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Goodus MT, Alfredo AN, Carson KE, Dey P, Pukos N, Schwab JM, Popovich PG, Gao J, Mo X, Bruno RS, McTigue DM. Spinal cord injury-induced metabolic impairment and steatohepatitis develops in non-obese rats and is exacerbated by premorbid obesity. Exp Neurol 2024; 379:114847. [PMID: 38852834 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2024.114847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2024] [Revised: 05/27/2024] [Accepted: 06/06/2024] [Indexed: 06/11/2024]
Abstract
Impaired sensorimotor functions are prominent complications of spinal cord injury (SCI). A clinically important but less obvious consequence is development of metabolic syndrome (MetS), including increased adiposity, hyperglycemia/insulin resistance, and hyperlipidemia. MetS predisposes SCI individuals to earlier and more severe diabetes and cardiovascular disease compared to the general population, which trigger life-threatening complications (e.g., stroke, myocardial infarcts). Although each comorbidity is known to be a risk factor for diabetes and other health problems in obese individuals, their relative contribution or perceived importance in propagating systemic pathology after SCI has received less attention. This could be explained by an incomplete understanding of MetS promoted by SCI compared with that from the canonical trigger diet-induced obesity (DIO). Thus, here we compared metabolic-related outcomes after SCI in lean rats to those of uninjured rats with DIO. Surprisingly, SCI-induced MetS features were equal to or greater than those in obese uninjured rats, including insulin resistance, endotoxemia, hyperlipidemia, liver inflammation and steatosis. Considering the endemic nature of obesity, we also evaluated the effect of premorbid obesity in rats receiving SCI; the combination of DIO + SCI exacerbated MetS and liver pathology compared to either alone, suggesting that obese individuals that sustain a SCI are especially vulnerable to metabolic dysfunction. Notably, premorbid obesity also exacerbated intraspinal lesion pathology and worsened locomotor recovery after SCI. Overall, these results highlight that normal metabolic function requires intact spinal circuitry and that SCI is not just a sensory-motor disorder, but also has significant metabolic consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew T Goodus
- The Belford Center for Spinal Cord Injury, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Anthony N Alfredo
- Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; Neuroscience Graduate Program, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Kaitlin E Carson
- The Belford Center for Spinal Cord Injury, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Priyankar Dey
- Department of Biotechnology, Thapar Institute of Engineering and Technology, Patiala, Punjab, India
| | - Nicole Pukos
- The Belford Center for Spinal Cord Injury, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; Neuroscience Graduate Program, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Jan M Schwab
- The Belford Center for Spinal Cord Injury, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; Department of Neurology, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Phillip G Popovich
- The Belford Center for Spinal Cord Injury, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Jie Gao
- Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Xiaokui Mo
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Richard S Bruno
- Human Nutrition Program, College of Education and Human Ecology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Dana M McTigue
- The Belford Center for Spinal Cord Injury, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
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Abu-Baih RH, Ibrahim MFG, Elhamadany EY, Abu-Baih DH. Irbesartan mitigates the impact of cyclophosphamide-induced acute neurotoxicity in rats: Shedding highlights on NLRP3 inflammasome/CASP-1 pathway-driven immunomodulation. Int Immunopharmacol 2024; 135:112336. [PMID: 38801809 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2024.112336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2024] [Revised: 05/09/2024] [Accepted: 05/21/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
IIrbesartan (IRB), an angiotensin II type 1 receptor (AT1R) antagonist, has been widely employed in the medical field for its effectiveness in managing hypertension. However, there have been no documented investigations regarding the immunostimulatory properties of IRB. To address this gap, this study has been performed to assess the neuroprotective impact of IRB as an immunostimulatory agent in mitigating acute neurotoxicity induced by cyclophosphamide (CYP) in rats. mRNA levels of nuclear factor erythroid 2 (Nrf-2), interleukin (IL)-18, IL-1β, and MMP-1 have been assessed using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). Additionally, the levels of malondialdehyde (MDA), reduced glutathione (GSH), and superoxide dismutase (SOD) has been evaluated to assess the oxidative stress. Additionally, macrophage inflammatory protein 2 (MIP2) has been evaluated using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Western blotting has been used to investigate the protein expression of nucleotide binding oligomerization domain-like receptor protein 3 (NLRP3) and caspase-1 (CASP-1), along with an assessment of histopathological changes. Administration of IRB protected against oxidative stress by augmenting the levels of GSH and SOD as well as reducing MDA level. Also, administration of IRB led to a diminishment in the brain levels of MIP2 and MMP1. Furthermore, it led to a suppression of IL-1β and IL-18 levels, which are correlated with a reduction in the abundance of NLRP3 and subsequently CASP-1. This study provides new insights into the immunomodulatory effects of IRB in the context of CYP-induced acute neurotoxicity. Specifically, IRB exerts its effects by reducing oxidative stress, neuroinflammation, inhibiting chemokine recruitment, and mitigating neuronal degeneration through the modulation of immune markers. Therefore, it can be inferred that the use of IRB as an immunomodulator has the potential to effectively mitigate immune disorders associated with inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rania H Abu-Baih
- Drug Information Center, Faculty of Pharmacy, Minia University, Minia 61519, Egypt.
| | | | - Eyad Y Elhamadany
- Deraya Center for Scientific Research, Deraya University, Minia 61111, Egypt.
| | - Dalia H Abu-Baih
- Deraya Center for Scientific Research, Deraya University, Minia 61111, Egypt; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Deraya University, Minia 61111, Egypt.
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3
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Chen Y, Zhao G, Xia X. Acute kidney injury after intracerebral hemorrhage: a mini review. Front Med (Lausanne) 2024; 11:1422081. [PMID: 38988361 PMCID: PMC11233433 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2024.1422081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2024] [Accepted: 06/19/2024] [Indexed: 07/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) stands as a prevalent and pivotal clinical condition. The potential cooccurrence of acute kidney injury (AKI) among afflicted individuals can profoundly influence their prognosis. In recent times, there has been a growing focus among clinical practitioners on researching the relationship between ICH and AKI. AKI occurring concurrently with ICH predominantly arises from both hemodynamic and non-hemodynamic mechanisms. The latter encompasses neurohumoral regulation, inflammatory response, oxidative stress, and iatrogenic factors such as contrast agents, dehydrating agents, antibiotics, and diuretics. Moreover, advanced age, hypertension, elevated baseline creatinine levels, chronic kidney disease, and larger hematomas predispose patients to AKI. Additionally, the current utilization of biomarkers and the development of predictive models appear promising in identifying patients at risk of AKI after ICH. This article aims to underscore the potential of the aforementioned insights to inspire novel approaches to early clinical intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuyang Chen
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Affiliated Kunshan Hospital of Jiangsu University, Kunshan, China
| | | | - Xiaohua Xia
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Affiliated Kunshan Hospital of Jiangsu University, Kunshan, China
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4
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Rugg C, Schmid S, Zipperle J, Kreutziger J. Stress hyperglycaemia following trauma - a survival benefit or an outcome detriment? Curr Opin Anaesthesiol 2024; 37:131-138. [PMID: 38390910 DOI: 10.1097/aco.0000000000001350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/24/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Stress hyperglycaemia occur often in critically injured patients. To gain new consideration about it, this review compile current as well as known immunological and biochemical findings about causes and emergence. RECENT FINDINGS Glucose is the preferred energy substrate for fending immune cells, reparative tissue and the cardiovascular system following trauma. To fulfil these energy needs, the liver is metabolically reprogrammed to rebuild glucose from lactate and glucogenic amino acids (hepatic insulin resistance) at the expenses of muscles mass and - to a less extent - fat tissue (proteolysis, lipolysis, peripheral insulin resistance). This inevitably leads to stress hyperglycaemia, which is evolutionary preserved and seems to be an essential and beneficial survival response. It is initiated by damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) and pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs), intensified by immune cells itself and mainly ruled by tumour necrosis factor (TNF)α and catecholamines with lactate and hypoxia inducible factor (HIF)-1α as intracellular signals and lactate as an energy shuttle. Important biochemical mechanisms involved in this response are the Warburg effect as an efficient metabolic shortcut and the extended Cori cycle. SUMMARY Stress hyperglycaemia is beneficial in an acute life-threatening situation, but further research is necessary, to prevent trauma patients from the detrimental effects of persisting hyperglycaemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Rugg
- Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care Medicine, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Stefan Schmid
- Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care Medicine, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Johannes Zipperle
- Johannes Zipperle, Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Traumatology, The Research Center in Cooperation with AUVA, Vienna, Austria
| | - Janett Kreutziger
- Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care Medicine, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
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Dunstan IK, McLeod R, Radford-Smith DE, Xiong W, Pate T, Probert F, Anthony DC. Unique pathways downstream of TLR-4 and TLR-7 activation: sex-dependent behavioural, cytokine, and metabolic consequences. Front Cell Neurosci 2024; 18:1345441. [PMID: 38414751 PMCID: PMC10896997 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2024.1345441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2023] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 02/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Post-infection syndromes are characterised by fatigue, muscle pain, anhedonia, and cognitive impairment; mechanistic studies exploring these syndromes have focussed on pathways downstream of Toll-like receptor (TLR) 4 activation. Here, we investigated the mechanistic interplay between behaviour, metabolism, and inflammation downstream of TLR-7 activation compared to TLR-4 activation in male and female CD1 mice. Methods Animals received either a TLR-4 (LPS; 0.83 mg/kg) or TLR-7 (R848, 5 mg/kg) agonist, or saline, and behaviour was analysed in an Open Field (OF) at 24 h (n = 20/group). Plasma, liver, and prefrontal cortex (PFC) were collected for gene expression analysis at 24 h and 1H-NMR metabolomics. Results TLR-4 and TLR-7 activation decreased distance travelled and rearing in the OF, but activation of each receptor induced distinct cytokine responses and metabolome profiles. LPS increased IL-1β expression and CXCL1 in the PFC, but TLR7 activation did not and strongly induced PFC CXCL10 expression. Thus, TLR7 induced sickness behaviour is independent of IL-1β expression. In both cases, the behavioural response to TLR activation was sexually dimorphic: females were more resilient. However, dissociation was observed between the resilient female mice behaviour and the levels of gene cytokine expression, which was, in general, higher in the female mice. However, the metabolic shifts induced by immune activation were better correlated with the sex-dependent behavioural dimorphisms; increased levels of antioxidant potential in the female brain are intrinsic male/female metabolome differences. A common feature of both TLR4 and TLR7 activation was an increase in N-acetyl aspartate (NAA) in the PFC, which is likely be an allostatic response to the challenges as sickness behaviour is inversely correlated with NAA levels. Discussion The results highlight how the cytokine profile induced by one PAMP cannot be extrapolated to another, but they do reveal how the manipulation of the conserved metabolome response might afford a more generic approach to the treatment of post-infection syndromes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isobel K. Dunstan
- Medical Sciences Division, Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Department of Chemistry, Mathematical, Physical and Life Sciences Division, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Ross McLeod
- Medical Sciences Division, Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Department of Chemistry, Mathematical, Physical and Life Sciences Division, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel E. Radford-Smith
- Medical Sciences Division, Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Wenzheng Xiong
- Medical Sciences Division, Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Department of Chemistry, Mathematical, Physical and Life Sciences Division, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Trinity Pate
- Medical Sciences Division, Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Fay Probert
- Medical Sciences Division, Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Department of Chemistry, Mathematical, Physical and Life Sciences Division, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel C. Anthony
- Medical Sciences Division, Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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Chen Y, Zhang H, Hu X, Cai W, Jiang L, Wang Y, Wu Y, Wang X, Ni W, Zhou K. Extracellular Vesicles: Therapeutic Potential in Central Nervous System Trauma by Regulating Cell Death. Mol Neurobiol 2023; 60:6789-6813. [PMID: 37482599 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-023-03501-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023]
Abstract
CNS (central nervous system) trauma, which is classified as SCI (spinal cord injury) and TBI (traumatic brain injury), is gradually becoming a major cause of accidental death and disability worldwide. Many previous studies have verified that the pathophysiological mechanism underlying cell death and the subsequent neuroinflammation caused by cell death are pivotal factors in the progression of CNS trauma. Simultaneously, EVs (extracellular vesicles), membrane-enclosed particles produced by almost all cell types, have been proven to mediate cell-to-cell communication, and cell death involves complex interactions among molecules. EVs have also been proven to be effective carriers of loaded bioactive components to areas of CNS trauma. Therefore, EVs are promising therapeutic targets to cure CNS trauma. However, the link between EVs and various types of cell death in the context of CNS trauma remains unknown. Therefore, in this review, we summarize the mechanism underlying EV effects, the relationship between EVs and cell death and the pathophysiology underlying EV effects on the CNS trauma based on information in published papers. In addition, we discuss the prospects of applying EVs to the CNS as feasible therapeutic strategies for CNS trauma in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yituo Chen
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325027, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Orthopaedics, Wenzhou, 325027, China
| | - Haojie Zhang
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325027, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Orthopaedics, Wenzhou, 325027, China
| | - Xinli Hu
- Department of Orthopedics, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Wanta Cai
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325027, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Orthopaedics, Wenzhou, 325027, China
| | - Liting Jiang
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325027, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Orthopaedics, Wenzhou, 325027, China
| | - Yongli Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, Huzhou Central Hospital, Huzhou, 313099, China
- Department of Orthopedics, Huzhou Basic and Clinical Translation of Orthopaedics Key Laboratory, Huzhou, 313099, China
| | - Yanqing Wu
- The Institute of Life Sciences, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, 325035, China
| | - Xiangyang Wang
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325027, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Orthopaedics, Wenzhou, 325027, China
| | - Wenfei Ni
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325027, China.
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Orthopaedics, Wenzhou, 325027, China.
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, 109 West Xueyuan Road, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325000, China.
| | - Kailiang Zhou
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325027, China.
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Orthopaedics, Wenzhou, 325027, China.
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, 109 West Xueyuan Road, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325000, China.
