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Zhang X, Qin H, Kan Z, Liu D, Wang B, Fan S, Jiang P. Growth and non-structural carbohydrates response patterns of Eucommia ulmoides under salt and drought stress. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2024; 15:1436152. [PMID: 39091320 PMCID: PMC11291362 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2024.1436152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2024] [Accepted: 06/27/2024] [Indexed: 08/04/2024]
Abstract
Introduction Salinity and droughts are severe abiotic stress factors that limit plant growth and development. However, the differences and similarities of non-structural carbohydrates (NSCs) responses patterns of trees under the two stress conditions remain unclear. Methods We determined and compared the growth, physiology, and NSCs response patterns and tested the relationships between growth and NSCs concentrations (or pool size) of Eucommia ulmoides seedlings planted in field under drought and salt stress with different intensities and durations. Results and discussion We found that drought and salt stress can inhibit the growth of E. ulmoides, and E. ulmoides tended to enhance its stress resistance by increasing proline concentration and leaf thickness or density but decreasing investment in belowground biomass in short-term stress. During short-term drought and salt stress, the aboveground organs showed different NSCs response characteristics, while belowground organs showed similar change characteristics: the starch (ST) and NSCs concentrations in the coarse roots decreased, while the ST and soluble sugar (SS) concentrations in the fine roots increased to enhance stress resistance and maintain water absorption function. As salt and drought stress prolonged, the belowground organs represented different NSCs response patterns: the concentrations of ST and SS in fine roots decreased as salt stress prolonged; while ST in fine roots could still be converted into SS to maintain water absorption as drought prolonged, resulting in an increase of SS and a decrease of ST. Significant positive relationships were found between growth and the SS and total NSCs concentrations in leaves and branches, however, no significant correlations were found between growth and below-ground organs. Moreover, relationships between growth and NSCs pool size across organs could be contrast. Conclusion Our results provide important insights into the mechanisms of carbon balance and carbon starvation and the relationship between tree growth and carbon storage under stress, which were of great significance in guiding for the management of artificial forest ecosystem under the context of global change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuejie Zhang
- Key Lab of Plant Stress Research, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Ji’nan, China
- Dongying Key Laboratory of Salt Tolerance Mechanism and Application of Halophytes, Dongying Institute, Shandong Normal University, Dongying, China
| | - Hao Qin
- Key Lab of Plant Stress Research, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Ji’nan, China
| | - Zhenchao Kan
- Key Lab of Plant Stress Research, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Ji’nan, China
| | - Dan Liu
- Shandong Provincial Center of Forest and Grass Germplasm Resources, Ji’nan, China
| | - Bingxin Wang
- Dalin Eucommia planting company of Gaomi County, Weifang, China
| | - Shoujin Fan
- Key Lab of Plant Stress Research, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Ji’nan, China
- Dongying Key Laboratory of Salt Tolerance Mechanism and Application of Halophytes, Dongying Institute, Shandong Normal University, Dongying, China
| | - Peipei Jiang
- Key Lab of Plant Stress Research, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Ji’nan, China
- Dongying Key Laboratory of Salt Tolerance Mechanism and Application of Halophytes, Dongying Institute, Shandong Normal University, Dongying, China
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Alon A, Cohen S, Burlett R, Eselson E, Riov J, Delzon S, David-Schwartz R. Leaf membrane leakage and xylem hydraulic failure define the point of no return in drought-induced tree mortality in Cupressus sempervirens. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2024; 176:e14467. [PMID: 39140130 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.14467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2024] [Revised: 07/03/2024] [Accepted: 07/08/2024] [Indexed: 08/15/2024]
Abstract
