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Zhong X, Wang J, Shi X, Bai M, Yuan C, Cai C, Wang N, Zhu X, Kuang H, Wang X, Su J, He X, Liu X, Yang W, Yang C, Kong F, Wang E, Guan Y. Genetically optimizing soybean nodulation improves yield and protein content. NATURE PLANTS 2024; 10:736-742. [PMID: 38724696 DOI: 10.1038/s41477-024-01696-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Accepted: 04/10/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
Symbiotic nitrogen fixation in legume nodules requires substantial energy investment from host plants, and soybean (Glycine max (L.) supernodulation mutants show stunting and yield penalties due to overconsumption of carbon sources. We obtained soybean mutants differing in their nodulation ability, among which rhizobially induced cle1a/2a (ric1a/2a) has a moderate increase in nodule number, balanced carbon allocation, and enhanced carbon and nitrogen acquisition. In multi-year and multi-site field trials in China, two ric1a/2a lines had improved grain yield, protein content and sustained oil content, demonstrating that gene editing towards optimal nodulation improves soybean yield and quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangbin Zhong
- College of Resources and Environment, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Jie Wang
- College of Resources and Environment, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Xiaolei Shi
- Hebei Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Breeding, Institute of Cereal and Oil Crops, Hebei Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Mengyan Bai
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Adaptation and Molecular Design, Innovative Center of Molecular Genetics and Evolution, School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Cuicui Yuan
- FAFU-UCR Joint Center for Horticultural Biology and Metabolomics, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Chenlin Cai
- College of Resources and Environment, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Nan Wang
- FAFU-UCR Joint Center for Horticultural Biology and Metabolomics, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Xiaomin Zhu
- College of Resources and Environment, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Huaqin Kuang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Adaptation and Molecular Design, Innovative Center of Molecular Genetics and Evolution, School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xin Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Adaptation and Molecular Design, Innovative Center of Molecular Genetics and Evolution, School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiaqing Su
- College of Resources and Environment, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
- FAFU-UCR Joint Center for Horticultural Biology and Metabolomics, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Xin He
- New Cornerstone Science Laboratory, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiao Liu
- Photosynthesis Research Center, Key Laboratory of Photobiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Wenqiang Yang
- Photosynthesis Research Center, Key Laboratory of Photobiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Chunyan Yang
- Hebei Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Breeding, Institute of Cereal and Oil Crops, Hebei Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Fanjiang Kong
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Adaptation and Molecular Design, Innovative Center of Molecular Genetics and Evolution, School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Ertao Wang
- New Cornerstone Science Laboratory, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.
| | - Yuefeng Guan
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Adaptation and Molecular Design, Innovative Center of Molecular Genetics and Evolution, School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, China.
- FAFU-UCR Joint Center for Horticultural Biology and Metabolomics, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China.
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Taleski M, Jin M, Chapman K, Taylor K, Winning C, Frank M, Imin N, Djordjevic MA. CEP hormones at the nexus of nutrient acquisition and allocation, root development, and plant-microbe interactions. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2024; 75:538-552. [PMID: 37946363 PMCID: PMC10773996 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erad444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2023] [Accepted: 11/04/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
A growing understanding is emerging of the roles of peptide hormones in local and long-distance signalling that coordinates plant growth and development as well as responses to the environment. C-TERMINALLY ENCODED PEPTIDE (CEP) signalling triggered by its interaction with CEP RECEPTOR 1 (CEPR1) is known to play roles in systemic nitrogen (N) demand signalling, legume nodulation, and root system architecture. Recent research provides further insight into how CEP signalling operates, which involves diverse downstream targets and interactions with other hormone pathways. Additionally, there is emerging evidence of CEP signalling playing roles in N allocation, root responses to carbon levels, the uptake of other soil nutrients such as phosphorus and sulfur, root responses to arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, plant immunity, and reproductive development. These findings suggest that CEP signalling more broadly coordinates growth across the whole plant in response to diverse environmental cues. Moreover, CEP signalling and function appear to be conserved in angiosperms. We review recent advances in CEP biology with a focus on soil nutrient uptake, root system architecture and organogenesis, and roles in plant-microbe interactions. Furthermore, we address knowledge gaps and future directions in this research field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Taleski
- Division of Plant Sciences, Research School of Biology, College of Science, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, 2601Australia
| | - Marvin Jin
- Division of Plant Sciences, Research School of Biology, College of Science, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, 2601Australia
| | - Kelly Chapman
- Division of Plant Sciences, Research School of Biology, College of Science, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, 2601Australia
| | - Katia Taylor
- CSIRO Agriculture and Food, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
| | - Courtney Winning
- Division of Plant Sciences, Research School of Biology, College of Science, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, 2601Australia
| | - Manuel Frank
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Nijat Imin
- School of Science, Western Sydney University, Penrith, New South Wales 2751, Australia
| | - Michael A Djordjevic
- Division of Plant Sciences, Research School of Biology, College of Science, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, 2601Australia
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3
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Gresshoff P. Peter and the Beanstalk: tackling the giant questions of soybean nodulation. Biotechniques 2023; 75:95-98. [PMID: 37589162 DOI: 10.2144/btn-2023-0060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The following is an edited interview, carried out by the Journal Development Editor of BioTechniques, Ashling Cannon, with Peter Gresshoff (University of Queensland, UQ; Brisbane, Australia). Peter is a plant developmental geneticist, using molecular and genetic tools to understand the complexities of gene networks during the control of nodule formation in legumes. He was the Director of the Center of Excellence for Integrative Legume Research and is now an Emeritus Professor at UQ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Gresshoff
- The University of Queensland, Integrative Legume Research Group, Brisbane, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
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Lepetit M, Brouquisse R. Control of the rhizobium-legume symbiosis by the plant nitrogen demand is tightly integrated at the whole plant level and requires inter-organ systemic signaling. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1114840. [PMID: 36968361 PMCID: PMC10033964 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1114840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 02/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Symbiotic nodules formed on legume roots with rhizobia fix atmospheric N2. Bacteria reduce N2 to NH4 + that is assimilated into amino acids by the plant. In return, the plant provides photosynthates to fuel the symbiotic nitrogen fixation. Symbiosis is tightly adjusted to the whole plant nutritional demand and to the plant photosynthetic capacities, but regulatory circuits behind this control remain poorly understood. The use of split-root systems combined with biochemical, physiological, metabolomic, transcriptomic, and genetic approaches revealed that multiple pathways are acting in parallel. Systemic signaling mechanisms of the plant N demand are required for the control of nodule organogenesis, mature nodule functioning, and nodule senescence. N-satiety/N-deficit systemic signaling correlates with rapid variations of the nodules' sugar levels, tuning symbiosis by C resources allocation. These mechanisms are responsible for the adjustment of plant symbiotic capacities to the mineral N resources. On the one hand, if mineral N can satisfy the plant N demand, nodule formation is inhibited, and nodule senescence is activated. On the other hand, local conditions (abiotic stresses) may impair symbiotic activity resulting in plant N limitation. In these conditions, systemic signaling may compensate the N deficit by stimulating symbiotic root N foraging. In the past decade, several molecular components of the systemic signaling pathways controlling nodule formation have been identified, but a major challenge remains, that is, to understand their specificity as compared to the mechanisms of non-symbiotic plants that control root development and how they contribute to the whole plant phenotypes. Less is known about the control of mature nodule development and functioning by N and C nutritional status of the plant, but a hypothetical model involving the sucrose allocation to the nodule as a systemic signaling process, the oxidative pentose phosphate pathway, and the redox status as potential effectors of this signaling is emerging. This work highlights the importance of organism integration in plant biology.
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Luo Z, Wang J, Li F, Lu Y, Fang Z, Fu M, Mysore KS, Wen J, Gong J, Murray JD, Xie F. The small peptide CEP1 and the NIN-like protein NLP1 regulate NRT2.1 to mediate root nodule formation across nitrate concentrations. THE PLANT CELL 2023; 35:776-794. [PMID: 36440970 PMCID: PMC9940871 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koac340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Revised: 08/24/2022] [Accepted: 11/24/2022] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Legumes acquire fixed nitrogen (N) from the soil and through endosymbiotic association with diazotrophic bacteria. However, establishing and maintaining N2-fixing nodules are expensive for the host plant, relative to taking up N from the soil. Therefore, plants suppress symbiosis when N is plentiful and enhance symbiosis when N is sparse. Here, we show that the nitrate transporter MtNRT2.1 is required for optimal nodule establishment in Medicago truncatula under low-nitrate conditions and the repression of nodulation under high-nitrate conditions. The NIN-like protein (NLP) MtNLP1 is required for MtNRT2.1 expression and regulation of nitrate uptake/transport under low- and high-nitrate conditions. Under low nitrate, the gene encoding the C-terminally encoded peptide (CEP) MtCEP1 was more highly expressed, and the exogenous application of MtCEP1 systemically promoted MtNRT2.1 expression in a compact root architecture 2 (MtCRA2)-dependent manner. The enhancement of nodulation by MtCEP1 and nitrate uptake were both impaired in the Mtnrt2.1 mutant under low nitrate. Our study demonstrates that nitrate uptake by MtNRT2.1 differentially affects nodulation at low- and high-nitrate conditions through the actions of MtCEP1 and MtNLP1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenpeng Luo
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jiang Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Fuyu Li
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yuting Lu
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Zijun Fang
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Mengdi Fu
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Kirankumar S Mysore
- Institute for Agricultural Biosciences, Oklahoma State University, 3210 Sam Noble Parkway, Ardmore, Oklahoma 73401, USA
| | - Jiangqi Wen
- Institute for Agricultural Biosciences, Oklahoma State University, 3210 Sam Noble Parkway, Ardmore, Oklahoma 73401, USA
| | - Jiming Gong
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Jeremy D Murray
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Fang Xie
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
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Wang X, Chen K, Zhou M, Gao Y, Huang H, Liu C, Fan Y, Fan Z, Wang Y, Li X. GmNAC181 promotes symbiotic nodulation and salt tolerance of nodulation by directly regulating GmNINa expression in soybean. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2022; 236:656-670. [PMID: 35751548 DOI: 10.1111/nph.18343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2022] [Accepted: 06/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Soybean (Glycine max) is one of the most important crops world-wide. Under low nitrogen (N) condition, soybean can form a symbiotic relationship with rhizobia to acquire sufficient N for their growth and production. Nodulation signaling controls soybean symbiosis with rhizobia. The soybean Nodule Inception (GmNINa) gene is a central regulator of soybean nodulation. However, the transcriptional regulation of GmNINa remains largely unknown. Nodulation is sensitive to salt stress, but the underlying mechanisms are unclear. Here, we identified an NAC transcription factor designated GmNAC181 (also known as GmNAC11) as the interacting protein of GmNSP1a. GmNAC181 overexpression or knockdown in soybean resulted in increased or decreased numbers of nodules, respectively. Accordingly, the expression of GmNINa was greatly up- and downregulated, respectively. Furthermore, we showed that GmNAC181 can directly bind to the GmNINa promoter to activate its gene expression. Intriguingly, GmNAC181 was highly induced by salt stress during nodulation and promoted symbiotic nodulation under salt stress. We identified a new transcriptional activator of GmNINa in the nodulation pathway and revealed a mechanism by which GmNAC181 acts as a network node orchestrating the expression of GmNINa and symbiotic nodulation under salt stress conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaodi Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Wushan Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510642, China
| | - Kuan Chen
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
| | - Miaomiao Zhou
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
| | - Yongkang Gao
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
| | - Huimei Huang
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
| | - Chao Liu
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
| | - Yuanyuan Fan
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
| | - Zihui Fan
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
| | - Youning Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
| | - Xia Li
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Wushan Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510642, China
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Roy S, Müller LM. A rulebook for peptide control of legume-microbe endosymbioses. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 27:870-889. [PMID: 35246381 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2022.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2021] [Revised: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Plants engage in mutually beneficial relationships with microbes, such as arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi or nitrogen-fixing rhizobia, for optimized nutrient acquisition. In return, the microbial symbionts receive photosynthetic carbon from the plant. Both symbioses are regulated by the plant nutrient status, indicating the existence of signaling pathways that allow the host to fine-tune its interactions with the beneficial microbes depending on its nutrient requirements. Peptide hormones coordinate a plethora of developmental and physiological processes and, recently, various peptide families have gained special attention as systemic and local regulators of plant-microbe interactions and nutrient homeostasis. In this review, we identify five 'rules' or guiding principles that govern peptide function during symbiotic plant-microbe interactions, and highlight possible points of integration with nutrient acquisition pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonali Roy
- College of Agriculture, Tennessee State University, Nashville, TN 37209, USA.
| | - Lena Maria Müller
- Department of Biology, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL 33146, USA.