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Bandyopadhyay S, Garland P, Gaastra B, Zolnourian A, Bulters D, Galea I. The Haptoglobin Response after Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Haemorrhage. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:16922. [PMID: 38069244 PMCID: PMC10707007 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242316922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Revised: 11/21/2023] [Accepted: 11/25/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Haptoglobin is the body's first line of defence against the toxicity of extracellular haemoglobin released following a subarachnoid haemorrhage (SAH). We investigated the haptoglobin response after SAH in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and serum. Paired CSF and serum samples from 19 controls and 92 SAH patients were assayed as follows: ultra-performance liquid chromatography for CSF haemoglobin and haptoglobin, immunoassay for serum haptoglobin and multiplexed CSF cytokines, and colorimetry for albumin. There was marked CSF haptoglobin deficiency: 99% of extracellular haemoglobin was unbound. The quotients for both CSF/serum albumin (qAlb) and haptoglobin (qHp) were used to compute the CSF haptoglobin index (qHp/qAlb). CSF from SAH patients had a significantly lower haptoglobin index compared to controls, especially in Haptoglobin-1 allele carriers. Serum haptoglobin levels increased after SAH and were correlated with CSF cytokine levels. Haptoglobin variables were not associated with long-term clinical outcomes post-SAH. We conclude that: (1) intrathecal haptoglobin consumption occurs after SAH, more so in haptoglobin-1 allele carriers; (2) serum haptoglobin is upregulated after SAH, in keeping with the liver acute phase response to central inflammation; (3) haptoglobin in the CSF is so low that any variation is too small for this to affect long-term outcomes, emphasising the potential for therapeutic haptoglobin supplementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soham Bandyopadhyay
- Clinical Neurosciences, Clinical & Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK; (S.B.); (P.G.); (B.G.)
- Wessex Neurological Centre, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK;
| | - Patrick Garland
- Clinical Neurosciences, Clinical & Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK; (S.B.); (P.G.); (B.G.)
| | - Ben Gaastra
- Clinical Neurosciences, Clinical & Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK; (S.B.); (P.G.); (B.G.)
- Wessex Neurological Centre, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK;
| | - Ardalan Zolnourian
- Wessex Neurological Centre, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK;
| | - Diederik Bulters
- Clinical Neurosciences, Clinical & Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK; (S.B.); (P.G.); (B.G.)
- Wessex Neurological Centre, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK;
| | - Ian Galea
- Clinical Neurosciences, Clinical & Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK; (S.B.); (P.G.); (B.G.)
- Wessex Neurological Centre, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK;
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Specific Blood RNA Profiles in Individuals with Acute Spinal Cord Injury as Compared with Trauma Controls. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2023; 2023:1485135. [PMID: 36686379 PMCID: PMC9851797 DOI: 10.1155/2023/1485135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2022] [Revised: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Background Spinal cord injury (SCI) is known to cause a more robust systemic inflammatory response than general trauma without CNS injury, inducing severe secondary organ damage, especially the lung and liver. Related studies are principally focused on the mechanisms underlying repair and regeneration in the injured spinal cord tissue. However, the specific mechanism of secondary injury after acute SCI is widely overlooked, compared with general trauma. Methods Two datasets of GSE151371 and GSE45376 related to the blood samples and spinal cord after acute SCI were selected to identify the differentially expressed genes (DEGs). In GSE151371, functional enrichment analysis on specific DEGs of blood samples was performed. And the top 15 specific hub genes were identified from intersectional genes between the specific upregulated DEGs of blood samples in GSE151371 and the upregulated DEGs of the spinal cord in GSE45376. The specific functional enrichment analysis and the drug candidates of the hub genes and the miRNAs-targeted hub genes were also analyzed and predicted. Results DEGs were identified, and a total of 64 specific genes were the intersection of upregulated genes of the spinal cord in GSE45376 and upregulated genes of human blood samples in GSE151371. The top 15 hub genes including HP, LCN2, DLGAP5, CEP55, HMMR, CDKN3, PRTN3, SKA3, MPO, LTF, CDC25C, MMP9, NEIL3, NUSAP1, and CD163 were calculated from the 64 specific genes. Functional enrichment analysis of the top 15 hub genes revealed inflammation-related pathways. The predicted miRNAs-targeted hub genes and drug candidates of hub genes were also performed to put forward reasonable treatment strategies. Conclusion The specific hub genes of acute SCI as compared with trauma without CNS injury were identified. The functional enrichment analysis of hub genes showed a specific immune response. Several predicted drugs of hub genes were also obtained. The hub genes and the predicted miRNAs may be potential biomarkers and therapeutic targets and require further validation.
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Arakawa K, Inoue H, Ishigami A, Sato A, Takino Y, Tanaka M, Morimoto H, Takahashi N, Uehara M. Release of SMP30 in Extracellular Vesicles under Conditions of Ascorbic Acid Deficiency Is Involved with Acute Phase Response in ODS Rat. J Nutr Sci Vitaminol (Tokyo) 2023; 69:420-427. [PMID: 38171814 DOI: 10.3177/jnsv.69.420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
Senescence marker protein-30 (SMP30) is a senescence marker molecule that exhibits lactonase activity in the ascorbic acid (AsA) biosynthesis pathway, except in primate mammals, including humans. Although numerous studies have shown that hepatic AsA deficiency causes acute-phase responses, details of the relationship between SMP30 expression and acute-phase responses in AsA-deficient conditions remain to be elucidated. Here, we investigated the effects of AsA deficiency on the relationship between SMP30 and acute liver injury in osteogenic disorder Shionogi (ODS) rats, which have a hereditary defect in AsA biosynthesis. Male-ODS rats (4 wk old) were pair-fed an AsA-free diet with distilled or 0.1% AsA-dissolved water for 14 d. Under AsA-deficient conditions, hepatic SMP30 protein level was decreased and liver injury markers, the serum aspartate aminotransferase/alanine transaminase ratio and cytokine-induced neutrophil chemoattractant-1 (CINC-1) concentration, were elevated. In contrast, SMP30 protein level in extracellular vesicles (EVs) was significantly increased in addition to the positive acute proteins haptoglobin and asialoglycoprotein receptor 1 (ASGPR1), hepatic-derived specific markers expression under AsA-deficient conditions. AsA deficiency also activated signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) which is linked to EVs release in the liver. These results suggest that the release of SMP30 in EVs by AsA deficiency is involved with acute-phase responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kohta Arakawa
- Department of Nutritional Science and Food Safety, Faculty of Applied Bioscience, Tokyo University of Agriculture
| | - Hirofumi Inoue
- Department of Nutritional Science and Food Safety, Faculty of Applied Bioscience, Tokyo University of Agriculture
| | - Akihito Ishigami
- Molecular Regulation of Aging, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute for Geriatrics and Gerontology
| | - Ayami Sato
- Molecular Regulation of Aging, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute for Geriatrics and Gerontology
| | - Yuka Takino
- Molecular Regulation of Aging, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute for Geriatrics and Gerontology
| | - Miori Tanaka
- Department of Nutritional Science and Food Safety, Faculty of Applied Bioscience, Tokyo University of Agriculture
| | - Hiromu Morimoto
- Department of Nutritional Science and Food Safety, Faculty of Applied Bioscience, Tokyo University of Agriculture
| | - Nobuyuki Takahashi
- Department of Nutritional Science and Food Safety, Faculty of Applied Bioscience, Tokyo University of Agriculture
| | - Mariko Uehara
- Department of Nutritional Science and Food Safety, Faculty of Applied Bioscience, Tokyo University of Agriculture
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10
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El-Baz FK, Salama A, Ali SI, Elgohary R. Lutein isolated from Scenedesmus obliquus microalga boosts immunity against cyclophosphamide-induced brain injury in rats. Sci Rep 2022; 12:22601. [PMID: 36585479 PMCID: PMC9803677 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-25252-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Lutein is a naturally potent antioxidant carotenoid synthesized in green microalgae with a potent ability to prevent different human chronic conditions. To date, there are no reports of the immune-stimulating effect of pure lutein isolated from Scenedesmus obliquus. Thus, we isolated the natural lutein from S. obliquus and evaluated its effectiveness as an immunostimulant against cyclophosphamide-induced brain injury. We purified all-E-(3R, 3'R, 6'R)-Lutein from S. obliquus using prep-HPLC and characterized it by 1H- and 13C-NMR spectroscopy. We assigned rats randomly to four experimental groups: the Control group got a vehicle for lutein dimethyl sulfoxide for ten successive days. The Cyclophosphamide group received a single i.p injection of Cyclophosphamide (200 mg/kg). Lutein groups received 50 and 100 (mg/kg) of lutein one time per day for ten successive days after the cyclophosphamide dose. Lutein administration reduced brain contents of Macrophage inflammatory protein2 (MIP2), cytokine-induced- neutrophil chemoattractant (CINC), and Matrix metalloproteinase 1 (MMP1). Besides, it lowered the contents of interleukin 1 beta (IL-1β) and interleukin 18 (IL-18), associated with low content of NLR pyrin domain protein 3 (NLRP3) and consequently caspase-1 compared to the cyclophosphamide group. In the histomorphometric analysis, lutein groups (50 and 100 mg/Kg) showed mild histopathological alterations as they significantly reduced nuclear pyknosis numbers by 65% and 69% respectively, compared to the cyclophosphamide group. This is the first study that showed the immunomodulatory roles of lutein against cyclophosphamide-induced brain injury via decreasing neuroinflammation, chemokines recruitment, and neuron degeneration with the modulation of immune markers. Hence, lutein can be an effective immunomodulator against inflammation-related immune disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farouk K. El-Baz
- grid.419725.c0000 0001 2151 8157Plant Biochemistry Department, National Research Centre (NRC), 33 El Buhouth St. (Former El-Tahrir St.), Dokki, Cairo, 12622 Egypt
| | - Abeer Salama
- grid.419725.c0000 0001 2151 8157Pharmacology Department, National Research Centre (NRC), 33 El Buhouth St. (Former El-Tahrir St.), Dokki, Cairo, 12622 Egypt
| | - Sami I. Ali
- grid.419725.c0000 0001 2151 8157Plant Biochemistry Department, National Research Centre (NRC), 33 El Buhouth St. (Former El-Tahrir St.), Dokki, Cairo, 12622 Egypt
| | - Rania Elgohary
- grid.419725.c0000 0001 2151 8157Narcotics, Ergogenics and Poisons Department, National Research Centre (NRC), 33 El Buhouth St. (Former El-Tahrir St.), Dokki, Cairo, 12622 Egypt
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11
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The Importance of CXCL1 in the Physiological State and in Noncancer Diseases of the Oral Cavity and Abdominal Organs. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23137151. [PMID: 35806156 PMCID: PMC9266754 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23137151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2022] [Revised: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 06/25/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
CXCL1 is a CXC chemokine, CXCR2 ligand and chemotactic factor for neutrophils. In this paper, we present a review of the role of the chemokine CXCL1 in physiology and in selected major non-cancer diseases of the oral cavity and abdominal organs (gingiva, salivary glands, stomach, liver, pancreas, intestines, and kidneys). We focus on the importance of CXCL1 on implantation and placentation as well as on human pluripotent stem cells. We also show the significance of CXCL1 in selected diseases of the abdominal organs, including the gastrointestinal tract and oral cavity (periodontal diseases, periodontitis, Sjögren syndrome, Helicobacter pylori infection, diabetes, liver cirrhosis, alcoholic liver disease (ALD), non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), HBV and HCV infection, liver ischemia and reperfusion injury, inflammatory bowel disease (Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis), obesity and overweight, kidney transplantation and ischemic-reperfusion injury, endometriosis and adenomyosis).
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12
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Yates AG, Weglinski CM, Ying Y, Dunstan IK, Strekalova T, Anthony DC. Nafamostat reduces systemic inflammation in TLR7-mediated virus-like illness. J Neuroinflammation 2022; 19:8. [PMID: 34991643 PMCID: PMC8734544 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-021-02357-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The serine protease inhibitor nafamostat has been proposed as a treatment for COVID-19, by inhibiting TMPRSS2-mediated viral cell entry. Nafamostat has been shown to have other, immunomodulatory effects, which may be beneficial for treatment, however animal models of ssRNA virus infection are lacking. In this study, we examined the potential of the dual TLR7/8 agonist R848 to mimic the host response to an ssRNA virus infection and the associated behavioural response. In addition, we evaluated the anti-inflammatory effects of nafamostat in this model. METHODS CD-1 mice received an intraperitoneal injection of R848 (200 μg, prepared in DMSO, diluted 1:10 in saline) or diluted DMSO alone, and an intravenous injection of either nafamostat (100 μL, 3 mg/kg in 5% dextrose) or 5% dextrose alone. Sickness behaviour was determined by temperature, food intake, sucrose preference test, open field and forced swim test. Blood and fresh liver, lung and brain were collected 6 h post-challenge to measure markers of peripheral and central inflammation by blood analysis, immunohistochemistry and qPCR. RESULTS R848 induced a robust inflammatory response, as evidenced by increased expression of TNF, IFN-γ, CXCL1 and CXCL10 in the liver, lung and brain, as well as a sickness behaviour phenotype. Exogenous administration of nafamostat suppressed the hepatic inflammatory response, significantly reducing TNF and IFN-γ expression, but had no effect on lung or brain cytokine production. R848 administration depleted circulating leukocytes, which was restored by nafamostat treatment. CONCLUSIONS Our data indicate that R848 administration provides a useful model of ssRNA virus infection, which induces inflammation in the periphery and CNS, and virus infection-like illness. In turn, we show that nafamostat has a systemic anti-inflammatory effect in the presence of the TLR7/8 agonist. Therefore, the results indicate that nafamostat has anti-inflammatory actions, beyond its ability to inhibit TMPRSS2, that might potentiate its anti-viral actions in pathologies such as COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abi G Yates
- Department of Pharmacology, The University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford, UK
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Caroline M Weglinski
- Department of Pharmacology, The University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford, UK
| | - Yuxin Ying
- Department of Pharmacology, The University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford, UK
| | - Isobel K Dunstan
- Department of Pharmacology, The University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford, UK
| | - Tatyana Strekalova
- Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
- Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology, Moscow, Russia
| | - Daniel C Anthony
- Department of Pharmacology, The University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford, UK.
- Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia.
- University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark.