Measurements of resistance to embolism suggest that Cupressus sempervirens has a stem xylem that resists embolism at very negative water potentials, with 50% embolism (P50) at water potentials of approximately -10 MPa. However, field observations in a semi-arid region suggest tree mortality occurs before 10% embolism. To explore the interplay between embolism and plant mortality, we conducted a controlled drought experiment involving two types of CS seedlings: a local seed source (S-type) and a drought-resistant clone propagated from a semi-arid forest (C-type). We measured resistance to embolism, leaf relative water content (RWC), water potential, photosynthesis, electrolyte leakage (EL), plant water loss, leaf hydraulic conductivity, and leaf non-structural carbohydrate (NSC) content during plant dehydration and before rewatering. All measured individuals were monitored for survival or mortality. While the S- and C-types differed in P50, transpiration, and mortality rates, both displayed seedling mortality corresponding to threshold values of 52-55% leaf RWC, 55% and 18.5% percent loss of conductivity (PLC) in the xylem, which corresponds to 48% and 37% average EL values for S and C types, respectively. Although C-type C. sempervirens NSC content increased in response to drought, no differences were observed in NSC content between live and dead seedlings of both types. Our findings do not fully explain tree mortality in the field but they do indicate that loss of membrane integrity occurs before or at xylem water potential, leading to hydraulic failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asaf Alon
- Institute of Plant Sciences, Volcani Center, Agricultural Research Organization, Rishon LeZion, Israel
- Institute of Soil, Water and Environmental Sciences, Volcani Center, Agricultural Research Organization, Rishon LeZion, Israel
- Institute of Plant Sciences and Genetics in Agriculture, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Shabtai Cohen
- Institute of Soil, Water and Environmental Sciences, Volcani Center, Agricultural Research Organization, Rishon LeZion, Israel
| | | | - Elena Eselson
- Institute of Plant Sciences, Volcani Center, Agricultural Research Organization, Rishon LeZion, Israel
| | - Joseph Riov
- Institute of Plant Sciences and Genetics in Agriculture, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | | | - Rakefet David-Schwartz
- Institute of Plant Sciences, Volcani Center, Agricultural Research Organization, Rishon LeZion, Israel
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3
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Han Q, Yang L, Xia L, Zhang H, Zhang S. Interspecific grafting promotes poplar growth and drought resistance via regulating phytohormone signaling and secondary metabolic pathways. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2024; 210:108594. [PMID: 38581808 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2024.108594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Revised: 11/22/2023] [Accepted: 04/01/2024] [Indexed: 04/08/2024]
Abstract
Populus cathayana (C) grafted onto P. deltoides (D) (C/D) can promote growth better than self-grafting (C/C and D/D). However, the mechanisms underlying growth and resistance to drought stress are not clear. In this study, we performed physiological and RNA-seq analysis on the different grafted combinations. It was found that C/D plants exhibited higher growth, net photosynthetic rate, IAA content and intrinsic water use efficiency (WUEi) than C/C and D/D plants under both well-watered and drought-stressed conditions. However, most growth, photosynthetic indices, and IAA content were decreased less in C/D, whereas ABA content, WUEi and root characteristics (e.g., root length, volume, surface area and vitality) were increased more in C/D than in other grafting combinations under drought-stressed conditions. Transcriptomic analysis revealed that the number of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in leaves of C/D vs C/C (control, 181; drought, 121) was much lower than that in the roots of C/D vs D/D (control, 1639; drought, 1706), indicating that the rootstocks were more responsive to drought resistance. KEGG and GO functional enrichment analysis showed that the enhanced growth and drought resistance of C/D were mainly related to DEGs involved in the pathways of ABA and IAA signaling, and secondary metabolite biosynthesis, especially the pathways for lignin and dopamine synthesis and metabolism. Therefore, our results further demonstrated the dominant role of rootstock in drought resistance, and enriched our knowledge on the mechanism of how interspecific grafting enhanced the growth and drought resistance in poplar.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingquan Han
- The Engineering Research Institute of Agriculture and Forestry, Ludong University, 186 Hongqizhong Road, Yantai, 264025, China; Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China
| | - Le Yang
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China
| | - Linchao Xia
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China
| | - Hongxia Zhang
- The Engineering Research Institute of Agriculture and Forestry, Ludong University, 186 Hongqizhong Road, Yantai, 264025, China.
| | - Sheng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China.