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8
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Nitrogen represses haustoria formation through abscisic acid in the parasitic plant Phtheirospermum japonicum. Nat Commun 2022; 13:2976. [PMID: 35624089 PMCID: PMC9142502 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-30550-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Parasitic plants are globally prevalent pathogens that withdraw nutrients from their host plants using an organ known as the haustorium. The external environment including nutrient availability affects the extent of parasitism and to understand this phenomenon, we investigated the role of nutrients and found that nitrogen is sufficient to repress haustoria formation in the root parasite Phtheirospermum japonicum. Nitrogen increases levels of abscisic acid (ABA) in P. japonicum and prevents the activation of hundreds of genes including cell cycle and xylem development genes. Blocking ABA signaling overcomes nitrogen’s inhibitory effects indicating that nitrogen represses haustoria formation by increasing ABA. The effect of nitrogen appears more widespread since nitrogen also inhibits haustoria in the obligate root parasite Striga hermonthica. Together, our data show that nitrogen acts as a haustoria repressing factor and suggests a mechanism whereby parasitic plants use nitrogen availability in the external environment to regulate the extent of parasitism. Parasitic plants obtain nutrients from their hosts. Here the authors show that nitrogen sufficiency suppresses parasitism in the root parasite Phtheirospermum japonicum by increasing levels of the phytohormone ABA suggesting that the degree of parasitism is regulated by nutrient availability.
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Misawa F, Ito M, Nosaki S, Nishida H, Watanabe M, Suzuki T, Miura K, Kawaguchi M, Suzaki T. Nitrate transport via NRT2.1 mediates NIN-LIKE PROTEIN-dependent suppression of root nodulation in Lotus japonicus. THE PLANT CELL 2022; 34:1844-1862. [PMID: 35146519 PMCID: PMC9048892 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koac046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Legumes have adaptive mechanisms that regulate nodulation in response to the amount of nitrogen in the soil. In Lotus japonicus, two NODULE INCEPTION (NIN)-LIKE PROTEIN (NLP) transcription factors, LjNLP4 and LjNLP1, play pivotal roles in the negative regulation of nodulation by controlling the expression of symbiotic genes in high nitrate conditions. Despite an improved understanding of the molecular basis for regulating nodulation, how nitrate plays a role in the signaling pathway to negatively regulate this process is largely unknown. Here, we show that nitrate transport via NITRATE TRANSPORTER 2.1 (LjNRT2.1) is a key step in the NLP signaling pathway to control nodulation. A mutation in the LjNRT2.1 gene attenuates the nitrate-induced control of nodulation. LjNLP1 is necessary and sufficient to induce LjNRT2.1 expression, thereby regulating nitrate uptake/transport. Our data suggest that LjNRT2.1-mediated nitrate uptake/transport is required for LjNLP4 nuclear localization and induction/repression of symbiotic genes. We further show that LjNIN, a positive regulator of nodulation, counteracts the LjNLP1-dependent induction of LjNRT2.1 expression, which is linked to a reduction in nitrate uptake. These findings suggest a plant strategy in which nitrogen acquisition switches from obtaining nitrogen from the soil to symbiotic nitrogen fixation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fumika Misawa
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Momoyo Ito
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Shohei Nosaki
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
- Tsukuba Plant-Innovation Research Center, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Hanna Nishida
- Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Masahiro Watanabe
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Takamasa Suzuki
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chubu University, Kasugai, Aichi, Japan
| | - Kenji Miura
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
- Tsukuba Plant-Innovation Research Center, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Masayoshi Kawaguchi
- National Institute for Basic Biology, Okazaki, Aichi, Japan
- School of Life Science, Graduate University for Advanced Studies, Okazaki, Aichi, Japan
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10
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Chu X, Su H, Hayashi S, Gresshoff PM, Ferguson BJ. Spatiotemporal changes in gibberellin content are required for soybean nodulation. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2022; 234:479-493. [PMID: 34870861 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The plant hormone gibberellin (GA) is required at different stages of legume nodule development, with its spatiotemporal distribution tightly regulated. Transcriptomic and bioinformatic analyses established that several key GA biosynthesis and catabolism enzyme encoding genes are critical to soybean (Glycine max) nodule formation. We examined the expression of several GA oxidase genes and used a Förster resonance energy transfer-based GA biosensor to determine the bioactive GA content of roots inoculated with DsRed-labelled Bradyrhizobium diazoefficiens. We manipulated the level of GA by genetically disrupting the expression of GA oxidase genes. Moreover, exogenous treatment of soybean roots with GA3 induced the expression of key nodulation genes and altered infection thread and nodule phenotypes. GmGA20ox1a, GmGA3ox1a, and GmGA2ox1a are upregulated in soybean roots inoculated with compatible B. diazoefficiens. GmGA20ox1a expression is predominately localized to the transient meristem of soybean nodules and coincides with the spatiotemporal distribution of bioactive GA occurring throughout nodule organogenesis. GmGA2ox1a exhibits a nodule vasculature-specific expression pattern, whereas GmGA3ox1a can be detected throughout the nodule and root. Disruptions in the level of GA resulted in aberrant rhizobia infection and reduced nodule numbers. Collectively, our results establish a central role for GAs in root hair infection by symbiotic rhizobia and in nodule organogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xitong Chu
- Integrative Legume Research Group, School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, Qld, 4072, Australia
| | - Huanan Su
- Integrative Legume Research Group, School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, Qld, 4072, Australia
- National Navel Orange Engineering Research Center, Gannan Normal University, Ganzhou, China
| | - Satomi Hayashi
- Integrative Legume Research Group, School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, Qld, 4072, Australia
- Centre for Agriculture and Biocommodities, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Qld, 4000, Australia
| | - Peter M Gresshoff
- Integrative Legume Research Group, School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, Qld, 4072, Australia
| | - Brett J Ferguson
- Integrative Legume Research Group, School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, Qld, 4072, Australia
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11
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Zhang M, Liu S, Wang Z, Yuan Y, Zhang Z, Liang Q, Yang X, Duan Z, Liu Y, Kong F, Liu B, Ren B, Tian Z. Progress in soybean functional genomics over the past decade. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2022; 20:256-282. [PMID: 34388296 PMCID: PMC8753368 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.13682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2021] [Revised: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Soybean is one of the most important oilseed and fodder crops. Benefiting from the efforts of soybean breeders and the development of breeding technology, large number of germplasm has been generated over the last 100 years. Nevertheless, soybean breeding needs to be accelerated to meet the needs of a growing world population, to promote sustainable agriculture and to address future environmental changes. The acceleration is highly reliant on the discoveries in gene functional studies. The release of the reference soybean genome in 2010 has significantly facilitated the advance in soybean functional genomics. Here, we review the research progress in soybean omics (genomics, transcriptomics, epigenomics and proteomics), germplasm development (germplasm resources and databases), gene discovery (genes that are responsible for important soybean traits including yield, flowering and maturity, seed quality, stress resistance, nodulation and domestication) and transformation technology during the past decade. At the end, we also briefly discuss current challenges and future directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome EngineeringInstitute of Genetics and Developmental BiologyInnovative Academy for Seed DesignChinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Shulin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome EngineeringInstitute of Genetics and Developmental BiologyInnovative Academy for Seed DesignChinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Zhao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome EngineeringInstitute of Genetics and Developmental BiologyInnovative Academy for Seed DesignChinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
- University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Yaqin Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome EngineeringInstitute of Genetics and Developmental BiologyInnovative Academy for Seed DesignChinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
- University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Zhifang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome EngineeringInstitute of Genetics and Developmental BiologyInnovative Academy for Seed DesignChinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
- University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Qianjin Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome EngineeringInstitute of Genetics and Developmental BiologyInnovative Academy for Seed DesignChinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
- University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Xia Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome EngineeringInstitute of Genetics and Developmental BiologyInnovative Academy for Seed DesignChinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
- University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Zongbiao Duan
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome EngineeringInstitute of Genetics and Developmental BiologyInnovative Academy for Seed DesignChinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
- University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Yucheng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome EngineeringInstitute of Genetics and Developmental BiologyInnovative Academy for Seed DesignChinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Fanjiang Kong
- Innovative Center of Molecular Genetics and EvolutionSchool of Life SciencesGuangzhou UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Baohui Liu
- Innovative Center of Molecular Genetics and EvolutionSchool of Life SciencesGuangzhou UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Bo Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Plant GenomicsInstitute of Genetics and Developmental BiologyInnovative Academy for Seed DesignChinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
- University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Zhixi Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome EngineeringInstitute of Genetics and Developmental BiologyInnovative Academy for Seed DesignChinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
- University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
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12
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Izadi-Darbandi A, Gresshoff PM. Role of hydroxymethylglutaryl-coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase 1 in nodule development of soybean. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 267:153543. [PMID: 34678642 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2021.153543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2020] [Revised: 10/10/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Autoregulation of nodulation (AON) plays a central role in nodulation by inhibiting the formation of excess number of legume root nodules. In this study, the effect of hydroxymethylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase 1 (GmHMGR1) gene expression on nodulation and the AON system in Glycine max (L.) Merr was investigated. Wild-type soybean (cultivar Bragg) and its near-isogenic supernodulating mutant (nitrate tolerant symbiotic) nts1007 were selected to identify the expression pattern of this gene in rootlets after inoculation by its microsymbiont Bradyrhizobium. For further analysis, the full length of GmHMGR1 and its promoter were cloned after amplification by inverse-PCR and BAC library screening. Also, we constructed an intron hairpin RNA interference (ihpRNAi) and a GmHMGR1 promoter: β-glucuronidase fusion constructs, consequently for suppression of GmHMGR1 and histochemical analysis in transgenic soybean hairy roots induced by Agrobacterium rhizogenes strain K599. The GmHMGR1 gene was functional during the early stages of nodulation with the AON system having a negative effect on GmHMGR1 expression and nodule formation in wild-type rootlets. GmHMGR1 was particularly expressed in the developing phloem within the root, nodules and nodule lenticels. Expression of GmHMGR1 in transgenic hairy roots was suppressed by RNAi silencing approximately 85% as compared to empty vector controls. This suggests that the GmHMGR1 gene has an important role in triggering nodule formation as its suppression caused a reduction of nodule formation in nts mutant lines with a deficient AON system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Izadi-Darbandi
- Department of Agronomy and Plant Breeding Sciences, University of Tehran, College of Aburaihan, Tehran, Iran; Centre for Integrative Legume Research, School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia.
