg
- Department of Noncommunicable Diseases, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Valeria Gigante
- AMR Division, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Hatim Sati
- AMR Division, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Jan-Willem Alffenaar
- Infectious Diseases Institute (Sydney ID), The University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, School of Pharmacy, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia
- Department of Pharmacy, Westmead Hospital, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Justin Beardsley
- Infectious Diseases Institute (Sydney ID), The University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia
- Department of Pharmacy, Westmead Hospital, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
- Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
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4
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Lax C, Nicolás FE, Navarro E, Garre V. Molecular mechanisms that govern infection and antifungal resistance in Mucorales. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 2024; 88:e0018822. [PMID: 38445820 PMCID: PMC10966947 DOI: 10.1128/mmbr.00188-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/07/2024] Open
Abstract
SUMMARYThe World Health Organization has established a fungal priority pathogens list that includes species critical or highly important to human health. Among them is the order Mucorales, a fungal group comprising at least 39 species responsible for the life-threatening infection known as mucormycosis. Despite the continuous rise in cases and the poor prognosis due to innate resistance to most antifungal drugs used in the clinic, Mucorales has received limited attention, partly because of the difficulties in performing genetic manipulations. The COVID-19 pandemic has further escalated cases, with some patients experiencing the COVID-19-associated mucormycosis, highlighting the urgent need to increase knowledge about these fungi. This review addresses significant challenges in treating the disease, including delayed and poor diagnosis, the lack of accurate global incidence estimation, and the limited treatment options. Furthermore, it focuses on the most recent discoveries regarding the mechanisms and genes involved in the development of the disease, antifungal resistance, and the host defense response. Substantial advancements have been made in identifying key fungal genes responsible for invasion and tissue damage, host receptors exploited by the fungus to invade tissues, and mechanisms of antifungal resistance. This knowledge is expected to pave the way for the development of new antifungals to combat mucormycosis. In addition, we anticipate significant progress in characterizing Mucorales biology, particularly the mechanisms involved in pathogenesis and antifungal resistance, with the possibilities offered by CRISPR-Cas9 technology for genetic manipulation of the previously intractable Mucorales species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Lax
- Departamento de Genética y Microbiología, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Francisco E. Nicolás
- Departamento de Genética y Microbiología, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Eusebio Navarro
- Departamento de Genética y Microbiología, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Victoriano Garre
- Departamento de Genética y Microbiología, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Murcia, Murcia, Spain
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Yusuf AA, Ibrahim IG, Hirsi IM, Adali A, Hassan YY, Yasar MZ, Abdullahi IM, Hassan MS. Rhino-Orbital Cerebral Mucormycosis in a Healthy Female Child: Case Report. Int Med Case Rep J 2024; 17:241-246. [PMID: 38559497 PMCID: PMC10981427 DOI: 10.2147/imcrj.s454697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2023] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Mucormycosis is a potentially fatal condition with a high mortality rate, particularly when there is extra nasal involvement, and it is rare for patients with fungal brain disease to survive. It mostly affects patients who are metabolically or immunologically compromised, which constitutes one of the three classical stages of the progression of Rhino-Orbito-Cerebral Mucormycosis (ROCM). Stage I: infection of the nasal mucosa and paranasal sinuses; Stage II: orbital involvement; Stage III: cerebral involvement.Here, we report a case of rhino-orbital cerebral mucormycosis in a 14-year-old girl with no known risk factor who presented with periorbital edema, right eye proptosis, fever, and extreme facial pain, which progressively worsened to confusion and left leg weakness in 3 days after admission. The final diagnosis was rhino-orbital-cerebral mucormycosis. The infection was successfully treated using liposomal amphotericin and surgical debridement to remove infected orbital tissue. Mucormycosis is a potentially fatal disease that necessitates prompt diagnosis and treatment. Children are rarely infected with mucormycosis. The majority of studies show that people are typically between 40 and 50 years old. ROCM is typically diagnosed using clinical symptoms and histopathologic evaluation; however, imaging is critical in determining the presence of intracranial lesions. The standard treatment for ROCM is amphotericin B at a recommended dose of 1.0-1.5 mg/kg/day for weeks or months, depending on the clinical response and severity of adverse drug reactions, particularly nephrotoxicity.Rhino-orbital cerebral mucormycosis in a healthy female child is uncommon; early diagnosis and prompt treatment with Amphotericin B should be necessary. Devastating consequences will result from a delayed diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdisalam Abdullahi Yusuf
- Department of Pediatric, Mogadishu Somalia Turkish Training and Research Hospital, Mogadishu, Somalia
| | - Ismail Gedi Ibrahim
- Department of Radiology, Mogadishu Somalia Turkish Training and Research Hospital, Mogadishu, Somalia
- Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, Mogadishu University, Mogadishu, Somalia
| | - Ibrahim Mohamed Hirsi
- Department of Pediatric, Mogadishu Somalia Turkish Training and Research Hospital, Mogadishu, Somalia
| | - Ali Adali
- Department of Pediatric, Mogadishu Somalia Turkish Training and Research Hospital, Mogadishu, Somalia
| | - Yonis Yusuf Hassan
- Department of Pediatric, Mogadishu Somalia Turkish Training and Research Hospital, Mogadishu, Somalia
| | - Mehmet Zeki Yasar
- Department of Pediatric, Mogadishu Somalia Turkish Training and Research Hospital, Mogadishu, Somalia
| | - Ismail Mohamoud Abdullahi
- Department of Pathology, Mogadishu Somalia Turkish Training and Research Hospital, Mogadishu, Somalia
| | - Mohamed Sheikh Hassan
- Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, Mogadishu University, Mogadishu, Somalia
- Department of Neurology, Mogadishu Somalia Turkish Training and Research Hospital, Mogadishu, Somalia
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6
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Erami M, Raiesi O, Momen-Heravi M, Mirhendi H, Aboutalebian S, Getso MI, Matini AH, Ahsaniarani AH, Ganjizadeh M, Hassani Josheghani H, Amiri S, Pakzad R, Hashemi SJ. COVID-19 associated mucormycosis (CAM) in Kashan, Iran: clinical presentations, risk factors, management, and outcomes. Infect Dis (Lond) 2024; 56:81-90. [PMID: 37816067 DOI: 10.1080/23744235.2023.2267669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2023] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 10/12/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study aimed to estimate the disease burden and describe the clinical presentation, risk factors, and outcome of CAM in a single centre in Iran. METHODS A case of mucormycosis was defined as one that had clinical and radiological features consistent with mucormycosis along with demonstration of the fungus in tissue via KOH mount/culture/histopathological and molecular examination. RESULTS We report 30 cases of COVID-19 associated mucormycosis (CAM). The results of this study showed the affected age group in the range of 40-79 years (median = 65.5; IQR = 5) with women (16/30, 53%) affected more than men (14/30, 47%). Among the fungi recovered, Rhizopus oryzae had the highest frequency (79%). Out of the 30 patients, 28 (93%) patients were diabetic with 24 (80%) patients having other co-morbidities. Headache followed by retro-orbital pain, proptosis/ptosis and rapid diminution of vision was a common sequence of symptoms reported by the majority of cases. Use of mechanical ventilation (58% vs. 6%, p = 0.003), O2 required (92% vs. 50%, p = 0.024), and development of renal dysfunction during hospital stay (17% vs. 0%, p = 0.041) was significantly higher in non-survivors than survivors. Temperature (C°), PR (pulse rate), mean levels of serum creatinine, BUN, troponin, and neutrophils were significantly higher in non-survivors (p < 0.05). Besides, Albumin and PO2 were also significantly higher in survivors than non-survivors. CONCLUSION Despite medical and surgical treatment, the mortality rate among CAM patients is still high. Thus, concerted efforts of revamping surveillance, diagnosis and management, along with public awareness and patient education, are the requisites for managing COVID-19 and mucormycosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahzad Erami
- Department of Medical Mycology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Omid Raiesi
- Department of Parasitology, School of Allied Medical Sciences, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran
- Zoonotic Diseases Research Center, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran
| | | | - Hossein Mirhendi
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Shima Aboutalebian
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Muhammad Ibrahim Getso
- Department of Medical Mycology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, College of Health Sciences, Bayero University Kano, Kano, Nigeria
| | - Amir Hassan Matini
- Department of Pathology and Histology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti Hospital, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
| | - Amir Hossein Ahsaniarani
- Head and Neck Surgery, Department, Otorhinolaryngology, School of Medicine, Matini Hospital, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
| | - Mohsen Ganjizadeh
- Kashan Shahid Beheshti Hospital, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
| | | | - Sasan Amiri
- Roozbeh hospital, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Reza Pakzad
- Department of Epidemiology, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran
- Student Research Committee, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran
| | - Seyed Jamal Hashemi
- Department of Medical Mycology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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7
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Hunter N, Kusnik A, Hatem L, Chodos A, Baratta A, Penmetsa P, Levin Y. Angioinvasive gastrointestinal mucormycosis with duodenal necrosis and perforation in a patient with visceral myopathy. ZEITSCHRIFT FUR GASTROENTEROLOGIE 2024; 62:199-203. [PMID: 37044123 DOI: 10.1055/a-2053-9149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/14/2023]
Abstract
A 55-year-old woman with a past medical history of visceral myopathy with multiple resultant abdominal surgeries, colectomy caused by severe pseudo-obstruction, and end-stage renal disease on hemodialysis presented with complaints of nausea, abdominal distention, vomiting, and diarrhea for five days. Small-bowel obstruction was identified on CT. She subsequently developed acute gastrointestinal bleeding, anemia, and hemodynamic instability. Extensive gastric ulceration with frank hemorrhage prompted urgent subtotal gastrectomy with multiple intraoperative findings, including a necrotic distal duodenum. Surgical pathology showed invasive fungal infection of the duodenum with perforation, morphologically compatible with invasive mucormycosis. The patient was started on intravenous liposomal amphotericin B, but despite best efforts, the patient ultimately succumbed to this invasive fungal infection in addition to sepsis and multi-organ failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Hunter
- Department of Internal Medicine, Unity Hospital, Rochester, New York, USA, Rochester Regional Health, Rochester, United States
| | - Alexander Kusnik
- Department of Internal Medicine, Unity Hospital, Rochester, New York, USA, Rochester Regional Health, Rochester, United States
| | - Layla Hatem
- Department of Pathology, Unity Hospital, Rochester, New York, USA, Rochester Regional Health, Rochester, United States
| | - Ari Chodos
- Department of Internal Medicine, Unity Hospital, Rochester, New York, USA, Rochester Regional Health, Rochester, United States
| | - Anthony Baratta
- Department of Internal Medicine, Unity Hospital, Rochester, New York, USA, Rochester Regional Health, Rochester, United States
| | - Prasad Penmetsa
- Department of Internal Medicine, Unity Hospital, Rochester, New York, USA, Rochester Regional Health, Rochester, United States
| | - Yana Levin
- Department of Internal Medicine, Unity Hospital, Rochester, New York, USA, Rochester Regional Health, Rochester, United States
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8
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Andreescu M, Moldovan C, Lespezeanu DA, Mocanu AI, Schipor MA, Mocanu H. COVID-19-Associated Rhinocerebral Mucormycosis, an Incidental Finding or a Matter of Concern - Mixed-Method Systematic Review. Infect Drug Resist 2024; 17:387-402. [PMID: 38312523 PMCID: PMC10838509 DOI: 10.2147/idr.s445458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 02/06/2024] Open
Abstract
With the advent of COVID-19, the number of patients diagnosed with mucormycosis has increased, especially in developing countries. The reason behind this increase is that COVID-19 causes hypoxia that promotes the growth of fungus. To identify the association between mucormycosis and COVID-19, in critically ill or immunocompromised COVID-19 patients. The literature included in the review was researched from October 1, 2021, to November 1, 2022, by using the Google Scholar database as the search engine. Of the 20 articles included, there were 4 case reports, 2 case series, 10 narrative reviews, and 4 quantitative studies. Mucormycetes growth is caused by several factors, including hyperglycemia owing to previously existing diabetes or excessive use of steroids, increased ferritin levels owing to the inflammatory cascade initiated by COVID-19, and immunosuppression caused by the use of steroids or other immunosuppressive therapy. Reduced white-cell count and activity in COVID-19 leads to increased germination of fungal spores hence developing a catastrophic picture of rhinocerebral mucormycosis. Considering that the hematological patient is frequently treated with cortisone, immunosuppressed due to the underlying condition, but also through the administered therapy, the association with a possible diabetes makes this patient susceptible to developing rhinocerebral mucormycosis during COVID-19 infection. Despite being severe, the association between mucormycosis and COVID-19 is specific and treatable. Development of mucormycosis in hematological patients suffering from severe COVID-19 disease is dangerous, yet not compulsory and can be prevented. Using a common steroid-dose protocol with hyperbaric oxygen and necessary preventive measure reveals the disease as a superadded infection. Hypoxia, poor glycemic control and overuse of steroids or immunosuppressive drugs cause it.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mihaela Andreescu