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He R, Shi H, Hu M, Zhou Q, Zhang Q, Dang H. Divergent effects of warming on nonstructural carbohydrates in woody plants: a meta-analysis. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2023; 175:e14117. [PMID: 38148215 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.14117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2023] [Revised: 11/18/2023] [Accepted: 12/01/2023] [Indexed: 12/28/2023]
Abstract
Nonstructural carbohydrates (NSC, including soluble sugars and starch) are essential for supporting growth and survival of woody plants, and play multifunctional roles in various ecophysiological processes that are being rapidly changed by climate warming. However, it still remains unclear whether there is a consistent response pattern of NSC dynamics in woody plants to climate warming across organ types and species taxa. Here, based on a compiled database of 52 woody plant species worldwide, we conducted a meta-analysis to investigate the effects of experimental warming on NSC dynamics. Our results indicated that the responses of NSC dynamics to warming were primarily driven by the fluctuations of starch, while soluble sugars did not undergo significant changes. The effects of warming on NSC shifted from negative to positive with the extension of warming duration, while the negative warming effects on NSC became more pronounced as warming magnitude increased. Overall, our study showed the divergent responses of NSC and its components in different organs of woody plants to experimental warming, suggesting a potentially changed carbon (C) balance in woody plants in future global warming. Thus, our findings highlight that predicting future changes in plant functions and terrestrial C cycle requires a mechanism understanding of how NSC is linked to a specific global change driver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui He
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Botany and Watershed Ecology, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, P.R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Hang Shi
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Botany and Watershed Ecology, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, P.R. China
| | - Man Hu
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Botany and Watershed Ecology, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, P.R. China
| | - Quan Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Botany and Watershed Ecology, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, P.R. China
| | - Quanfa Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Botany and Watershed Ecology, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, P.R. China
| | - Haishan Dang
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Botany and Watershed Ecology, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, P.R. China
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5
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Zi L, Reynaert S, Nijs I, De Boeck H, Verbruggen E, Beemster GTS, Asard H, AbdElgawad H. Biochemical composition changes can be linked to the tolerance of four grassland species under more persistent precipitation regimes. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2023; 175:e14083. [PMID: 38148201 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.14083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Revised: 10/29/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 12/28/2023]
Abstract
Climate models suggest that the persistence of summer precipitation regimes (PRs) is on the rise, characterized by both longer dry and longer wet durations. These PR changes may alter plant biochemical composition and thereby their economic and ecological characteristics. However, impacts of PR persistence have primarily been studied at the community level, largely ignoring the biochemistry of individual species. Here, we analyzed biochemical components of four grassland species with varying sensitivity to PR persistence (Holcus lanatus, Phleum pratense, Lychnis flos-cuculi, Plantago lanceolata) along a range of increasingly persistent PRs (longer consecutive dry and wet periods) in a mesocosm experiment. The more persistent PRs decreased nonstructural sugars, whereas they increased lignin in all species, possibly reducing plant quality. The most sensitive species Lychnis seemed less capable of altering its biochemical composition in response to altered PRs, which may partly explain its higher sensitivity. The more tolerant species may have a more robust and dynamic biochemical network, which buffers the effects of changes in individual biochemical components on biomass. We conclude that the biochemical composition changes are important determinants for plant performance under increasingly persistent precipitation regimes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Zi
- Integrated Molecular Plant Physiology Research (IMPRES), Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Simon Reynaert
- Plants and Ecosystems (PLECO), Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Ivan Nijs
- Plants and Ecosystems (PLECO), Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Hans De Boeck
- Plants and Ecosystems (PLECO), Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Erik Verbruggen
- Plants and Ecosystems (PLECO), Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Gerrit T S Beemster
- Integrated Molecular Plant Physiology Research (IMPRES), Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Han Asard
- Integrated Molecular Plant Physiology Research (IMPRES), Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Hamada AbdElgawad
- Integrated Molecular Plant Physiology Research (IMPRES), Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
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Chang CY, Unda F, Mansfield SD, Ensminger I. Rapid response of nonstructural carbohydrate allocation and photosynthesis to short photoperiod, low temperature, or elevated CO 2 in Pinus strobus. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2023; 175:e14095. [PMID: 38148184 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.14095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2023] [Revised: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 12/28/2023]
Abstract
During autumn, decreasing photoperiod and temperature temporarily perturb the balance between carbon uptake and carbon demand in overwintering plants, requiring coordinated adjustments in photosynthesis and carbon allocation to re-establish homeostasis. Here we examined adjustments of photosynthesis and allocation of nonstructural carbohydrates (NSCs) following a sudden shift to short photoperiod, low temperature, and/or elevated CO2 in Pinus strobus seedlings. Seedlings were initially acclimated to 14 h photoperiod (22/15°C day/night) and ambient CO2 (400 ppm) or elevated CO2 (800 ppm). Seedlings were then shifted to 8 h photoperiod for one of three treatments: no temperature change at ambient CO2 (22/15°C, 400 ppm), low temperature at ambient CO2 (12/5°C, 400 ppm), or no temperature change at elevated CO2 (22/15°C, 800 ppm). Short photoperiod caused all seedlings to exhibit partial nighttime depletion of starch. Short photoperiod alone did not affect photosynthesis. Short photoperiod combined with low temperature caused hexose accumulation and repression of photosynthesis within 24 h, followed by a transient increase in nonphotochemical quenching (NPQ). Under long photoperiod, plants grown under elevated CO2 exhibited significantly higher NSCs and photosynthesis compared to ambient CO2 plants, but carbon uptake exceeded sink capacity, leading to elevated NPQ; carbon sink capacity was restored and NPQ relaxed within 24 h after shift to short photoperiod. Our findings indicate that P. strobus rapidly adjusts NSC allocation, not photosynthesis, to accommodate short photoperiod. However, the combination of short photoperiod and low temperature, or long photoperiod and elevated CO2 disrupts the balance between photosynthesis and carbon sink capacity, resulting in increased NPQ to alleviate excess energy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Y Chang