| | - Peter M Gresshoff
- Centre for Integrative Legume Research, School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
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13
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Zhang M, Su H, Gresshoff PM, Ferguson BJ. Shoot-derived miR2111 controls legume root and nodule development. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2021; 44:1627-1641. [PMID: 33386621 DOI: 10.1111/pce.13992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Revised: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Legumes control their nodule numbers through the autoregulation of nodulation (AON). Rhizobia infection stimulates the production of root-derived CLE peptide hormones that are translocated to the shoot where they regulate a new signal. We used soybean to demonstrate that this shoot-derived signal is miR2111, which is transported via phloem to the root where it targets transcripts of Too Much Love (TML), a negative regulator of nodulation. Shoot perception of rhizobia-induced CLE peptides suppresses miR2111 expression, resulting in TML accumulation in roots and subsequent inhibition of nodule organogenesis. Feeding synthetic mature miR2111 via the petiole increased nodule numbers per plant. Likewise, elevating miR2111 availability by over-expression promoted nodulation, while target mimicry of TML induced the opposite effect on nodule development in wild-type plants and alleviated the supernodulating and stunted root growth phenotypes of AON-defective mutants. Additionally, in non-nodulating wild-type plants, ectopic expression of miR2111 significantly enhanced lateral root emergence with a decrease in lateral root length and average root diameter. In contrast, hairy roots constitutively expressing the target mimic construct exhibited reduced lateral root density. Overall, these findings demonstrate that miR2111 is both the critical shoot-to-root factor that positively regulates root nodule development and also acts to shape root system architecture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengbai Zhang
- Integrative Legume Research Group, School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Huanan Su
- Integrative Legume Research Group, School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- National Navel Orange Engineering Research Centre, College of Life Science, Gannan Normal University, Ganzhou, China
| | - Peter M Gresshoff
- Integrative Legume Research Group, School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Brett J Ferguson
- Integrative Legume Research Group, School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
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14
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Pérez-Giménez J, Iturralde ET, Torres Tejerizo G, Quelas JI, Krol E, Borassi C, Becker A, Estevez JM, Lodeiro AR. A Stringent-Response-Defective Bradyrhizobium diazoefficiens Strain Does Not Activate the Type 3 Secretion System, Elicits an Early Plant Defense Response, and Circumvents NH 4NO 3-Induced Inhibition of Nodulation. Appl Environ Microbiol 2021; 87:e02989-20. [PMID: 33608284 PMCID: PMC8091029 DOI: 10.1128/aem.02989-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
When subjected to nutritional stress, bacteria modify their amino acid metabolism and cell division activities by means of the stringent response, which is controlled by the Rsh protein in alphaproteobacteria. An important group of alphaproteobacteria are the rhizobia, which fix atmospheric N2 in symbiosis with legume plants. Although nutritional stress is common for rhizobia while infecting legume roots, the stringent response has scarcely been studied in this group of soil bacteria. In this report, we obtained a mutant with a kanamycin resistance insertion in the rsh gene of Bradyrhizobium diazoefficiens, the N2-fixing symbiont of soybean. This mutant was defective for type 3 secretion system induction, plant defense suppression at early root infection, and nodulation competition. Furthermore, the mutant produced smaller nodules, although with normal morphology, which led to lower plant biomass production. Soybean (Glycine max) genes GmRIC1 and GmRIC2, involved in autoregulation of nodulation, were upregulated in plants inoculated with the mutant under the N-free condition. In addition, when plants were inoculated in the presence of 10 mM NH4NO3, the mutant produced nodules containing bacteroids, and GmRIC1 and GmRIC2 were downregulated. The rsh mutant released more auxin to the culture supernatant than the wild type, which might in part explain its symbiotic behavior in the presence of combined N. These results indicate that the B. diazoefficiens stringent response integrates into the plant defense suppression and regulation of nodulation circuits in soybean, perhaps mediated by the type 3 secretion system.IMPORTANCE The symbiotic N2 fixation carried out between prokaryotic rhizobia and legume plants performs a substantial contribution to the N cycle in the biosphere. This symbiotic association is initiated when rhizobia infect and penetrate the root hairs, which is followed by the growth and development of root nodules, within which the infective rhizobia are established and protected. Thus, the nodule environment allows the expression and function of the enzyme complex that catalyzes N2 fixation. However, during early infection, the rhizobia find a harsh environment while penetrating the root hairs. To cope with this nuisance, the rhizobia mount a stress response known as the stringent response. In turn, the plant regulates nodulation in response to the presence of alternative sources of combined N in the surrounding medium. Control of these processes is crucial for a successful symbiosis, and here we show how the rhizobial stringent response may modulate plant defense suppression and the networks of regulation of nodulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julieta Pérez-Giménez
- IBBM, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, CCT-La Plata CONICET, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, La Plata, Argentina
| | - Esteban T Iturralde
- IBBM, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, CCT-La Plata CONICET, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, La Plata, Argentina
| | - Gonzalo Torres Tejerizo
- IBBM, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, CCT-La Plata CONICET, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, La Plata, Argentina
| | - Juan Ignacio Quelas
- IBBM, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, CCT-La Plata CONICET, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, La Plata, Argentina
| | - Elizaveta Krol
- Center for Synthetic Microbiology (SYNMIKRO), Department of Biology, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Cecilia Borassi
- Fundación Instituto Leloir, Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de Buenos Aires-CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Anke Becker
- Center for Synthetic Microbiology (SYNMIKRO), Department of Biology, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - José M Estevez
- Fundación Instituto Leloir, Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de Buenos Aires-CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Centro de Biotecnología Vegetal, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andrés Bello, Santiago, Chile
- Millennium Institute for Integrative Biology (iBio), Santiago, Chile
| | - Aníbal R Lodeiro
- IBBM, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, CCT-La Plata CONICET, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, La Plata, Argentina
- Laboratorio de Genética, Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias y Forestales, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, La Plata, Argentina
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15
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Mens C, Hastwell AH, Su H, Gresshoff PM, Mathesius U, Ferguson BJ. Characterisation of Medicago truncatula CLE34 and CLE35 in nitrate and rhizobia regulation of nodulation. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2021; 229:2525-2534. [PMID: 33067828 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Accepted: 10/10/2020] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Legumes form a symbiosis with atmospheric nitrogen (N2 )-fixing soil rhizobia, resulting in new root organs called nodules that enable N2 -fixation. Nodulation is a costly process that is tightly regulated by the host through autoregulation of nodulation (AON) and nitrate-dependent regulation of nodulation. Both pathways require legume-specific CLAVATA/ESR-related (CLE) peptides. Nitrogen-induced nodulation-suppressing CLE peptides have not previously been investigated in Medicago truncatula, for which only rhizobia-induced MtCLE12 and MtCLE13 have been characterised. Here, we report on novel peptides MtCLE34 and MtCLE35 in nodulation control. The nodulation-suppressing CLE peptides of five legume species were classified into three clades based on sequence homology and phylogeny. This approached identified MtCLE34 and MtCLE35 and four new CLE peptide orthologues of Pisum sativum. Whereas MtCLE12 and MtCLE13 are induced by rhizobia, MtCLE34 and MtCLE35 respond to both rhizobia and nitrate. MtCLE34 was identified as a pseudogene lacking a functional CLE-domain. MtCLE35 was found to inhibit nodulation in a SUNN- and RDN1-dependent manner via overexpression analysis. Together, our findings indicate that MtCLE12 and MtCLE13 have a specific role in AON, while MtCLE35 regulates nodule numbers in response to both rhizobia and nitrate. MtCLE34 likely had a similar role to MtCLE35, but its function was lost due to a premature nonsense mutation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Celine Mens
- Integrative Legume Research Group, School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, Qld, 4072, Australia
| | - April H Hastwell
- Integrative Legume Research Group, School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, Qld, 4072, Australia
| | - Huanan Su
- Integrative Legume Research Group, School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, Qld, 4072, Australia
- National Navel Orange Engineering Research Center, School of Life Science, Gannan Normal University, Ganzhou, 341000, China
| | - Peter M Gresshoff
- Integrative Legume Research Group, School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, Qld, 4072, Australia
| | - Ulrike Mathesius
- Division of Plant Sciences, Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
| | - Brett J Ferguson
- Integrative Legume Research Group, School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, Qld, 4072, Australia
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16
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Akamatsu A, Nagae M, Nishimura Y, Romero Montero D, Ninomiya S, Kojima M, Takebayashi Y, Sakakibara H, Kawaguchi M, Takeda N. Endogenous gibberellins affect root nodule symbiosis via transcriptional regulation of NODULE INCEPTION in Lotus japonicus. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2021; 105:1507-1520. [PMID: 33300204 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.15128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Revised: 11/26/2020] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Legumes and nitrogen-fixing rhizobial bacteria establish root nodule symbiosis, which is orchestrated by several plant hormones. Exogenous addition of biologically active gibberellic acid (GA) is known to inhibit root nodule symbiosis. However, the precise role of GA has not been elucidated because of the trace amounts of these hormones in plants and the multiple functions of GAs. Here, we found that GA signaling acts as a key regulator in a long-distance negative-feedback system of root nodule symbiosis called autoregulation of nodulation (AON). GA biosynthesis is activated during nodule formation in and around the nodule vascular bundles, and bioactive GAs accumulate in the nodule. In addition, GA signaling induces expression of the symbiotic transcription factor NODULE INCEPTION (NIN) via a cis-acting region on the NIN promoter. Mutants with deletions of this cis-acting region have increased susceptibility to rhizobial infection and reduced GA-induced CLE-RS1 and CLE-RS2 expression, suggesting that the inhibitory effect of GAs occurs through AON. This is supported by the GA-insensitive phenotypes of an AON-defective mutant of HYPERNODULATION ABERRANT ROOT FORMATION1 (HAR1) and a reciprocal grafting experiment. Thus, endogenous GAs induce NIN expression via its GA-responsive cis-acting region, and subsequently the GA-induced NIN activates the AON system to regulate nodule formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akira Akamatsu
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kwansei Gakuin University, 2-1 Gakuen, Sanda, Hyogo, 669-1337, Japan
| | - Miwa Nagae
- National Institute for Basic Biology, 38 Nishigonaka, Myodaiji, Okazaki, Aichi, 444-8585, Japan
| | - Yuka Nishimura
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kwansei Gakuin University, 2-1 Gakuen, Sanda, Hyogo, 669-1337, Japan
| | - Daniela Romero Montero
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kwansei Gakuin University, 2-1 Gakuen, Sanda, Hyogo, 669-1337, Japan
| | - Satsuki Ninomiya
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kwansei Gakuin University, 2-1 Gakuen, Sanda, Hyogo, 669-1337, Japan
| | - Mikiko Kojima
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, 1-7-22, Suehiro, Tsurumi, Yokohama, 230-0045, Japan
| | - Yumiko Takebayashi
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, 1-7-22, Suehiro, Tsurumi, Yokohama, 230-0045, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Sakakibara
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, 1-7-22, Suehiro, Tsurumi, Yokohama, 230-0045, Japan
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya, 464-8601, Japan
| | - Masayoshi Kawaguchi
- National Institute for Basic Biology, 38 Nishigonaka, Myodaiji, Okazaki, Aichi, 444-8585, Japan
| | - Naoya Takeda
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kwansei Gakuin University, 2-1 Gakuen, Sanda, Hyogo, 669-1337, Japan
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17
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Wang C, Velandia K, Kwon CT, Wulf KE, Nichols DS, Reid JB, Foo E. The role of CLAVATA signalling in the negative regulation of mycorrhizal colonization and nitrogen response of tomato. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2021; 72:1702-1713. [PMID: 33186449 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eraa539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Plants form mutualistic nutrient-acquiring symbioses with microbes, including arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. The formation of these symbioses is costly, and plants employ a negative feedback loop termed autoregulation of mycorrhizae (AOM) to limit formation of arbuscular mycorrhizae (AM). We provide evidence for the role of one leucine-rich repeat receptor-like kinase (FAB), a hydroxyproline O-arabinosyltransferase enzyme (FIN), and additional evidence for one receptor-like protein (SlCLV2) in the negative regulation of AM formation in tomato. Reciprocal grafting experiments suggest that the FAB gene acts locally in the root, while the SlCLV2 gene may act in both the root and the shoot. External nutrients including phosphate and nitrate can also strongly suppress AM formation. We found that FAB and FIN are required for nitrate suppression of AM but are not required for the powerful suppression of AM colonization by phosphate. This parallels some of the roles of legume homologues in the autoregulation of the more recently evolved symbioses with nitrogen-fixing bacteria leading to nodulation. This deep homology in the symbiotic role of these genes suggests that in addition to the early signalling events that lead to the establishment of AM and nodulation, the autoregulation pathway might also be considered part of the common symbiotic toolkit that enabled plants to form beneficial symbioses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenglei Wang
- Discipline of Biological Sciences, School of Natural Sciences, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Karen Velandia
- Discipline of Biological Sciences, School of Natural Sciences, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Choon-Tak Kwon
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY, USA
| | - Kate E Wulf
- Discipline of Biological Sciences, School of Natural Sciences, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | - David S Nichols
- Central Science Laboratories, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | - James B Reid
- Discipline of Biological Sciences, School of Natural Sciences, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Eloise Foo
- Discipline of Biological Sciences, School of Natural Sciences, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
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18
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Optimal control of root nodulation - Prediction of life history theory of a mutualistic system. J Theor Biol 2020; 510:110544. [PMID: 33227264 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2020.110544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2020] [Revised: 11/15/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Legumes produce root nodules containing symbiotic rhizobial bacteria that convert atmospheric molecular nitrogen into ammonia or related nitrogenous compounds. The host plant supplies photosynthetic products to root nodules forming a mutualistic system. Legumes have physiological mechanisms for regulating nodule production with chemical signals produced in leaves, called the autoregulation of nodulation. In this paper, we discuss the optimal number of root nodules that maximizes the performance of the host plant. Here, we study two models. In the stationary plant model, the acquired photosynthetic products minus cost and loss are used for reproduction. In the growing plant model, the excess material is invested to produce leaves, roots, and root nodules, resulting in the exponential growth of the whole plant. The analysis shows that having root nodules is beneficial to the plant for a high leaf nitrogen content, faster plant growth rate, a short leaf longevity, a low root/shoot ratio, and low soil nutrient concentration. We discuss the long-distance control of nodulation-autoregulation and dependence on the environmental conditions of terrestrial plants considering these results.