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13
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Vints WAJ, Kušleikiene S, Sheoran S, Šarkinaite M, Valatkevičiene K, Gleizniene R, Kvedaras M, Pukenas K, Himmelreich U, Cesnaitiene VJ, Levin O, Verbunt J, Masiulis N. Inflammatory Blood Biomarker Kynurenine Is Linked With Elevated Neuroinflammation and Neurodegeneration in Older Adults: Evidence From Two 1H-MRS Post-Processing Analysis Methods. Front Psychiatry 2022; 13:859772. [PMID: 35479493 PMCID: PMC9035828 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2022.859772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
RATIONALE AND OBJECTIVES Pro-inflammatory processes have been argued to play a role in conditions associated with cognitive decline and neurodegeneration, like aging and obesity. Only a limited number of studies have tried to measure both peripheral and central biomarkers of inflammation and examined their interrelationship. The primary aim of this study was to examine the hypothesis that chronic peripheral inflammation would be associated with neurometabolic changes that indicate neuroinflammation (the combined elevation of myoinositol and choline), brain gray matter volume decrease, and lower cognitive functioning in older adults. MATERIALS AND METHODS Seventy-four older adults underwent bio-impedance body composition analysis, cognitive testing with the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA), blood serum analysis of inflammatory markers interleukin-6 (IL-6) and kynurenine, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H-MRS) of the brain. Neurometabolic findings from both Tarquin and LCModel 1H-MRS post-processing software packages were compared. The regions of interest for MRI and 1H-MRS measurements were dorsal posterior cingulate cortex (DPCC), left hippocampal cortex (HPC), left medial temporal cortex (MTC), left primary sensorimotor cortex (SM1), and right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC). RESULTS Elevated serum kynurenine levels were associated with signs of neuroinflammation, specifically in the DPCC, left SM1 and right DLPFC, and signs of neurodegeneration, specifically in the left HPC, left MTC and left SM1, after adjusting for age, sex and fat percentage (fat%). Elevated serum IL-6 levels were associated with increased Glx levels in left HPC, left MTC, and right DLPFC, after processing the 1H-MRS data with Tarquin. Overall, the agreement between Tarquin and LCModel results was moderate-to-strong for tNAA, tCho, mIns, and tCr, but weak to very weak for Glx. Peripheral inflammatory markers (IL-6 and kynurenine) were not associated with older age, higher fat%, decreased brain gray matter volume loss or decreased cognitive functioning within a cohort of older adults. CONCLUSION Our results suggest that serum kynurenine may be used as a peripheral inflammatory marker that is associated with neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration, although not linked to cognition. Future studies should consider longitudinal analysis to assess the causal inferences between chronic peripheral and neuroinflammation, brain structural and neurometabolic changes, and cognitive decline in aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wouter A J Vints
- Department of Health Promotion and Rehabilitation, Lithuanian Sports University, Kaunas, Lithuania.,Department of Rehabilitation Medicine Research School Caphri, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands.,Centre of Expertise in Rehabilitation and Audiology, Adelante Zorggroep, Hoensbroek, Netherlands
| | - Simona Kušleikiene
- Department of Health Promotion and Rehabilitation, Lithuanian Sports University, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Samrat Sheoran
- Department of Health Promotion and Rehabilitation, Lithuanian Sports University, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Milda Šarkinaite
- Department of Radiology, Medical Academy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Kristina Valatkevičiene
- Department of Radiology, Medical Academy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Rymante Gleizniene
- Department of Radiology, Medical Academy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Mindaugas Kvedaras
- Department of Health Promotion and Rehabilitation, Lithuanian Sports University, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Kazimieras Pukenas
- Department of Health Promotion and Rehabilitation, Lithuanian Sports University, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Uwe Himmelreich
- Biomedical MRI Unit, Department of Imaging and Pathology, Group Biomedical Sciences, Catholic University Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Vida J Cesnaitiene
- Department of Health Promotion and Rehabilitation, Lithuanian Sports University, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Oron Levin
- Department of Health Promotion and Rehabilitation, Lithuanian Sports University, Kaunas, Lithuania.,Movement Control & Neuroplasticity Research Group, Group Biomedical Sciences, Catholic University Leuven, Heverlee, Belgium
| | - Jeanine Verbunt
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine Research School Caphri, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands.,Centre of Expertise in Rehabilitation and Audiology, Adelante Zorggroep, Hoensbroek, Netherlands
| | - Nerijus Masiulis
- Department of Health Promotion and Rehabilitation, Lithuanian Sports University, Kaunas, Lithuania.,Department of Rehabilitation, Physical and Sports Medicine, Institute of Health Science, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania
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14
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Zhang D, Xiong L, Fang L, Li H, Zhao X, Luan R, Zhao P, Zhang X. Systematic characterization of the absorbed components of Ligustri Lucidi Fructus and their metabolic pathways in rat plasma by ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-Q-Exactive Orbitrap tandem mass spectrometry combined with network pharmacology. J Sep Sci 2021; 44:4343-4367. [PMID: 34687589 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.202100484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Revised: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 10/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Ligustri Lucidi Fructus is a dried and mature fruit of Ligustrum lucidum Ait., which has the effects of nourishing liver and kidney. Herein, an accurate and sensitive method was established for the separation and identification of the absorbed constituents and metabolites of Ligustri Lucidi Fructus in rat plasma based on ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-Q-Exactive Orbitrap tandem mass spectrometry. A total of 73 prototype constituents and 148 metabolites were identified or characterized in administered plasma, and the possible metabolic pathways of constituents mainly involved hydroxylation, sulfation, demethylation, and glucuronidation. Besides, the network pharmacology was further investigated to illuminate its potential mechanism of treatment for liver injury by the biological targets regulating related pathways. Network pharmacological analysis showed that target components through 399 targets regulate 220 pathways. The docking results showed that 36 key target components were closely related to liver injury. Overall, the study clearly presented the metabolic processes of Ligustri Lucidi Fructus and gave a comprehensive metabolic profile of Ligustri Lucidi Fructus in vivo first. Combining with network pharmacology and molecular docking discovered potential drug targets and disclose the biological processes of Ligustri Lucidi Fructus, which will be a viable step toward uncovering the secret mask of study for traditional Chinese medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danjie Zhang
- Pharmaceutical department, College of Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, P. R. China
| | - Lewen Xiong
- Pharmaceutical department, College of Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, P. R. China
| | - Linlin Fang
- Pharmaceutical department, College of Pharmacy, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, P. R. China
| | - Huifei Li
- Pharmaceutical department, College of Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, P. R. China
| | - Xin Zhao
- Pharmaceutical department, College of Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, P. R. China
| | - Ruqiao Luan
- Pharmaceutical department, College of Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, P. R. China
| | - Pan Zhao
- Pharmaceutical department, College of Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, P. R. China
| | - Xuelan Zhang
- Pharmaceutical department, Shandong Provincial Collaborative Innovation Center for Quality Control and Construction of the Whole Industrial Chain of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, P. R. China
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15
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Cui P, McCullough LD, Hao J. Brain to periphery in acute ischemic stroke: Mechanisms and clinical significance. Front Neuroendocrinol 2021; 63:100932. [PMID: 34273406 PMCID: PMC9850260 DOI: 10.1016/j.yfrne.2021.100932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Revised: 06/27/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The social and public health burdens of ischemic stroke have been increasing worldwide. In addition to focal brain damage, acute ischemic stroke (AIS) provokes systemic abnormalities across peripheral organs. AIS profoundly alters the autonomic nervous system, hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, and immune system, which further yield deleterious organ-specific consequences. Poststroke systemic pathological alterations in turn considerably contribute to the progression of ischemic brain injury, which accounts for the substantial impact of systemic complications on stroke outcomes. This review provides a comprehensive and updated pathophysiological model elucidating the systemic effects of AIS. To address their clinical significance and inform stroke management, we also outline the resulting systemic complications at particular stages of AIS and highlight the mechanisms. Future therapeutic strategies should attempt to integrate the treatment of primary brain lesions with interventions for secondary systemic complications, and should be tailored to patient individualized characteristics to optimize stroke outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pan Cui
- Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100053, China
| | - Louise D McCullough
- Department of Neurology, University of Texas Health Science Centre, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Junwei Hao
- Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100053, China.
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16
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Yates AG, Jogia T, Gillespie ER, Couch Y, Ruitenberg MJ, Anthony DC. Acute IL-1RA treatment suppresses the peripheral and central inflammatory response to spinal cord injury. J Neuroinflammation 2021; 18:15. [PMID: 33407641 PMCID: PMC7788822 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-020-02050-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The acute phase response (APR) to CNS insults contributes to the overall magnitude and nature of the systemic inflammatory response. Aspects of this response are thought to drive secondary inflammatory pathology at the lesion site, and suppression of the APR can therefore afford some neuroprotection. In this study, we examined the APR in a mouse model of traumatic spinal cord injury (SCI), along with its relationship to neutrophil recruitment during the immediate aftermath of the insult. We specifically investigated the effect of IL-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1RA) administration on the APR and leukocyte recruitment to the injured spinal cord. METHODS Adult female C57BL/6 mice underwent either a 70kD contusive SCI, or sham surgery, and tissue was collected at 2, 6, 12, and 24 hours post-operation. For IL-1RA experiments, SCI mice received two intraperitoneal injections of human IL-1RA (100mg/kg), or saline as control, immediately following, and 5 hours after impact, and animals were sacrificed 6 hours later. Blood, spleen, liver and spinal cord were collected to study markers of central and peripheral inflammation by flow cytometry, immunohistochemistry and qPCR. Results were analysed by two-way ANOVA or student's t-test, as appropriate. RESULTS SCI induced a robust APR, hallmarked by elevated hepatic expression of pro-inflammatory marker genes and a significantly increased neutrophil presence in the blood, liver and spleen of these animals, as early as 2 hours after injury. This peripheral response preceded significant neutrophil infiltration of the spinal cord, which peaked 24 hours post-SCI. Although expression of IL-1RA was also induced in the liver following SCI, its response was delayed compared to IL-1β. Exogenous administration of IL-1RA during this putative therapeutic window was able to suppress the hepatic APR, as evidenced by a reduction in CXCL1 and SAA-2 expression as well as a significant decrease in neutrophil infiltration in both the liver and the injured spinal cord itself. CONCLUSIONS Our data indicate that peripheral administration of IL-1RA can attenuate the APR which in turn reduces immune cell infiltration at the spinal cord lesion site. We propose IL-1RA treatment as a viable therapeutic strategy to minimise the harmful effects of SCI-induced inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abi G Yates
- Department of Pharmacology, The University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford, UK
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia
| | - Trisha Jogia
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia
| | - Ellen R Gillespie
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia
| | - Yvonne Couch
- Acute Stroke Programme, RDM-Investigative Medicine, The University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Marc J Ruitenberg
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia
| | - Daniel C Anthony
- Department of Pharmacology, The University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford, UK.
- Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia.