- Department of Biology, University of Toronto Mississauga, Mississauga, ON, Canada
- Graduate Department of Cell & Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Faride Unda
- Department of Wood Science, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Shawn D Mansfield
- Department of Wood Science, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Ingo Ensminger
- Department of Biology, University of Toronto Mississauga, Mississauga, ON, Canada
- Graduate Department of Cell & Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Graduate Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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Chen L, Li M, Li C, Zheng W, Liu R. Different Physiological Responses to Continuous Drought between Seedlings and Younger Individuals of Haloxylon ammodendron. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:3683. [PMID: 37960040 PMCID: PMC10647405 DOI: 10.3390/plants12213683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Revised: 10/18/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Abstract
Drought is an important environmental factor that influences physiological processes in plants; however, few studies have examined the physiological mechanisms underlying plants' responses to continuous drought. In this study, the seedlings and younger individuals of Haloxylon ammodendron were experimentally planted in the southern part of the Gurbantunggut Desert. We measured their photosynthetic traits, functional traits and non-structural carbohydrate contents (NSCs) in order to assess the effects of continuous drought (at 15-day and 30-day drought points) on the plants' physiological responses. The results showed that at the 15-day (15 d) drought point, the leaf light-saturated net photosynthetic rate (An) values of both the seedlings and the younger individuals were decreased (by -68.9% and -45.2%, respectively). The intrinsic water use efficiency (iWUE) of the seedlings was significantly lower than that of the control group (-52.2%), but there was no diffenrence of iWUE observed in younger individuals. At the 30-day (30 d) drought point, a decrease in the An (-129.8%) of the seedlings was induced via biochemical inhibition, with a lower potential maximum photochemical rate (Fv/Fm, 0.42) compared with the control group, while a decrease in the An (-52.3%) of the younger individuals was induced due to lower stomatal conductance (gs, -50.5%). Our results indicated that prolonged drought induced a greater risk of seedling mortality as the relatively limited ability of stomatal regulation may increase the possibility of massive embolism, resulting in hydraulic failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lidan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Desert and Oasis Ecology, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi 830011, China; (L.C.); (M.L.)
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Fukang National Station of Observation and Research for Desert Ecosystem, Fukang 831505, China
| | - Minqing Li
- State Key Laboratory of Desert and Oasis Ecology, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi 830011, China; (L.C.); (M.L.)
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Fukang National Station of Observation and Research for Desert Ecosystem, Fukang 831505, China
| | - Congjuan Li
- National Engineering Technology Research Center for Desert-Oasis Ecological Construction, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi 830011, China;
| | - Weihua Zheng
- Institute of Agricultural Quality Standards and Testing Technology, Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciecnes, Urumuqi 830091, China;
| | - Ran Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Desert and Oasis Ecology, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi 830011, China; (L.C.); (M.L.)
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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He Y, Yu M, Ding G, Zhang F. Precipitation pattern changed the content of non-structural carbohydrates components in different organs of Artemisia ordosica. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2023; 23:505. [PMID: 37864141 PMCID: PMC10589927 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-023-04512-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2023] [Accepted: 10/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Non-structural carbohydrates (NSC) play a significant role in plant growth and defense and are an important component of carbon cycling in desert ecosystems. However, regarding global change scenarios, it remains unclear how NSCs in desert plants respond to changing precipitation patterns. [Methods] Three precipitation levels (natural precipitation, a 30% reduction in precipitation, and a 30% increase in precipitation) and two precipitation intervals levels (5 and 15 d) were simulated to study NSC (soluble sugar and starch) responses in the dominant shrub Artemisia ordosica. RESULTS Precipitation level and interval interact to affect the NSC (both soluble sugar and starch components) content of A. ordosica. The effect of precipitation on NSC content and its components depended on extended precipitation interval. With lower precipitation and extended interval, soluble sugar content in roots increased and starch content decreased, indicating that A. ordosica adapts to external environmental changes by hydrolyzing root starch into soluble sugars. At 5 d interval, lower precipitation increased the NSC content of stems and especially roots. CONCLUSIONS A. ordosica follows the "preferential allocation principle" to preferentially transport NSC to growing organs, which is an adaptive strategy to maintain a healthy physiological metabolism under drought conditions. The findings help understand the adaptation and survival mechanisms of desert vegetation under the changing precipitation patterns and are important in exploring the impact of carbon cycling in desert systems under global environmental change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingying He
- College of Forestry and Prataculture, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, 750021, China
- Yanchi Research Station, School of Soil and Water Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
- Key Laboratory of State Forestry Administration on Soil and Water Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Minghan Yu
- Yanchi Research Station, School of Soil and Water Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China.