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19
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Lin J, Frank M, Reid D. No Home without Hormones: How Plant Hormones Control Legume Nodule Organogenesis. PLANT COMMUNICATIONS 2020; 1:100104. [PMID: 33367261 PMCID: PMC7747975 DOI: 10.1016/j.xplc.2020.100104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Revised: 08/19/2020] [Accepted: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
The establishment of symbiotic nitrogen fixation requires the coordination of both nodule development and infection events. Despite the evolution of a variety of anatomical structures, nodule organs serve a common purpose in establishing a localized area that facilitates efficient nitrogen fixation. As in all plant developmental processes, the establishment of a new nodule organ is regulated by plant hormones. During nodule initiation, regulation of plant hormone signaling is one of the major targets of symbiotic signaling. We review the role of major developmental hormones in the initiation of the nodule organ and argue that the manipulation of plant hormones is a key requirement for engineering nitrogen fixation in non-legumes as the basis for improved food security and sustainability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jieshun Lin
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Manuel Frank
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Dugald Reid
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Corresponding author
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20
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Schulze J, Liese R, Ballesteros G, Casieri L, Salinas G, Cabeza RA. Ammonium acts systemically while nitrate exerts an additional local effect on Medicago truncatula nodules. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2020; 292:110383. [PMID: 32005388 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2019.110383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2019] [Revised: 12/14/2019] [Accepted: 12/16/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Symbiotic nitrogen fixation (SNF) has a high energetic cost for legume plants; legumes thus reduce SNF when soil N is available. The present study aimed to increase our understanding regarding the impacts of the two principal forms of available N in soils (ammonium and nitrate) on SNF. We continuously measured the SNF of Medicago truncatula under controlled conditions. This permitted nodule sampling for comparative transcriptome profiling at points connected to the nodules' reaction following ammonium or nitrate applications. The N component of both ions systemically induced a rhythmic pattern of SNF, while the activity in control plants remained constant. This rhythmic activity reduced the per-day SNF. The nitrate ion had additional local effects; the more pronounced were a strong downregulation of leghaemoglobin, nodule cysteine-rich (NCR) peptides and nodule-enhanced nicotianamine synthase (neNAS). The neNAS has proven to be of importance for nodule functioning. Although other physiological impacts of nitrate on nodules were observed (e.g. nitrosylation of leghaemoglobin), the main effect was a rapid ion-specific and organ-specific change in gene expression levels. Contrastingly, during the first hours after ammonium applications, the transcriptome remained virtually unaffected. Therefore, nitrate-induced genes could be key for increasing the nitrate tolerance of SNF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joachim Schulze
- Department of Crop Sciences, Section for Plant Nutrition and Crop Physiology, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Goettingen, Carl-Sprengel-Weg 1, 37075 Goettingen, Germany
| | - Rebecca Liese
- Department of Crop Sciences, Section for Quality of Plants Products, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Goettingen, Carl-Sprengel-Weg 1, 37075 Goettingen, Germany
| | - Gabriel Ballesteros
- Instituto de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Talca, Casilla 747, Talca, Chile
| | - Leonardo Casieri
- UMR 1347 Agroécologie, Pôle Interactions Plantes-Microorganismes, ERL6300 CNRS, Université de Bourgogne, Dijon, France
| | - Gabriela Salinas
- Department of Developmental Biochemistry, DNA Microarray and Deep-Sequencing Facility, Faculty of Medicine, University of Goettingen, Justus-von-Liebig-Weg 11, 37077 Goettingen, Germany
| | - Ricardo A Cabeza
- Departamento de Producción Agrícola, Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias, Universidad de Talca, Casilla 747, Talca, Chile.
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21
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Wang Z, Wang L, Wang Y, Li X. The NMN Module Conducts Nodule Number Orchestra. iScience 2020; 23:100825. [PMID: 31978752 PMCID: PMC6976932 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2020.100825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2019] [Revised: 12/12/2019] [Accepted: 01/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Legumes control nodule number through nodulation and autoregulation of nodulation (AON) pathways. Nodule Inception (NIN) is essential for rhizobial infection and nodule organogenesis in legumes. The GmNINa-miR172c-NNC1 (NMN) module, which consists of two positive regulators, GmNINa and miR172c, and a suppressor, NNC1, integrates both pathways. GmNINa activates miR172c to downregulate NNC1, leading to nodulation, while NNC1 inhibits miR172c expression, forming a negative feedback loop. GmNINa and NNC1 interact with each other and antagonistically fine-tune GmRIC1/RIC2 expression, turning AON on and off. Conversely, activation of AON inhibits GmNINa and miR172c expression, thereby reducing their inhibitory effects on NNC1 to attenuate both nodulation signaling and AON. The NMN module functions not only as an “accelerator” of the nodulation signal to promote nodulation but also as a “brake” on the signal by activating AON to orchestrate nodule number.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhijuan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, P.R. China
| | - Lixiang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, P.R. China; Key Laboratory of Plant Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Yongliang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, P.R. China
| | - Xia Li
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, P.R. China.
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22
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Goh CH, Nicotra AB, Mathesius U. Genes controlling legume nodule numbers affect phenotypic plasticity responses to nitrogen in the presence and absence of rhizobia. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2019; 42:1747-1757. [PMID: 30512188 DOI: 10.1111/pce.13498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2018] [Revised: 11/07/2018] [Accepted: 11/24/2018] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
We investigated the role of three autoregulation of nodulation (AON) genes in regulating of root and shoot phenotypes when responding to changing nitrogen availability in the model legume, Medicago truncatula. These genes, RDN1-1 (ROOT DETERMINED NODULATION1-1), SUNN (SUPER NUMERIC NODULES), and LSS (LIKE SUNN SUPERNODULAOR), act in a systemic signalling pathway that limits nodule numbers. This pathway is also influenced by nitrogen availability, but it is not well known if AON genes control root and shoot phenotypes other than nodule numbers in response to nitrogen. We conducted a controlled glasshouse experiment to compare root and shoot phenotypes of mutants and wild type plants treated with four nitrate concentrations. All AON mutants showed altered rhizobia-independent phenotypes, including biomass allocation, lateral root length, lateral root density, and root length ratio. In response to nitrogen, uninoculated AON mutants were less plastic than the wild type in controlling root mass ratio, root length ratio, and lateral root length. This suggests that AON genes control nodulation-independent root architecture phenotypes in response to nitrogen. The phenotypic differences between wild type and AON mutants were exacerbated by the presence of nodules, pointing to resource competition as an additional mechanism affecting root and shoot responses to nitrogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chooi-Hua Goh
- Division of Plant Science, Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Adrienne B Nicotra
- Division of Evolution and Ecology, Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Ulrike Mathesius
- Division of Plant Science, Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
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23
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Laffont C, Huault E, Gautrat P, Endre G, Kalo P, Bourion V, Duc G, Frugier F. Independent Regulation of Symbiotic Nodulation by the SUNN Negative and CRA2 Positive Systemic Pathways. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2019; 180:559-570. [PMID: 30782966 PMCID: PMC6501087 DOI: 10.1104/pp.18.01588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2019] [Accepted: 02/06/2019] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Plant systemic signaling pathways allow the integration and coordination of shoot and root organ metabolism and development at the whole-plant level depending on nutrient availability. In legumes, two systemic pathways have been reported in the Medicago truncatula model to regulate root nitrogen-fixing symbiotic nodulation. Both pathways involve leucine-rich repeat receptor-like kinases acting in shoots and proposed to perceive signaling peptides produced in roots depending on soil nutrient availability. In this study, we characterized in the M. truncatula Jemalong A17 genotype a mutant allelic series affecting the Compact Root Architecture2 (CRA2) receptor. These analyses revealed that this pathway acts systemically from shoots to positively regulate nodulation and is required for the activity of carboxyl-terminally encoded peptides (CEPs). In addition, we generated a double mutant to test genetic interactions of the CRA2 systemic pathway with the CLAVATA3/EMBRYO SURROUNDING REGION peptide (CLE)/Super Numeric Nodule (SUNN) receptor systemic pathway negatively regulating nodule number from shoots, which revealed an intermediate nodule number phenotype close to the wild type. Finally, we showed that the nitrate inhibition of nodule numbers was observed in cra2 mutants but not in sunn and cra2 sunn mutants. Overall, these results suggest that CEP/CRA2 and CLE/SUNN systemic pathways act independently from shoots to regulate nodule numbers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carole Laffont
- Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université Paris Sud, Université Paris Diderot, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Université d'Evry, Université Paris-Saclay, 91190 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Emeline Huault
- Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université Paris Sud, Université Paris Diderot, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Université d'Evry, Université Paris-Saclay, 91190 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Pierre Gautrat
- Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université Paris Sud, Université Paris Diderot, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Université d'Evry, Université Paris-Saclay, 91190 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Gabriella Endre
- Institute of Plant Biology, Biological Research Centre, 6726 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Peter Kalo
- National Agricultural and Innovation Center, Agricultural Biotechnology Institute, 2100 Godollo, Hungary
| | - Virginie Bourion
- Agroécologie, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, AgroSup Dijon, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 21065 Dijon, France
| | - Gérard Duc
- Agroécologie, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, AgroSup Dijon, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 21065 Dijon, France
| | - Florian Frugier
- Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université Paris Sud, Université Paris Diderot, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Université d'Evry, Université Paris-Saclay, 91190 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
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24
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Ferguson BJ, Mens C, Hastwell AH, Zhang M, Su H, Jones CH, Chu X, Gresshoff PM. Legume nodulation: The host controls the party. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2019; 42:41-51. [PMID: 29808564 DOI: 10.1111/pce.13348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 170] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2018] [Revised: 05/16/2018] [Accepted: 05/16/2018] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Global demand to increase food production and simultaneously reduce synthetic nitrogen fertilizer inputs in agriculture are underpinning the need to intensify the use of legume crops. The symbiotic relationship that legume plants establish with nitrogen-fixing rhizobia bacteria is central to their advantage. This plant-microbe interaction results in newly developed root organs, called nodules, where the rhizobia convert atmospheric nitrogen gas into forms of nitrogen the plant can use. However, the process of developing and maintaining nodules is resource intensive; hence, the plant tightly controls the number of nodules forming. A variety of molecular mechanisms are used to regulate nodule numbers under both favourable and stressful growing conditions, enabling the plant to conserve resources and optimize development in response to a range of circumstances. Using genetic and genomic approaches, many components acting in the regulation of nodulation have now been identified. Discovering and functionally characterizing these components can provide genetic targets and polymorphic markers that aid in the selection of superior legume cultivars and rhizobia strains that benefit agricultural sustainability and food security. This review addresses recent findings in nodulation control, presents detailed models of the molecular mechanisms driving these processes, and identifies gaps in these processes that are not yet fully explained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brett J Ferguson
- Centre for Integrative Legume Research, School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Céline Mens
- Centre for Integrative Legume Research, School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - April H Hastwell
- Centre for Integrative Legume Research, School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Mengbai Zhang
- Centre for Integrative Legume Research, School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Huanan Su
- Centre for Integrative Legume Research, School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
- National Navel Orange Engineering Research Center, College of Life and Environmental Science, Gannan Normal University, Ganzhou, China
| | - Candice H Jones
- Centre for Integrative Legume Research, School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Xitong Chu
- Centre for Integrative Legume Research, School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Peter M Gresshoff
- Centre for Integrative Legume Research, School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
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Xu L, Wang C, Cao W, Zhou S, Wu T. CLAVATA1-type receptor-like kinase CsCLAVATA1 is a putative candidate gene for dwarf mutation in cucumber. Mol Genet Genomics 2018; 293:1393-1405. [PMID: 29971484 DOI: 10.1007/s00438-018-1467-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2018] [Accepted: 06/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Dwarf mutations have played vital roles in elucidating the regulatory molecular mechanisms of plant height. In this study, we identified a mutant named Csdw, whose mutagenesis was induced by ethyl methyl sulfonate in cucumber, and this mutant exhibited a dwarf phenotype with a reduced internode length because of the reduction of cell division in the main stem. The dwarf phenotype of Csdw could be partially rescued through GA3 application, and endogenous GA3 levels from the stem of Csdw decreased distinctly. Genetic analysis showed that Csdw was attributed to a recessive gene. The MutMap and Kompetitive Allele Specific PCR genotyping results revealed that Csa3G872760 (CsCLAVATA1), encoding a CLAVATA1-type receptor-like kinase, was a putative candidate gene for dwarf mutation in cucumber. The expression of CsCLAVATA1 in the stem of Csdw was lower than that of wild-type plants. Therefore, CsCLAVATA1 could regulate the dwarf phenotype in cucumber.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lilin Xu
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (Northeast Region), Ministry of Agriculture, Northeast Agricultural University, 600 Changjiang Road, Harbin, 150030, China
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Northeast Agricultural University, 600 Changjiang Road, Harbin, 150030, China
| | - Chao Wang
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (Northeast Region), Ministry of Agriculture, Northeast Agricultural University, 600 Changjiang Road, Harbin, 150030, China
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Northeast Agricultural University, 600 Changjiang Road, Harbin, 150030, China
| | - Wen Cao
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (Northeast Region), Ministry of Agriculture, Northeast Agricultural University, 600 Changjiang Road, Harbin, 150030, China
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Northeast Agricultural University, 600 Changjiang Road, Harbin, 150030, China
| | - Shengmao Zhou
- Guangxi Academy of Agricultural Science, 174 Daxuedong Road, Nanning, 530007, China
| | - Tao Wu
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (Northeast Region), Ministry of Agriculture, Northeast Agricultural University, 600 Changjiang Road, Harbin, 150030, China.