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17
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Luo Y, Lin H. Inflammation initiates a vicious cycle between obesity and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. IMMUNITY INFLAMMATION AND DISEASE 2020; 9:59-73. [PMID: 33332766 PMCID: PMC7860600 DOI: 10.1002/iid3.391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2020] [Revised: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 11/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Low‐level of chronic inflammation activation is characteristic of obesity. Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is closely linked to obesity and is an emerging health problem, it originates from abnormal accumulation of triglycerides in the liver, and sometimes causes inflammatory reactions that could contribute to cirrhosis and liver cancer, thus its pathogenesis needs to be clarified for more treatment options. Once NAFLD is established, it contributes to systemic inflammation, the low‐grade inflammation is continuously maintained during NAFLD causing impaired resolution of inflammation in obesity, which subsequently exacerbates its severity. This study focuses on the effects of obesity‐induced inflammations, which are the underlying causes of the disease progression and development of more severe inflammatory and fibrotic stages. Understanding the relationship between obesity and NAFLD could help in establishing attractive therapeutic targets or diagnostic markers in obesity‐induced inflammation response and provides new approaches for the prevention and treatment of NAFLD in obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunfei Luo
- Department of Pathophysiology, Schools of Basic Sciences, Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Tumor Pathogens and Molecular Pathology, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Hui Lin
- Department of Pathophysiology, Schools of Basic Sciences, Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Tumor Pathogens and Molecular Pathology, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
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18
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Wilfred BS, Madathil SK, Cardiff K, Urankar S, Yang X, Hwang HM, Gilsdorf JS, Shear DA, Leung LY. Alterations in Peripheral Organs following Combined Hypoxemia and Hemorrhagic Shock in a Rat Model of Penetrating Ballistic-Like Brain Injury. J Neurotrauma 2020; 37:656-664. [PMID: 31595817 PMCID: PMC7045350 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2019.6570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Polytrauma, with combined traumatic brain injury (TBI) and systemic damage are common among military and civilians. However, the pathophysiology of peripheral organs following polytrauma is poorly understood. Using a rat model of TBI combined with hypoxemia and hemorrhagic shock, we studied the status of peripheral redox systems, liver glycogen content, creatinine clearance, and systemic inflammation. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were subjected to hypoxemia and hemorrhagic shock insults (HH), penetrating ballistic-like brain injury (PBBI) alone, or PBBI followed by hypoxemia and hemorrhagic shock (PHH). Sham rats received craniotomy only. Biofluids and liver, kidney, and heart tissues were collected at 1 day, 2 days, 7 days, 14 days, and 28 days post-injury (DPI). Creatinine levels were measured in both serum and urine. Glutathione levels, glycogen content, and superoxide dismutase (SOD) and cytochrome C oxidase enzyme activities were quantified in the peripheral organs. Acute inflammation marker serum amyloid A-1 (SAA-1) level was quantified using western blot analysis. Urine to serum creatinine ratio in PHH group was significantly elevated on 7-28 DPI. Polytrauma induced a delayed disruption of the hepatic GSH/GSSG ratio, which resolved within 2 weeks post-injury. A modest decrease in kidney SOD activity was observed at 2 weeks after polytrauma. However, neither PBBI alone nor polytrauma changed the mitochondrial cytochrome C oxidase activity. Hepatic glycogen levels were reduced acutely following polytrauma. Acute inflammation marker SAA-1 showed a significant increase at early time-points following both systemic and brain injury. Overall, our findings demonstrate temporal cytological/tissue level damage to the peripheral organs due to combined PBBI and systemic injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernard S Wilfred
- Brain Trauma Neuroprotection and Neurorestoration Branch, Center for Military Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research (WRAIR), Silver Spring, Maryland
| | - Sindhu K Madathil
- Brain Trauma Neuroprotection and Neurorestoration Branch, Center for Military Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research (WRAIR), Silver Spring, Maryland
| | - Katherine Cardiff
- Brain Trauma Neuroprotection and Neurorestoration Branch, Center for Military Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research (WRAIR), Silver Spring, Maryland
| | - Sarah Urankar
- Brain Trauma Neuroprotection and Neurorestoration Branch, Center for Military Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research (WRAIR), Silver Spring, Maryland
| | - Xiaofang Yang
- Brain Trauma Neuroprotection and Neurorestoration Branch, Center for Military Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research (WRAIR), Silver Spring, Maryland
| | - Hye Mee Hwang
- Brain Trauma Neuroprotection and Neurorestoration Branch, Center for Military Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research (WRAIR), Silver Spring, Maryland
| | - Janice S Gilsdorf
- Brain Trauma Neuroprotection and Neurorestoration Branch, Center for Military Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research (WRAIR), Silver Spring, Maryland
| | - Deborah A Shear
- Brain Trauma Neuroprotection and Neurorestoration Branch, Center for Military Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research (WRAIR), Silver Spring, Maryland
| | - Lai Yee Leung
- Brain Trauma Neuroprotection and Neurorestoration Branch, Center for Military Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research (WRAIR), Silver Spring, Maryland.,Department of Surgery, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland
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19
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Yates AG, Anthony DC, Ruitenberg MJ, Couch Y. Systemic Immune Response to Traumatic CNS Injuries-Are Extracellular Vesicles the Missing Link? Front Immunol 2019; 10:2723. [PMID: 31824504 PMCID: PMC6879545 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2019] [Accepted: 11/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammation following traumatic injury to the central nervous system (CNS) persists long after the primary insult and is known to exacerbate cell death and worsen functional outcomes. Therapeutic interventions targeting this inflammation have been unsuccessful, which has been attributed to poor bioavailability owing to the presence of blood-CNS barrier. Recent studies have shown that the magnitude of the CNS inflammatory response is dependent on systemic inflammatory events. The acute phase response (APR) to CNS injury presents an alternative strategy to modulating the secondary phase of injury. However, the communication pathways between the CNS and the periphery remain poorly understood. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are membrane bound nanoparticles that are regulators of intercellular communication. They are shed from cells of the CNS including microglia, astrocytes, neurons and endothelial cells, and are able to cross the blood-CNS barrier, thus providing an attractive candidate for initiating the APR after acute CNS injury. The purpose of this review is to summarize the current evidence that EVs play a critical role in the APR following CNS injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abi G Yates
- Department of Pharmacology, Medical Sciences Division, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom.,School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Daniel C Anthony
- Department of Pharmacology, Medical Sciences Division, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Marc J Ruitenberg
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Yvonne Couch
- Acute Stroke Programme, RDM-Investigative Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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20
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Symeonidis C, Rotsos T, Matsou A, Dermenoudi M, Georgalas I, Tsinopoulos I, Makri O, Souliou E, Dimitrakos SA. Comparison of Chemokine CXCL-1 and Interleukin-6 Concentrations in the Subretinal Fluid and Vitreous in Rhegmatogenous Retinal Detachment. Ocul Immunol Inflamm 2019; 29:355-361. [PMID: 31661651 DOI: 10.1080/09273948.2019.1672197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Purpose: Comparison of IL-6 and CXCL-1 concentrations and CXCL-1/IL-6 ratio correlations with clinical parameters (RRD extent, duration, and proliferative vitreoretinopathy - PVR-grade) between subretinal fluid (SRF) and vitreous during rhegmatogenous retinal detachment (RRD) complicated with PVR.Methods: A total of 71 eyes of 71 patients with primary RRD possibly complicated with PVR were included; 36 eyes treated with scleral buckling and 35 eyes with pars-plana vitrectomy. Enzyme-Linked Immuno-sorbent Assay was employed for CXCL-1/IL-6 measurement (ng/ml).Results: Correlation analysis between mean CXCL-1/IL-6 ratio and clinical parameters revealed non-significant results. CXCL-1/IL-6 ratio was significantly elevated in phakic eye vitreous. Optimum circumstances for elevated chemokine levels during RRD were considerable extent (2-3-quadrant) and duration (29-60-day) complicated with PVR C.Conclusions: SRF appears to be characterized by greater chemokine concentrations while vitreous retains several structural characteristics that may assist in investigating inflammation and improving understanding of underlying pathophysiological mechanisms during RRD complicated with PVR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chrysanthos Symeonidis
- 2nd Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, "Papageorgiou" General Hospital, Thessaloniki, Macedonia, Greece
| | - Tryfon Rotsos
- 1st Department of Ophthalmology, University of Athens, General Hospital "G. Gennimatas", Athens, Greece
| | - Artemis Matsou
- 2 Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, "Papageorgiou" General Hospital, Thessaloniki, Macedonia, Greece
| | - Maria Dermenoudi
- 2 Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, "Papageorgiou" General Hospital, Thessaloniki, Macedonia, Greece
| | - Ilias Georgalas
- 1st Department of Ophthalmology, University of Athens, General Hospital "G. Gennimatas", Athens, Greece
| | - Ioannis Tsinopoulos
- 2 Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, "Papageorgiou" General Hospital, Thessaloniki, Macedonia, Greece
| | - Olga Makri
- Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Patras, University General Hospital of Patras, Patras, Greece
| | - Efimia Souliou
- 1st Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Macedonia, Greece
| | - Stavros A Dimitrakos
- 2 Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, "Papageorgiou" General Hospital, Thessaloniki, Macedonia, Greece
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21
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Joung JY, Cho JH, Kim YH, Choi SH, Son CG. A literature review for the mechanisms of stress-induced liver injury. Brain Behav 2019; 9:e01235. [PMID: 30761781 PMCID: PMC6422711 DOI: 10.1002/brb3.1235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2018] [Revised: 01/15/2019] [Accepted: 01/18/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Experimental studies and clinical observations have shown that stress can damage hepatic tissue both directly and indirectly. Many studies have partially revealed the contributors of stress-induced liver injury; however, the whole process has not yet been uncovered. This review aims to summarize the mechanisms that have been proposed to be involved. METHODS A literature search was conducted using PubMed (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed) in its entirety up to March 2018, and analyzed the animal-derived mechanistic studies on stress-induced liver injury. RESULTS The liver is the organ that meets and filters a mass of alien material, and then maintains immune tolerance under physiological conditions. Under stress conditions, however, immune tolerance is interrupted, which results in the induction of inflammation in the liver. Contributors to this process can be categorized as follows: hypoxia-reoxygenation, over-activation of Kupffer cells and oxidative stress, influx of gut-derived lipopolysaccharide and norepinephrine, and over-production of stress hormones and activation of the sympathetic nerve. CONCLUSIONS Psychological stress is associated with a variety of pathological conditions resulting in liver injury through multiple systems, including the sympathetic nervous and adrenocortical system. Mechanistic understanding of this phenomenon is important for the clinical practice of managing patients with hepatic disorders and should be explored further in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Yong Joung
- Liver and Immunology Research Center, Daejeon Oriental Hospital of Daejeon University, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Jung-Hyo Cho
- Liver and Immunology Research Center, Daejeon Oriental Hospital of Daejeon University, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Yun-Hee Kim
- Korean Medicine Convergence Research Division, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine (KIOM), Daejeon, Korea
| | - Seung-Hoon Choi
- Department of Life Convergence, Graduate School of Dankook University, Yongin, Korea
| | - Chang-Gue Son
- Liver and Immunology Research Center, Daejeon Oriental Hospital of Daejeon University, Daejeon, Korea
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22
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Di Battista AP, Churchill N, Rhind SG, Richards D, Hutchison MG. Evidence of a distinct peripheral inflammatory profile in sport-related concussion. J Neuroinflammation 2019; 16:17. [PMID: 30684956 PMCID: PMC6347801 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-019-1402-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2018] [Accepted: 01/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Inflammation is considered a hallmark of concussion pathophysiology in experimental models, yet is understudied in human injury. Despite the growing use of blood biomarkers in concussion, inflammatory biomarkers have not been well characterized. Furthermore, it is unclear if the systemic inflammatory response to concussion differs from that of musculoskeletal injury. The purpose of this paper was to characterize systemic inflammation after injury in athletes with sport-related concussion or musculoskeletal injury. Methods A prospective, observational cohort study was conducted employing 175 interuniversity athletes (sport-related concussion, n = 43; musculoskeletal injury, n = 30; healthy, n = 102) from 12 sports at a sports medicine clinic at an academic institution. High-sensitivity immunoassay was used to evaluate 20 inflammatory biomarkers in the peripheral blood of athletes within 7 days of injury (subacute) and at medical clearance. Healthy athletes were sampled prior to the start of their competitive season. Partial least squares regression analyses were used to identify salient biomarker contributions to class separation between injured and healthy athletes, as well as to evaluate the relationship between biomarkers and days to recovery in injured athletes. Results In the subacute period after injury, compared to healthy athletes, athletes with sport-related concussion had higher levels of the chemokines’ monocyte chemoattractant protein-4 (p < 0.001) and macrophage inflammatory protein-1β (p = 0.001); athletes with musculoskeletal injury had higher levels of thymus and activation-regulated chemokine (p = 0.001). No significant differences in biomarker profiles were observed at medical clearance. Furthermore, concentrations of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (p = 0.007) and monocyte chemoattractant protein-4 (p < 0.001) at the subacute time point were positively correlated with days to recovery in athletes with sport-related concussion, while thymus and activation-regulated chemokine was (p = 0.001) positively correlated with days to recovery in athletes with musculoskeletal injury. Conclusion Sport-related concussion is associated with perturbations to systemic inflammatory chemokines that differ from those observed in athletes with a musculoskeletal injury. These results support inflammation as an important facet of secondary injury after sport-related concussion that can be measured systemically in a human model of injury. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12974-019-1402-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex P Di Battista
- Faculty of Kinesiology & Physical Education, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada. .,Defence Research and Development Canada, Toronto Research Centre, Toronto, ON, Canada.
| | - Nathan Churchill
- Neuroscience Program, Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science of St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Shawn G Rhind
- Faculty of Kinesiology & Physical Education, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Defence Research and Development Canada, Toronto Research Centre, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Doug Richards
- Faculty of Kinesiology & Physical Education, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,David L. MacIntosh Sport Medicine Clinic, Faculty of Kinesiology & Physical Education, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Michael G Hutchison
- Faculty of Kinesiology & Physical Education, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science of St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada.,David L. MacIntosh Sport Medicine Clinic, Faculty of Kinesiology & Physical Education, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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23
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Yamashiro LH, de Souza GEP, de Melo Soares D. Role of CINC-1 and CXCR2 receptors on LPS-induced fever in rats. Pflugers Arch 2018; 471:301-311. [PMID: 30349936 DOI: 10.1007/s00424-018-2222-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2018] [Revised: 10/08/2018] [Accepted: 10/10/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
The classic model of fever induction is based on the administration of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) from Gram-negative bacteria in experimental animals. LPS-induced fever results in the synthesis/release of many mediators that assemble an LPS-fever cascade. We have previously demonstrated that cytokine-induced neutrophil chemoattractant (CINC)-1, a Glu-Leu-Arg (ELR) + chemokine, centrally administered to rats, induces fever and increases prostaglandin E2 in the cerebrospinal fluid. We now attempt to investigate the involvement of CINC-1 and its functional receptor CXCR2 on the fever induced by exogenous and endogenous pyrogens in rats. We also investigated the effect of reparixin, an allosteric inhibitor of CXCR1/CXCR2 receptors, on fever induced by either systemic administration of LPS or intracerebroventricular injection of CINC-1, as well as TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, or ET-1, known mediators of febrile response. Our results show increased CINC-1 mRNA expression in the liver, hypothalamus, CSF, and plasma following LPS injection. Moreover, reparixin administered right before CINC-1 or LPS abolished the fever induced by CINC-1 and significantly reduced the response induced by LPS. In spite of these results, reparixin does not modify the fever induced by IL-1β, TNF-α, and IL-6, but significantly reduces ET-1-induced fever. Therefore, it is plausible to suggest that CINC-1 might contribute to LPS-induced fever in rats by activating CXCR2 receptor on the CNS. Moreover, it can be hypothesized that CINC-1 is placed upstream TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 among the prostaglandin-dependent fever-mediator cascade and amidst the prostaglandin-independent synthesis pathway of fever.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lívia Harumi Yamashiro
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Department of Physic and Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Science, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil.,Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Glória Emília Petto de Souza
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Department of Physic and Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Science, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Denis de Melo Soares
- Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Rua Barão do Jeremoabo, no. 147, Ondina, Salvador, Bahia, 40170-115, Brazil.