- Key Laboratory of State Forestry Administration on Soil and Water Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China.
| | - Guodong Ding
- Yanchi Research Station, School of Soil and Water Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
- Key Laboratory of State Forestry Administration on Soil and Water Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Fuchong Zhang
- Yanchi Research Station, School of Soil and Water Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
- Key Laboratory of State Forestry Administration on Soil and Water Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
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Prats KA, Fanton AC, Brodersen CR, Furze ME. Starch depletion in the xylem and phloem ray parenchyma of grapevine stems under drought. AOB PLANTS 2023; 15:plad062. [PMID: 37899975 PMCID: PMC10601394 DOI: 10.1093/aobpla/plad062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 10/31/2023]
Abstract
While nonstructural carbohydrate (NSC) storage can support long-lived woody plants during abiotic stress, the timing and extent of their use are less understood, as are the thresholds for cell mortality as NSCs and water supplies are consumed. Here, we combine physiological and imaging tools to study the response of Vitis riparia to a 6-week experimental drought. We focused on the spatial and temporal dynamics of starch consumption and cell viability in the xylem and phloem of the stem. Starch dynamics were further corroborated with enzymatic starch digestion and X-ray microcomputed tomography imaging. Starch depletion in the stems of droughted plants was detected after 2 weeks and continued over time. We observed distinct differences in starch content and cell viability in the xylem and phloem. By the end of the drought, nearly all the starch was consumed in the phloem ray parenchyma (98 % decrease), and there were almost no metabolically active cells in the phloem. In contrast, less starch was consumed in the xylem ray parenchyma (30 % decrease), and metabolically active cells remained in the ray and vessel-associated parenchyma in the xylem. Our data suggest that the higher proportion of living cells in the phloem and cambium, combined with smaller potential NSC storage area, rapidly depleted starch, which led to cell death. In contrast, the larger cross-sectional area of the xylem ray parenchyma with higher NSC storage and lower metabolically active cell populations depleted starch at a slower pace. Why NSC source-sink relationships between xylem and phloem do not allow for a more uniform depletion of starch in ray parenchyma over time is unclear. Our data help to pinpoint the proximate and ultimate causes of plant death during prolonged drought exposure and highlight the need to consider the influence of within-organ starch dynamics and cell mortality on abiotic stress response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyra A Prats
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, 915 Mitch Daniels Blvd, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
- Center for Plant Biology, Purdue University, 915 Mitch Daniels Blvd, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Ana C Fanton
- Ecophysiologie et Génomique Fonctionnelle de la Vigne, INRAE, 210 Chemin de Leysotte, Villenave-d’Ornon 33140, France
| | - Craig R Brodersen
- School of the Environment, Yale University, 195 Prospect St, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
| | - Morgan E Furze
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, 915 Mitch Daniels Blvd, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
- Center for Plant Biology, Purdue University, 915 Mitch Daniels Blvd, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
- Department of Forestry and Natural Resources, Purdue University, 715 Mitch Daniels Blvd, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
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10
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Fu M, Liao J, Liu X, Li M, Zhang S. Artificial warming affects sugar signals and flavonoid accumulation to improve female willows' growth faster than males. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 43:1584-1602. [PMID: 37384415 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpad081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2022] [Revised: 05/25/2023] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/01/2023]
Abstract
Increasing global warming is severely affecting tree growth and development. However, research on the sex-specific responses of dioecious trees to warming is scarce. Here, male and female Salix paraplesia were selected for artificial warming (an increase of 4 °C relative to ambient temperature) to investigate the effects on morphological, physiological, biochemical and molecular responses. The results showed that warming significantly promoted the growth of female and male S. paraplesia, but females grew faster than males. Warming affected photosynthesis, chloroplast structures, peroxidase activity, proline, flavonoids, nonstructural carbohydrates (NSCs) and phenolic contents in both sexes. Interestingly, warming increased flavonoid accumulation in female roots and male leaves but inhibited it in female leaves and male roots. The transcriptome and proteome results indicated that differentially expressed genes and proteins were significantly enriched in sucrose and starch metabolism and flavonoid biosynthesis pathways. The integrative analysis of transcriptomic, proteomic, biochemical and physiological data revealed that warming changed the expression of SpAMY, SpBGL, SpEGLC and SpAGPase genes, resulting in the reduction of NSCs and starch and the activation of sugar signaling, particularly SpSnRK1s, in female roots and male leaves. These sugar signals subsequently altered the expression of SpHCTs, SpLAR and SpDFR in the flavonoid biosynthetic pathway, ultimately leading to the differential accumulation of flavonoids in female and male S. paraplesia. Therefore, warming causes sexually differential responses of S. paraplesia, with females performing better than males.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingyue Fu