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Northeast Agricultural University, 600 Changjiang Road, Harbin, 150030, China.
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26
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Mirzaei S, Batley J, El-Mellouki T, Liu S, Meksem K, Ferguson BJ, Gresshoff PM. Neodiversification of homeologous CLAVATA1-like receptor kinase genes in soybean leads to distinct developmental outcomes. Sci Rep 2017; 7:8878. [PMID: 28827708 PMCID: PMC5566472 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-08252-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2017] [Accepted: 06/29/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The CLAVATA pathway that regulates stem cell numbers of the shoot apical meristem has exclusively been studied in Arabidopsis; as such insight into other species is warranted. In this study, a GmCLV1A mutant (F-S562L) with altered lateral organ development, and two mutants of GmNARK, isolated from a Forrest M2 population (EMS-mutated soybean) were studied. GmCLV1A and GmNARK encode for LRR receptor kinases, and share 92% of protein sequence. While GmNARK is critical for systemic regulation of nodulation (new organ made on the root through symbiosis), we show that GmCLV1A functions locally and has no apparent function in nodulation or root development. However, a recessive, loss-of-function mutation (S562L) in a putative S-glycosylation site of GmCLV1A causes stem nodal identity alterations as well as flower and pod abnormalities (deformed flower and pod). The mutant also exhibits a homeotic phenotype, displaying abnormal leaf development/number, vein-derived leaf emergence, and a thick, faciated stem. The mutant phenotype is also temperature-sensitive. Interestingly, a novel truncated version of GmCLV1A was identified upstream of GmCLV1A that is absent from GmNARK, but is present upstream of the GmNARK orthologues, MtSUNN and PvNARK. Taken together, our findings indicate that GmCLV1A acts on shoot architecture, whereas GmNARK, functions in controlling nodule numbers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saeid Mirzaei
- Centre for Integrative Legume Research, School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia
- Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Science, High Technology and Environmental Sciences, Graduate University of Advanced Technology, Kerman, Iran
| | - Jacqueline Batley
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, 6009, Australia
| | - Tarik El-Mellouki
- Department of Plant, Soil and Agricultural Systems, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, IL, 62901, USA
| | - Shiming Liu
- Department of Plant, Soil and Agricultural Systems, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, IL, 62901, USA
| | - Khalid Meksem
- Department of Plant, Soil and Agricultural Systems, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, IL, 62901, USA
| | - Brett J Ferguson
- Centre for Integrative Legume Research, School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Peter M Gresshoff
- Centre for Integrative Legume Research, School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia.
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27
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Muñoz-Azcarate O, González AM, Santalla M. Natural rhizobial diversity helps to reveal genes and QTLs associated with biological nitrogen fixation in common bean. AIMS Microbiol 2017; 3:435-466. [PMID: 31294170 PMCID: PMC6604995 DOI: 10.3934/microbiol.2017.3.435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2017] [Accepted: 05/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Common bean is one of the most important crops for human feed, and the most important legume for direct consumption by millions of people, especially in developing countries. It is a promiscuous host legume in terms of nodulation, able to associate with a broad and diverse range of rhizobia, although the competitiveness for nodulation and the nitrogen fixation capacity of most of these strains is generally low. As a result, common bean is very inefficient for symbiotic nitrogen fixation, and nitrogen has to be supplied with chemical fertilizers. In the last years, symbiotic nitrogen fixation has received increasing attention as a sustainable alternative to nitrogen fertilizers, and also as a more economic and available one in poor countries. Therefore, optimization of nitrogen fixation of bean-rhizobia symbioses and selection of efficient rhizobial strains should be a priority, which begins with the study of the natural diversity of the symbioses and the rhizobial populations associated. Natural rhizobia biodiversity that nodulates common bean may be a source of adaptive alleles acting through phenotypic plasticity. Crosses between accessions differing for nitrogen fixation may combine alleles that never meet in nature. Another way to discover adaptive genes is to use association genetics to identify loci that common bean plants use for enhanced biological nitrogen fixation and, in consequence, for marker assisted selection for genetic improvement of symbiotic nitrogen fixation. In this review, rhizobial biodiversity resources will be discussed, together with what is known about the loci that underlie such genetic variation, and the potential candidate genes that may influence the symbiosis' fitness benefits, thus achieving an optimal nitrogen fixation capacity in order to help reduce reliance on nitrogen fertilizers in common bean.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olaya Muñoz-Azcarate
- Departamento de Recursos Fitogenéticos, Grupo de Biología de Agrosistemas, Misión Biológica de Galicia-CSIC. P.O. Box 28. 36080 Pontevedra, Spain
| | - Ana M González
- Departamento de Recursos Fitogenéticos, Grupo de Biología de Agrosistemas, Misión Biológica de Galicia-CSIC. P.O. Box 28. 36080 Pontevedra, Spain
| | - Marta Santalla
- Departamento de Recursos Fitogenéticos, Grupo de Biología de Agrosistemas, Misión Biológica de Galicia-CSIC. P.O. Box 28. 36080 Pontevedra, Spain
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28
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Murray JD, Liu CW, Chen Y, Miller AJ. Nitrogen sensing in legumes. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2017; 68:1919-1926. [PMID: 27927992 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erw405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Legumes fix atmospheric nitrogen (N) in a symbiotic relationship with bacteria. For this reason, although legume crops can be low yielding and less profitable when compared with cereals, they are frequently included in crop rotations. Grain legumes form only a minor part of most human diets, and legume crops are greatly underutilized. Food security and soil fertility could be significantly improved by greater grain legume usage and increased improvement of a range of grain legumes. One limitation for the use of legumes as a source of N input into agricultural systems is the fact that the formation of N-fixing nodules is suppressed when soils are replete with n. In this review, we report what is known about this process and how soil N supply might be sensed and feed back to regulate nodulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy D Murray
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Cheng-Wu Liu
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Yi Chen
- Department of Metabolic Biology, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Anthony J Miller
- Department of Metabolic Biology, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
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29
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30
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Muñoz N, Qi X, Li MW, Xie M, Gao Y, Cheung MY, Wong FL, Lam HM. Improvement in nitrogen fixation capacity could be part of the domestication process in soybean. Heredity (Edinb) 2016; 117:84-93. [PMID: 27118154 PMCID: PMC4949726 DOI: 10.1038/hdy.2016.27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2015] [Revised: 02/14/2016] [Accepted: 03/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Biological nitrogen fixation (BNF) in soybeans is a complex process involving the interplay between the plant host and the symbiotic rhizobia. As nitrogen supply has a crucial role in growth and development, higher nitrogen fixation capacity would be important to achieve bigger plants and larger seeds, which were important selection criteria during plant domestication by humans. To test this hypothesis, we monitored the nitrogen fixation-related performance in 31 cultivated and 17 wild soybeans after inoculation with the slow-growing Bradyrhizobium diazoefficiens sp. nov. USDA110 and the fast-growing Sinorhizobium (Ensifer) fredii CCBAU45436. Our results showed that, in general, cultivated soybeans gave better performance in BNF. Electron microscopic studies indicated that there was an exceptionally high accumulation of poly-β-hydroxybutyrate bodies in bacteroids in the nodules of all wild soybeans tested, suggesting that the C/N balance in wild soybeans may not be optimized for nitrogen fixation. Furthermore, we identified new quantitative trait loci (QTLs) for total ureides and total nodule fresh weight by employing a recombinant inbred population composed of descendants from a cross between a cultivated and a wild parent. Using nucleotide diversity (θπ), divergence index (Fst) and distribution of fixed single-nucleotide polymorphisms as parameters, we found that some regions in the total ureides QTL on chromosome 17 and the total nodule fresh weight QTL on chromosome 12 exhibited very low diversity among cultivated soybeans, suggesting that these were traits specially selected during the domestication and breeding process.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Muñoz
- Centre for Soybean Research of the
Partner State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology and School of Life
Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin,
Hong Kong SAR
- Centro de Investigaciones
Agropecuarias-INTA, Instituto de Fisiología y Recursos
Genéticos Vegetales, Córdoba,
Argentina
- Cátedra de Fisiología
Vegetal, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Físicas y Naturales,
Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba,
Argentina
| | - X Qi
- Centre for Soybean Research of the
Partner State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology and School of Life
Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin,
Hong Kong SAR
| | - M-W Li
- Centre for Soybean Research of the
Partner State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology and School of Life
Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin,
Hong Kong SAR
| | - M Xie
- Centre for Soybean Research of the
Partner State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology and School of Life
Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin,
Hong Kong SAR
| | - Y Gao
- Centre for Soybean Research of the
Partner State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology and School of Life
Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin,
Hong Kong SAR
| | - M-Y Cheung
- Centre for Soybean Research of the
Partner State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology and School of Life
Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin,
Hong Kong SAR
| | - F-L Wong
- Centre for Soybean Research of the
Partner State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology and School of Life
Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin,
Hong Kong SAR
| | - H-M Lam
- Centre for Soybean Research of the
Partner State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology and School of Life
Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin,
Hong Kong SAR
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Campbell BW, Stupar RM. Soybean (Glycine max) Mutant and Germplasm Resources: Current Status and Future Prospects. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 1:307-327. [PMID: 30775866 DOI: 10.1002/cppb.20015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Genetic bottlenecks during domestication and modern breeding limited the genetic diversity of soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.). Therefore, expanding and diversifying soybean genetic resources is a major priority for the research community. These resources, consisting of natural and induced genetic variants, are valuable tools for improving soybean and furthering soybean biological knowledge. During the twentieth century, researchers gathered a wealth of genetic variation in the forms of landraces, Glycine soja accessions, Glycine tertiary germplasm, and the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) Type and Isoline Collections. During the twenty-first century, soybean researchers have added several new genetic and genomic resources. These include the reference genome sequence, genotype data for the USDA soybean germplasm collection, next-generation mapping populations, new irradiation and transposon-based mutagenesis populations, and designer nuclease platforms for genome engineering. This paper briefly surveys the publicly accessible soybean genetic resources currently available or in development and provides recommendations for developing such genetic resources in the future. © 2016 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin W Campbell
- Department of Agronomy and Plant Genetics, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota
| | - Robert M Stupar
- Department of Agronomy and Plant Genetics, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota
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32
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Reid DE, Heckmann AB, Novák O, Kelly S, Stougaard J. CYTOKININ OXIDASE/DEHYDROGENASE3 Maintains Cytokinin Homeostasis during Root and Nodule Development in Lotus japonicus. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2016; 170:1060-74. [PMID: 26644503 PMCID: PMC4734552 DOI: 10.1104/pp.15.00650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2015] [Accepted: 12/04/2015] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Cytokinins are required for symbiotic nodule development in legumes, and cytokinin signaling responses occur locally in nodule primordia and in developing nodules. Here, we show that the Lotus japonicus Ckx3 cytokinin oxidase/dehydrogenase gene is induced by Nod factor during the early phase of nodule initiation. At the cellular level, pCkx3::YFP reporter-gene studies revealed that the Ckx3 promoter is active during the first cortical cell divisions of the nodule primordium and in growing nodules. Cytokinin measurements in ckx3 mutants confirmed that CKX3 activity negatively regulates root cytokinin levels. Particularly, tZ and DHZ type cytokinins in both inoculated and uninoculated roots were elevated in ckx3 mutants, suggesting that these are targets for degradation by the CKX3 cytokinin oxidase/dehydrogenase. The effect of CKX3 on the positive and negative roles of cytokinin in nodule development, infection and regulation was further clarified using ckx3 insertion mutants. Phenotypic analysis indicated that ckx3 mutants have reduced nodulation, infection thread formation and root growth. We also identify a role for cytokinin in regulating nodulation and nitrogen fixation in response to nitrate as ckx3 phenotypes are exaggerated at increased nitrate levels. Together, these findings show that cytokinin accumulation is tightly regulated during nodulation in order to balance the requirement for cell divisions with negative regulatory effects of cytokinin on infection events and root development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dugald E Reid
- Centre for Carbohydrate Recognition and Signalling (CARB), Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Gustav Wieds Vej 10, Aarhus C, 8000, Denmark (D.E.R., A.B.H., S.K., J.S.); and Laboratory of Growth Regulators and Department of Chemical Biology and Genetics, Palacký University and Institute of Experimental Botany, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, CZ-78371, Olomouc, Czech Republic (O.N.)