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24
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Dickens AM, Posti JP, Takala RSK, Ala-Seppälä H, Mattila I, Coles JP, Frantzén J, Hutchinson PJ, Katila AJ, Kyllönen A, Maanpää HR, Newcombe V, Outtrim J, Tallus J, Carpenter KLH, Menon DK, Hyötyläinen T, Tenovuo O, Orešic M. Serum Metabolites Associated with Computed Tomography Findings after Traumatic Brain Injury. J Neurotrauma 2018; 35:2673-2683. [PMID: 29947291 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2017.5272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
There is a need to rapidly detect patients with traumatic brain injury (TBI) who require head computed tomography (CT). Given the energy crisis in the brain following TBI, we hypothesized that serum metabolomics would be a useful tool for developing a set of biomarkers to determine the need for CT and to distinguish among different types of injuries observed. Logistical regression models using metabolite data from the discovery cohort (n = 144, Turku, Finland) were used to distinguish between patients with traumatic intracranial findings and those with negative findings on head CT. The resultant models were then tested in the validation cohort (n = 66, Cambridge, United Kingdom). The levels of glial fibrillary acidic protein and ubiquitin C-terminal hydrolase-L1 were also quantified in the serum from the same patients. Despite there being significant differences in the protein biomarkers in patients with TBI, the model that determined the need for a CT scan validated poorly (area under the curve [AUC] = 0.64: Cambridge patients). However, using a combination of six metabolites (two amino acids, three sugar derivatives, and one ketoacid) it was possible to discriminate patients with intracranial abnormalities on CT and patients with a normal CT (AUC = 0.77 in Turku patients and AUC = 0.73 in Cambridge patients). Further, a combination of three metabolites could distinguish between diffuse brain injuries and mass lesions (AUC = 0.87 in Turku patients and AUC = 0.68 in Cambridge patients). This study identifies a set of validated serum polar metabolites, which associate with the need for a CT scan. Additionally, serum metabolites can also predict the nature of the brain injury. These metabolite markers may prevent unnecessary CT scans, thus reducing the cost of diagnostics and radiation load.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex M Dickens
- 1 Turku Centre for Biotechnology, University of Turku , Turku, Finland
| | - Jussi P Posti
- 2 Turku Brain Injury Centre, Turku University Hospital , Turku, Finland .,3 Department of Neurology, University of Turku , Turku, Finland .,4 Division of Clinical Neurosciences, Department of Neurosurgery, Turku University Hospital , Turku, Finland
| | - Riikka S K Takala
- 5 Perioperative Services, Intensive Care Medicine and Pain Management, Turku University Hospital and University of Turku , Turku, Finland
| | | | - Ismo Mattila
- 6 Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen , Gentofte, Denmark
| | - Jonathan P Coles
- 7 Division of Anaesthesia, Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge , Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Janek Frantzén
- 2 Turku Brain Injury Centre, Turku University Hospital , Turku, Finland .,3 Department of Neurology, University of Turku , Turku, Finland .,4 Division of Clinical Neurosciences, Department of Neurosurgery, Turku University Hospital , Turku, Finland
| | - Peter J Hutchinson
- 8 Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge , Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Ari J Katila
- 5 Perioperative Services, Intensive Care Medicine and Pain Management, Turku University Hospital and University of Turku , Turku, Finland
| | - Anna Kyllönen
- 3 Department of Neurology, University of Turku , Turku, Finland
| | | | - Virginia Newcombe
- 7 Division of Anaesthesia, Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge , Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Joanne Outtrim
- 7 Division of Anaesthesia, Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge , Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Jussi Tallus
- 3 Department of Neurology, University of Turku , Turku, Finland
| | - Keri L H Carpenter
- 8 Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge , Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - David K Menon
- 7 Division of Anaesthesia, Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge , Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | | | - Olli Tenovuo
- 2 Turku Brain Injury Centre, Turku University Hospital , Turku, Finland .,3 Department of Neurology, University of Turku , Turku, Finland
| | - Matej Orešic
- 1 Turku Centre for Biotechnology, University of Turku , Turku, Finland .,10 Schools of Medical Science, Örebro University , Örebro, Sweden
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25
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Sá-Pereira I, Roodselaar J, Couch Y, Consentino Kronka Sosthenes M, Evans MC, Anthony DC, Stolp HB. Hepatic acute phase response protects the brain from focal inflammation during postnatal window of susceptibility. Brain Behav Immun 2018; 69:486-498. [PMID: 29355821 PMCID: PMC5871396 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2018.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2017] [Revised: 01/15/2018] [Accepted: 01/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Perinatal inflammation is known to contribute to neurodevelopmental diseases. Animal models of perinatal inflammation have revealed that the inflammatory response within the brain is age dependent, but the regulators of this variation remain unclear. In the adult, the peripheral acute phase response (APR) is known to be pivotal in the downstream recruitment of leukocytes to the injured brain. The relationship between perinatal brain injury and the APR has not been established. Here, we generated focal inflammation in the brain using interleukin (IL)-1β at postnatal day (P)7, P14, P21 and P56 and studied both the central nervous system (CNS) and hepatic inflammatory responses at 4 h. We found that there is a significant window of susceptibility in mice at P14, when compared to mice at P7, P21 and P56. This was reflected in increased neutrophil recruitment to the CNS, as well as an increase in blood-brain barrier permeability. To investigate phenomena underlying this window of susceptibility, we performed a dose response of IL-1β. Whilst induction of endogenous IL-1β or intercellular adhesion molecule (ICAM)-1 in the brain and induction of a hepatic APR were dose dependent, the recruitment of neutrophils and associated blood-brain barrier breakdown was inversely proportional. Furthermore, in contrast to adult animals, an additional peripheral challenge (intravenous IL-1β) reduced the degree of CNS inflammation, rather than exacerbating it. Together these results suggest a unique window of susceptibility to CNS injury, meaning that suppressing systemic inflammation after brain injury may exacerbate the damage caused, in an age-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inês Sá-Pereira
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Jay Roodselaar
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Yvonne Couch
- Acute Stroke Programme, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Marcia Consentino Kronka Sosthenes
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, United Kingdom,Universidade Federal do Pará, Laboratório de Investigações em Neurodegeneração e Infecção, ICB/HUJBB, Belém, Brazil
| | - Matthew C. Evans
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel C. Anthony
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, United Kingdom,Corresponding author at: Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QT, United Kingdom.Department of PharmacologyUniversity of OxfordOxfordOX1 3QTUnited Kingdom
| | - Helen B. Stolp
- Centre for the Developing Brain, Division of Imaging Sciences and Biomedical Engineering, St Thomas’ Hospital, King’s College London, United Kingdom,Royal Veterinary College, London, United Kingdom
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26
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Kennedy G, Hardman RJ, Macpherson H, Scholey AB, Pipingas A. How Does Exercise Reduce the Rate of Age-Associated Cognitive Decline? A Review of Potential Mechanisms. J Alzheimers Dis 2018; 55:1-18. [PMID: 27636853 DOI: 10.3233/jad-160665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The rate of age-associated cognitive decline varies considerably between individuals. It is important, both on a societal and individual level, to investigate factors that underlie these differences in order to identify those which might realistically slow cognitive decline. Physical activity is one such factor with substantial support in the literature. Regular exercise can positively influence cognitive ability, reduce the rate of cognitive aging, and even reduce the risk of Alzheimer's disease (AD) and other dementias. However, while there is substantial evidence in the extant literature for the effect of exercise on cognition, the processes that mediate this relationship are less clear. This review examines cardiovascular health, production of brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), insulin sensitivity, stress, and inflammation as potential pathways, via which exercise may maintain or improve cognitive functioning, and may be particularly pertinent in the context of the aging brain. A greater understanding of these mechanisms and their potential relationships with exercise and cognition will be invaluable in providing biomarkers for investigating the efficacy of differing exercise regimes on cognitive outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Greg Kennedy
- Centre for Human Psychopharmacology, Swinburne University of Technology, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Roy J Hardman
- Centre for Human Psychopharmacology, Swinburne University of Technology, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Helen Macpherson
- Centre for Human Psychopharmacology, Swinburne University of Technology, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Centre for Physical Activity and Nutrition Research, Deakin University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Andrew B Scholey
- Centre for Human Psychopharmacology, Swinburne University of Technology, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Andrew Pipingas
- Centre for Human Psychopharmacology, Swinburne University of Technology, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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27
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Hazelton I, Yates A, Dale A, Roodselaar J, Akbar N, Ruitenberg MJ, Anthony DC, Couch Y. Exacerbation of Acute Traumatic Brain Injury by Circulating Extracellular Vesicles. J Neurotrauma 2018; 35:639-651. [PMID: 29149810 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2017.5049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory lesions in the brain activate a systemic acute-phase response (APR), which is dependent on the release of extracellular vesicles (EVs) into the circulation. The resulting APR is responsible for regulating leukocyte mobilization and subsequent recruitment to the brain. Factors that either exacerbate or inhibit the APR will also exacerbate or inhibit central nervous system (CNS) inflammation as a consequence and have the potential to influence ongoing secondary damage. Here, we were interested to discover how the circulating EV population changes after traumatic brain injury (TBI) and how manipulation of the circulating EV pool impacts on the outcome of TBI. We found the number of circulating EVs increased rapidly post-TBI, and this was accompanied by an increase in CNS and hepatic leukocyte recruitment. In an adoptive transfer study, we then evaluated the outcomes of TBI after administering EVs derived from either in vitro macrophage or endothelial cell lines stimulated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS), or from murine plasma from an LPS challenge using the air-pouch model. By manipulating the circulating EV population, we were able to demonstrate that each population of transferred EVs increased the APR. However, the characteristics of the response were dependent on the nature of the EVs; specifically, it was significantly increased when animals were challenged with macrophage-derived EVs, suggesting that the cellular origins of EVs may determine their function. Selectively targeting EVs from macrophage/monocyte populations is likely to be of value in reducing the impact of the systemic inflammatory response on the outcome of traumatic CNS injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isla Hazelton
- 1 Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford , Oxford, United Kingdom .,2 School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland , Queensland, Australia
| | - Abi Yates
- 1 Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford , Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Ashley Dale
- 1 Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford , Oxford, United Kingdom .,2 School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland , Queensland, Australia
| | - Jay Roodselaar
- 1 Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford , Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Naveed Akbar
- 3 Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, RDM-Investigative Medicine, University of Oxford , Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Marc J Ruitenberg
- 2 School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland , Queensland, Australia
| | - Daniel C Anthony
- 1 Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford , Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Yvonne Couch
- 4 Acute Stroke Programme, RDM-Investigative Medicine, University of Oxford , Oxford, United Kingdom
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28
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Griffin ÉW, Yssel JD, O’Neill E, Ryan KJ, Boyle N, Harper P, Harkin A, Connor T. The β2-adrenoceptor agonist clenbuterol reduces the neuroinflammatory response, neutrophil infiltration and apoptosis following intra-striatal IL-1β administration to rats. Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol 2018; 40:99-106. [DOI: 10.1080/08923973.2017.1418882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Éadaoin W. Griffin
- Neuroimmunology Research Group, Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Justin D. Yssel
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland
- Neuropsychopharmacology Research Group, Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Eoin O’Neill
- Neuropsychopharmacology Research Group, Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Katie J. Ryan
- Neuroimmunology Research Group, Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Noreen Boyle
- Neuroimmunology Research Group, Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Peter Harper
- Neuroimmunology Research Group, Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Andrew Harkin
- Neuropsychopharmacology Research Group, Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Thomas Connor
- Neuroimmunology Research Group, Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland
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29
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Mardiguian S, Ladds E, Turner R, Shepherd H, Campbell SJ, Anthony DC. The contribution of the acute phase response to the pathogenesis of relapse in chronic-relapsing experimental autoimmune encephalitis models of multiple sclerosis. J Neuroinflammation 2017; 14:196. [PMID: 28964257 PMCID: PMC5622564 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-017-0969-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2017] [Accepted: 09/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Increased relapse rates in multiple sclerosis (MS) as a consequence of peripheral immune system activation, owing to infection for example, have been widely reported, but the mechanism remains unclear. Acute brain injury models can be exacerbated by augmenting the hepatic acute phase response (APR). Here, we explored the contribution of the hepatic APR to relapse in two rodent models of MS. Methods Mice with MOG-CFA-induced chronic relapsing experimental autoimmune encephalitis (CR-EAE) were killed before, during and after the first phase of disease, and the brain and liver chemokine, cytokine and acute phase protein (APP) mRNA expression profile was determined. During remission, the APR was reactivated with an intraperitoneal lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and clinical score was monitored throughout. To explore the downstream mediators, CXCL-1, which is induced as part of the APR, was injected into animals with a focal, cytokine/MOG-induced EAE lesion (fEAE) and the cellularity of the lesions was assessed. Results Compared to CFA control, in a rodent CR-EAE model, an hepatic APR preceded clinical signs and central cytokine production in the initial phase of disease. Compared to administration in naïve animals, an LPS challenge during the asymptomatic remission phase of CR-EAE rodents provoked relapse and resulted in the increased and extended expression of specific peripheral hepatic chemokines. CXCL-1 and several other APPs were markedly elevated. A single intravenous administration of the highly induced chemokine, CXCL-1, was found to be sufficient to reactivate the lesions by increasing microglial activation and the recruitment of T cells in fEAE lesions. Conclusions The APR plays a contributing role to the pathology seen in models of chronic brain injury and in translating the effects of peripheral immune system stimulation secondary to trauma or infection into central pathology and behavioural signs. Further elucidation of the exact mechanisms in this process will inform development of more effective, selective therapies in MS that, by suppressing the hepatic chemokine response, may prevent relapse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvy Mardiguian
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 4QT, UK
| | - Emma Ladds
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 4QT, UK.,Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX2 6GG, UK
| | - Roberta Turner
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 4QT, UK
| | - Hazel Shepherd
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 4QT, UK
| | - Sandra J Campbell
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 4QT, UK
| | - Daniel C Anthony
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 4QT, UK.