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Jun Liao
- College of Geography and Tourism, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing 400047, China
| | - Xuejiao Liu
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Menghan Li
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Sheng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
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Huang X, Guo W, Yang L, Zou Z, Zhang X, Addo-Danso SD, Zhou L, Li S. Effects of Drought Stress on Non-Structural Carbohydrates in Different Organs of Cunninghamia lanceolata. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:2477. [PMID: 37447038 DOI: 10.3390/plants12132477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Revised: 06/16/2023] [Accepted: 06/17/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023]
Abstract
The Chinese fir Cunninghamia lanceolata (Lamb.) Hook. is an important timber conifer species in China. Much has been studied about Chinese fir, but the distribution of non-structural carbohydrates (NSCs) among different organs (needles, branch, stem, and roots) under drought stress remains poorly understood. In this study, we used one-year-old C. lanceolata plantlets to evaluate the effects of simulated drought under four water regimes, i.e., adequate water or control, light drought, moderate drought, and severe drought stress corresponding to 80%, 60%, 50%, and 40%, respectively of soil field maximum capacity on various NSCs in the needles, branch, stem and roots. The degree and duration of drought stress had significant effects on fructose, glucose, sucrose, soluble sugar, starch, and NSC content in various organs (p < 0.05). Fructose content increased in stem xylem, stem phloem, and leaves. Glucose and sucrose content declined in stem and branch xylem under light drought stress and moderate drought stress, and increased under severe drought stress conditions. Soluble sugars content declined, and starch content increased in leaf and branch phloem, but the latter could not compensate for soluble sugar consumption in the whole plant, and therefore, total NSCs decreased. Correlation analysis showed that a significant positive correlation existed in the soluble sugar content between leaves and roots, and between xylem and phloem in the stems and branches. Chinese fir appears to have different NSCs distribution strategies in response to drought stress, viz., allocating more soluble sugars to fine roots and increasing starch content in the needles, as well as ensuring osmosis to prevent xylem embolism. Our study may broaden the understanding of the various mechanisms that Chinese fir and other plants have to enhance their tolerance to drought stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyan Huang
- College of Forestry, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
- Chinese Fir Engineering Technology Research Center of the State Forestry and Grassland Administration, Fuzhou 350002, China
- University Key Laboratory of Forest Stress Physiology, Ecology and Molecular Biology of Fujian Province, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Wenjuan Guo
- College of Forestry, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
- Chinese Fir Engineering Technology Research Center of the State Forestry and Grassland Administration, Fuzhou 350002, China
- University Key Laboratory of Forest Stress Physiology, Ecology and Molecular Biology of Fujian Province, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Li Yang
- College of Forestry, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
- Chinese Fir Engineering Technology Research Center of the State Forestry and Grassland Administration, Fuzhou 350002, China
- University Key Laboratory of Forest Stress Physiology, Ecology and Molecular Biology of Fujian Province, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Zhiguang Zou
- College of Forestry, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
- Chinese Fir Engineering Technology Research Center of the State Forestry and Grassland Administration, Fuzhou 350002, China
- University Key Laboratory of Forest Stress Physiology, Ecology and Molecular Biology of Fujian Province, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Xinyang Zhang
- College of Forestry, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Shalom Daniel Addo-Danso
- Forests and Climate Change Division, CSIR-Forestry Research Institute of Ghana, Kumasi P.O. Box UP 63 KNUST, Ghana
| | - Lili Zhou
- Chinese Fir Engineering Technology Research Center of the State Forestry and Grassland Administration, Fuzhou 350002, China
- College of Geography and Oceanography, Minjiang University, Fuzhou 350108, China
| | - Shubin Li
- College of Forestry, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
- Chinese Fir Engineering Technology Research Center of the State Forestry and Grassland Administration, Fuzhou 350002, China
- University Key Laboratory of Forest Stress Physiology, Ecology and Molecular Biology of Fujian Province, Fuzhou 350002, China
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12