- Department of Hematology, Faculty of Medicine, "Titu Maiorescu" University, Bucharest, 031593, Romania
- Department of Hematology, Colentina Clinical Hospital, Bucharest, 01171, Romania
| | - Cosmin Moldovan
- Department of Medical Surgical Disciplines, Faculty of Medicine, "Titu Maiorescu" University, Bucharest, 031593, Romania
- Department of General Surgery, Witting Clinical Hospital, Bucharest, 010243, Romania
| | - Delia-Andreea Lespezeanu
- Doctoral School, Faculty of Medicine, "Titu Maiorescu" University, Bucharest, 031593, Romania
- "Ion Pavel" Diabetes Center, National Institute of Diabetes, Nutrition and Metabolic Diseases "Prof.Dr.N.C. Paulescu", Bucharest, 030167, Romania
| | - Adela-Ioana Mocanu
- Doctoral School, Faculty of Medicine, "Titu Maiorescu" University, Bucharest, 031593, Romania
- Department of ENT&HNS, Polimed Medical Center, Bucharest, 040067, Romania
| | - Mihai-Adrian Schipor
- Institute of Space Technology and Space Applications, University of the Bundeswehr, München, 85579, Germany
| | - Horia Mocanu
- Department of ENT&HNS, Faculty of Medicine, "Titu Maiorescu" University, Bucharest, 031593, Romania
- Department of ENT&HNS, Găești City Hospital, Găești, Dâmbovița, 135200, Romania
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9
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Thornton CR, Davies GE, Dougherty L. Development of a monoclonal antibody and a lateral-flow device for the rapid detection of a Mucorales-specific biomarker. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2023; 13:1305662. [PMID: 38145040 PMCID: PMC10739493 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1305662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Mucoromycosis is a highly aggressive angio-invasive disease of humans caused by fungi in the zygomycete order, Mucorales. While Rhizopus arrhizus is the principal agent of mucoromycosis, other Mucorales fungi including Apophysomyces, Cunninghamella, Lichtheimia, Mucor, Rhizomucor and Syncephalastrum are able to cause life-threatening rhino-orbital-cerebral, pulmonary, gastro-intestinal and necrotising cutaneous infections in humans. Diagnosis of the disease currently relies on non-specific CT, lengthy and insensitive culture from invasive biopsy, and time-consuming histopathology of tissue samples. At present, there are no rapid antigen tests that detect Mucorales-specific biomarkers of infection, and which allow point-of-care diagnosis of mucoromycosis. Here, we report the development of an IgG2b monoclonal antibody (mAb), TG11, which binds to extracellular polysaccharide (EPS) antigens of between 20 kDa and 250 kDa secreted during hyphal growth of Mucorales fungi. The mAb is Mucorales-specific and does not cross-react with other yeasts and molds of clinical importance including Aspergillus, Candida, Cryptococcus, Fusarium, Lomentospora and Scedosporium species. Using the mAb, we have developed a Competitive lateral-flow device that allows rapid (30 min) detection of the EPS biomarker in human serum and bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL), with a limit of detection (LOD) in human serum of ~100 ng/mL serum (~224.7 pmol/L serum). The LFD therefore provides a potential novel opportunity for detection of mucoromycosis caused by different Mucorales species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher R. Thornton
- Biosciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
- ISCA Diagnostics Ltd., Hatherly Laboratories, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Genna E. Davies
- ISCA Diagnostics Ltd., Hatherly Laboratories, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Laura Dougherty
- Biosciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
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10
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Velumani K, Arasu A, Issac PK, Kishore Kumar MS, Guru A, Arockiaraj J. Advancements of fish-derived peptides for mucormycosis: a novel strategy to treat diabetic compilation. Mol Biol Rep 2023; 50:10485-10507. [PMID: 37917415 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-023-08882-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2023] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 11/04/2023]
Abstract
Mucormycosis, an extremely fatal fungal infection, is a major hurdle in the treatment of diabetes consequences. The increasing prevalence and restricted treatment choices urge the investigation of novel therapeutic techniques. Because of their effective antimicrobial characteristics and varied modes of action, fish-derived peptides have lately emerged as viable options in the fight against mucormycosis. This review examines the potential further application of fish-derived peptides in diagnosing and managing mucormycosis in relation to diabetic complications. First, we examine the pathophysiology of mucormycosis and the difficulties in treating it in diabetics. We emphasize the critical need for alternative therapeutic methods for tackling the limitations of currently available antifungal medicines. The possibility of fish-derived peptides as an innovative approach to combat mucormycosis is then investigated. These peptides, derived from several fish species, provide wide antimicrobial properties against a variety of diseases. They also have distinct modes of action, such as rupture of cell membranes, suppression of development, and modification of the host immunological response. Furthermore, we investigate the problems and prospects connected with the clinical application of fish-derived peptides. Ultimately, future advances in fish-derived peptides, offer interesting avenues for the management of mucormycosis in the context of diabetic comorbidities. More research and clinical trials are needed to properly investigate these peptide's therapeutic potential and pave the way for their adoption into future antifungal therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kadhirmathiyan Velumani
- Institute of Biotechnology, Department of Medical Biotechnology and Integrative Physiology, Saveetha School of Engineering, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Thandalam, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, 602 105, India
| | - Abirami Arasu
- Department of Microbiology, SRM Arts and Science College, Kattankulathur, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, 603 203, India
| | - Praveen Kumar Issac
- Institute of Biotechnology, Department of Medical Biotechnology and Integrative Physiology, Saveetha School of Engineering, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Thandalam, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, 602 105, India.
| | - Meenakshi Sundaram Kishore Kumar
- Biomedical Research Unit and Laboratory Animal Centre (BRULAC), Department of Anatomy, Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha University, Chennai, 600 077, India
| | - Ajay Guru
- Department of Cariology, Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha University, Chennai, India.
| | - Jesu Arockiaraj
- Toxicology and Pharmacology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Humanities, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, Chengalpattu District, Tamil Nadu, 603203, India.
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11
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Coste A, Conrad A, Porcher R, Poirée S, Peterlin P, Defrance C, Letscher-Bru V, Morio F, Gastinne T, Bougnoux ME, Suarez F, Nevez G, Dupont D, Ader F, Halfon-Domenech C, Ducastelle-Leprêtre S, Botterel F, Millon L, Guillerm G, Ansart S, Boutoille D, Ledoux MP, Herbrecht JE, Robin C, Melica G, Danion F, Blanchard E, Paccoud O, Garcia-Hermoso D, Lortholary O, Herbrecht R, Lanternier F. Improving Diagnosis of Pulmonary Mucormycosis: Leads From a Contemporary National Study of 114 Cases. Chest 2023; 164:1097-1107. [PMID: 37419276 DOI: 10.1016/j.chest.2023.06.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Revised: 06/04/2023] [Accepted: 06/29/2023] [Indexed: 07/09/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pulmonary mucormycosis (PM) is a life-threatening invasive mold infection. Diagnosis of mucormycosis is challenging and often delayed, resulting in higher mortality. RESEARCH QUESTION Are the disease presentation of PM and contribution of diagnosis tools influenced by the patient's underlying condition? STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS All PM cases from six French teaching hospitals between 2008 and 2019 were retrospectively reviewed. Cases were defined according to updated European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer/Mycoses Study Group criteria with the addition of diabetes and trauma as host factors and positive serum or tissue PCR as mycologic evidence. Thoracic CT scans were reviewed centrally. RESULTS A total of 114 cases of PM were recorded, including 40% with disseminated forms. Main underlying conditions were hematologic malignancy (49%), allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (21%), and solid organ transplantation (17%). When disseminated, main dissemination sites were the liver (48%), spleen (48%), brain (44%), and kidneys (37%). Radiologic presentation included consolidation (58%), pleural effusion (52%), reversed halo sign (26%), halo sign (24%), vascular abnormalities (26%), and cavity (23%). Serum quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) was positive in 42 (79%) of 53 patients and BAL in 46 (50%) of 96 patients. Results of transthoracic lung biopsy were diagnostic in 8 (73%) of 11 patients with noncontributive BAL. Overall 90-day mortality was 59%. Patients with neutropenia more frequently displayed an angioinvasive presentation, including reversed halo sign and disseminated disease (P < .05). Serum qPCR was more contributive in patients with neutropenia (91% vs 62%; P = .02), and BAL was more contributive in patients without neutropenia (69% vs 41%; P = .02). Serum qPCR was more frequently positive in patients with a > 3 cm main lesion (91% vs 62%; P = .02). Overall, positive qPCR was associated with an early diagnosis (P = .03) and treatment onset (P = .01). INTERPRETATION Neutropenia and radiologic findings influence disease presentation and contribution of diagnostic tools during PM. Serum qPCR is more contributive in patients with neutropenia and BAL examination in patients without neutropenia. Results of lung biopsies are highly contributive in cases of noncontributive BAL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Coste
- Infectious Diseases Department, La Cavale Blanche Hospital, Brest University Hospital, Brest, France; UMR 1101, Laboratoire de Traitement de l'Information Médicale, Université de Bretagne Occidentale, Brest, France
| | - Anne Conrad
- Infectious Diseases Department, Croix Rousse Hospital, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France; Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie (CIRI), INSERM U1111, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR 5308, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Univ Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Raphaël Porcher
- Centre d'Epidémiologie Clinique, Hôtel-Dieu Hospital, AP-HP, Paris, France
| | - Sylvain Poirée
- Radiology Department, Necker-Enfants Malades Hospital, AP-HP, Paris, France
| | - Pierre Peterlin
- Clinical Hematology Department, Nantes University Hospital, Nantes, France
| | - Claire Defrance
- Radiology Department, Nantes University Hospital, Nantes, France
| | - Valérie Letscher-Bru
- Parasitology and Medical Mycology Laboratory, Strasbourg University Hospital, Strasbourg, France; Institut de Parasitologie et Pathologie Tropicale, UR 7292, Strasbourg University, Strasbourg, France
| | - Florent Morio
- Parasitology and Mycology Laboratory, Nantes University Hospital, Nantes, France; UR 1155 IICiMed, Nantes University, Nantes, France
| | - Thomas Gastinne
- Clinical Hematology Department, Nantes University Hospital, Nantes, France
| | - Marie-Elisabeth Bougnoux
- Mycology and Parasitology Laboratory, Necker-Enfants Malades Hospital, AP-HP, Paris, France; Unité Biologie et Pathogénicité Fongiques, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Felipe Suarez
- Hematology Department, Necker-Enfants Malades Hospital, AP-HP, Paris, France
| | - Gilles Nevez
- Mycology and Parasitology Department, La Cavale Blanche University Hospital, Brest, France
| | - Damien Dupont
- Medical Mycology and Parasitology Department, Institut des Agents Infectieux, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Florence Ader
- Infectious Diseases Department, Croix Rousse Hospital, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France; Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie (CIRI), INSERM U1111, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR 5308, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Univ Lyon, Lyon, France
| | | | | | - Françoise Botterel
- Mycology and Parasitology Unit, Henri Mondor University Hospital, AP-HP, Créteil, France; EA DYNAMYC 1380, Université Paris-Est Créteil, Créteil, France
| | - Laurence Millon
- Mycology and Parasitology Laboratory, Besançon University Hospital, Besançon, France; UMR 6249, CNRS Chrono-Environnement, Université de Bourgonne Franche-Comté, Besançon, France
| | - Gaelle Guillerm
- Hematology Department, Morvan Hospital, Brest University Hospital, Brest, France
| | - Séverine Ansart
- Infectious Diseases Department, La Cavale Blanche Hospital, Brest University Hospital, Brest, France; UMR 1101, Laboratoire de Traitement de l'Information Médicale, Université de Bretagne Occidentale, Brest, France
| | - David Boutoille
- Infectious Diseases Department, Nantes University Hospital, Nantes, France; Centre d'Investigation Clinique, INSERM 1413, Nantes University Hospital, Nantes, France
| | - Marie-Pierre Ledoux
- Hematology Department, European Strasbourg Cancer Institute, Strasbourg, France
| | | | - Christine Robin
- Hematology Department, Henri Mondor Hospital, AP-HP, Créteil, France
| | - Giovanna Melica
- Infectious Diseases Department, Henri Mondor Hospital, AP-HP, Créteil, France
| | - François Danion
- Infectious Diseases Department, Strasbourg University Hospital, Strasbourg, France; UMR_S 1109, INSERM, ImmunoRhumatologie Moléculaire, Strasbourg University, Strasbourg, France
| | - Elodie Blanchard
- Pneumology Department, Bordeaux University Hospital, Bordeaux, France
| | - Olivier Paccoud
- Infectious Diseases Department, Necker-Enfants Malades Hospital, Paris-Cité University, AP-HP, Paris, France
| | - Dea Garcia-Hermoso
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, National Reference Center for Invasive Mycoses and Antifungals, Translational Mycology Research Group, Mycology Department, Paris, France
| | - Olivier Lortholary
- Infectious Diseases Department, Necker-Enfants Malades Hospital, Paris-Cité University, AP-HP, Paris, France; Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, National Reference Center for Invasive Mycoses and Antifungals, Translational Mycology Research Group, Mycology Department, Paris, France
| | - Raoul Herbrecht
- Hematology Department, European Strasbourg Cancer Institute, Strasbourg, France
| | - Fanny Lanternier
- Infectious Diseases Department, Necker-Enfants Malades Hospital, Paris-Cité University, AP-HP, Paris, France; Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, National Reference Center for Invasive Mycoses and Antifungals, Translational Mycology Research Group, Mycology Department, Paris, France.