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30
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Couch Y, Akbar N, Roodselaar J, Evans MC, Gardiner C, Sargent I, Romero IA, Bristow A, Buchan AM, Haughey N, Anthony DC. Circulating endothelial cell-derived extracellular vesicles mediate the acute phase response and sickness behaviour associated with CNS inflammation. Sci Rep 2017; 7:9574. [PMID: 28851955 PMCID: PMC5575066 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-09710-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2017] [Accepted: 07/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Brain injury elicits a systemic acute-phase response (APR), which is responsible for co-ordinating the peripheral immunological response to injury. To date, the mechanisms responsible for signalling the presence of injury or disease to selectively activate responses in distant organs were unclear. Circulating endogenous extracellular vesicles (EVs) are increased after brain injury and have the potential to carry targeted injury signals around the body. Here, we examined the potential of EVs, isolated from rats after focal inflammatory brain lesions using IL-1β, to activate a systemic APR in recipient naïve rats, as well as the behavioural consequences of EV transfer. Focal brain lesions increased EV release, and, following isolation and transfer, the EVs were sequestered by the liver where they initiated an APR. Transfer of blood-borne EVs from brain-injured animals was also enough to suppress exploratory behaviours in recipient naïve animals. EVs derived from brain endothelial cell cultures treated with IL-1β also activated an APR and altered behaviour in recipient animals. These experiments reveal that inflammation-induced circulating EVs derived from endothelial cells are able to initiate the APR to brain injury and are sufficient to generate the associated sickness behaviours, and are the first demonstration that EVs are capable of modifying behavioural responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yvonne Couch
- Acute Stroke Programme, RDM-Investigative Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
| | - Naveed Akbar
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, RDM, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Jay Roodselaar
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Matthew C Evans
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | | | - Ian Sargent
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Ignacio A Romero
- Department of Life, Health and Chemical Sciences, The Open University, Milton Keynes, UK
| | | | - Alastair M Buchan
- Acute Stroke Programme, RDM-Investigative Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Norman Haughey
- Department of Neurology and Psychiatry, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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Mountney A, Boutté AM, Cartagena CM, Flerlage WF, Johnson WD, Rho C, Lu XC, Yarnell A, Marcsisin S, Sousa J, Vuong C, Zottig V, Leung LY, Deng-Bryant Y, Gilsdorf J, Tortella FC, Shear DA. Functional and Molecular Correlates after Single and Repeated Rat Closed-Head Concussion: Indices of Vulnerability after Brain Injury. J Neurotrauma 2017; 34:2768-2789. [PMID: 28326890 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2016.4679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Closed-head concussive injury is one of the most common causes of traumatic brain injury (TBI). Isolated concussions frequently produce acute neurological impairments, and individuals typically recover spontaneously within a short time frame. In contrast, brain injuries resulting from multiple concussions can result in cumulative damage and elevated risk of developing chronic brain pathologies. Increased attention has focused on identification of diagnostic markers that can prognostically serve as indices of brain health after injury, revealing the temporal profile of vulnerability to a second insult. Such markers may demarcate adequate recovery periods before concussed patients can return to required activities. We developed a noninvasive closed-head impact model that captures the hallmark symptoms of concussion in the absence of gross tissue damage. Animals were subjected to single or repeated concussive impact and examined using a battery of neurological, vestibular, sensorimotor, and molecular metrics. A single concussion induced transient, but marked, acute neurological impairment, gait alterations, neuronal death, and increased glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) expression in brain tissue. As expected, repeated concussions exacerbated sensorimotor dysfunction, prolonged gait abnormalities, induced neuroinflammation, and upregulated GFAP and tau. These animals also exhibited chronic functional neurological impairments with sustained astrogliosis and white matter thinning. Acute changes in molecular signatures correlated with behavioral impairments, whereas increased times to regaining consciousness and balance impairments were associated with higher GFAP and neuroinflammation. Overall, behavioral consequences of either single or repeated concussive impact injuries appeared to resolve more quickly than the underlying molecular, metabolic, and neuropathological abnormalities. This observation, which is supported by similar studies in other mTBI models, underscores the critical need to develop more objective prognostic measures for guiding return-to-play decisions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Mountney
- 1 Brain Trauma Neuroprotection and Neurorestoration Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research , Silver Spring, Maryland
| | - Angela M Boutté
- 1 Brain Trauma Neuroprotection and Neurorestoration Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research , Silver Spring, Maryland
| | - Casandra M Cartagena
- 1 Brain Trauma Neuroprotection and Neurorestoration Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research , Silver Spring, Maryland
| | - William F Flerlage
- 1 Brain Trauma Neuroprotection and Neurorestoration Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research , Silver Spring, Maryland
| | - Wyane D Johnson
- 1 Brain Trauma Neuroprotection and Neurorestoration Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research , Silver Spring, Maryland
| | - Chanyang Rho
- 1 Brain Trauma Neuroprotection and Neurorestoration Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research , Silver Spring, Maryland
| | - Xi-Chu Lu
- 1 Brain Trauma Neuroprotection and Neurorestoration Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research , Silver Spring, Maryland
| | - Angela Yarnell
- 2 Behavioral Biology Branch, Center for Military Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research , Silver Spring, Maryland
| | - Sean Marcsisin
- 3 Division of Experimental Therapeutics, Military Malaria Research, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research , Silver Spring, Maryland
| | - Jason Sousa
- 3 Division of Experimental Therapeutics, Military Malaria Research, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research , Silver Spring, Maryland
| | - Chau Vuong
- 3 Division of Experimental Therapeutics, Military Malaria Research, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research , Silver Spring, Maryland
| | - Victor Zottig
- 3 Division of Experimental Therapeutics, Military Malaria Research, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research , Silver Spring, Maryland
| | - Lai-Yee Leung
- 1 Brain Trauma Neuroprotection and Neurorestoration Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research , Silver Spring, Maryland
| | - Ying Deng-Bryant
- 1 Brain Trauma Neuroprotection and Neurorestoration Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research , Silver Spring, Maryland
| | - Janice Gilsdorf
- 1 Brain Trauma Neuroprotection and Neurorestoration Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research , Silver Spring, Maryland
| | - Frank C Tortella
- 1 Brain Trauma Neuroprotection and Neurorestoration Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research , Silver Spring, Maryland
| | - Deborah A Shear
- 1 Brain Trauma Neuroprotection and Neurorestoration Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research , Silver Spring, Maryland
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32
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Dickens AM, Tovar-Y-Romo LB, Yoo SW, Trout AL, Bae M, Kanmogne M, Megra B, Williams DW, Witwer KW, Gacias M, Tabatadze N, Cole RN, Casaccia P, Berman JW, Anthony DC, Haughey NJ. Astrocyte-shed extracellular vesicles regulate the peripheral leukocyte response to inflammatory brain lesions. Sci Signal 2017; 10:10/473/eaai7696. [PMID: 28377412 PMCID: PMC5590230 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.aai7696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 199] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Brain injury induces a peripheral acute cytokine response that directs the transmigration of leukocytes into the brain. Because this brain-to-peripheral immune communication affects patient recovery, understanding its regulation is important. Using a mouse model of inflammatory brain injury, we set out to find a soluble mediator for this phenomenon. We found that extracellular vesicles (EVs) shed from astrocytes in response to intracerebral injection of interleukin-1β (IL-1β) rapidly entered into peripheral circulation and promoted the transmigration of leukocytes through modulation of the peripheral acute cytokine response. Bioinformatic analysis of the protein and microRNA cargo of EVs identified peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α (PPARα) as a primary molecular target of astrocyte-shed EVs. We confirmed in mice that astrocytic EVs promoted the transmigration of leukocytes into the brain by inhibiting PPARα, resulting in the increase of nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) activity that triggered the production of cytokines in liver. These findings expand our understanding of the mechanisms regulating communication between the brain and peripheral immune system and identify astrocytic EVs as a molecular regulator of the immunological response to inflammatory brain damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex M Dickens
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Luis B Tovar-Y-Romo
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Seung-Wan Yoo
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Amanda L Trout
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Mihyun Bae
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Marlene Kanmogne
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Bezawit Megra
- Departments of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Dionna W Williams
- Departments of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Kennith W Witwer
- Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Mar Gacias
- Department of Neuroscience, Genetics and Genomics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Nino Tabatadze
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Robert N Cole
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Patrizia Casaccia
- Department of Neuroscience, Genetics and Genomics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Joan W Berman
- Departments of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Daniel C Anthony
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QT, UK
| | - Norman J Haughey
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA. .,Department of Psychiatry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
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33
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Chehaibi K, le Maire L, Bradoni S, Escola JC, Blanco-Vaca F, Slimane MN. Effect of PPAR-β/δ agonist GW0742 treatment in the acute phase response and blood-brain barrier permeability following brain injury. Transl Res 2017; 182:27-48. [PMID: 27818230 DOI: 10.1016/j.trsl.2016.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2016] [Revised: 09/30/2016] [Accepted: 10/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The systemic response to ischemic stroke is associated with the hepatic acute phase response (APR) that modulates leukocytes recruitment to the injured brain. The inappropriate recruitment of leukocytes to the brain parenchyma can result in blood-brain barrier (BBB) breakdown. Emerging data suggest that peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor beta/delta (PPAR-β/δ) activation has a potential neuroprotective role in ischemic stroke. However, mechanisms of PPAR-β/δ mediated protection in ischemic insults remain unclear. In the present study, we determined for the first time, the effects of GW0742, a PPAR-β/δ agonist on the APR following brain injury and assessed the effects on BBB permeability and tight junction integrity via claudin-5, occludin, and zona occludens-1 expression. C57/BL6 mice were exposed to 1 hour of ischemia and received 10 minutes before reperfusion either a vehicle solution or GW0742. Hepatic expression of chemokines (C-X-C motif ligand: CXCL1, CXCL2, and CXCL10), serum amyloid A-1, tumor necrosis factor alpha, interleukin-1β, and interleukin-6 was measured, and the extent of brain and hepatic neutrophil infiltration was determined. The results showed that GW0742 treatment decreased infarct volume and edema, reactant production and neutrophil recruitment to the brain and liver, which is a hallmark of the APR. GW0742 significantly reduced BBB leakage and metalloproteinase 9 expression and upregulated the expression of tight junction proteins. These findings may help to guide the experimental and clinical therapeutic use of PPAR-β/δ agonists against brain injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khouloud Chehaibi
- Research Unit: UR 12ES09 Dyslipidemia and Atherogenesis, Faculty of Medicine, Monastir, Tunisia.
| | - Laura le Maire
- Faculté de Médecine, Université de Nice-Sophia Antipolis, Nice, France
| | - Sarah Bradoni
- Faculté de Médecine, Université de Nice-Sophia Antipolis, Nice, France
| | - Joan Carles Escola
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomediques (IIB) Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain; CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabolicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), Barcelona, Spain; Departament de Bioquimica i Biologia Molecular, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Francisco Blanco-Vaca
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomediques (IIB) Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain; CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabolicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), Barcelona, Spain; Departament de Bioquimica i Biologia Molecular, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mohamed Naceur Slimane
- Research Unit: UR 12ES09 Dyslipidemia and Atherogenesis, Faculty of Medicine, Monastir, Tunisia
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34
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Hu G, Witwer KW, Bond VC, Haughey N, Kashanchi F, Pulliam L, Buch S. Proceedings of the ISEV symposium on "HIV, NeuroAIDS, drug abuse & EVs". J Extracell Vesicles 2017; 6:1294360. [PMID: 28800366 PMCID: PMC5373676 DOI: 10.1080/20013078.2017.1294360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2017] [Accepted: 02/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are globular, membrane bound nanovesicles (30-100 nm range) that are shed both during normal cellular functioning and under pathological conditions by most cell types. In recent years, there has been significant interest in the study of these vesicles as conduits for the delivery of information between cells from both analogous and disparate tissues. Their ability to carry specialised cargo including signalling mediators, proteins, messenger RNA and miRNAs characterises these vesicles as primary facilitators of cell-to-cell communication and regulation. EVs have also been demonstrated to play important roles in the field of cancer biology and metastasis. However, significant knowledge gaps exist in the role these vesicles play in the context of HIV infection and drug abuse. To foster discussion in this area a satellite symposium on "HIV, NeuroAIDS, Drug Abuse & EVs", was held in conjunction with the annual meeting of the International Society for Extracellular Vesicles (ISEV) in Bethesda, in April 2015. Experts in HIV and drug abuse fields were invited to share their findings on the role of EVs in HIV-1 infection and drug addiction. Additional discussion included current areas of research in EV biology in HIV infection and drug abuse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoku Hu
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Kenneth W Witwer
- Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Vincent C Bond
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry, and Immunology, Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Norman Haughey
- Department of Neurology, the Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Department of Psychiatry, the Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Fatah Kashanchi
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology, School of Systems Biology, George Mason University, Manassas, VA, USA
| | - Lynn Pulliam
- Departments of Laboratory Medicine and Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Shilpa Buch
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
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35
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Targeting the NF-E2-Related Factor 2 Pathway: a Novel Strategy for Traumatic Brain Injury. Mol Neurobiol 2017; 55:1773-1785. [PMID: 28224478 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-017-0456-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2017] [Accepted: 02/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
As an essential component of cellular defense against a variety of endogenous and exogenous stresses, nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) has received increased attention in the past decades. Multiple studies indicate that Nrf2 acts not only as an important protective factor in injury models but also as a downstream target of therapeutic agents. Activation of Nrf2 has increasingly been linked to many human diseases, especially in central nervous system (CNS) injury such as traumatic brain injury (TBI). Several researches have deciphered that activation of Nrf2 exerts antioxidative stress, antiapoptosis, and antiinflammation influence in TBI via different molecules and pathways including heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), NADPH:quinine oxidoreductase-1 (NQO-1), nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB), and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase 2 (NOX2). Hence, Nrf2 shows great promise as a molecular target in TBI. In the present article, we provide an updated review of the current state of our knowledge about relationship between Nrf2 and TBI, highlighting the specific roles of Nrf2 in TBI.