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Carluccio G, Greco D, Sabella E, Vergine M, De Bellis L, Luvisi A. Xylem Embolism and Pathogens: Can the Vessel Anatomy of Woody Plants Contribute to X. fastidiosa Resistance? Pathogens 2023; 12:825. [PMID: 37375515 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12060825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Revised: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The maintenance of an intact water column in the xylem lumen several meters above the ground is essential for woody plant viability. In fact, abiotic and biotic factors can lead to the formation of emboli in the xylem, interrupting sap flow and causing consequences on the health status of the plant. Anyway, the tendency of plants to develop emboli depends on the intrinsic features of the xylem, while the cyto-histological structure of the xylem plays a role in resistance to vascular pathogens, as in the case of the pathogenic bacterium Xylella fastidiosa. Analysis of the scientific literature suggests that on grapevine and olive, some xylem features can determine plant tolerance to vascular pathogens. However, the same trend was not reported in citrus, indicating that X. fastidiosa interactions with host plants differ by species. Unfortunately, studies in this area are still limited, with few explaining inter-cultivar insights. Thus, in a global context seriously threatened by X. fastidiosa, a deeper understanding of the relationship between the physical and mechanical characteristics of the xylem and resistance to stresses can be useful for selecting cultivars that may be more resistant to environmental changes, such as drought and vascular pathogens, as a way to preserve agricultural productions and ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giambattista Carluccio
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies, University of Salento, 73100 Lecce, Italy
| | - Davide Greco
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies, University of Salento, 73100 Lecce, Italy
| | - Erika Sabella
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies, University of Salento, 73100 Lecce, Italy
| | - Marzia Vergine
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies, University of Salento, 73100 Lecce, Italy
| | - Luigi De Bellis
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies, University of Salento, 73100 Lecce, Italy
| | - Andrea Luvisi
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies, University of Salento, 73100 Lecce, Italy
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13
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Li M, Wang H, Zhao X, Feng W, Ding G, Quan W. Effect of Ectomycorrhizal Fungi on the Drought Resistance of Pinus massoniana Seedlings. J Fungi (Basel) 2023; 9:jof9040471. [PMID: 37108925 PMCID: PMC10146878 DOI: 10.3390/jof9040471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Revised: 04/05/2023] [Accepted: 04/08/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Studies on the dynamics of non-structural carbohydrates (NSCs) play an important role in understanding the mechanisms of plant responses to drought stress. The objective of this study was to assess the influence of ectomycorrhizal fungi (ECMF) on the content and distribution of NSCs in Pinus massoniana seedlings under different drought intensities and to further explore the possible mechanism by which ECMF enhances the stress resistance of host plants. We conducted a pot experiment using P. massoniana seedlings that were inoculated (M) or non-inoculated (NM) with Suillus luteus (Sl) under well-watered, moderate, and severe drought stress conditions. The results showed that drought significantly reduced the photosynthetic capacity of P. massoniana seedlings and inhibited their growth rate. P. massoniana could respond to different degrees of drought stress by increasing the accumulation of NSCs and increasing WUE. However, compared with well-watered treatment, NSCs consumption began to appear in the roots of NM due to the decrease in starch content under severe drought, whereas NSCs content in M seedlings was higher than that in the well-watered treatment, showing that the ability to maintain C balance was higher in M seedlings. Compared with NM, inoculation with Sl increased the growth rate and biomass of roots, stems, and leaves under moderate and severe drought. In addition, Sl can also improve the gas exchange parameters (net photosynthetic rate, transpiration rate, intercellular CO2 concentration and stomatal conductance) of P. massoniana seedlings compared with NM seedlings, which was conducive to the hydraulic regulation of seedlings and improved their C fixation capacity. Meanwhile, the content of NSCs in M seedlings was higher. Moreover, the soluble sugar content and SS/St ratio of leaves, roots, and whole plants were higher under drought stress after Sl inoculation, indicating that Sl could also change the C distribution mode, regulate more soluble sugar to respond to drought stress, which was conducive to improving the osmotic adjustment ability of seedlings, and providing more available C sources for plant growth and defense. Overall, inoculation with Sl could enhance the drought resistance of seedlings and promote their growth under drought stress by improving NSCs storage, increasing soluble sugar distribution, and improving the plant water balance of P. massoniana seedlings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Li
- Institute for Forest Resources & Environment of Guizhou, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
- Key Laboratory of Forest Cultivation in Plateau Mountain of Guizhou Province, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
- College of Forestry, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Haoyun Wang
- Institute for Forest Resources & Environment of Guizhou, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
- Key Laboratory of Forest Cultivation in Plateau Mountain of Guizhou Province, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