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12
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Tashiro M, Namie H, Ito Y, Takazono T, Kakeya H, Miyazaki Y, Mukae H, Mikamo H, Tomoo F, Shibuya K, Izumikawa K. Prognostic Association of Liposomal Amphotericin B Doses Above 5 mg/kg/d in Mucormycosis: A Nationwide Epidemiologic and Treatment Analysis in Japan. Open Forum Infect Dis 2023; 10:ofad480. [PMID: 37808895 PMCID: PMC10552064 DOI: 10.1093/ofid/ofad480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Mucormycosis is a potentially fatal fungal infection, and there is limited information on its precise epidemiology and treatment practices, including the optimal dosage of liposomal amphotericin B. Methods A retrospective, multicenter, nationwide analysis of 82 proven and probable cases of mucormycosis was performed. Cases between 2015 and 2022 were collected from 51 hospitals in Japan by hematologists and infectious disease specialists. The study included the epidemiology, treatment details, and association between the dose of liposomal amphotericin B and the outcome. Results The lungs were the most commonly involved organ (70.7% of cases), and 35.4% of patients had disseminated disease. Rhizopus spp., Cunninghamella spp., and Mucor spp. were the most common organisms. Mortality at 4 weeks was 41.5%. The survivors had a shorter duration of neutropenia (P = .006) and less persistent hyperglycemia (P = .023). The site of infection and species of Mucorales had no detectable effect on survival. Survival did not differ between patients receiving liposomal amphotericin B at 5 mg/kg/d relative to those receiving >5 mg/kg/d (P = .625). Using Cox proportional hazards models and adjusting for confounders, the hazard ratio for the influence of >5 mg/kg/d liposomal amphotericin B on 4-week survival was 0.86 (95% CI, 0.28-2.68; P = .796) compared with 5 mg/kg/d. Conclusions This study provides important insights into the precise epidemiology and treatment practices of mucormycosis. Treatment with liposomal amphotericin B at doses higher than 5 mg/kg/d did not improve outcomes relative to 5 mg/kg/d.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masato Tashiro
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan
- Infection Control and Education Center, Nagasaki University Hospital, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Hotaka Namie
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Yuya Ito
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Nagasaki University Hospital, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Takahiro Takazono
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Nagasaki University Hospital, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kakeya
- Department of Infection Control Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka Metropolitan University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yoshitsugu Miyazaki
- Department of Fungal Infection, National Institute of Infectious Disease, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Mukae
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Nagasaki University Hospital, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Hiroshige Mikamo
- Department of Clinical Infectious Diseases, Aichi Medical University Hospital, Aichi, Japan
| | - Fukuda Tomoo
- Department of Dermatology, Saitama Medical Center, Saitama Medical University, Saitama, Japan
| | - Kazutoshi Shibuya
- Department of Pathology, Toho University Omori Medical Center, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Koichi Izumikawa
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan
- Infection Control and Education Center, Nagasaki University Hospital, Nagasaki, Japan
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Abdorahimi M, Pakdel F, Salehi M, Alcazar-Fuoli L, Hashemi SJ, Daie Ghazvini R, Ahmadkhani F, Ahmadikia K, Abdollahi A, Debran JCS, Tabari A, Farrokh F, Mousavand A, Afarinesh Khaki P, Salami Khaneshan A, Ibrahim AS, Khodavaisy S. COVID-19 Associated Rhino-Orbital-Cerebral Mucormycosis: Clinical Features, Antifungal Susceptibility, Management and Outcome in a Tertiary Hospital in Iran. Mycopathologia 2023; 188:783-792. [PMID: 37672164 DOI: 10.1007/s11046-023-00785-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2023] [Accepted: 08/10/2023] [Indexed: 09/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite the unprecedented surge in the incidence of mucormycosis in the COVID-19 era, the antifungal susceptibility patterns (ASPs) of COVID-19 associated mucormycosis (CAM) isolates have not been investigated so far and it is unclear if the high mortality rate associated with CAM is driven by decreased susceptibility of Mucorales to antifungal drugs. OBJECTIVES To describe the clinical, mycological, outcome and in vitro ASPs of CAM cases and their etiologies from Iran. PATIENTS/METHODS A prospective study from January 2020 to January 2022 at a referral tertiary hospital in Tehran, Iran was conducted for screening mucormycosis through histopathology and mycological methods. The identity of Mucorales isolates was revealed with ITS-panfungal PCR& sequencing and MALDI-TOF. The AS for amphotericin B, itraconazole, isavuconazole and posaconazole was cleared according to the EUCAST antifungal susceptibility testing protocol. RESULT A total of 150 individuals were diagnosed with CAM. Males constituted 60.7% of the population. The mean age was 54.9 years. Diabetes was the leading risk factor (74.7%). The median interval between diagnosis of COVID-19 and CAM was 31 days. The recovery rate of culture was as low as 41.3% with Rhizopus arrhizus being identified as the dominant (60; 96.7%) agent. Amphotericin B (MIC50 = 0.5 µg/ml) demonstrated the highest potency against Mucorales. CONCLUSION Majority of the cases had either diabetes, history of corticosteroid therapy or simultaneously both conditions. Accordingly, close monitoring of blood glucose should be considered. The indications for corticosteroids therapy are recommended to be optimized. Also, an anti Mucorales prophylaxis may be necessitated to be administrated in high risk individuals. Although amphotericin B was the most active agent, a higher rate of resistance to this antifungal was noted here in comparison with earlier studies on mucormycetes from non-CAM cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahsa Abdorahimi
- Department of Microbiology, Shahr-e-Qods Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Farzad Pakdel
- Department of Oculo-Facial Plastic Surgery, Department of Ophthalmology, Farabi Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammadreza Salehi
- Research Center for Antibiotic Stewardship and Antimicrobial Resistance, Department of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Imam Khomeini Hospital Complex, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Laura Alcazar-Fuoli
- Mycology Reference Laboratory, National Centre for Microbiology, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Seyed Jamal Hashemi
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Roshanak Daie Ghazvini
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fardin Ahmadkhani
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Kazem Ahmadikia
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Alireza Abdollahi
- Department of Pathology, Imam Khomeini Hospital Complex, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Juan Carlos Soto Debran
- Mycology Reference Laboratory, National Centre for Microbiology, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Azin Tabari
- Otorhinolaryngology Research Center, Imam Khomeini Hospital Complex, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Farrokh
- Otorhinolaryngology Research Center, Imam Khomeini Hospital Complex, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Atefeh Mousavand
- Department of Pathology, Imam Khomeini Hospital Complex, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Pegah Afarinesh Khaki
- Department of Pathology, Imam Khomeini Hospital Complex, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Arezoo Salami Khaneshan
- Research Center for Antibiotic Stewardship and Antimicrobial Resistance, Department of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Imam Khomeini Hospital Complex, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ashraf S Ibrahim
- Institute for Infection and Immunity, Lundquist Institute for Biomedical Innovation at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA, USA
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Sadegh Khodavaisy
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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Kumari K, Rathod D, Meshram T, Mohammed S, Raju S, Sharma A, Chaudhary B, Bhatia P. Perioperative anesthesia challenges and outcomes of patients with Rhino-Orbito-Cerebral Mucormycosis during the second wave of COVID-19 pandemic: An observational study. J Anaesthesiol Clin Pharmacol 2023; 39:615-621. [PMID: 38269163 PMCID: PMC10805186 DOI: 10.4103/joacp.joacp_169_22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Revised: 09/03/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Background and Aims A rapid surge in rhino-orbito-cerebral mucormycosis (ROCM) cases was reported during the second wave of COVID, especially in India, needing extensive surgical debridement along with medical management. The present study was planned to observe perioperative anesthesia challenges and outcomes of patients with ROCM during the second wave of the COVID-19 pandemic. The primary objective was to observe intraoperative anesthesia challenges and the secondary objectives were to observe postoperative challenges and outcomes of patients. Material and Methods This was a single-centered, bidirectional (retrospective and prospective) observational study, conducted at a tertiary care center. We enrolled 218 adult patients scheduled for surgical debridement of ROCM under general anesthesia. Demographics, COVID status, comorbid illness, intraoperative challenges (difficult airway, hemodynamic instability, blood loss), and postoperative outcome (postoperative mechanical ventilation, and mortality rate) were noted. Results The majority of the patients were males (71%) and had diabetes mellitus (54%). COVID-associated mucormycosis was seen in 67% and 41% of them received steroids. Post-induction hypotension was noted in 20.6% of patients, and 14.2% had intraoperative hypotension out of which 5.5% required vasopressor support. Difficult mask ventilation and difficult intubation were reported in 7.3% and 6.4% of patients, respectively. No significant difference was found among intraoperative challenges when COVID mucormycosis was compared to non-COVID mucormycosis. Postoperative mechanical ventilation and ICU care were required in 41.3%, whereas mortality was seen in 11.5% of patients. The mortality was significantly more (P = 0.041) in patients with COVID mucormycosis (13%) compared to that with non-COVID mucormycosis (4.2%). Conclusion Diabetic male patients who received steroids during COVID illness are at the highest risk of developing ROCM. Difficult airway and hemodynamic instability, are significant perioperative challenges encountered by anesthesiologists. Postoperative ICU management is crucial for decreasing postoperative morbidity and mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamlesh Kumari
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Critical Care, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, Rajasthan, India
| | - Darshana Rathod
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Critical Care, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, Rajasthan, India
| | - Tanvi Meshram
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Critical Care, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, Rajasthan, India
| | - Sadik Mohammed
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Critical Care, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, Rajasthan, India
| | - Sachith Raju
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Critical Care, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, Rajasthan, India
| | - Ankur Sharma
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Critical Care, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, Rajasthan, India
| | - Bikram Chaudhary
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Critical Care, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, Rajasthan, India
| | - Pradeep Bhatia
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Critical Care, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, Rajasthan, India
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Cumpa-Quiroz R, Elguera-Falcón F, Guevara-Lazo DR. Emergence of Rhino-Orbito-Cerebral Mucormycosis in Peru: Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic. Cureus 2023; 15:e45240. [PMID: 37842460 PMCID: PMC10576593 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.45240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Mucormycosis is an invasive fungal infection caused by Mucorales that has been increasingly recognized over the years, particularly during the COVID-19 pandemic. Nevertheless, in Peru, there has been limited research on this disease. This study seeks to provide insights into the demographics, clinical presentations, treatment, and outcomes of patients with mucormycosis, before and during the COVID-19 pandemic. Materials and methods We conducted a retrospective case series by reviewing the medical records of Peruvian patients hospitalized at a referral medical center between 2017 and 2021. The selection criteria included patients aged 18 years or older with clinical features of rhino-orbito-cerebral mucormycosis supported by radiological imaging. We extracted data related to risk factors for mucormycosis infection, clinical presentation, management, and hospitalization. Data analysis was performed using Stata software (StataCorp LLC, College Station, Texas, USA) to compare patient groups before and during the COVID-19 pandemic. Results Nineteen cases met our selection criteria: 11 men and eight women with an average age of 57.6 ± 10.6 years. All 19 patients had type 2 diabetes mellitus as comorbidity, with 13 cases exhibiting uncontrolled diabetes. Six patients presented before the COVID-19 pandemic, while 13 during its course. Within the group of patients diagnosed during the pandemic, nine were diagnosed with SARS-CoV-2 infection. Regarding the site of mucormycosis infection, the paranasal sinuses were predominantly involved. Survival analysis indicated that patients who developed mucormycosis during the COVID-19 pandemic, those with uncontrolled diabetes, or those who did not undergo surgery had lower probabilities of survival. Conclusion Mucormycosis is a rare infection associated with high mortality and morbidity with increased frequency during the COVID-19 pandemic. Early diagnosis, timely administration of antifungal treatment, surgery, and effective management of comorbidities can have life-saving implications. Unfortunately, despite the availability of various diagnostic tests and less toxic antifungal options such as liposomal amphotericin-B, such resources are not accessible in Peru's national hospitals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Cumpa-Quiroz
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital Nacional Arzobispo Loayza, Lima, PER
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16
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Sharma B, Nonzom S. Mucormycosis and Its Upsurge During COVID-19 Epidemic: An Updated Review. Curr Microbiol 2023; 80:322. [PMID: 37592083 DOI: 10.1007/s00284-023-03430-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/19/2023]
Abstract
Although mucormycosis may have reached an epidemic situation during the COVID-19 pandemic, the term was much more familiar even before the COVID-19 period. The year 2020 showed an outbreak of novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) which affected millions of people all over the world. One of the noticeable complications observed to be associated with this disease is mucormycosis. It is an opportunistic infection caused by members of the Order Mucorales existing worldwide and has been commonly reported as a laboratory contaminant for a long time. However, nowadays due to the changes in the host environment, they have been emerging as potent opportunistic pathogens responsible for causing primary infections or coinfections with other diseases eventually resulting in morbidity and even mortality in severe cases. Although immunocompromised patients are more susceptible to this infection, few cases have been reported in immunocompetent individuals. Various risk factors which are responsible for the acquisition of mucormycosis include diabetes mellitus type 2, ketoacidosis, hematological malignancies, organ transplants, and chemotherapy recipients. Among the various etiological agents, Rhizopus is found to be the most common, and rhino-cerebral to be the most frequent clinical presentation. As far as pathogenesis is concerned, host cell invasion, thrombosis, and necrosis are the main events in the progression of this disease. The aim of the present review is to address a complete spectrum of mucormycosis and COVID-19-associated mucormycosis (CAM) in a single article. Both global and Indian scenarios of mucormycosis are taken into account while framing this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bharti Sharma
- Department of Botany, University of Jammu, Jammu, Jammu and Kashmir, 180006, India
| | - Skarma Nonzom
- Department of Botany, University of Jammu, Jammu, Jammu and Kashmir, 180006, India.