| | - Anne B Heckmann
- Centre for Carbohydrate Recognition and Signalling (CARB), Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Gustav Wieds Vej 10, Aarhus C, 8000, Denmark (D.E.R., A.B.H., S.K., J.S.); and Laboratory of Growth Regulators and Department of Chemical Biology and Genetics, Palacký University and Institute of Experimental Botany, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, CZ-78371, Olomouc, Czech Republic (O.N.)
| | - Ondřej Novák
- Centre for Carbohydrate Recognition and Signalling (CARB), Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Gustav Wieds Vej 10, Aarhus C, 8000, Denmark (D.E.R., A.B.H., S.K., J.S.); and Laboratory of Growth Regulators and Department of Chemical Biology and Genetics, Palacký University and Institute of Experimental Botany, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, CZ-78371, Olomouc, Czech Republic (O.N.)
| | - Simon Kelly
- Centre for Carbohydrate Recognition and Signalling (CARB), Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Gustav Wieds Vej 10, Aarhus C, 8000, Denmark (D.E.R., A.B.H., S.K., J.S.); and Laboratory of Growth Regulators and Department of Chemical Biology and Genetics, Palacký University and Institute of Experimental Botany, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, CZ-78371, Olomouc, Czech Republic (O.N.)
| | - Jens Stougaard
- Centre for Carbohydrate Recognition and Signalling (CARB), Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Gustav Wieds Vej 10, Aarhus C, 8000, Denmark (D.E.R., A.B.H., S.K., J.S.); and Laboratory of Growth Regulators and Department of Chemical Biology and Genetics, Palacký University and Institute of Experimental Botany, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, CZ-78371, Olomouc, Czech Republic (O.N.)
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Paradiso R, Buonomo R, Dixon MA, Barbieri G, De Pascale S. Effect of bacterial root symbiosis and urea as source of nitrogen on performance of soybean plants grown hydroponically for Bioregenerative Life Support Systems (BLSSs). FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2015; 6:888. [PMID: 26579144 PMCID: PMC4620399 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2015.00888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2015] [Accepted: 10/06/2015] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Soybean is traditionally grown in soil, where root symbiosis with Bradyrhizobium japonicum can supply nitrogen (N), by means of bacterial fixation of atmospheric N2. Nitrogen fertilizers inhibit N-fixing bacteria. However, urea is profitably used in soybean cultivation in soil, where urease enzymes of telluric microbes catalyze the hydrolysis to ammonium, which has a lighter inhibitory effect compared to nitrate. Previous researches demonstrated that soybean can be grown hydroponically with recirculating complete nitrate-based nutrient solutions. In Space, urea derived from crew urine could be used as N source, with positive effects in resource procurement and waste recycling. However, whether the plants are able to use urea as the sole source of N and its effect on root symbiosis with B. japonicum is still unclear in hydroponics. We compared the effect of two N sources, nitrate and urea, on plant growth and physiology, and seed yield and quality of soybean grown in closed-loop Nutrient Film Technique (NFT) in growth chamber, with or without inoculation with B. japonicum. Urea limited plant growth and seed yield compared to nitrate by determining nutrient deficiency, due to its low utilization efficiency in the early developmental stages, and reduced nutrients uptake (K, Ca, and Mg) throughout the whole growing cycle. Root inoculation with B. japonicum did not improve plant performance, regardless of the N source. Specifically, nodulation increased under fertigation with urea compared to nitrate, but this effect did not result in higher leaf N content and better biomass and seed production. Urea was not suitable as sole N source for soybean in closed-loop NFT. However, the ability to use urea increased from young to adult plants, suggesting the possibility to apply it during reproductive phase or in combination with nitrate in earlier developmental stages. Root symbiosis did not contribute significantly to N nutrition and did not enhance the plant ability to use urea, possibly because of ineffective infection process and nodule functioning in hydroponics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberta Paradiso
- Division of Plant Biology and Crop Science, Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences, University of Naples Federico IIPortici, Italy
| | - Roberta Buonomo
- Division of Plant Biology and Crop Science, Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences, University of Naples Federico IIPortici, Italy
| | - Mike A. Dixon
- School of Environmental Sciences, University of GuelphGuelph, ON, Canada
| | - Giancarlo Barbieri
- Division of Plant Biology and Crop Science, Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences, University of Naples Federico IIPortici, Italy
| | - Stefania De Pascale
- Division of Plant Biology and Crop Science, Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences, University of Naples Federico IIPortici, Italy
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Ng JLP, Perrine-Walker F, Wasson AP, Mathesius U. The Control of Auxin Transport in Parasitic and Symbiotic Root-Microbe Interactions. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2015; 4:606-43. [PMID: 27135343 PMCID: PMC4844411 DOI: 10.3390/plants4030606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2015] [Revised: 08/12/2015] [Accepted: 08/18/2015] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Most field-grown plants are surrounded by microbes, especially from the soil. Some of these, including bacteria, fungi and nematodes, specifically manipulate the growth and development of their plant hosts, primarily for the formation of structures housing the microbes in roots. These developmental processes require the correct localization of the phytohormone auxin, which is involved in the control of cell division, cell enlargement, organ development and defense, and is thus a likely target for microbes that infect and invade plants. Some microbes have the ability to directly synthesize auxin. Others produce specific signals that indirectly alter the accumulation of auxin in the plant by altering auxin transport. This review highlights root-microbe interactions in which auxin transport is known to be targeted by symbionts and parasites to manipulate the development of their host root system. We include case studies for parasitic root-nematode interactions, mycorrhizal symbioses as well as nitrogen fixing symbioses in actinorhizal and legume hosts. The mechanisms to achieve auxin transport control that have been studied in model organisms include the induction of plant flavonoids that indirectly alter auxin transport and the direct targeting of auxin transporters by nematode effectors. In most cases, detailed mechanisms of auxin transport control remain unknown.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason Liang Pin Ng
- Division of Plant Science, Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Linnaeus Way, Building 134, Canberra ACT 2601, Australia.
| | | | | | - Ulrike Mathesius
- Division of Plant Science, Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Linnaeus Way, Building 134, Canberra ACT 2601, Australia.
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Djordjevic MA, Mohd-Radzman NA, Imin N. Small-peptide signals that control root nodule number, development, and symbiosis. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2015; 66:5171-81. [PMID: 26249310 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erv357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Many legumes have the capacity to enter into a symbiotic association with soil bacteria generically called 'rhizobia' that results in the formation of new lateral organs on roots called nodules within which the rhizobia fix atmospheric nitrogen (N). Up to 200 million tonnes of N per annum is fixed by this association. Therefore, this symbiosis plays an integral role in the N cycle and is exploited in agriculture to support the sustainable fixation of N for cropping and animal production in developing and developed nations. Root nodulation is an expendable developmental process and competency for nodulation is coupled to low-N conditions. Both nodule initiation and development is suppressed under high-N conditions. Although root nodule formation enables sufficient N to be fixed for legumes to grow under N-deficient conditions, the carbon cost is high and nodule number is tightly regulated by local and systemic mechanisms. How legumes co-ordinate nodule formation with the other main organs of nutrient acquisition, lateral roots, is not fully understood. Independent mechanisms appear to regulate lateral roots and nodules under low- and high-N regimes. Recently, several signalling peptides have been implicated in the local and systemic regulation of nodule and lateral root formation. Other peptide classes control the symbiotic interaction of rhizobia with the host. This review focuses on the roles played by signalling peptides during the early stages of root nodule formation, in the control of nodule number, and in the establishment of symbiosis. Here, we highlight the latest findings and the gaps in our understanding of these processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael A Djordjevic
- Division of Plant Sciences, Research School of Biology, College of Medicine, Biology and the Environment, The Australian National University, Canberra ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Nadiatul A Mohd-Radzman
- Division of Plant Sciences, Research School of Biology, College of Medicine, Biology and the Environment, The Australian National University, Canberra ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Nijat Imin
- Division of Plant Sciences, Research School of Biology, College of Medicine, Biology and the Environment, The Australian National University, Canberra ACT 2601, Australia
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Multiple Autoregulation of Nodulation (AON) Signals Identified through Split Root Analysis of Medicago truncatula sunn and rdn1 Mutants. PLANTS 2015; 4:209-24. [PMID: 27135324 PMCID: PMC4844323 DOI: 10.3390/plants4020209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2015] [Revised: 04/09/2015] [Accepted: 04/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Nodulation is energetically costly to the host: legumes balance the nitrogen demand with the energy expense by limiting the number of nodules through long-distance signaling. A split root system was used to investigate systemic autoregulation of nodulation (AON) in Medicago truncatula and the role of the AON genes RDN1 and SUNN in the regulatory circuit. Developing nodule primordia did not trigger AON in plants carrying mutations in RDN1 and SUNN genes, while wild type plants had fully induced AON within three days. However, despite lacking an early suppression response, AON mutants suppressed nodulation when roots were inoculated 10 days or more apart, correlated with the maturation of nitrogen fixing nodules. In addition to correlation between nitrogen fixation and suppression of nodulation, suppression by extreme nutrient stress was also observed in all genotypes and may be a component of the observed response due to the conditions of the assay. These results suggest there is more than one systemic regulatory circuit controlling nodulation in M. truncatula. While both signals are present in wild type plants, the second signal can only be observed in plants lacking the early repression (AON mutants). RDN1 and SUNN are not essential for response to the later signal.