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36
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Nizamutdinov D, DeMorrow S, McMillin M, Kain J, Mukherjee S, Zeitouni S, Frampton G, Bricker PCS, Hurst J, Shapiro LA. Hepatic alterations are accompanied by changes to bile acid transporter-expressing neurons in the hypothalamus after traumatic brain injury. Sci Rep 2017; 7:40112. [PMID: 28106051 PMCID: PMC5247752 DOI: 10.1038/srep40112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2016] [Accepted: 12/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Annually, there are over 2 million incidents of traumatic brain injury (TBI) and treatment options are non-existent. While many TBI studies have focused on the brain, peripheral contributions involving the digestive and immune systems are emerging as factors involved in the various symptomology associated with TBI. We hypothesized that TBI would alter hepatic function, including bile acid system machinery in the liver and brain. The results show activation of the hepatic acute phase response by 2 hours after TBI, hepatic inflammation by 6 hours after TBI and a decrease in hepatic transcription factors, Gli 1, Gli 2, Gli 3 at 2 and 24 hrs after TBI. Bile acid receptors and transporters were decreased as early as 2 hrs after TBI until at least 24 hrs after TBI. Quantification of bile acid transporter, ASBT-expressing neurons in the hypothalamus, revealed a significant decrease following TBI. These results are the first to show such changes following a TBI, and are compatible with previous studies of the bile acid system in stroke models. The data support the emerging idea of a systemic influence to neurological disorders and point to the need for future studies to better define specific mechanisms of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damir Nizamutdinov
- Department of Surgery, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, College of Medicine, Temple, Texas, 76504, USA.,Department of Neurosurgery, Neuroscience Research Institute, Baylor Scott &White Health, Temple, Texas, 76504, USA
| | - Sharon DeMorrow
- Departent of Internal Medicine, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, College of Medicine, Temple, Texas, 76504, USA.,Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, Temple, Texas, 76504, USA
| | - Matthew McMillin
- Departent of Internal Medicine, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, College of Medicine, Temple, Texas, 76504, USA.,Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, Temple, Texas, 76504, USA
| | - Jessica Kain
- Department of Surgery, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, College of Medicine, Temple, Texas, 76504, USA
| | - Sanjib Mukherjee
- Department of Surgery, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, College of Medicine, Temple, Texas, 76504, USA
| | - Suzanne Zeitouni
- Department of Surgery, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, College of Medicine, Temple, Texas, 76504, USA
| | - Gabriel Frampton
- Departent of Internal Medicine, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, College of Medicine, Temple, Texas, 76504, USA.,Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, Temple, Texas, 76504, USA
| | - Paul Clint S Bricker
- Department of Surgery, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, College of Medicine, Temple, Texas, 76504, USA
| | - Jacob Hurst
- Department of Surgery, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, College of Medicine, Temple, Texas, 76504, USA
| | - Lee A Shapiro
- Department of Surgery, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, College of Medicine, Temple, Texas, 76504, USA.,Department of Neurosurgery, Neuroscience Research Institute, Baylor Scott &White Health, Temple, Texas, 76504, USA
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37
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Brady RD, Shultz SR, Sun M, Romano T, van der Poel C, Wright DK, Wark JD, O'Brien TJ, Grills BL, McDonald SJ. Experimental Traumatic Brain Injury Induces Bone Loss in Rats. J Neurotrauma 2016; 33:2154-2160. [PMID: 25686841 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2014.3836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Few studies have investigated the influence of traumatic brain injury (TBI) on bone homeostasis; however, pathophysiological mechanisms involved in TBI have potential to be detrimental to bone. The current study assessed the effect of experimental TBI in rats on the quantity and quality of two different weight-bearing bones, the femur and humerus. Rats were randomly assigned into either sham or lateral fluid percussion injury (FPI) groups. Open-field testing to assess locomotion was conducted at 1, 4, and 12 weeks post-injury, with the rats killed at 1 and 12 weeks post-injury. Bones were analyzed using peripheral quantitative computed tomography (pQCT), histomorphometric analysis, and three-point bending. pQCT analysis revealed that at 1 and 12 weeks post-injury, the distal metaphyseal region of femora from FPI rats had reduced cortical content (10% decrease at 1 week, 8% decrease at 12 weeks; p < 0.01) and cortical thickness (10% decrease at 1 week, 11% decrease at 12 weeks p < 0.001). There was also a 23% reduction in trabecular bone volume ratio at 1 week post-injury and a 27% reduction at 12 weeks post-injury in FPI rats compared to sham (p < 0.001). There were no differences in bone quantity and mechanical properties of the femoral midshaft between sham and TBI animals. There were no differences in locomotor outcomes, which suggested that post-TBI changes in bone were not attributed to immobility. Taken together, these findings indicate that this rat model of TBI was detrimental to bone and suggests a link between TBI and altered bone remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rhys D Brady
- 1 Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Microbiology, La Trobe University , Bundoora, VIC, Australia
| | - Sandy R Shultz
- 2 Department of Medicine, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, The University of Melbourne , Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Mujun Sun
- 2 Department of Medicine, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, The University of Melbourne , Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Tania Romano
- 1 Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Microbiology, La Trobe University , Bundoora, VIC, Australia
| | - Chris van der Poel
- 1 Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Microbiology, La Trobe University , Bundoora, VIC, Australia
| | - David K Wright
- 3 Anatomy and Neuroscience, The University of Melbourne , Parkville, VIC, Australia .,4 The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne , Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - John D Wark
- 2 Department of Medicine, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, The University of Melbourne , Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Terence J O'Brien
- 2 Department of Medicine, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, The University of Melbourne , Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Brian L Grills
- 1 Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Microbiology, La Trobe University , Bundoora, VIC, Australia
| | - Stuart J McDonald
- 1 Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Microbiology, La Trobe University , Bundoora, VIC, Australia
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Cheng Z, Bosco DB, Sun L, Chen X, Xu Y, Tai W, Didier R, Li J, Fan J, He X, Ren Y. Neural Stem Cell-Conditioned Medium Suppresses Inflammation and Promotes Spinal Cord Injury Recovery. Cell Transplant 2016; 26:469-482. [PMID: 27737726 DOI: 10.3727/096368916x693473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) causes functional impairment as a result of the initial injury followed by secondary injury mechanism. SCI provokes an inflammatory response that causes secondary tissue damage and neurodegeneration. While the use of neural stem cell (NSC) engraftment to mitigate secondary injury has been of interest to many researchers, it still faces several limitations. As such, we investigated if NSC-conditioned medium (NSC-M) possesses therapeutic potential for the treatment of SCI. It has been proposed that many of the beneficial effects attributed to stem cell therapies are due to secreted factors. Utilizing primary cell culture and murine models of SCI, we determined that systemic treatment with NSC-M was able to significantly improve motor function and lesion healing. In addition, NSC-M demonstrated significant anti-inflammatory potential in vitro and in vivo, reducing inflammatory cytokine expression in both activated macrophages and injured spinal cord tissues. NSC-M was also able to reduce the expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) within the spleen of injured animals, indicating an ability to reduce systemic inflammation. Thus, we believe that NSC-M offers a possible alternative to direct stem cell engraftment for the treatment of SCI.
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Hepatic expression of serum amyloid A1 is induced by traumatic brain injury and modulated by telmisartan. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2016; 185:2641-52. [PMID: 26435412 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2015.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2014] [Revised: 04/16/2015] [Accepted: 06/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury affects the whole body in addition to the direct impact on the brain. The systemic response to trauma is associated with the hepatic acute-phase response. To further characterize this response, we performed controlled cortical impact injury on male mice and determined the expression of serum amyloid A1 (SAA1), an apolipoprotein, induced at the early stages of the acute-phase response in liver and plasma. After cortical impact injury, induction of SAA1 was detectable in plasma at 6 hours post-injury and in liver at 1 day post-injury, followed by gradual diminution over time. In the liver, cortical impact injury increased neutrophil and macrophage infiltration, apoptosis, and expression of mRNA encoding the chemokines CXCL1 and CXCL10. An increase in angiotensin II AT1 receptor mRNA at 3 days post-injury was also observed. Administration of the AT1 receptor antagonist telmisartan 1 hour post-injury significantly decreased liver SAA1 levels and CXCL10 mRNA expression, but did not affect CXCL1 expression or the number of apoptotic cells or infiltrating leukocytes. To our knowledge, this is the first study to demonstrate that SAA1 is induced in the liver after traumatic brain injury and that telmisartan prevents this response. Elucidating the molecular pathogenesis of the liver after brain injury will assist in understanding the efficacy of therapeutic approaches to brain injury.
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40
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Di Battista AP, Rhind SG, Hutchison MG, Hassan S, Shiu MY, Inaba K, Topolovec-Vranic J, Neto AC, Rizoli SB, Baker AJ. Inflammatory cytokine and chemokine profiles are associated with patient outcome and the hyperadrenergic state following acute brain injury. J Neuroinflammation 2016; 13:40. [PMID: 26883121 PMCID: PMC4754875 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-016-0500-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2015] [Accepted: 02/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Traumatic brain injury (TBI) elicits intense sympathetic nervous system (SNS) activation with profuse catecholamine secretion. The resultant hyperadrenergic state is linked to immunomodulation both within the brain and systemically. Dysregulated inflammation post-TBI exacerbates secondary brain injury and contributes to unfavorable patient outcomes including death. The aim of this study was to characterize the early dynamic profile of circulating inflammatory cytokines/chemokines in patients admitted for moderate-to-severe TBI, to examine interrelationships between these mediators and catecholamines, as well as clinical indices of injury severity and neurological outcome. Methods Blood was sampled from 166 isolated TBI patients (aged 45 ± 20.3 years; 74.7 % male) on admission, 6-, 12-, and 24-h post-injury and from healthy controls (N = 21). Plasma cytokine [interleukin (IL)-1β, -2, -4, -5, -10, -12p70, -13, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interferon (IFN)-γ] and chemokine [IL-8, eotaxin, eotaxin-3, IFN-γ-induced protein (IP)-10, monocyte chemoattractant protein (MCP)-1, -4, macrophage-derived chemokine (MDC), macrophage inflammatory protein (MIP)-1β, thymus activation regulated chemokine (TARC)] concentrations were analyzed using high-sensitivity electrochemiluminescence multiplex immunoassays. Plasma catecholamines [epinephrine (Epi), norepinephrine (NE)] were measured by immunoassay. Neurological outcome at 6 months was assessed using the extended Glasgow outcome scale (GOSE) dichotomized as good (>4) or poor (≤4) outcomes. Results Patients showed altered levels of IL-10 and all chemokines assayed relative to controls. Significant differences in a number of markers were evident between moderate and severe TBI cohorts. Elevated IL-8, IL-10, and TNF-α, as well as alterations in 8 of 9 chemokines, were associated with poor outcome at 6 months. Notably, a positive association was found between Epi and IL-1β, IL-10, Eotaxin, IL-8, and MCP-1. NE was positively associated with IL-1β, IL-10, TNF-α, eotaxin, IL-8, IP-10, and MCP-1. Conclusions Our results provide further evidence that exaggerated SNS activation acutely after isolated TBI in humans may contribute to harmful peripheral inflammatory cytokine/chemokine dysregulation. These findings are consistent with a potentially beneficial role for therapies aimed at modulating the inflammatory response and hyperadrenergic state acutely post-injury. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12974-016-0500-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex P Di Battista
- Defence Research & Development Canada, Toronto Research Centre, Toronto, ON, Canada. .,Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
| | - Shawn G Rhind
- Defence Research & Development Canada, Toronto Research Centre, Toronto, ON, Canada. .,Faculty of Kinesiology & Physical Education, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
| | - Michael G Hutchison
- Faculty of Kinesiology & Physical Education, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada. .,Keenan Research Centre, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael's Hopsital, Toronto, ON, Canada.
| | - Syed Hassan
- Defence Research & Development Canada, Toronto Research Centre, Toronto, ON, Canada. .,Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
| | - Maria Y Shiu
- Defence Research & Development Canada, Toronto Research Centre, Toronto, ON, Canada. .,Faculty of Kinesiology & Physical Education, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
| | - Kenji Inaba
- Division of Trauma & Critical Care, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA. .,LA County+ USC Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
| | - Jane Topolovec-Vranic
- Keenan Research Centre, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael's Hopsital, Toronto, ON, Canada.
| | | | - Sandro B Rizoli
- Keenan Research Centre, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael's Hopsital, Toronto, ON, Canada. .,Department of Critical Care, St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada. .,Department of Anesthesia, St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada. .,Department of Surgery, St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
| | - Andrew J Baker
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada. .,Keenan Research Centre, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael's Hopsital, Toronto, ON, Canada. .,Department of Critical Care, St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada. .,Department of Anesthesia, St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada. .,Department of Surgery, St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
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41
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Breithaupt-Faloppa AC, Ferreira SG, Kudo GK, Armstrong R, Tavares-de-Lima W, da Silva LFF, Sannomiya P, Moreira LFP. Sex-related differences in lung inflammation after brain death. J Surg Res 2016; 200:714-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2015.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2015] [Revised: 08/25/2015] [Accepted: 09/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Chakraborty S, Zawieja SD, Wang W, Lee Y, Wang YJ, von der Weid PY, Zawieja DC, Muthuchamy M. Lipopolysaccharide modulates neutrophil recruitment and macrophage polarization on lymphatic vessels and impairs lymphatic function in rat mesentery. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2015; 309:H2042-57. [PMID: 26453331 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00467.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2015] [Accepted: 10/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Impairment of the lymphatic system is apparent in multiple inflammatory pathologies connected to elevated endotoxins such as LPS. However, the direct mechanisms by which LPS influences the lymphatic contractility are not well understood. We hypothesized that a dynamic modulation of innate immune cell populations in mesentery under inflammatory conditions perturbs tissue cytokine/chemokine homeostasis and subsequently influences lymphatic function. We used rats that were intraperitoneally injected with LPS (10 mg/kg) to determine the changes in the profiles of innate immune cells in the mesentery and in the stretch-mediated contractile responses of isolated lymphatic preparations. Results demonstrated a reduction in the phasic contractile activity of mesenteric lymphatic vessels from LPS-injected rats and a severe impairment of lymphatic pump function and flow. There was a significant reduction in the number of neutrophils and an increase in monocytes/macrophages present on the lymphatic vessels and in the clear mesentery of the LPS group. This population of monocytes and macrophages established a robust M2 phenotype, with the majority showing high expression of CD163 and CD206. Several cytokines and chemoattractants for neutrophils and macrophages were significantly changed in the mesentery of LPS-injected rats. Treatment of lymphatic muscle cells (LMCs) with LPS showed significant changes in the expression of adhesion molecules, VCAM1, ICAM1, CXCR2, and galectin-9. LPS-TLR4-mediated regulation of pAKT, pERK pI-κB, and pMLC20 in LMCs promoted both contractile and inflammatory pathways. Thus, our data provide the first evidence connecting the dynamic changes in innate immune cells on or near the lymphatics and complex cytokine milieu during inflammation with lymphatic dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjukta Chakraborty
- Department of Medical Physiology, Cardiovascular Research Institute, Division of Lymphatic Biology, Texas A&M Health Science Center College of Medicine, College Station, Texas; and
| | - Scott D Zawieja
- Department of Medical Physiology, Cardiovascular Research Institute, Division of Lymphatic Biology, Texas A&M Health Science Center College of Medicine, College Station, Texas; and
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Medical Physiology, Cardiovascular Research Institute, Division of Lymphatic Biology, Texas A&M Health Science Center College of Medicine, College Station, Texas; and
| | - Yang Lee
- Department of Medical Physiology, Cardiovascular Research Institute, Division of Lymphatic Biology, Texas A&M Health Science Center College of Medicine, College Station, Texas; and
| | - Yuan J Wang
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Inflammation Research Network, Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Pierre-Yves von der Weid
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Inflammation Research Network, Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - David C Zawieja
- Department of Medical Physiology, Cardiovascular Research Institute, Division of Lymphatic Biology, Texas A&M Health Science Center College of Medicine, College Station, Texas; and
| | - Mariappan Muthuchamy
- Department of Medical Physiology, Cardiovascular Research Institute, Division of Lymphatic Biology, Texas A&M Health Science Center College of Medicine, College Station, Texas; and
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43