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Acharya S, Behera SK, Purohit S, Sahu A, Panda BB, Behera S. COVID-19-Associated Rhino-Orbital Mucormycosis in a Tertiary Health Care Center in Odisha, India. Cureus 2023; 15:e43811. [PMID: 37731437 PMCID: PMC10508707 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.43811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/19/2023] [Indexed: 09/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Mucormycosis is an opportunistic infection that mainly affects immunocompromised individuals, including those with uncontrolled diabetes, malignancies, or those who have exposure to high-dose corticosteroids for a long time. Western Odisha, India, witnessed a significant rise in post-COVID-19 rhino-orbital mucormycosis (ROM), which created a need for comprehensive research on post-COVID-19 ROM. Objective This study aimed to investigate the prevalence, clinical characteristics, and outcomes of post-COVID-19 ROM in a tertiary care hospital in Western Odisha, India, with the objective of understanding ROM as a nationally notifiable disease. Subjects and methods A prospective hospital-based study was conducted. Mucormycosis cases were reported within the period, from May 17, 2021, to July 31, 2021, including all post-COVID-19 patients who exhibited clinical manifestations of mucormycosis. Patients with histopathologically negative reports of mucormycosis were excluded. Results Of the 35 included, 25 were diagnosed with ROM. The age group of 46-50 years showed a predominance (n=6), with a mean age of 50.53 years. The male-to-female ratio was 2:1. Specifically, 88% of the patients included had diabetes mellitus, 8% had chronic kidney diseases, 8% had sepsis, and 4% had hypertension. ROM was the predominant manifestation (60%, n=15), with the majority presenting with orbital cellulitis (80%), followed by unilateral orbital apex syndrome (12%), bilateral orbital apex syndrome (4%), ophthalmic vein involvement (4%), and osteomyelitis of the maxillary sinus (4%). Irrigation of the wound was performed, and all 25 ROM patients received IV liposomal amphotericin B (L-AMB). Conclusion Post-COVID-19 status with elevated blood sugar levels was a major risk factor for ROM. Early diagnosis, debridement, L-AMB, retrobulbar AMB deoxycholate, and exenteration are the possible solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Souvagini Acharya
- Department of Otolaryngology, Veer Surendra Sai Institute of Medical Sciences and Research, Sambalpur, IND
| | - Sulin K Behera
- Department of Microbiology, Veer Surendra Sai Institute of Medical Sciences and Research, Sambalpur, IND
| | - Somy Purohit
- Department of Ophthalmology, Veer Surendra Sai Institute of Medical Sciences and Research, Sambalpur, IND
| | - Alaka Sahu
- Department of Pathology, Veer Surendra Sai Institute of Medical Sciences and Research, Sambalpur, IND
| | - Braja B Panda
- Department of Radiodiagnositic, Veer Surendra Sai Institute of Medical Sciences and Research, Sambalpur, IND
| | - Sharmistha Behera
- Department of Ophthalmology, Veer Surendra Sai Institute of Medical Sciences and Research, Sambalpur, IND
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Ajie M, van Heck JIP, Janssen AWM, Meijer RI, Tack CJ, Stienstra R. Disease Duration and Chronic Complications Associate With Immune Activation in Individuals With Longstanding Type 1 Diabetes. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2023; 108:1909-1920. [PMID: 36800223 PMCID: PMC10348469 DOI: 10.1210/clinem/dgad087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2022] [Revised: 01/02/2023] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is associated with alterations of the immune response which persist even after the autoimmunity aspect is resolved. Clinical factors that cause dysregulation, however, are not fully understood. OBJECTIVE To identify clinical factors that affect immune dysregulation in people with longstanding T1D. DESIGN In this cross-sectional study, 243 participants with longstanding T1D were recruited between February 2016 and June 2017 at the Radboudumc, the Netherlands. Blood was drawn to determine immune cell phenotype and functionality, as well as circulating inflammatory proteome. Multivariate linear regression was used to determine the association between glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) levels, duration of diabetes, insulin need, and diabetes complications with inflammation. RESULTS HbA1c level is positively associated with circulating inflammatory markers (P < .05), but not with immune cell number and phenotype. Diabetes duration is associated with increased number of circulating immune cells (P < .05), inflammatory proteome (P < .05), and negatively associated with adaptive immune response against Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Rhizopus oryzae (P < .05). Diabetes nephropathy is associated with increased circulating immune cells (P < .05) and inflammatory markers (P < .05). CONCLUSION Disease duration and chronic complications associate with persistent alterations in the immune response of individuals with long standing T1D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mandala Ajie
- Department of Internal Medicine, Radboud University Medical Centre, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Julia I P van Heck
- Department of Internal Medicine, Radboud University Medical Centre, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Anna W M Janssen
- Department of Internal Medicine, Radboud University Medical Centre, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Rick I Meijer
- Department of Internal Medicine, Radboud University Medical Centre, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Cees J Tack
- Department of Internal Medicine, Radboud University Medical Centre, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Rinke Stienstra
- Department of Internal Medicine, Radboud University Medical Centre, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Division of Human Nutrition and Health, Wageningen University, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
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Pham D, Howard-Jones AR, Sparks R, Stefani M, Sivalingam V, Halliday CL, Beardsley J, Chen SCA. Epidemiology, Modern Diagnostics, and the Management of Mucorales Infections. J Fungi (Basel) 2023; 9:659. [PMID: 37367595 DOI: 10.3390/jof9060659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2023] [Revised: 06/08/2023] [Accepted: 06/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Mucormycosis is an uncommon, yet deadly invasive fungal infection caused by the Mucorales moulds. These pathogens are a WHO-assigned high-priority pathogen group, as mucormycosis incidence is increasing, and there is unacceptably high mortality with current antifungal therapies. Current diagnostic methods have inadequate sensitivity and specificity and may have issues with accessibility or turnaround time. Patients with diabetes mellitus and immune compromise are predisposed to infection with these environmental fungi, but COVID-19 has established itself as a new risk factor. Mucorales also cause healthcare-associated outbreaks, and clusters associated with natural disasters have also been identified. Robust epidemiological surveillance into burden of disease, at-risk populations, and emerging pathogens is required. Emerging serological and molecular techniques may offer a faster route to diagnosis, while newly developed antifungal agents show promise in preliminary studies. Equitable access to these emerging diagnostic techniques and antifungal therapies will be key in identifying and treating mucormycosis, as delayed initiation of therapy is associated with higher mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Pham
- Centre for Infectious Diseases & Microbiology, Westmead Hospital, Westmead, NSW 2170, Australia
| | - Annaleise R Howard-Jones
- Centre for Infectious Diseases & Microbiology Laboratory Services, NSW Health Pathology-Institute of Clinical Pathology & Medical Research, Westmead Hospital, Westmead, NSW 2170, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine & Health, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 2006, Australia
- Sydney Institute for Infectious Diseases, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Rebecca Sparks
- Douglass Hanly Moir Pathology, Sydney, NSW 2113, Australia
| | - Maurizio Stefani
- Centre for Infectious Diseases & Microbiology Laboratory Services, NSW Health Pathology-Institute of Clinical Pathology & Medical Research, Westmead Hospital, Westmead, NSW 2170, Australia
| | - Varsha Sivalingam
- Centre for Infectious Diseases & Microbiology Laboratory Services, NSW Health Pathology-Institute of Clinical Pathology & Medical Research, Westmead Hospital, Westmead, NSW 2170, Australia
| | - Catriona L Halliday
- Centre for Infectious Diseases & Microbiology Laboratory Services, NSW Health Pathology-Institute of Clinical Pathology & Medical Research, Westmead Hospital, Westmead, NSW 2170, Australia
| | - Justin Beardsley
- Centre for Infectious Diseases & Microbiology, Westmead Hospital, Westmead, NSW 2170, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine & Health, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 2006, Australia
- Sydney Institute for Infectious Diseases, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
- Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Sydney, NSW 2145, Australia
| | - Sharon C-A Chen
- Centre for Infectious Diseases & Microbiology Laboratory Services, NSW Health Pathology-Institute of Clinical Pathology & Medical Research, Westmead Hospital, Westmead, NSW 2170, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine & Health, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 2006, Australia
- Sydney Institute for Infectious Diseases, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
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Morya AK, Ramesh PV, Kaur K, Gurnani B, Heda A, Bhatia K, Sinha A. Diabetes more than retinopathy, it’s effect on the anterior segment of eye. World J Clin Cases 2023; 11:3736-3749. [PMID: 37383113 PMCID: PMC10294174 DOI: 10.12998/wjcc.v11.i16.3736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Revised: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 05/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus (DM) is one of the chronic metabolic noncommunicable diseases that has attained worldwide epidemics. It threatens healthy life around the globe, with mild-to-severe secondary complications and leads to significant illness including nephropathy, neuropathy, retinopathy, and macrovascular abnormalities including peripheral vasculopathy, and ischaemic heart disease. Research into diabetic retinopathy (DR), which affects one-third of persons with diabetes, has made considerable strides in recent years. In addition, it can lead to several anterior segment complications such as glaucoma, cataract, cornea, conjunctiva, lacrimal glands and other ocular surface diseases. Uncontrolled DM also caused gradual damage to corneal nerves and epithelial cells, which raises the likelihood of anterior segment diseases including corneal ulcers, dry eye disease, and chronic epithelial abnormalities. Although DR and other associated ocular complications are well-known, the complexity of its aetiology and diagnosis makes therapeutic intervention challenging. Strict glycaemic control, early detection and regular screening, and meticulous management is the key to halting the progression of the disease. In this review manuscript, we aim to provide an in-depth understanding of the broad spectrum of diabetic complications in the anterior segment of the ocular tissues and illustrate the progression of diabetes and its pathophysiology, epidemiology, and prospective therapeutic targets. This first such review article will highlight the role of diagnosing and treating patients with a plethora of anterior segment diseases associated with diabetes, which are often neglected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arvind Kumar Morya
- Department of Ophthalmology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Hyderabad 508126, Telangana, India
| | - Prasanna Venkatesh Ramesh
- Glaucoma and Research, Mahathma Eye Hospital Private Limited, Tennur, Trichy 620001, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Kirandeep Kaur
- Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus, Sadguru Netra Chikitsalaya, Sadguru Seva Sangh Trust, Janaki-Kund, Chitrakoot 485334, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Bharat Gurnani
- Cornea and Refractive Services, Sadguru Netra Chikitsalaya, Sadguru Seva Sangh Trust, Janaki- Kund, Chitrakoot 485334, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Aarti Heda
- Department of Ophthalmology, National Institute of Ophthalmology, Pune 411000, Maharashtra, India
| | - Karan Bhatia
- Department of Ophthalmology, Manaktala Eye and Maternity Home, Meerut 250001, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Aprajita Sinha
- Department of Ophthalmology, Worcestershire Acute Hospital, Worcestershire 01601, United Kingdom
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Osorio-Aragón IY, Toussaint-Caire S, Guzmán-Bucio S, Barbosa-Ramírez BM, Vázquez-Aceituno VA, Xicohtencatl-Cortes J, Hernández-Castro R. Primary cutaneous mucormycosis due to Rhizopus arrhizus in an immunosuppressed patient with paroxysmal nocturnal haemoglobinuria. Trop Med Int Health 2023. [PMID: 37230484 DOI: 10.1111/tmi.13898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We present a case of primary cutaneous mucormycosis in a patient with bone marrow failure secondary to paroxysmal nocturnal haemoglobinuria (PNH). CLINICAL CASE A 60-year-old male patient with a history of PNH, complicated to a severe aplastic anaemia, presented to the emergency department complaining of papules on the lower limbs that rapidly turned into necrotic plaques within 2 months. Histopathological examination showed granulomatous and suppurative dermatitis with tissue necrosis and the presence of non-septate hyphae. Molecular identification was achieved by amplification and sequencing of the 18S-ITS1-5.8S-ITS2-28S rRNA region using the polymerase chain reaction. The sequence showed 100% identity with Rhizopus arrhizus. The patient received treatment with liposomal amphotericin B and surgical debridement. Nonetheless, the patient suffered from severe low red blood cells and platelets and also underwent septic shock; he died 6 days after admission to the hospital. CONCLUSION Mucormycosis in the setting of immunosuppression is challenging. Upon suspicion of a diagnosis, immediate treatment is required. Adjunctive therapies may be considered; however, the case fatality rate remains high.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sonia Toussaint-Caire
- Departmento de Dermatología, Hospital General "Dr. Manuel Gea González", Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Simón Guzmán-Bucio
- Departmento de Medicina Interna, Hospital Médica Sur, Mexico City, Mexico
| | | | - Víctor A Vázquez-Aceituno
- Departmento de Ecología de Agentes Patógenos, Hospital General "Dr. Manuel Gea González", Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Juan Xicohtencatl-Cortes
- Laboratorio de Bacteriología Intestinal, Hospital Infantil de México Dr. Federico Gómez, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Rigoberto Hernández-Castro
- Departmento de Ecología de Agentes Patógenos, Hospital General "Dr. Manuel Gea González", Mexico City, Mexico
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Shahin MA, Abu-Elenin MM, Nada HE. Effect of nurse-led intervention on knowledge and preventive behavior of diabetic pregnant women regarding COVID-19 associated mucromycosis infection in mid-delta region of Egypt. BMC Nurs 2023; 22:175. [PMID: 37211603 DOI: 10.1186/s12912-023-01320-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 05/23/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Black fungus (mycoses) is an opportunistic invasive infection that predominantly occurred among immunosuppressed persons. It has been recently detected in COVID-19 patients. The pregnant diabetic woman is susceptible to such infections and needs recognition for protection. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of the nurse-led intervention on the knowledge and preventive practice of diabetic pregnant women regarding fungal mycosis during the COVID-19 pandemic. METHOD This quasi-experimental study was conducted at maternal health care centers in Shebin El-Kom, Menoufia Governorate, Egypt. The study recruited 73 diabetic pregnant women through a systematic random sampling of pregnant women attending the maternity clinic during the period of the study. A structured interview questionnaire was used to measure their knowledge regarding Mucormycosis and COVID-19 manifestations. The preventive practices were assessed through an observational checklist of hygienic practice, insulin administration, and blood glucose monitoring for the prevention of Mucormycosis infection. RESULTS The study revealed a statistically significant increment in the participants' knowledge, preventive practice, personal hygiene, and diabetes self-care scores (9.56 ± 1.75 ,3.6 ± 1.18, 3.18 ± 1.29 post-intervention) comparable to (6.19 ± 1.66, 1.97 ± 1.35, 0.89 ± 1.38 pre-intervention) respectively. There was a significant improvement in the overall COVID-19 protective score against Mucormycosis (from 2.66 ± 1.74 to 4.53 ± 1.43). CONCLUSION Nursing educational sessions had a positive effect on pregnant women's awareness and preventive behavior. Hence, it is recommended to integrate nurse-led intervention targeting the preventive practice against COVID-19-associated Mucormycosis infection (CAM) as routine services for diabetic pregnant women during antenatal care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marwa A Shahin
- Department of Maternal and Newborn Health Nursing, Faculty of Nursing, Menoufia University, Shebin El-Kom, Egypt
- Batterjee Medical College for Science and Technology, P.O.Box 23819, Prince Abdullah Al-Faisal Street, North Abhor, Jeddah, 21442, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mira M Abu-Elenin
- Department of Public Health and Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University, P.O. Box 31527, El-Gaish Street, Medical Campus, Tanta, Egypt.