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Okamoto S, Kawaguchi M. Shoot HAR1 mediates nitrate inhibition of nodulation in Lotus japonicus. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2015; 10:e1000138. [PMID: 26039467 PMCID: PMC4622647 DOI: 10.1080/15592324.2014.1000138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Nitrate is a major environmental factor in the inhibition of nodulation. In a model legume Lotus japonicus, a CLV1-like receptor kinase, HAR1, mediates nitrate inhibition and autoregulation of nodulation. Autoregulation of nodulation involves root-to-shoot-to-root long-distance communication, and HAR1 functions in shoots. However, it remains elusive where HAR1 functions in the nitrate inhibition of nodulation. We performed grafting experiments with the har1 mutant under various nitrate conditions, and found that shoot HAR1 is critical for the inhibition of nodulation at 10 mM nitrate. Combined with our recent finding that the nitrate-induced CLE-RS2 glycopeptide binds directly to the HAR1 receptor, this result suggests that CLE-RS2/HAR1 long-distance signaling plays an important role in the both nitrate inhibition and the autoregulation of nodulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoru Okamoto
- Division of Biological Science; Graduate School of Science; Nagoya University; Nagoya, Japan
- Research Fellow of the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science; Tokyo, Japan
- Correspondence to: Satoru Okamoto;
| | - Masayoshi Kawaguchi
- Division of Symbiotic Systems; National Institute for Basic Biology; Okazaki, Japan
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Saha S, DasGupta M. Does SUNN-SYMRK Crosstalk occur in Medicago truncatula for regulating nodule organogenesis? PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2015; 10:e1028703. [PMID: 25893374 PMCID: PMC4883944 DOI: 10.1080/15592324.2015.1028703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Recently we reported that overexpression of intracellular kinase domain of Symbiosis Receptor Kinase (SYMRK-kd) hyperactivated spontaneous nodulation in Medicago truncatula indicating the importance of SYMRK ectodomain in restricting nodule number. To clarify whether sunn and sickle pathways were overcome by SYMRK-kd for hyperactivation of nodule organogenesis, we overexpressed SYMRK-kd in these mutants and analyzed for spontaneous nodulation in absence of rhizobia. Spontaneous nodulation in skl/SYMRK-kd roots was 2-fold higher than A17/SYMRK-kd roots indicating nodule organogenesis induced by SYMRK-kd to be ethylene sensitive. Intriguingly, sunn/SYMRK-kd roots failed to generate any spontaneous nodule which directly indicate the LRR-RLK SUNN to have a role in SYMRK-kd mediated nodule development under non-symbiotic conditions. We hypothesize a crosstalk between SUNN and SYMRK receptors for activation as well as restriction of nodule development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudip Saha
- Department of Biochemistry; University of Calcutta; Kolkata, India
| | - Maitrayee DasGupta
- Department of Biochemistry; University of Calcutta; Kolkata, India
- Correspondence to: Maitrayee DasGupta;
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Gresshoff PM, Hayashi S, Biswas B, Mirzaei S, Indrasumunar A, Reid D, Samuel S, Tollenaere A, van Hameren B, Hastwell A, Scott P, Ferguson BJ. The value of biodiversity in legume symbiotic nitrogen fixation and nodulation for biofuel and food production. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2015; 172:128-36. [PMID: 25240795 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2014.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2014] [Revised: 05/13/2014] [Accepted: 05/13/2014] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Much of modern agriculture is based on immense populations of genetically identical or near-identical varieties, called cultivars. However, advancement of knowledge, and thus experimental utility, is found through biodiversity, whether naturally-found or induced by the experimenter. Globally we are confronted by ever-growing food and energy challenges. Here we demonstrate how such biodiversity from the food legume crop soybean (Glycine max L. Merr) and the bioenergy legume tree Pongamia (Millettia) pinnata is a great value. Legume plants are diverse and are represented by over 18,000 species on this planet. Some, such as soybean, pea and medics are used as food and animal feed crops. Others serve as ornamental (e.g., wisteria), timber (e.g., acacia/wattle) or biofuel (e.g., Pongamia pinnata) resources. Most legumes develop root organs (nodules) after microsymbiont induction that serve as their habitat for biological nitrogen fixation. Through this, nitrogen fertiliser demand is reduced by the efficient symbiosis between soil Rhizobium-type bacteria and the appropriate legume partner. Mechanistic research into the genetics, biochemistry and physiology of legumes is thus strategically essential for future global agriculture. Here we demonstrate how molecular plant science analysis of the genetics of an established food crop (soybean) and an emerging biofuel P. pinnata feedstock contributes to their utility by sustainable production aided by symbiotic nitrogen fixation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter M Gresshoff
- Centre for Integrative Legume Research (CILR), and School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane 4072, QLD, Australia.
| | - Satomi Hayashi
- Centre for Integrative Legume Research (CILR), and School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane 4072, QLD, Australia
| | - Bandana Biswas
- Centre for Integrative Legume Research (CILR), and School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane 4072, QLD, Australia
| | - Saeid Mirzaei
- Centre for Integrative Legume Research (CILR), and School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane 4072, QLD, Australia; Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Science, High Technology and Environmental Sciences, Graduate University of Advanced Technology, Kerman, Iran
| | - Arief Indrasumunar
- Centre for Integrative Legume Research (CILR), and School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane 4072, QLD, Australia
| | - Dugald Reid
- Centre for Integrative Legume Research (CILR), and School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane 4072, QLD, Australia
| | - Sharon Samuel
- Centre for Integrative Legume Research (CILR), and School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane 4072, QLD, Australia
| | - Alina Tollenaere
- Centre for Integrative Legume Research (CILR), and School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane 4072, QLD, Australia
| | - Bethany van Hameren
- Centre for Integrative Legume Research (CILR), and School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane 4072, QLD, Australia
| | - April Hastwell
- Centre for Integrative Legume Research (CILR), and School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane 4072, QLD, Australia
| | - Paul Scott
- Centre for Integrative Legume Research (CILR), and School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane 4072, QLD, Australia
| | - Brett J Ferguson
- Centre for Integrative Legume Research (CILR), and School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane 4072, QLD, Australia
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Lim CW, Lee YW, Lee SC, Hwang CH. Nitrate inhibits soybean nodulation by regulating expression of CLE genes. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2014; 229:1-9. [PMID: 25443828 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2014.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2014] [Revised: 08/19/2014] [Accepted: 08/21/2014] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Nitrogen compounds such as nitrate act as a potential inhibitor for legume nodulation. In this study, we isolated a new CLE gene, GmNIC2, from nitrate-treated roots, which shares high sequence homology with nitrate-induced CLE gene GmNIC1. Similar to GmNIC1, the expression level of GmNIC2 was not significantly altered in roots by rhizobial inoculation and was much higher in young nodules than in roots. In addition, overexpression of GmNIC2 led to similar nodulation inhibition of transgenic hairy roots to that of GmNIC1, which occurred in GmNARK-dependent manner and at the local level. By analyzing GmNARK loss-of-function mutant, SS2-2, it was found that expression levels of GmNIC1 and GmNIC2 in the SS2-2 roots were lower than in the wild type (WT) roots in response to nitrate. In contrast to GmNIC1 and GmNIC2, expressions of GmRIC1 and GmRIC2 genes that are related to the autoregulation of nodulation (AON) were strongly suppressed both of the soybeans during all periods of nitrate treatment and even were not induced by additional inoculation with rhizobia. Taken together, the results of this study suggest that GmNIC2, as an active homologous gene located in chromosome 13, acts locally to suppress nodulation, like GmNIC1, and nitrate inhibition of nodulation is led by fine-tuned regulation of both nitrate-induced CLEs and rhizobia-induced CLEs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chae Woo Lim
- Department of Crop Science and Biotechnology, Dankook University, San 29 Anseodong, Cheonan, Chungnam 330-714, Republic of Korea; Department of Life Science (BK21 Program), Chung-Ang University, Seoul 157-756, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Woo Lee
- Department of Crop Science and Biotechnology, Dankook University, San 29 Anseodong, Cheonan, Chungnam 330-714, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Chul Lee
- Department of Life Science (BK21 Program), Chung-Ang University, Seoul 157-756, Republic of Korea
| | - Cheol Ho Hwang
- Department of Crop Science and Biotechnology, Dankook University, San 29 Anseodong, Cheonan, Chungnam 330-714, Republic of Korea.
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Ferguson BJ, Li D, Hastwell AH, Reid DE, Li Y, Jackson SA, Gresshoff PM. The soybean (Glycine max) nodulation-suppressive CLE peptide, GmRIC1, functions interspecifically in common white bean (Phaseolus vulgaris), but not in a supernodulating line mutated in the receptor PvNARK. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2014; 12:1085-97. [PMID: 25040127 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.12216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2014] [Revised: 05/21/2014] [Accepted: 05/27/2014] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Legume plants regulate the number of nitrogen-fixing root nodules they form via a process called the Autoregulation of Nodulation (AON). Despite being one of the most economically important and abundantly consumed legumes, little is known about the AON pathway of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris). We used comparative- and functional-genomic approaches to identify central components in the AON pathway of common bean. This includes identifying PvNARK, which encodes a LRR receptor kinase that acts to regulate root nodule numbers. A novel, truncated version of the gene was identified directly upstream of PvNARK, similar to Medicago truncatula, but not seen in Lotus japonicus or soybean. Two mutant alleles of PvNARK were identified that cause a classic shoot-controlled and nitrate-tolerant supernodulation phenotype. Homeologous over-expression of the nodulation-suppressive CLE peptide-encoding soybean gene, GmRIC1, abolished nodulation in wild-type bean, but had no discernible effect on PvNARK-mutant plants. This demonstrates that soybean GmRIC1 can function interspecifically in bean, acting in a PvNARK-dependent manner. Identification of bean PvRIC1, PvRIC2 and PvNIC1, orthologues of the soybean nodulation-suppressive CLE peptides, revealed a high degree of conservation, particularly in the CLE domain. Overall, our work identified four new components of bean nodulation control and a truncated copy of PvNARK, discovered the mutation responsible for two supernodulating bean mutants and demonstrated that soybean GmRIC1 can function in the AON pathway of bean.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brett J Ferguson
- Centre for Integrative Legume Research, School of Agricultural and Food Sciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Brisbane, Qld, Australia
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de Jong M, George G, Ongaro V, Williamson L, Willetts B, Ljung K, McCulloch H, Leyser O. Auxin and strigolactone signaling are required for modulation of Arabidopsis shoot branching by nitrogen supply. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2014; 166:384-95. [PMID: 25059707 PMCID: PMC4149722 DOI: 10.1104/pp.114.242388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2014] [Accepted: 07/21/2014] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The degree of shoot branching is strongly affected by environmental conditions, such as nutrient availability. Here we demonstrate that nitrate limitation reduces shoot branching in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) both by delaying axillary bud activation and by attenuating the basipetal sequence of bud activation that is triggered following floral transition. Ammonium supply has similar effects, suggesting that they are caused by plant nitrogen (N) status, rather than direct nitrate signaling. We identify increased auxin export from active shoot apices, resulting in increased auxin in the polar auxin transport stream of the main stem, as a likely cause for the suppression of basal branches. Consistent with this idea, in the auxin response mutant axr1 and the strigolactone biosynthesis mutant more axillary growth1, increased retention of basal branches on low N is associated with a failure to increase auxin in the main stem. The complex interactions between the hormones that regulate branching make it difficult to rule out other mechanisms of N action, such as up-regulation of strigolactone synthesis. However, the proposed increase in auxin export from active buds can also explain how reduced shoot branching is achieved without compromising root growth, leading to the characteristic shift in relative biomass allocation to the root when N is limiting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maaike de Jong
- Sainsbury Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1LR, United Kingdom (M.d.J., H.M., O.L.);Department of Biology, University of York, York YO10 5DD, United Kingdom (G.G., V.O., L.W., B.W., O.L.); andUmeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE-901 83 Umea, Sweden (K.L.)
| | - Gilu George
- Sainsbury Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1LR, United Kingdom (M.d.J., H.M., O.L.);Department of Biology, University of York, York YO10 5DD, United Kingdom (G.G., V.O., L.W., B.W., O.L.); andUmeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE-901 83 Umea, Sweden (K.L.)
| | - Veronica Ongaro
- Sainsbury Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1LR, United Kingdom (M.d.J., H.M., O.L.);Department of Biology, University of York, York YO10 5DD, United Kingdom (G.G., V.O., L.W., B.W., O.L.); andUmeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE-901 83 Umea, Sweden (K.L.)
| | - Lisa Williamson
- Sainsbury Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1LR, United Kingdom (M.d.J., H.M., O.L.);Department of Biology, University of York, York YO10 5DD, United Kingdom (G.G., V.O., L.W., B.W., O.L.); andUmeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE-901 83 Umea, Sweden (K.L.)
| | - Barbara Willetts
- Sainsbury Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1LR, United Kingdom (M.d.J., H.M., O.L.);Department of Biology, University of York, York YO10 5DD, United Kingdom (G.G., V.O., L.W., B.W., O.L.); andUmeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE-901 83 Umea, Sweden (K.L.)
| | - Karin Ljung
- Sainsbury Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1LR, United Kingdom (M.d.J., H.M., O.L.);Department of Biology, University of York, York YO10 5DD, United Kingdom (G.G., V.O., L.W., B.W., O.L.); andUmeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE-901 83 Umea, Sweden (K.L.)
| | - Hayley McCulloch
- Sainsbury Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1LR, United Kingdom (M.d.J., H.M., O.L.);Department of Biology, University of York, York YO10 5DD, United Kingdom (G.G., V.O., L.W., B.W., O.L.); andUmeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE-901 83 Umea, Sweden (K.L.)
| | - Ottoline Leyser
- Sainsbury Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1LR, United Kingdom (M.d.J., H.M., O.L.);Department of Biology, University of York, York YO10 5DD, United Kingdom (G.G., V.O., L.W., B.W., O.L.); andUmeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE-901 83 Umea, Sweden (K.L.)