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Chang B, Xu MJ, Zhou Z, Cai Y, Li M, Wang W, Feng D, Bertola A, Wang H, Kunos G, Gao B. Short- or long-term high-fat diet feeding plus acute ethanol binge synergistically induce acute liver injury in mice: an important role for CXCL1. Hepatology 2015; 62:1070-85. [PMID: 26033752 PMCID: PMC4589443 DOI: 10.1002/hep.27921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2015] [Accepted: 05/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Obesity and alcohol consumption often coexist and work synergistically to promote steatohepatitis; however, the underlying mechanisms remain obscure. Here, we demonstrate that feeding mice a high-fat diet (HFD) for as little as 3 days markedly exacerbated acute ethanol binge-induced liver neutrophil infiltration and injury. Feeding mice with an HFD for 3 months plus a single binge of ethanol induced much more severe steatohepatitis. Moreover, 3-day or 3-month HFD-plus-ethanol binge (3d-HFD+ethanol or 3m-HFD+ethanol) treatment markedly up-regulated the hepatic expression of several chemokines, including chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 1 (Cxcl1), which showed the highest fold (approximately 20-fold and 35-fold, respectively) induction. Serum CXCL1 protein levels were also markedly elevated after the HFD+ethanol treatment. Blockade of CXCL1 with a CXCL1 neutralizing antibody or genetic deletion of the Cxcl1 gene reduced the HFD+ethanol-induced hepatic neutrophil infiltration and injury, whereas overexpression of Cxcl1 exacerbated steatohepatitis in HFD-fed mice. Furthermore, expression of Cxcl1 messenger RNA was up-regulated in hepatocytes, hepatic stellate cells, and endothelial cells isolated from HFD+ethanol-fed mice compared to mice that were only given the HFD, with the highest fold induction observed in hepatocytes. In vitro stimulation of hepatocytes with palmitic acid up-regulated the expression of Cxcl1 messenger RNA, and this up-regulation was attenuated after treatment with an inhibitor of extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2, c-Jun N-terminal kinase, or nuclear factor κB. In addition, hepatic or serum levels of free fatty acids were higher in HFD+ethanol-fed mice than in the control groups. CONCLUSION An HFD combined with acute ethanol consumption synergistically induces acute liver inflammation and injury through the elevation of hepatic or serum free fatty acids and subsequent up-regulation of hepatic CXCL1 expression and promotion of hepatic neutrophil infiltration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Binxia Chang
- Laboratory of Liver Diseases, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA,Diagnosis and Treatment Center for Non-Infectious Liver Diseases, Institute of Alcoholic Liver Disease, Beijing 302 Hospital, Beijing
| | - Ming-Jiang Xu
- Laboratory of Liver Diseases, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Zhou Zhou
- Laboratory of Liver Diseases, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Yan Cai
- Laboratory of Liver Diseases, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Man Li
- Laboratory of Liver Diseases, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Wei Wang
- Laboratory of Liver Diseases, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Dechun Feng
- Laboratory of Liver Diseases, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Adeline Bertola
- Laboratory of Liver Diseases, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Hua Wang
- Laboratory of Liver Diseases, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - George Kunos
- Laboratory of Physiologic Studies, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Bin Gao
- Laboratory of Liver Diseases, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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Weaver LC, Bao F, Dekaban GA, Hryciw T, Shultz SR, Cain DP, Brown A. CD11d integrin blockade reduces the systemic inflammatory response syndrome after traumatic brain injury in rats. Exp Neurol 2015; 271:409-22. [PMID: 26169930 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2015.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2015] [Accepted: 07/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Traumatic CNS injury triggers a systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS), in which circulating inflammatory cells invade body organs causing local inflammation and tissue damage. We have shown that the SIRS caused by spinal cord injury is greatly reduced by acute intravenous treatment with an antibody against the CD11d subunit of the CD11d/CD18 integrin expressed by neutrophils and monocyte/macrophages, a treatment that reduces their efflux from the circulation. Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a frequently occurring injury after motor vehicle accidents, sporting and military injuries, and falls. Our studies have shown that the anti-CD11d treatment diminishes brain inflammation and oxidative injury after moderate or mild TBI, improving neurological outcomes. Accordingly, we examined the impact of this treatment on the SIRS triggered by TBI. The anti-CD11d treatment was given at 2h after a single moderate (2.5-3.0 atm) or 2 and 24h after each of three consecutive mild (1.0-1.5 atm) fluid percussion TBIs. Sham-injured, saline-treated rats served as controls. At 24h, 72 h, and 4 or 8 weeks after the single TBI and after the third of three TBIs, lungs of rats were examined histochemically, immunocytochemically and biochemically for downstream effects of SIRS including inflammation, tissue damage and expression of oxidative enzymes. Lung sections revealed that both the single moderate and repeated mild TBI caused alveolar disruption, thickening of inter-alveolar tissue, hemorrhage into the parenchyma and increased density of intra-and peri-alveolar macrophages. The anti-CD11d treatment decreased the intrapulmonary influx of neutrophils and the density of activated macrophages and the activity of myeloperoxidase after these TBIs. Moreover, Western blotting studies showed that the treatment decreased lung protein levels of oxidative enzymes gp91(phox), inducible nitric oxide synthase and cyclooxygenase-2, as well as the apoptotic pathway enzyme caspase-3 and levels of 4-hydroxynonenal-bound proteins (an indicator of lipid peroxidation). Decreased expression of the cytoprotective transcription factor Nrf2 reflected decreased lung oxidative stress. Anti-CD11d treatment also diminished the lung concentration of free radicals and tissue aldehydes. In conclusion, the substantial lung component of the SIRS after single or repeated TBIs is significantly decreased by a simple, minimally invasive and short-lasting anti-inflammatory treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lynne C Weaver
- Spinal Cord Injury Team, Molecular Medicine, Robarts Research Institute, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 5B7, Canada; Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 5B7, Canada.
| | - Feng Bao
- Spinal Cord Injury Team, Molecular Medicine, Robarts Research Institute, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 5B7, Canada
| | - Gregory A Dekaban
- Spinal Cord Injury Team, Molecular Medicine, Robarts Research Institute, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 5B7, Canada; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 5B7, Canada
| | - Todd Hryciw
- Spinal Cord Injury Team, Molecular Medicine, Robarts Research Institute, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 5B7, Canada
| | - Sandy R Shultz
- Program in Neuroscience, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 5B7, Canada; Department of Psychology, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 5B7, Canada
| | - Donald P Cain
- Program in Neuroscience, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 5B7, Canada; Department of Psychology, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 5B7, Canada
| | - Arthur Brown
- Spinal Cord Injury Team, Molecular Medicine, Robarts Research Institute, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 5B7, Canada; Program in Neuroscience, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 5B7, Canada; Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 5B7, Canada
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Losey P, Ladds E, Laprais M, Guevel B, Burns L, Bordet R, Anthony DC. The role of PPAR activation during the systemic response to brain injury. J Neuroinflammation 2015; 12:99. [PMID: 25994490 PMCID: PMC4450490 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-015-0295-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2014] [Accepted: 04/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Fenofibrate, a PPAR-α activator, has shown promising results as a neuroprotective therapy, with proposed anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant effects. However, it displays poor blood-brain barrier permeability leading to some ambiguity over its mechanism of action. Experimentally induced brain injury has been shown to elicit a hepatic acute phase response that modulates leukocyte recruitment to the injured brain. Here, we sought to discover whether one effect of fenofibrate might include the suppression of the acute phase response (APR) following brain injury. Methods A 1-h intraluminal thread middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) model followed by a 6-h reperfusion was performed in C57/BL6 mice. Quantitative reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction was then used to measure hepatic expression of chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 1 (CXCL1), chemokine ligand 10 (CXCL10) and serum amyloid A-1 (SAA-1), and immunohistochemical analysis was used to quantify brain and hepatic neutrophil infiltration following stroke. Results The MCAO and sham surgery induced the expression of all three acute phase reactants. A 14-day fenofibrate pre-treatment decreased reactant production, infarct volume, and neutrophil recruitment to the brain and liver, which is a hallmark of the APR. Conclusions The data highlight a novel mechanism of action for fenofibrate and lend further evidence towards the promotion of its use as a prophylactic therapy in patients at risk of cerebral ischaemia. Further research is required to elucidate the mechanistic explanation underlying its actions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Losey
- Department of Pharmacology, Experimental Neuropathology, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3QT, UK.,EA 1046, Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Research Branch, IMPRT, University of Lille North of France, Place de Verdun, Lille, Cedex, 59045, France
| | - Emma Ladds
- North Bristol NHS Trust, Southmead Road, Bristol, BS10 5NB, UK
| | - Maud Laprais
- EA 1046, Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Research Branch, IMPRT, University of Lille North of France, Place de Verdun, Lille, Cedex, 59045, France
| | - Borna Guevel
- Department of Pharmacology, Experimental Neuropathology, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3QT, UK
| | - Laura Burns
- Department of Pharmacology, Experimental Neuropathology, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3QT, UK
| | - Regis Bordet
- EA 1046, Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Research Branch, IMPRT, University of Lille North of France, Place de Verdun, Lille, Cedex, 59045, France.
| | - Daniel C Anthony
- Department of Pharmacology, Experimental Neuropathology, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3QT, UK. .,EA 1046, Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Research Branch, IMPRT, University of Lille North of France, Place de Verdun, Lille, Cedex, 59045, France.
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46
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Barrientos RM, Kitt MM, Watkins LR, Maier SF. Neuroinflammation in the normal aging hippocampus. Neuroscience 2015; 309:84-99. [PMID: 25772789 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2015.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 234] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2014] [Revised: 02/25/2015] [Accepted: 03/04/2015] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
A consequence of normal aging is a greater susceptibility to memory impairments following an immune challenge such as infection, surgery, or traumatic brain injury. The neuroinflammatory response, produced by these challenges results in increased and prolonged production of pro-inflammatory cytokines in the otherwise healthy aged brain. Here we discuss the mechanisms by which long-lasting elevations in pro-inflammatory cytokines in the hippocampus produce memory impairments. Sensitized microglia are a primary source of this exaggerated neuroinflammatory response and appear to be a hallmark of the normal aging brain. We review the current understanding of the causes and effects of normal aging-induced microglial sensitization, including dysregulations of the neuroendocrine system, potentiation of neuroinflammatory responses following an immune challenge, and the impairment of memories. We end with a discussion of therapeutic approaches to prevent these deleterious effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- R M Barrientos
- Dept. of Psychology and Neuroscience, Center for Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA.
| | - M M Kitt
- Dept. of Psychology and Neuroscience, Center for Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - L R Watkins
- Dept. of Psychology and Neuroscience, Center for Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - S F Maier
- Dept. of Psychology and Neuroscience, Center for Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
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47
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Couch Y, Davis AE, Sá-Pereira I, Campbell SJ, Anthony DC. Viral pre-challenge increases central nervous system inflammation after intracranial interleukin-1β injection. J Neuroinflammation 2014; 11:178. [PMID: 25323767 PMCID: PMC4201684 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-014-0178-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2014] [Accepted: 10/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Systemic inflammation has been shown to significantly worsen the outcome of neurological disease. However, after acute injuries to the brain both pre- and post-conditioning with bacterial endotoxin has been shown to reduce leukocyte recruitment to the CNS. Here, we sought to determine whether viral pre-challenge would have an effect on the outcome of acute CNS inflammation that was distinct from endotoxin. Methods Animals received a single intracranial microinjection of IL-1β in the presence or absence of a viral pre-challenge 24 hours prior to surgery. Liver and brain tissue were analysed for chemokine expression by qRT-PCR and leukocyte and monocyte infiltration 12 hours, 3 days and 7 days after the IL-1β injection. Results Here, a single injection of adenovirus prior to IL-1β injection resulted in adhesion molecule expression, chemokine expression and the recruitment of neutrophils to the injured CNS in significantly higher numbers than in IL-1β injected animals. The distribution and persistence of leukocytes within the CNS was also greater after pre-challenge, with neutrophils being found in both the ipsilateral and contralateral hemispheres. Thus, despite the absence of virus within the CNS, the presence of virus within the periphery was sufficient to exacerbate CNS disease. Conclusions These data suggest that the effect of a peripheral inflammatory challenge on the outcome of CNS injury or disease is not generic and will be highly dependent on the nature of the pathogen. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12974-014-0178-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Daniel C Anthony
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3QT, UK.
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Kobayakawa K, Kumamaru H, Saiwai H, Kubota K, Ohkawa Y, Kishimoto J, Yokota K, Ideta R, Shiba K, Tozaki-Saitoh H, Inoue K, Iwamoto Y, Okada S. Acute hyperglycemia impairs functional improvement after spinal cord injury in mice and humans. Sci Transl Med 2014; 6:256ra137. [DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.3009430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Anthony DC, Couch Y. The systemic response to CNS injury. Exp Neurol 2014; 258:105-11. [PMID: 25017891 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2014.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2013] [Revised: 03/11/2014] [Accepted: 03/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Inflammation within the brain or spinal cord has the capacity to damage neurons and is known to contribute to long-term disability in a spectrum of central nervous system (CNS) pathologies. However, there is a more profound increase in the recruitment of potentially damaging populations of leukocytes to the spinal cord than to the brain after equivalent injuries. Increased levels of inflammatory cytokines and chemokines in the spinal cord underpin this dissimilarity after injury, which also appears to be very sensitive to processes that operate within organs distant from the primary injury site such as the liver, lung and spleen. Indeed, CNS injury per se can generate profound changes in gene expression and the cellularity of these organs, which, as a consequence, gives rise to secondary organ damage. Our understanding of the local inflammatory processes that can damage neurons is becoming clearer, but our understanding of how the peripheral immune system coordinates the response to CNS injury and how any concomitant infections or injury might impact on the outcome of CNS injury is not so well developed. It is clear that the orientation of the response to peripheral challenges, be it a pro- or anti-inflammatory effect, appears to be dependent on the nature and timing of events. Here, the importance of the inter-relationship between inflammation in the CNS and the consequent inflammatory response in peripheral tissues is highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yvonne Couch
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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50
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Zheng X, Zhang X, Kang A, Ran C, Wang G, Hao H. Thinking outside the brain for cognitive improvement: Is peripheral immunomodulation on the way? Neuropharmacology 2014; 96:94-104. [PMID: 24978103 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2014.06.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2014] [Revised: 06/16/2014] [Accepted: 06/19/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Cognitive impairment is a devastating condition commonly observed with normal aging and neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer's Disease (AD). Although major efforts to prevent or slow down cognitive decline are largely focused within the central nervous system (CNS), it has become clear that signals from the systemic milieu are closely associated with the dysfunctional brain. In particular, the bidirectional crosstalk between the CNS and peripheral immune system plays a decisive role in shaping neuronal survival and function via neuroimmune, neuroendocrinal and bioenergetic mechanisms. Importantly, it is emerging that some neuroprotective and cognition-strengthening drugs may work by targeting the brain-periphery interactions, which could be intriguingly achieved without entering the CNS. We describe here how recent advances in dissecting cognitive deficits from a systems-perspective have contributed to a non-neurocentric understanding of its pathogenesis and treatment strategy. We also discuss the therapeutic and diagnostic implications of these exciting progresses and consider some key issues in the clinical translation. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled 'Neuroimmunology and Synaptic Function'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Zheng
- Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine Affiliated Hospital, Nanjing 210029, China; State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China.
| | - Xueli Zhang
- Zhong Da Hospital, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - An Kang
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Chongzhao Ran
- MGH/MIT/HMS Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Boston 02129, United States
| | - Guangji Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Haiping Hao
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China.
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