- Batterjee Medical College for Science and Technology, P.O.Box 23819, Prince Abdullah Al-Faisal Street, North Abhor, Jeddah, 21442, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Hanan E Nada
- Department of Maternal and Newborn Health Nursing, Faculty of Nursing, Menoufia University, Shebin El-Kom, Egypt
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Tayabali K, Pothiwalla H, Narayanan S. Epidemiology of COVID-19-Associated Mucormycosis. CURRENT FUNGAL INFECTION REPORTS 2023; 17:1-20. [PMID: 37360859 PMCID: PMC10155162 DOI: 10.1007/s12281-023-00464-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
Purpose of the Review To describe the epidemiology and risk factors for Coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19)-associated mucormycosis (CAM) based on current published literature. Recent Findings COVID-19 is associated with an increased risk of secondary infections. Mucormycosis is an uncommon invasive fungal infection that typically affects people with immunocompromising conditions and uncontrolled diabetes. Treatment of mucormycosis is challenging and is associated with high mortality even with standard care. During the second wave of the COVID 19 pandemic, an abnormally high number of CAM cases were seen particularly in India. Several case series have attempted to describe the risk factors for CAM. Summary A common risk profile identified for CAM includes uncontrolled diabetes and treatment with steroids. COVID-19-induced immune dysregulation as well as some unique pandemic specific risk factors may have played a role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khadija Tayabali
- Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland Medical Center, 725 W Lombard St, S211A, Baltimore, MD 21201 USA
| | | | - Shivakumar Narayanan
- Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland Medical Center, 725 W Lombard St, S211A, Baltimore, MD 21201 USA
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Kundu P, Gupta N, Sood N. The Fragile Patient: Considerations in the Management of Invasive Mould Infections (IMIs) in India. Cureus 2023; 15:e38085. [PMID: 37252469 PMCID: PMC10209389 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.38085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Invasive mould infections (IMIs), which are mostly caused by Aspergillus spp. and Mucormycetes, are opportunistic infections that impose a substantial threat to patients who are considered to be 'fragile'. There is no fixed definition for fragile patients; however, patients with cancer or acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), patients who have undergone organ transplants, and patients being treated in the intensive care units (ICUs) were considered fragile. Management of IMIs in fragile patients is challenging, owing to their compromised immune status. The diagnostic challenges associated with IMIs due to insufficient sensitivity and specificity of the current diagnostic tests lead to delayed treatment. A widening demographic of at-risk patients and a broadening spectrum of pathogenic fungi have added to the challenges to ascertain a definite diagnosis. A recent surge of mucormycosis associated with SARS-CoV-2 infections and the resultant steroid usage has been reported. Liposomal amphotericin B (L-AmB) is the mainstay for treating mucormycosis while voriconazole has displaced amphotericin B as the mainstay for treating Aspergillus infection due to its better response, improved survival, and fewer severe side effects. The selection of antifungal treatment has to be subjected to more scrutiny in fragile patients owing to their comorbidities, organ impairment, and multiple ongoing treatment modalities. Isavuconazole has been documented to have a better safety profile, stable pharmacokinetics, fewer drug-drug interactions, and a broad spectrum of coverage. Isavuconazole has thus found its place in the recommendations and can be considered a suitable option for treating fragile patients with IMIs. In this review, the authors have critically appraised the challenges in ascertaining an accurate diagnosis and current management considerations and suggested an evidence-based approach to managing IMIs in fragile patients.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Neha Gupta
- Internal Medicine, Fortis Memorial Research Institute, Gurugram, IND
- Internal Medicine, Medanta - The Medicity, Gurugram, IND
| | - Nitin Sood
- Hematology and Oncology/Stem Cell Transplant, Cancer Institute, Medanta - The Medicity, Gurugram, IND
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Drogari-Apiranthitou M, Skiada A, Panayiotides I, Vyzantiadis TA, Poulopoulou A, Christofidou M, Antoniadou A, Roilides E, Iosifidis E, Mamali V, Argyropoulou A, Sympardi S, Charalampaki N, Antonakos N, Mantzana P, Mastora Z, Nicolatou-Galitis O, Orfanidou M, Pana ZD, Pavleas I, Pefanis A, Sakka V, Spiliopoulou A, Stamouli M, Tofas P, Vagiakou E, Petrikkos G. Epidemiology of Mucormycosis in Greece; Results from a Nationwide Prospective Survey and Published Case Reports. J Fungi (Basel) 2023; 9:jof9040425. [PMID: 37108880 PMCID: PMC10142618 DOI: 10.3390/jof9040425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2023] [Revised: 03/25/2023] [Accepted: 03/26/2023] [Indexed: 03/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Mucormycosis has emerged as a group of severe infections mainly in immunocompromised patients. We analysed the epidemiology of mucormycosis in Greece in a multicentre, nationwide prospective survey of patients of all ages, during 2005–2022. A total of 108 cases were recorded. The annual incidence declined after 2009 and appeared stable thereafter, at 0.54 cases/million population. The most common forms were rhinocerebral (51.8%), cutaneous (32.4%), and pulmonary (11.1%). Main underlying conditions were haematologic malignancy/neutropenia (29.9%), haematopoietic stem cell transplantation (4.7%), diabetes mellitus (DM) (15.9%), other immunodeficiencies (23.4%), while 22.4% of cases involved immunocompetent individuals with cutaneous/soft-tissue infections after motor vehicle accident, surgical/iatrogenic trauma, burns, and injuries associated with natural disasters. Additionally, DM or steroid-induced DM was reported as a comorbidity in 21.5% of cases with various main conditions. Rhizopus (mostly R. arrhizus) predominated (67.1%), followed by Lichtheimia (8.5%) and Mucor (6.1%). Antifungal treatment consisted mainly of liposomal amphotericin B (86.3%), median dose 7 mg/kg/day, range 3–10 mg/kg/day, with or without posaconazole. Crude mortality was 62.8% during 2005–2008 but decreased significantly after 2009, at 34.9% (p = 0.02), with four times fewer haematological cases, fewer iatrogenic infections, and fewer cases with advanced rhinocerebral form. The increased DM prevalence should alert clinicians for timely diagnosis of mucormycosis in this patient population.
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Garag SS, Pai S, Shanbag RD, Arunkumar JS, Kavitha Y. Comparative Study of Clinical Severity and Biochemical Markers in Pre COVID-19 and COVID-19 Rhino-Orbito Cerebral Mucormycosis. Indian J Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2023. [PMCID: PMC10022559 DOI: 10.1007/s12070-023-03645-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/19/2023] Open
Abstract
In view of high surge of sinonasal mucormycosis cases after the second wave of covid 19, present study was planned to know and compare the clinical severity of the disease and also to better understand the difference in the biochemical markers during precovid and post covid period. This retrospective observational study included all cases of sinonasal mucormycosis which were treated in our institute from August 2012 to August 2021. Details of these cases were collected from hospital database system. Biochemical parameters included FBS, HbA1C, urine ketone bodies, blood pH and creatinine. Clinical severity score was measured using self-structured severity scoring system. We found that out of 74 cases treated in our hospital 28 cases were in pre covid period while 46 cases belonged to covid 19 period. Higher male predominance was seen during post covid period (76% vs. 60%). Urine ketone bodies were positive in 7% patients in precovid period compared to 26% in post-covid period. FBS and HbA1C were high approximately 80 and 90% patients respectively in both groups. Clinical severity was significantly high in post covid patients. The present study showed that in spite of similar biochemical profile. The severity of mucormycosis was high in covid positive patients. This study shows that Covid-19 is an independent high risk factor in mucormycosis patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santosh S. Garag
- grid.415414.10000 0004 1765 8845Department of ENT, SDM College of Medical Sciences and Hospital, Dharwad, Karnataka India
| | - Shraddha Pai
- grid.415414.10000 0004 1765 8845Department of ENT, SDM College of Medical Sciences and Hospital, Dharwad, Karnataka India
| | - Raghunath D. Shanbag
- grid.415414.10000 0004 1765 8845Department of ENT, SDM College of Medical Sciences and Hospital, Dharwad, Karnataka India
| | - J. S. Arunkumar
- grid.415414.10000 0004 1765 8845Department of ENT, SDM College of Medical Sciences and Hospital, Dharwad, Karnataka India
| | - Y. Kavitha
- grid.415414.10000 0004 1765 8845Department of ENT, SDM College of Medical Sciences and Hospital, Dharwad, Karnataka India
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27
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Management of Invasive Infections in Diabetes Mellitus: A Comprehensive Review. BIOLOGICS 2023. [DOI: 10.3390/biologics3010004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/08/2023]
Abstract
Patients with diabetes often have more invasive infections, which may lead to an increase in morbidity. The hyperglycaemic environment promotes immune dysfunction (such as the deterioration of neutrophil activity, antioxidant system suppression, and compromised innate immunity), micro- and microangiopathies, and neuropathy. A greater number of medical interventions leads to a higher frequency of infections in diabetic patients. Diabetic individuals are susceptible to certain conditions, such as rhino-cerebral mucormycosis or aspergillosis infection. Infections may either be the primary symptom of diabetes mellitus or act as triggers in the intrinsic effects of the disease, such as diabetic ketoacidosis and hypoglycaemia, in addition to increasing morbidity. A thorough diagnosis of the severity and origin of the infection is necessary for effective treatment, which often entails surgery and extensive antibiotic use. Examining the significant issue of infection in individuals with diabetes is crucial. Comprehensive research should examine why infections are more common amongst diabetics and what the preventive treatment strategies could be.
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Dam P, Cardoso MH, Mandal S, Franco OL, Sağıroğlu P, Polat OA, Kokoglu K, Mondal R, Mandal AK, Ocsoy I. Surge of mucormycosis during the COVID-19 pandemic. Travel Med Infect Dis 2023; 52:102557. [PMID: 36805033 PMCID: PMC9940844 DOI: 10.1016/j.tmaid.2023.102557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2021] [Revised: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2023]
Abstract
Patients with respiratory viral infections are more likely to develop co-infections leading to increased fatality. Mucormycosis is an epidemic amidst the COVID-19 pandemic that conveys a 'double threat' to the global health fraternity. Mucormycosis is caused by the Mucorales group of fungi and exhibits acute angioinvasion generally in immunocompromised patients. The most familiar foci of infections are sinuses (39%), lungs (24%), and skin tissues (19%) where the overall dissemination occurs in 23% of cases. The mortality rate in the case of disseminated mucormycosis is found to be 96%. Symptoms are mostly nonspecific and often resemble other common bacterial or fungal infections. Currently, COVID-19-associated mucormycosis (CAM) is being reported from a number of countries such as the USA, Turkey, France, Mexico, Iran, Austria, UK, Brazil, and Italy, while India is the hotspot for this deadly co-infection, accounting for approximately 28,252 cases up to June 8, 2021. It strikes patients within 12-18 days after COVID-19 recovery, and nearly 80% require surgery. Nevertheless, the mortality rate can reach 94% if the diagnosis is delayed or remains untreated. Sometimes COVID-19 is the sole predisposing factor for CAM. Therefore, this study may provide a comprehensive resource for clinicians and researchers dealing with fungal infections, intending to link the potential translational knowledge and prospective therapeutic challenges to counter this opportunistic pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulami Dam
- Chemical Biology Laboratory, Department of Sericulture, Raiganj University, North Dinajpur, West Bengal, 733134, India
| | - Marlon H Cardoso
- S-inova Biotech, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica Dom Bosco, Campo Grande, Brazil; Centro de Análises Proteômicas e Bioquímicas, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Genômicas e Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica de Brasília, Brasília, Brazil; Instituto de Biociências (INBIO), Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul, Cidade Universitária, Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil
| | - Sukhendu Mandal
- Laboratory of Molecular Bacteriology, Department of Microbiology, University of Calcutta, 700019, India
| | - Octávio L Franco
- S-inova Biotech, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica Dom Bosco, Campo Grande, Brazil; Centro de Análises Proteômicas e Bioquímicas, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Genômicas e Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica de Brasília, Brasília, Brazil
| | - Pınar Sağıroğlu
- Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Medicine, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey
| | | | - Kerem Kokoglu
- Department of Otolaryngology, Erciyes University School of Medicine, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Rittick Mondal
- Chemical Biology Laboratory, Department of Sericulture, Raiganj University, North Dinajpur, West Bengal, 733134, India
| | - Amit Kumar Mandal
- Chemical Biology Laboratory, Department of Sericulture, Raiganj University, North Dinajpur, West Bengal, 733134, India; Centre for Nanotechnology Science (CeNS), Raiganj University, North Dinajpur, West Bengal, 733134, India.
| | - Ismail Ocsoy
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Erciyes University, Kayseri, 38039, Turkey.