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Moreira V, Justino GC, Camargos LS, Aguiar LF. Características adaptativas da associação simbiótica e da fixação biológica do nitrogênio molecular em plantas jovens de Lonchocarpus muehlbergianus Hassl., uma leguminosa arbórea nativa do Cerrado. RODRIGUÉSIA 2014. [DOI: 10.1590/s2175-78602014000200013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
O nitrogênio mineral afeta negativamente a simbiose e a fixação biológica do nitrogênio em plantas cultivadas. Entretanto, este efeito não é verificado em algumas espécies arbóreas, pouco estudadas até o momento. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a capacidade de Lonchocarpus muehlbergianus, espécie arbórea nativa do Cerrado, em utilizar o nitrogênio molecular, na presença do nitrogênio mineral (nitrato), característica desejável para plantas fixadoras crescendo em solos com nitrato como principal forma de nitrogênio disponível. Foram determinados o número e a massa seca dos nódulos, da parte aérea e das raízes, bem como o conteúdo de nitrato, aminoácidos e ureídeos, transportados pelo xilema e a atividade da redutase do nitrato. Foi observado que o número e a massa seca dos nódulos não foram negativamente afetados pelo nitrato. Ocorreu pequeno aumento na massa seca da parte aérea e do sistema radicular de plantas noduladas tratadas com nitrato, resultado verificado também para os teores de aminoácidos, ureídeos e atividade da redutase do nitrato. Os resultados obtidos sugerem que a espécie tem capacidade de utilizar tanto nitrogênio mineral quanto molecular, uma vez que o transporte de ureídeos, do sistema radicular para a parte aérea, não foi reduzido em plantas noduladas tratadas com nitrato.
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Root-Determined Hypernodulation Mutant ofLotus japonicusShows High-Yielding Characteristics. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2014; 73:1690-2. [DOI: 10.1271/bbb.90046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Biswas B, Gresshoff PM. The role of symbiotic nitrogen fixation in sustainable production of biofuels. Int J Mol Sci 2014; 15:7380-97. [PMID: 24786096 PMCID: PMC4057678 DOI: 10.3390/ijms15057380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2014] [Revised: 03/25/2014] [Accepted: 03/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
With the ever-increasing population of the world (expected to reach 9.6 billion by 2050), and altered life style, comes an increased demand for food, fuel and fiber. However, scarcity of land, water and energy accompanied by climate change means that to produce enough to meet the demands is getting increasingly challenging. Today we must use every avenue from science and technology available to address these challenges. The natural process of symbiotic nitrogen fixation, whereby plants such as legumes fix atmospheric nitrogen gas to ammonia, usable by plants can have a substantial impact as it is found in nature, has low environmental and economic costs and is broadly established. Here we look at the importance of symbiotic nitrogen fixation in the production of biofuel feedstocks; how this process can address major challenges, how improving nitrogen fixation is essential, and what we can do about it.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bandana Biswas
- Centre for Integrative Legume Research (CILR), the University of Queensland, St Lucia Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia.
| | - Peter M Gresshoff
- Centre for Integrative Legume Research (CILR), the University of Queensland, St Lucia Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia.
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Cabeza RA, Lingner A, Liese R, Sulieman S, Senbayram M, Tränkner M, Dittert K, Schulze J. The activity of nodules of the supernodulating mutant Mtsunn is not limited by photosynthesis under optimal growth conditions. Int J Mol Sci 2014; 15:6031-45. [PMID: 24727372 PMCID: PMC4013613 DOI: 10.3390/ijms15046031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2014] [Revised: 03/07/2014] [Accepted: 03/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Legumes match the nodule number to the N demand of the plant. When a mutation in the regulatory mechanism deprives the plant of that ability, an excessive number of nodules are formed. These mutants show low productivity in the fields, mainly due to the high carbon burden caused through the necessity to supply numerous nodules. The objective of this study was to clarify whether through optimal conditions for growth and CO2 assimilation a higher nodule activity of a supernodulating mutant of Medicago truncatula (M. truncatula) can be induced. Several experimental approaches reveal that under the conditions of our experiments, the nitrogen fixation of the supernodulating mutant, designated as sunn (super numeric nodules), was not limited by photosynthesis. Higher specific nitrogen fixation activity could not be induced through short- or long-term increases in CO2 assimilation around shoots. Furthermore, a whole plant P depletion induced a decline in nitrogen fixation, however this decline did not occur significantly earlier in sunn plants, nor was it more intense compared to the wild-type. However, a distinctly different pattern of nitrogen fixation during the day/night cycles of the experiment indicates that the control of N2 fixing activity of the large number of nodules is an additional problem for the productivity of supernodulating mutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo A Cabeza
- Department for Crop Science, Section for Plant Nutrition and Crop Physiology, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Goettingen, Carl-Sprengel-Weg 1, Goettingen 37075, Germany.
| | - Annika Lingner
- Department for Crop Science, Section for Plant Nutrition and Crop Physiology, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Goettingen, Carl-Sprengel-Weg 1, Goettingen 37075, Germany.
| | - Rebecca Liese
- Department for Crop Science, Section for Plant Nutrition and Crop Physiology, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Goettingen, Carl-Sprengel-Weg 1, Goettingen 37075, Germany.
| | - Saad Sulieman
- Signaling Pathway Research Unit, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, 1-7-22, Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan.
| | - Mehmet Senbayram
- Institute for Applied Plant Nutrition, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Goettingen, Carl-Sprengel-Weg 1, Goettingen 37075, Germany.
| | - Merle Tränkner
- Institute for Applied Plant Nutrition, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Goettingen, Carl-Sprengel-Weg 1, Goettingen 37075, Germany.
| | - Klaus Dittert
- Department for Crop Science, Section for Plant Nutrition and Crop Physiology, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Goettingen, Carl-Sprengel-Weg 1, Goettingen 37075, Germany.
| | - Joachim Schulze
- Department for Crop Science, Section for Plant Nutrition and Crop Physiology, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Goettingen, Carl-Sprengel-Weg 1, Goettingen 37075, Germany.
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Schaarschmidt S, Gresshoff PM, Hause B. Analyzing the soybean transcriptome during autoregulation of mycorrhization identifies the transcription factors GmNF-YA1a/b as positive regulators of arbuscular mycorrhization. Genome Biol 2013; 14:R62. [PMID: 23777981 PMCID: PMC3706930 DOI: 10.1186/gb-2013-14-6-r62] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2013] [Revised: 05/10/2013] [Accepted: 06/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Similarly to the legume-rhizobia symbiosis, the arbuscular mycorrhiza interaction is controlled by autoregulation representing a feedback inhibition involving the CLAVATA1-like receptor kinase NARK in shoots. However, little is known about signals and targets down-stream of NARK. To find NARK-related transcriptional changes in mycorrhizal soybean (Glycine max) plants, we analyzed wild-type and two nark mutant lines interacting with the arbuscular mycorrhiza fungus Rhizophagus irregularis. RESULTS Affymetrix GeneChip analysis of non-inoculated and partially inoculated plants in a split-root system identified genes with potential regulation by arbuscular mycorrhiza or NARK. Most transcriptional changes occur locally during arbuscular mycorrhiza symbiosis and independently of NARK. RT-qPCR analysis verified nine genes as NARK-dependently regulated. Most of them have lower expression in roots or shoots of wild type compared to nark mutants, including genes encoding the receptor kinase GmSIK1, proteins with putative function as ornithine acetyl transferase, and a DEAD box RNA helicase. A predicted annexin named GmAnnx1a is differentially regulated by NARK and arbuscular mycorrhiza in distinct plant organs. Two putative CCAAT-binding transcription factor genes named GmNF-YA1a and GmNF-YA1b are down-regulated NARK-dependently in non-infected roots of mycorrhizal wild-type plants and functional gene analysis confirmed a positive role for these genes in the development of an arbuscular mycorrhiza symbiosis. CONCLUSIONS Our results indicate GmNF-YA1a/b as positive regulators in arbuscular mycorrhiza establishment, whose expression is down-regulated by NARK in the autoregulated root tissue thereby diminishing subsequent infections. Genes regulated independently of arbuscular mycorrhization by NARK support an additional function of NARK in symbioses-independent mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Schaarschmidt
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry (IPB), Weinberg 3, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
- Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Faculty of Agriculture and Horticulture, Division Urban Plant Ecophysiology, Lentzeallee 55-57, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Peter M Gresshoff
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Integrative Legume Research (CILR), The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Bettina Hause
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry (IPB), Weinberg 3, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
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Choudhury SR, Pandey S. Specific subunits of heterotrimeric G proteins play important roles during nodulation in soybean. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2013; 162:522-33. [PMID: 23569109 PMCID: PMC3641229 DOI: 10.1104/pp.113.215400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2013] [Accepted: 04/04/2013] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Heterotrimeric G proteins comprising Gα, Gβ, and Gγ subunits regulate many fundamental growth and development processes in all eukaryotes. Plants possess a relatively limited number of G-protein components compared with mammalian systems, and their detailed functional characterization has been performed mostly in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) and rice (Oryza sativa). However, the presence of single Gα and Gβ proteins in both these species has significantly undermined the complexity and specificity of response regulation in plant G-protein signaling. There is ample pharmacological evidence for the role of G proteins in regulation of legume-specific processes such as nodulation, but the lack of genetic data from a leguminous species has restricted its direct assessment. Our recent identification and characterization of an elaborate G-protein family in soybean (Glycine max) and the availability of appropriate molecular-genetic resources have allowed us to directly evaluate the role of G-protein subunits during nodulation. We demonstrate that all G-protein genes are expressed in nodules and exhibit significant changes in their expression in response to Bradyrhizobium japonicum infection and in representative supernodulating and nonnodulating soybean mutants. RNA interference suppression and overexpression of specific G-protein components results in lower and higher nodule numbers, respectively, validating their roles as positive regulators of nodule formation. Our data further show preferential usage of distinct G-protein subunits in the presence of an additional signal during nodulation. Interestingly, the Gα proteins directly interact with the soybean nodulation factor receptors NFR1α and NFR1β, suggesting that the plant G proteins may couple with receptors other than the canonical heptahelical receptors common in metazoans to modulate signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sona Pandey
- Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, St. Louis, Missouri 63132
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Murakami Y, Yokoyama H, Fukui R, Kawaguchi M. Down-regulation of NSP2 expression in developmentally young regions of Lotus japonicus roots in response to rhizobial inoculation. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2013; 54:518-27. [PMID: 23335614 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pct008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
During the early 1980s, Bauer and associates reported that nodulation potential in primary roots of soybean seedlings following inoculation with rhizobia was significantly reduced in developmentally younger regions. They suggested that this phenomenon might be due to a fast-acting regulatory mechanism in the host that prevented excessive nodulation. However, the molecular mechanism of this fast-acting regulatory response remains uncertain. Here, we sought to elucidate components of this regulatory mechanism by investigating the expression of the NSP1 and NSP2 genes that encode a GRAS transcription factor required for nodule initiation. First, we confirmed that younger regions of Lotus japonicus roots also show a reduction in nodule numbers in response to Mesorhizobium loti. Then, we compared the expression levels of NSP1 and NSP2 in developmentally younger regions of primary roots. After inoculation with M. loti, expression of NSP1 was transiently induced whereas that of NSP2 was significantly down-regulated 1 d after inoculation. This result implicates that down-regulation of NSP2 might cause a fast-acting regulatory mechanism to prevent further nodulation. Next we overexpressed NSP2 in wild-type plants. Overexpression resulted in the clustering of nodules in the upper region of the root but strong suppression of nodulation in the lower region. In contrast, overexpression of NSP2 in har1 hypernodulating mutants resulted in an increased number of nodule primordia even in the root tip region. These results indicate that HAR1 negatively regulates NSP2-induced excessive nodule formation in the developmentally younger regions of roots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuhiro Murakami
- Division of Symbiotic Systems, National Institute for Basic Biology, Okazaki, Aichi, 444-8585 Japan
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Hayashi S, Gresshoff PM, Ferguson BJ. Systemic Signalling in Legume Nodulation: Nodule Formation and Its Regulation. LONG-DISTANCE SYSTEMIC SIGNALING AND COMMUNICATION IN PLANTS 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-36470-9_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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