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Kaple GS, Patil S, Mundada PH, Kaple NA. Physiotherapy Management for Surgical Defect of Operated Mucormycotic Osteomyelitis of Maxilla: Post COVID-19. Cureus 2023; 15:e34733. [PMID: 36909036 PMCID: PMC9997684 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.34733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The maxilla is among the jaw bones with a lot of blood flow. Maxillary bone necrosis is uncommon and can be caused by infection, trauma, or unusual metabolic abnormalities. The maxilla is a vital bone that forms the roof of the mouth cavity. Mucormycosis is a prevalent fungus that infects the maxilla, particularly in diabetic and immune-compromised people and post-COVID-19 patients. Osteomyelitis is an inflammatory condition affecting the bone and marrow tissues. It is an opportunistic infection that occurs due to the host's susceptibility to illness due to the complication of other diseases. The patient, in this case, has the chief complaint of a defect in the palate. Based on a CT brain, buccal X-Ray, and HRCT scan of Thorax. The patient's condition was diagnosed as a surgical defect in a post-operated case of mucormycotic osteomyelitis of maxilla post-COVID-19 infection. The right lower lobe's posterior segment noted a tiny soft tissue density nodule. The operated case of a surgical defect of mucormycotic osteomyelitis of maxilla post-COVID-19 infection was treated with a surgical intervention that is surgical curettage and debridement of the left maxillary sinus, bilateral fibrotomy, and reconstruction with bilateral nasolabial flap under general anesthesia. However, our objective is to enhance the quality of life, increase ventilation, increase the shoulder joint's range of motion, and enhance the joint play of the temporomandibular joint so that the patient can go back to his usual activities without difficulty. A complete pulmonary rehabilitation plan was designed to meet the patient's objectives, executed, and followed for one month. It comprised myriad interventions like bedside sitting, facial expression exercises, mouth opening exercises, neck exercises, dynamic quadriceps and hamstring, active range of motion exercises for shoulder joints, thoracic expansion exercises, and breathing exercises like diaphragmatic breathing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gayatri S Kaple
- Physiotherapy, Ravi Nair Physiotherapy College, Datta Meghe Institute of Medical Sciences, Wardha, IND
| | - Shubhangi Patil
- Physiotherapy, Ravi Nair Physiotherapy College, Datta Meghe Institute of Medical Sciences, Wardha, IND
| | - Purva H Mundada
- Physiotherapy, Ravi Nair Physiotherapy College, Datta Meghe Institute of Medical Sciences, Wardha, IND
| | - Nikita A Kaple
- Physiotherapy, Ravi Nair Physiotherapy College, Datta Meghe Institute of Medical Sciences, Wardha, IND
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Prakash S, Kumar A. Mucormycosis threats: A systemic review. J Basic Microbiol 2023; 63:119-127. [PMID: 36333107 DOI: 10.1002/jobm.202200334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2022] [Revised: 09/28/2022] [Accepted: 10/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
During the catastrophic wave of Coronavirus disease 2019, health agencies started to report an infrequent but lethal mucormycosis or black fungal infection. Primarily, it causes sinusitis by affecting nasal, oral, lung, brain, ocular, and other body tissues. It becomes more fatal, especially in diabetic, cancer, and immune-compromised patients. Before 2020, the prevalence of mucormycosis was very rare but it has rapidly emerged globally from late 2020 to mid-2021. Recently, the mucormycosis got worse and epidemic with more than 30,000 cases reported across India. The etiology of infection can be diagnosed by molecular, serological, microscopic, and clinical methods. However, early diagnosis of this ailment is still a challenging task due to no standalone diagnostic tool available along with clinical manifestations of the ailment resembling other fungal diseases. The treatment of mucormycosis is also challenging and frequently requires long-term treatment. Amphotericin B was found to be an effective antifungal for preventing mucormycosis but it failed if infection disseminated to necrotizing tissues or adjacent organs. Removal of infected tissue/organ by surgery is an alternative treatment to control mucormycosis. In addition, reversal of underlying predisposing conditions based on therapy is also in practice for its prevention. This review highlights different aspects of mucormycosis such as pathogenesis, diagnosis, treatment, and their challenges and so on. We also emphasized the epidemiological shift during the recent outbreak and its influence on the different regions of India.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaurya Prakash
- Department of Biochemistry, Central University of Haryana, Haryana, India
| | - Antresh Kumar
- Department of Biochemistry, Central University of Haryana, Haryana, India
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Gálvez-Romero JL, Perea-Peña A, Huerta-Jurado P, Parra-Salazar MA, Tepalcingo-Aguilar LM, Ramírez-Sandoval MP, Gijón-Mitre R, Navarro-Alvarado R, Hernández-Moreno LL, Barradas-Arroyo D, Coronado-Cervántes B, Rodríguez-Serrano JA, Baños-Lara MDR. Rhino-orbital mucormycosis in a Mexican patient with COVID-19: Case report. REVISTA ALERGIA MÉXICO 2023; 69:93-97. [PMID: 36928250 DOI: 10.29262/ram.v69i2.1185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A variety of bacterial and fungal co-infections may be attributed to the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), particularly in people who already have a medical condition such diabetes mellitus or those who received large dosages of steroids. CASE REPORT We described a 52-year-old diabetic man who was receiving high doses of dexamethasone and antibiotics while receiving ambulatory care for COVID-19 pneumonia. His anterior rhinoscopy revealed a necrotic scab, and a sample confirmed Mucor spp. He underwent surgery and was given amphotericin as a result of the severity of the condition, palpebral ptosis, and right ocular palsy he was experiencing. The patien ́s progression was satisfactory. CONCLUSIONS pre-existing diabetes mellitus, previous steroid and antimicrobial use, as well as SARS-CoV-2 infection are some of the risk factors associated with Mucor spp. infection. Prompt detection of mucormycosis is important in the management of these affected patients.
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Jacobsen ID. Mouse Models of Mucormycosis. Methods Mol Biol 2023; 2667:181-196. [PMID: 37145285 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3199-7_14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Animal models have been crucial in understanding the pathogenesis and developing novel therapeutic approaches for fungal infections in general. This is especially true for mucormycosis, which has a low incidence but is often fatal or debilitating. Mucormycoses are caused by different species, via different routes of infections, and in patients differing in their underlying diseases and risk factors. Consequently, clinically relevant animal models use different types of immunosuppression and infection routes.This chapter describes how to induce different types of immunosuppression (high dose corticosteroids and induction of leukopenia, respectively) or diabetic ketoacidosis as underlying risk factors for mucormycosis. Furthermore, it provides details on how to perform intranasal application to establish pulmonary infection. Finally, some clinical parameters that can be used for developing scoring systems and define humane endpoints in mice are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilse D Jacobsen
- Research Group Microbial Immunology, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology-Hans Knöll Institute (HKI), Jena, Germany.
- Institute of Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany.
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Rais N, Ahmad R, Ved A, Parveen K, Bari DG, Prakash O. Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA), a Leading Risk Factor for Mucormycosis (Black Fungus), during the Era of Coronavirus Disease-2019 (COVID-19): An Overview. Curr Diabetes Rev 2023; 19:33-45. [PMID: 35293299 DOI: 10.2174/1573399818666220315162424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2021] [Revised: 01/06/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Diabetes mellitus (DM) and steroid medication, coincided with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), results in a weakened immune system, allowing some commonly found pathogens to become more harmful. Mucormycosis (black fungus) is a type of opportunistic infection caused by fungi belonging to the Mucorales family. DM is the most prominent risk factor for mucormycosis. Excessive blood sugar and decreased insulin levels lead to diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA), a devastating complication of DM that can be fatal if left untreated. METHODS Diabetic ketoacidosis is more common in type 1 diabetic patients, although it can also be fall in type 2 diabetic patients. DKA occurs when the body lacks enough insulin to allow blood sugar to enter the cells and is used for energy. Instead, the liver breaks down fat for fuel-producing chemicals known as ketones. RESULTS When too many ketones are created too quickly, they can reach dangerously high levels in the body. Mucormycosis is a rare but serious infectious disease that requires medication or surgical removal. CONCLUSION The confluence of diabetes and COVID-19 makes managing mucormycosis a serious and dead issue. Although the effectiveness of prophylactic antifungal therapy has yet to be demonstrated, hyperglycemia control appears to be the most important step in managing mucormycosis in DKA patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadeem Rais
- Department of Pharmacy, Bhagwant University, Ajmer, Rajasthan-305004, India
- Department of Pharmacy, Vivek College of Technical Education, Bijnor, Uttar Pradesh-246701, India
| | - Rizwan Ahmad
- Department of Pharmacy, Vivek College of Technical Education, Bijnor, Uttar Pradesh-246701, India
| | - Akash Ved
- Goel Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh-226028, India
| | - Kehkashan Parveen
- Interdisciplinary Biotechnology Unit, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, Uttar Pradesh-202002, India
| | - Darakhshan Gazala Bari
- Department of Pharmacy, Vivek College of Technical Education, Bijnor, Uttar Pradesh-246701, India
| | - Om Prakash
- Goel Institute of Pharmacy and Sciences, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh-226028, India
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A Practical Workflow for the Identification of Aspergillus, Fusarium, Mucorales by MALDI-TOF MS: Database, Medium, and Incubation Optimization. J Clin Microbiol 2022; 60:e0103222. [PMID: 36326257 PMCID: PMC9769873 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.01032-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
There is an increasing body of literature on the utility of MALDI-TOF MS in the identification of filamentous fungi. However, the process still lacks standardization. In this study, we attempted to establish a practical workflow for the identification of three clinically important molds: Aspergillus, Fusarium, and Mucorales using MALDI-TOF MS. We evaluated the performance of Bruker Filamentous Fungi database v3.0 for the identification of these fungi, highlighting when there would be a benefit of using an additional database, the MSI-2 for further identification. We also examined two other variables, namely, medium effect and incubation time on the accuracy of fungal identification. The Bruker database achieved correct species level identification in 85.7% of Aspergillus and 90% of Mucorales, and correct species-complex level in 94.4% of Fusarium. Analysis of spectra using the MSI-2 database would also offer additional value for species identification of Aspergillus species, especially when suspecting species with known identification limits within the Bruker database. This issue would only be of importance in selected cases where species-level identification would impact therapeutic options. Id-Fungi plates (IDFP) had almost equivalent performance to Sabouraud dextrose agar (SDA) for species-level identification of isolates and enabled an easier harvest of the isolates with occasional faster identification. Our study showed accurate identification at 24 h for Fusarium and Mucorales species, but not for Aspergillus species, which generally required 48 h.
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Almarhabi H, Al-Asmari E, Munshi A, Farahat F, Al-Amri A, Almaghraby HQ, Alharbi M, Althaqafi A. Invasive Mucormycosis in a Tertiary Care Hospital in the Western Region of Saudi Arabia: 11-year Retrospective Chart Review from 2009 to 2019. J Infect Public Health 2022; 15:1466-1471. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jiph.2022.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2022] [Revised: 11/03/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Motamedi M, Golmohammadi Z, Yazdanpanah S, Saneian SM, Shafiekhani M. Epidemiology, clinical features, therapeutic interventions and outcomes of mucormycosis in Shiraz: an 8-year retrospective case study with comparison between children and adults. Sci Rep 2022; 12:17174. [PMID: 36229497 PMCID: PMC9561111 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-21611-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Mucormycosis is an invasive fungal infection with high morbidity and mortality rate despite the early diagnosis and proper therapeutic interventions. Given the importance of epidemiological data in reviewing the attitude toward infectious diseases in developing countries, the current retrospective case study aimed to compare the epidemiological aspects, risk factors, clinical characteristics, therapeutic interventions, and outcomes of mucormycosis between adults and children during eight years (2013-2021) in the main infectious disease referral centers in the southwest of Iran. The median age of 164 patients included in this study was 47 years (IQR 22-59). The median length of hospitalization was 33 days.The annual incidence of mucormycosis-related hospitalizations was estimated 1.76 per 10,000 admissions during the study period. Moreover, the incidence of infection was 2.4 times higher in males than females in children. Diabetes mellitus was the most frequent predisposing factor in adults (46.0%). The main risk factor in children was hematologic malignancy (52.6%), but a considerable proportion of them (28.9%) were immunocompetent.The most frequent antifungal agent used was liposomal amphotericin B (82.3%) as monotherapy. The combination therapy was used more in adults (15.8%) than children (7.9%). In addition, surgical intervention with antifungal therapy was considered the most effective therapeutic approach. The in-hospital mortality rate was 14.6% for adults, whereas it was zero for children. Our findings provide a recent epidemiologic analysis of mucormycosis among hospitalized patients in both children and adults. Mucormycosis mainly affects individuals with diabetes mellitus or hematological malignancies and presents as rhino-orbito-cerebral form. Proven diagnosis of mucormycosis according to clinical manifestations and histopathology observations accompanied by proper antifungal treatments may improve survival rates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marjan Motamedi
- grid.412571.40000 0000 8819 4698Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Zahra Golmohammadi
- grid.412571.40000 0000 8819 4698Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Somayeh Yazdanpanah
- grid.412571.40000 0000 8819 4698Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - S. Mojtaba Saneian
- grid.412571.40000 0000 8819 4698Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Mojtaba Shafiekhani
- grid.412571.40000 0000 8819 4698Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran ,grid.412571.40000 0000 8819 4698Shiraz Organ Transplant Center, Abu-Ali Sina Hospital, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran ,grid.412571.40000 0000 8819 4698Shiraz Transplant Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
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Healey KD, Phrathep DD, Anthony S, Jenkins MA, Gentchev L, Rifai AO. A Fatal Case of Isolated Renal Mucormycosis in an Immunocompetent Male. Cureus 2022; 14:e29593. [DOI: 10.7759/cureus.29593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
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Alkhamiss AS, Ahmed AA, Rasheed Z, Alghsham R, Shariq A, Alsaeed T, Althwab SA, Alsagaby S, Aljohani ASM, Alhumaydhi FA, Alduraibi SK, Alduraibi AK, Alhomaidan HT, Allemailem KS, Alharbi RA, Alamro SA, Alqusayer AM, Alharbi SA, Alharby TA, Almujaydil MS, Mousa AM, Alghaniam SA, Alghunaim AA, Alghamdi R, Fernández N, Al Abdulmonem W. Mucormycosis co-infection in COVID-19 patients: An update. Open Life Sci 2022; 17:917-937. [PMID: 36045713 PMCID: PMC9372758 DOI: 10.1515/biol-2022-0085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Revised: 04/09/2022] [Accepted: 04/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Mucormycosis (MCM) is a rare fungal disorder that has recently been increased in parallel with novel COVID-19 infection. MCM with COVID-19 is extremely lethal, particularly in immunocompromised individuals. The collection of available scientific information helps in the management of this co-infection, but still, the main question on COVID-19, whether it is occasional, participatory, concurrent, or coincidental needs to be addressed. Several case reports of these co-infections have been explained as causal associations, but the direct contribution in immunocompromised individuals remains to be explored completely. This review aims to provide an update that serves as a guide for the diagnosis and treatment of MCM patients' co-infection with COVID-19. The initial report has suggested that COVID-19 patients might be susceptible to developing invasive fungal infections by different species, including MCM as a co-infection. In spite of this, co-infection has been explored only in severe cases with common triangles: diabetes, diabetes ketoacidosis, and corticosteroids. Pathogenic mechanisms in the aggressiveness of MCM infection involves the reduction of phagocytic activity, attainable quantities of ferritin attributed with transferrin in diabetic ketoacidosis, and fungal heme oxygenase, which enhances iron absorption for its metabolism. Therefore, severe COVID-19 cases are associated with increased risk factors of invasive fungal co-infections. In addition, COVID-19 infection leads to reduction in cluster of differentiation, especially CD4+ and CD8+ T cell counts, which may be highly implicated in fungal co-infections. Thus, the progress in MCM management is dependent on a different strategy, including reduction or stopping of implicit predisposing factors, early intake of active antifungal drugs at appropriate doses, and complete elimination via surgical debridement of infected tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdullah S Alkhamiss
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, Qassim University, Buraidah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed A Ahmed
- Research Center, College of Medicine, Qassim University, Buraidah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Zafar Rasheed
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Qassim University, Buraidah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ruqaih Alghsham
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, Qassim University, Buraidah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ali Shariq
- Departments of Microbiology, College of Medicine, Qassim University, Buraidah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Thamir Alsaeed
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, Qassim University, Buraidah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sami A Althwab
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, College of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Qassim University, Buraidah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Suliman Alsagaby
- Department of Medical Laboratories Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Majmaah University, Majmaah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdullah S M Aljohani
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Agricultural and Veterinary Medicine, Qassim University, Buraidah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Fahad A Alhumaydhi
- Department of Medical Laboratories, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Qassim University, Buraidah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sharifa K Alduraibi
- Department of Radiology, College of Medicine, Qassim University, Buraidah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Alaa K Alduraibi
- Department of Radiology, College of Medicine, Qassim University, Buraidah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Homaidan T Alhomaidan
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, College of Medicine, Qassim University, Buraidah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Khaled S Allemailem
- Department of Medical Laboratories, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Qassim University, Buraidah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Raya A Alharbi
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, College of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Qassim University, Buraidah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Samar A Alamro
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, College of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Qassim University, Buraidah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Arwa M Alqusayer
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, College of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Qassim University, Buraidah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sahim A Alharbi
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, College of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Qassim University, Buraidah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Thekra A Alharby
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, College of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Qassim University, Buraidah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mona S Almujaydil
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, College of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Qassim University, Buraidah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ayman M Mousa
- Department of Basic Health Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Qassim University, Buraidah, Saudi Arabia.,Department of Histology and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Benha University, Benha, Egypt
| | - Sultan A Alghaniam
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, Qassim Health Affairs, Ministry of Health, Buraidah, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Rana Alghamdi
- Department of Chemistry, Science and Arts College, Rabigh Campus, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Waleed Al Abdulmonem
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, Qassim University, Buraidah, Saudi Arabia
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Diabetes mellitus and other underlying conditions in patients with coronavirus disease 2019 associated rhino-orbito-cerebral mucormycosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Laryngol Otol 2022; 136:788-798. [PMID: 35514092 PMCID: PMC9203420 DOI: 10.1017/s0022215122001074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aimed to compute the pooled prevalence of diabetes mellitus and other underlying conditions in patients with coronavirus disease 2019 associated rhino-orbito-cerebral mucormycosis. METHOD A systematic literature review was performed in PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, Embase and Google Scholar. The cross-sectional studies that reported the frequency of diabetes mellitus in patients with coronavirus disease 2019 associated rhino-orbito-cerebral mucormycosis were included. RESULTS Eighteen eligible studies with a total number of 3718 patients were included in the current study. The pooled prevalence of diabetes in patients with coronavirus disease 2019 associated rhino-orbito-cerebral mucormycosis was 89 per cent and with new-onset diabetes was 32 per cent. The pooled prevalence of steroid use was high (79 per cent) too. The all-cause mortality rate was 24 per cent. CONCLUSION Diabetes mellitus was the most frequent underlying condition in patients with coronavirus disease 2019 associated rhino-orbito-cerebral mucormycosis. The second most frequent underlying condition was steroid use during coronavirus disease 2019 infection. The appropriate control of hyperglycaemia and rational prescription of steroids during the treatment of coronavirus disease 2019 associated rhino-orbito-cerebral mucormycosis is recommended.
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Gopal A, Sharma R, Negi S, Singh I. Post-COVID Mucormycosis of Mandible: A Conundrum of Management. Cureus 2022; 14:e27382. [PMID: 36046330 PMCID: PMC9418873 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.27382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Mucormycosis is an acute invasive infection of paranasal sinuses, with the propensity to spread from paranasal sinuses to intra-orbital and cranium. It is usually associated with immunocompromised states like diabetes mellitus, hematological malignancies, long-term steroids, neutropenia, and other multiple systemic disorders. Mucormycosis cases had been upsurging following COVID-19 infection. Due to the rampant use of steroids, pulmonary involvement secondary to cytokine upsurge, and deranged blood sugar levels in diabetic patients, mucormycosis of paranasal sinuses and neighboring anatomical structures has occurred at an unprecedented rate. The isolated involvement of the mandible is infrequent, and very few cases have been reported in the literature. We report one such case of post-COVID-19 isolated mandibular mucormycosis and its management. Generally, surgical excision and reconstruction of defect followed by a course of broad-spectrum antifungals are described as the appropriate line of management for this condition. However, on the contrary, we followed conservative management as the sole treatment because of the various challenges concerning undesirable postoperative consequences and reducing morbidity for the patient.
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Davies GE, Thornton CR. Development of a Monoclonal Antibody and a Serodiagnostic Lateral-Flow Device Specific to Rhizopus arrhizus (Syn. R. oryzae), the Principal Global Agent of Mucormycosis in Humans. J Fungi (Basel) 2022; 8:jof8070756. [PMID: 35887511 PMCID: PMC9325280 DOI: 10.3390/jof8070756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Revised: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Mucormycosis is a highly aggressive angio-invasive disease of humans caused by fungi in the zygomycete order, Mucorales. Though a number of different species can cause mucormycosis, the principal agent of the disease worldwide is Rhizopus arrhizus, which accounts for the majority of rhino-orbital-cerebral, pulmonary, and disseminated infections in immunocompromised individuals. It is also the main cause of life-threatening infections in patients with poorly controlled diabetes mellitus, and in corticosteroid-treated patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection, where it causes the newly described disease, COVID-19-associated mucormycosis (CAM). Diagnosis currently relies on non-specific CT, a lengthy and insensitive culture from invasive biopsy, and a time-consuming histopathology of tissue samples. At present, there are no rapid antigen tests for the disease that detect biomarkers of infection, and which allow point-of-care diagnosis. Here, we report the development of an IgG1 monoclonal antibody (mAb), KC9, which is specific to Rhizopus arrhizus var. arrhizus (syn. Rhizopus oryzae) and Rhizopus arrhizus var. delemar (Rhizopus delemar), and which binds to a 15 kDa extracellular polysaccharide (EPS) antigen secreted during hyphal growth of the pathogen. Using the mAb, we have developed a competitive lateral-flow device (LFD) that allows rapid (30 min) and sensitive (~50 ng/mL running buffer) detection of the EPS biomarker, and which is compatible with human serum (limit of detection of ~500 ng/mL) and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (limit of detection of ~100 ng/mL). The LFD, therefore, provides a potential novel opportunity for the non-invasive detection of mucormycosis caused by Rhizopus arrhizus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Genna E. Davies
- ISCA Diagnostics Ltd., B12A, Hatherly Laboratories, Prince of Wales Road, Exeter EX4 4PS, UK;
| | - Christopher R. Thornton
- MRC Centre for Medical Mycology, Geoffrey Pope Building, University of Exeter, Stocker Road, Exeter EX4 4QD, UK
- Correspondence:
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Jain V, Senetar AJ, Maciel CB, Remley W, Islam S, Fredenburg KM, Babi MA, Robinson CP. A 40-Year-Old Woman With COVID-19 and Bilateral Vision Loss. Neurohospitalist 2022; 12:664-668. [PMID: 36147755 PMCID: PMC9280117 DOI: 10.1177/19418744221114209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Mucormycosis is a fast-spreading angioinvasive fungal infection with a very high mortality rate. It is associated with immunodeficiency, diabetes mellitus, iron overload, stem cell transplantation and the use of steroids. As cultures and histopathological biopsy may have low yield in invasive fungal infections, new generation sequencing of cfDNA (cell free deoxyribonucleic acid) has become a cornerstone for diagnosis. Over the past 18 months, increasing reports of COVID-19 associated Mucormycosis have emerged, most specifically in India and other nearby developing countries. Awareness and knowledge of this newly discovered association is of high importance and clinical relevance as the global COVID-19 pandemic continues. Herein, we present a case of a patient who was treated with steroids for COVID-19 in the outpatient setting and presented with unilateral periorbital pain and blurry vision. She progressively developed bilateral vision loss, fixed bilateral mydriasis, ophthalmoplegia and coma. Imaging findings included leptomeningeal, vascular, and subcortical enhancement accompanied with multifocal infarction. Subsequent biopsy of the paranasal sinuses revealed broad type fungal elements and cfDNA sequencing identified the pathogen as Rhizopus species. She was treated with intravenous amphotericin B, but succumbed to the infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Varun Jain
- Department of Neurology, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Alexander J. Senetar
- Department of Neurology, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Carolina B Maciel
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - William Remley
- Medical Student, Lake Erie College of Osteopathic Medicine, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Shehla Islam
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Kristianna M. Fredenburg
- Department of Pathology, Immunology, and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Marc A Babi
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Christopher P. Robinson
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, USA
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Wang J, Wang Y, Han F, Chen J. Multiple diagnostic methods for mucormycosis: A retrospective case series. J Clin Lab Anal 2022; 36:e24588. [PMID: 35792018 PMCID: PMC9396201 DOI: 10.1002/jcla.24588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Revised: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 06/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- JiaXin Wang
- Kidney Disease Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine Zhejiang University Hangzhou China
| | - YaoMin Wang
- Kidney Disease Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine Zhejiang University Hangzhou China
| | - Fei Han
- Kidney Disease Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine Zhejiang University Hangzhou China
| | - JiangHua Chen
- Kidney Disease Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine Zhejiang University Hangzhou China
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Nohman AI, Ivren M, Klein S, Khatamzas E, Unterberg A, Giese H. Intracerebral mucormycosis after COVID-19: illustrative cases. JOURNAL OF NEUROSURGERY: CASE LESSONS 2022; 3:CASE21567. [PMID: 35733839 PMCID: PMC9210267 DOI: 10.3171/case21567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND
In this case report the authors present two female patients with intracranial mucormycosis after coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19).
OBSERVATIONS
The first patient was a 30-year-old woman with no past medical history or allergies who presented with headaches and vomiting. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and computed tomography of the skull showed an endonasal infection, which had already destroyed the frontal skull base and caused a large frontal intracranial abscess. The second patient was a 29-year-old woman with multiple pre-existing conditions, who was initially admitted to the hospital due to a COVID-19 infection and later developed a hemiparesis of the right side. Here, the MRI scan showed an abscess configuration in the left motor cortex. In both cases, rapid therapy was performed by surgical clearance and abscess evacuation followed by antifungal, antidiabetic, and further supportive treatment for several weeks.
LESSONS
Both cases are indicative of a possible correlation of mucormycosis in the setting of severe immunosuppression involved with COVID-19, both iatrogenic with the use of steroids and previous medical history. Furthermore, young and supposedly healthy patients can also be affected by this rare disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amin I. Nohman
- Clinic of Neurosurgery, University Hospital Heidelberg, Baden-Württemberg, Germany; and
| | - Meltem Ivren
- Clinic of Neurosurgery, University Hospital Heidelberg, Baden-Württemberg, Germany; and
| | - Sabrina Klein
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University Hospital Heidelberg, Baden-Württemberg, Germany
| | - Elham Khatamzas
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University Hospital Heidelberg, Baden-Württemberg, Germany
| | - Andreas Unterberg
- Clinic of Neurosurgery, University Hospital Heidelberg, Baden-Württemberg, Germany; and
| | - Henrik Giese
- Clinic of Neurosurgery, University Hospital Heidelberg, Baden-Württemberg, Germany; and
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Rashbi K. S, Ali TMF, P. N. D, C. K. S, Payyappilly RJ. COVID-19-Associated mucormycosis: Case series from a tertiary care hospital in South India. Access Microbiol 2022; 4:acmi000360. [PMID: 36004359 PMCID: PMC9394667 DOI: 10.1099/acmi.0.000360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2022] [Accepted: 04/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The pandemic coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-COV-2) is a global health problem. COVID-19 has given rise to a number of secondary bacterial or fungal infections. During the second wave of COVID-19, India experienced an epidemic of mucormycosis in COVID-19 patients. In this paper, we discuss the clinical features, investigations and management of four patients having COVID-19-associated mucormycosis (CAM), especially rhino-orbital mucormycosis (ROM) caused by Rhizopus arrhizus and Mucor species. We also compare the cases and their risk factors with previously reported CAM cases in India. Three patients had mucormycosis after recovering from COVID-19. They were successfully treated with surgical debridement and early initiation of anti-fungal therapy with systemic amphotericin B and other supportive measures such as broad-spectrum antibiotics, insulin infusion, antihypertensives and analgesics. The remaining patient had mucormycosis during COVID-19. He was admitted in the intensive care unit due to COVID-pneumonia and was on mechanical ventilation. In spite of all supportive measures, the patient succumbed to death due to cardiogenic shock. Three out of our four patients had diabetes mellitus. All patients were treated with systemic steroid during COVID-19 treatment. Diabetes mellitus and steroid treatment are the major risk factors for CAM. Early diagnosis of this life-threatening infection along with strict control of hyperglycemia is necessary for optimal treatment and better outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shafeedha Rashbi K.
- Department of Microbiology, Government Medical Collage Kannur, Pariyaram, Kerala, India
| | - T. M. Feroz Ali
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, India
| | - Deepthi P. N.
- Department of Microbiology, Government Medical Collage Kannur, Pariyaram, Kerala, India
| | - Saranya C. K.
- Department of Microbiology, Government Medical Collage Kannur, Pariyaram, Kerala, India
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Cag Y, Erdem H, Gunduz M, Komur S, Ankarali H, Ural S, Tasbakan M, Tattevin P, Tombak A, Ozturk-Engin D, Tartar AS, Batirel A, Tekin R, Duygu F, Caskurlu H, Kurtaran B, Durdu B, Haciseyitoglu D, Rello J. Survival in rhino-orbito-cerebral mucormycosis: An international, multicenter ID-IRI study. Eur J Intern Med 2022; 100:56-61. [PMID: 35304041 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejim.2022.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2021] [Revised: 02/10/2022] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mucormycosis is an emerging aggressive mold infection. This study aimed to assess the outcome of hospitalized adults with rhino-orbito-cerebral mucormycosis (ROCM). The secondary objective was to identify prognostic factors in this setting. METHODS This study was an international, retrospective, multicenter study. Patients' data were collected from 29 referral centers in 6 countries. All qualified as "proven cases" according to the EORTC/MSGERC criteria. RESULTS We included 74 consecutive adult patients hospitalized with ROCM. Rhino-orbito-cerebral type infection was the most common presentation (n = 43; 58.1%) followed by rhino-orbital type (n = 31; 41.9%). Twenty (27%) had acquired nosocomial bacterial infections. A total of 59 (79.7%) patients (16 in combination) received appropriate antifungal treatment with high-doses of liposomal amphotericin B. Fifty-six patients (75.7%) underwent curative surgery. Thirty-five (47.3%) required intensive care unit admission (27; 36.5% under mechanical ventilation). Hospital survival was 56.8%, being reduced to 7.4% in patients with invasive mechanical ventilation. A multivariate binary backward logistic regression model identified confusion at admission (OR 11.48), overlapping hospital-acquired infection (OR 10.27), use of antifungal treatment before diagnosis (OR 10.20), no surgical debridement (OR 5.92), and the absence of prior sinusitis (OR 6.32) were independently associated with increased risk for death. CONCLUSION Today, ROCM still has high mortality rate. Improving source control, rational therpy, and preventing nosocomial infections may improve survival in this severe infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasemin Cag
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology, Istanbul Medeniyet University Faculty of Medicine, Kadiköy, Istanbul 34722, Turkey.
| | - Hakan Erdem
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Bahrain Oncology Center, King Hamad University Hospital, Busaiteen, Bahrain
| | - Mehmet Gunduz
- Department of Hematology, Ankara University Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Suheyla Komur
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology, Cukurova University, Adana, Turkey
| | - Handan Ankarali
- Department of Biostatistics and Medical Informatics, Istanbul Medeniyet University Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Serap Ural
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology, İzmir Katip Celebi University, Ataturk Training and Research Hospital, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Meltem Tasbakan
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology, Ege University Faculty of Medicine, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Pierre Tattevin
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Intensive Care Unit, Pontchaillou University Hospital, Rennes, France
| | - Anil Tombak
- Department of Hematology, Mersin University Faculty of Medicine, Mersin, Turkey
| | - Derya Ozturk-Engin
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology, University of Health Sciences Fatih Sultan Mehmet Training and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ayse Sagmak Tartar
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology, Firat University Faculty of Medicine, Elazig, Turkey
| | - Ayse Batirel
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology, University of Health Sciences Dr. Lutfi Kirdar Training and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Recep Tekin
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology, Dicle University School of Medicine, Diyarbakir, Turkey
| | - Fazilet Duygu
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology, Abdurrahman Yurtaslan Ankara Oncology Education and Research Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Hulya Caskurlu
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology, Istanbul Medeniyet University Faculty of Medicine, Kadiköy, Istanbul 34722, Turkey
| | - Behice Kurtaran
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology, Cukurova University, Adana, Turkey
| | - Bulent Durdu
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology, Bezmialem Vakif University Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Demet Haciseyitoglu
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, University of Health Sciences Dr. Lutfi Kirdar Training and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Jordi Rello
- Clinical Research and Epidemiology in Pneumonia and Sepsis, Vall d'Hebron Institute of Research (VHIR), Barcelona, Spain; Clinical Research, CHRU Nîmes, Nîmes, France
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Sharma A, Goel A. Mucormycosis: risk factors, diagnosis, treatments, and challenges during COVID-19 pandemic. Folia Microbiol (Praha) 2022; 67:363-387. [PMID: 35220559 PMCID: PMC8881997 DOI: 10.1007/s12223-021-00934-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Mucormycosis is a deadly opportunistic disease caused by a group of fungus named mucormycetes. Fungal spores are normally present in the environment and the immune system of the body prevents them from causing disease in a healthy immunocompetent individual. But when the defense mechanism of the body is compromised such as in the patients of diabetes mellites, neustropenia, organ transplantation recipients, and other immune-compromised states, these fungal spores invade our defense mechanism easily causing a severe systemic infection with approximately 45-80% of case fatality. In the present scenario, during the COVID-19 pandemic, patients are on immunosuppressive drugs, glucocorticoids, thus are at high risk of mucormycosis. Patients with diabetes mellitus are further getting a high chance of infection. Usually, the spores gain entry through our respiratory tract affecting the lungs and paranasal sinuses. Besides, they can also enter through damage into the skin or through the gastrointestinal route. This review article presents the current statistics, the causes of this infection in the human body, and its diagnosis with available recent therapies through recent databases collected from several clinics and agencies. The diagnosis and identification of the infection were made possible through various latest medical techniques such as computed tomography scans, direct microscopic observations, MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry, serology, molecular assay, and histopathology. Mucormycosis is so uncommon, no randomized controlled treatment studies have been conducted. The newer triazoles, posaconazole (POSA) and isavuconazole (ISAV) (the active component of the prodrug isavuconazonium sulfate) may be beneficial in patients who are refractory to or intolerant of Liposomal Amphotericin B. but due to lack of early diagnosis and aggressive surgical debridement or excision, the mortality rate remains high. In the course of COVID-19 treatments, there must be more vigilance and alertness are required from clinicians to evaluate these invasive fungal infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayushi Sharma
- Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Applied Sciences & Humanities, GLA University, 281 406, Mathura, UP, India
| | - Anjana Goel
- Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Applied Sciences & Humanities, GLA University, 281 406, Mathura, UP, India.
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Post COVID-19 Head and Neck Mucormycosis: MR Imaging Spectrum and Staging. Acad Radiol 2022; 29:674-684. [PMID: 34998684 PMCID: PMC8673738 DOI: 10.1016/j.acra.2021.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2021] [Revised: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Objective To develop a systematic approach for magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) analysis, imaging spectrum, and classification system for the staging of post-COVID-19 head and neck mucormycosis. Method The study included 63 post-COVID-19 patients with pathologically proven mucormycosis who underwent head and neck MR imaging. Three independent radiologists assessed the imaging spectrum of mucormycosis, MRI characteristics of sino-nasal mucormycosis, and extra-sinus extension, and submitted a final staging using a systematic approach and a proposed categorization system. A consensus reading was considered the reference imaging standard. The kappa statistics were used to assess the categorization system's diagnostic reliability. Results The overall interreader agreement of the MR staging system was very good (k-score = 0.817). MR imaging spectrum involved localized sino-nasal mucormycosis (n = 7 patients, 11.1%), sino-nasal mucormycosis with maxillo-facial soft tissue extension (n = 28 patients, 44.5 %), sino-nasal mucormycosis with maxillo-facial bony extension (n = 7 patients, 11.1%), sino-naso-orbital mucormycosis (n = 13 patients, 20.6%), and sino-nasal mucormycosis with cranium or intracranial extension (n = 8 patients, 12.7%). Extra-sinus extension to the orbit and brain did not have significant association with involvement of the posterior ethmoid/sphenoid sinuses and maxillo-facial regions (p > 0.05). MRI-based staging involved four stages: stage 1 (n = 7, 11.1%); stage 2 (n = 35, 55.6%), and stage 3 (n = 13, 20.6%), and stage 4 (n = 8, 12.7%). Involvement of the bone and MR-based staging were significant predictors of patients’ mortality p = 0.012 and 0.033, respectively. Conclusion This study used a diagnostic-reliable staging method to define the imaging spectrum of post-COVID-19 head and neck mucormycosis and identify risk variables for extra-sinus extension.
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Ahn H, Lee R, Cho SY, Lee DG. Advances in prophylaxis and treatment of invasive fungal infections: perspectives on hematologic diseases. Blood Res 2022; 57:101-111. [PMID: 35483934 PMCID: PMC9057668 DOI: 10.5045/br.2022.2022036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2022] [Revised: 04/21/2022] [Accepted: 04/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Invasive fungal infections (IFIs) are common causes of mortality and morbidity in patients with hematologic diseases. Delayed initiation of antifungal treatment is related to mortality. Aspergillus sp. is the leading cause of IFI followed by Candida sp. Diagnosis is often challenging owing to variable conditions related to underlying diseases. Clinical suspect and prompt management is important. Imaging, biopsy, and non-culture-based tests must be considered together. New diagnostic procedures have been improved, including antigen-based assays and molecular detection of fungal DNA. Among hematologic diseases, patients with acute myeloid leukemia, myelodysplastic syndrome, recipients of hematopoietic stem cell transplantation are at high risk for IFIs. Antifungal prophylaxis is recommended for these high-risk patients. There are continuous attempts to achieve ideal management of IFIs. Scoring system for quality control has been developed with important recommendations of current guidelines. Higher adherence to guidelines is related to decreased mortality in IFIs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyojin Ahn
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Raeseok Lee
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
- Vaccine Bio Research Institute, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sung-Yeon Cho
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
- Vaccine Bio Research Institute, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Dong-Gun Lee
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
- Vaccine Bio Research Institute, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
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A Vaccine Construction against COVID-19-Associated Mucormycosis Contrived with Immunoinformatics-Based Scavenging of Potential Mucoralean Epitopes. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:vaccines10050664. [PMID: 35632420 PMCID: PMC9147184 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10050664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Revised: 04/16/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Mucormycosis is a group of infections, caused by multiple fungal species, which affect many human organs and is lethal in immunocompromised patients. During the COVID-19 pandemic, the current wave of mucormycosis is a challenge to medical professionals as its effects are multiplied because of the severity of COVID-19 infection. The variant of concern, Omicron, has been linked to fatal mucormycosis infections in the US and Asia. Consequently, current postdiagnostic treatments of mucormycosis have been rendered unsatisfactory. In this hour of need, a preinfection cure is needed that may prevent lethal infections in immunocompromised individuals. This study proposes a potential vaccine construct targeting mucor and rhizopus species responsible for mucormycosis infections, providing immunoprotection to immunocompromised patients. The vaccine construct, with an antigenicity score of 0.75 covering, on average, 92-98% of the world population, was designed using an immunoinformatics approach. Molecular interactions with major histocompatibility complex-1 (MHC-I), Toll-like receptors-2 (TLR2), and glucose-regulated protein 78 (GRP78), with scores of -896.0, -948.4, and -925.0, respectively, demonstrated its potential to bind with the human immune receptors. It elicited a strong predicted innate and adaptive immune response in the form of helper T (Th) cells, cytotoxic T (TC) cells, B cells, natural killer (NK) cells, and macrophages. The vaccine cloned in the pBR322 vector showed positive amplification, further solidifying its stability and potential. The proposed construct holds a promising approach as the first step towards an antimucormycosis vaccine and may contribute to minimizing postdiagnostic burdens and failures.
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