- College of Forestry, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Xizhou Zhao
- Institute for Forest Resources & Environment of Guizhou, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
- Key Laboratory of Forest Cultivation in Plateau Mountain of Guizhou Province, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
- College of Forestry, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Wanyan Feng
- Institute for Forest Resources & Environment of Guizhou, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
- Key Laboratory of Forest Cultivation in Plateau Mountain of Guizhou Province, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
- College of Forestry, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Guijie Ding
- Institute for Forest Resources & Environment of Guizhou, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
- Key Laboratory of Forest Cultivation in Plateau Mountain of Guizhou Province, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
- College of Forestry, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Wenxuan Quan
- Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory for Information Systems of Mountainous Areas and Protection of Ecological Environment, Guizhou Normal University, Guiyang 550001, China
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14
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Blumstein M, Gersony J, Martínez-Vilalta J, Sala A. Global variation in nonstructural carbohydrate stores in response to climate. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2023; 29:1854-1869. [PMID: 36583374 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.16573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Woody plant species store nonstructural carbohydrates (NSCs) for many functions. While known to buffer against fluctuations in photosynthetic supply, such as at night, NSC stores are also thought to buffer against environmental extremes, such as drought or freezing temperatures by serving as either back-up energy reserves or osmolytes. However, a clear picture of how NSCs are shaped by climate is still lacking. Here, we update and leverage a unique global database of seasonal NSC storage measurements to examine whether maximum total NSC stores and the amount of soluble sugars are associated with clinal patterns in low temperatures or aridity, indicating they may confer a benefit under freezing or drought conditions. We examine patterns using the average climate at each study site and the unique climatic conditions at the time and place in which the sample was taken. Altogether, our results support the idea that NSC stores act as critical osmolytes. Soluble Sugars increase with both colder and drier conditions in aboveground tissues, indicating they can plastically increase a plants' tolerance of cold or arid conditions. However, maximum total NSCs increased, rather than decreased, with average site temperature and had no relationship to average site aridity. This result suggests that the total amount of NSC a plant stores may be more strongly determined by its capacity to assimilate carbon than by environmental stress. Thus, NSCs are unlikely to serve as reservoir of energy. This study is the most comprehensive synthesis to date of global NSC variation in relation to climate and supports the idea that NSC stores likely serve as buffers against environmental stress. By clarifying their role in cold and drought tolerance, we improve our ability to predict plant response to environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meghan Blumstein
- Civil and Environmental Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jessica Gersony
- Department of Natural Resources, University of New Hampshire, Durham, New Hampshire, USA
- Department of Biological Sciences, Smith College, Northampton, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jordi Martínez-Vilalta
- CREAF, E08193 Bellaterra (Cerdanyola del Vallès), Catalonia, Spain
- Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, E08193 Bellaterra (Cerdanyola del Vallès), Catalonia, Spain
| | - Anna Sala
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, Montana, USA
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15
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Potkay A, Feng X. Do stomata optimize turgor-driven growth? A new framework for integrating stomata response with whole-plant hydraulics and carbon balance. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2023; 238:506-528. [PMID: 36377138 DOI: 10.1111/nph.18620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2022] [Accepted: 11/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Every existing optimal stomatal model uses photosynthetic carbon assimilation as a proxy for plant evolutionary fitness. However, assimilation and growth are often decoupled, making assimilation less ideal for representing fitness when optimizing stomatal conductance to water vapor and carbon dioxide. Instead, growth should be considered a closer proxy for fitness. We hypothesize stomata have evolved to maximize turgor-driven growth, instead of assimilation, over entire plants' lifetimes, improving their abilities to compete and reproduce. We develop a stomata model that dynamically maximizes whole-stem growth following principles from turgor-driven growth models. Stomata open to assimilate carbohydrates that supply growth and osmotically generate turgor, while stomata close to prevent losses of turgor and growth due to negative water potentials. In steady state, the growth optimization model captures realistic stomatal, growth, and carbohydrate responses to environmental cues, reconciles conflicting interpretations within existing stomatal optimization theories, and explains patterns of carbohydrate storage and xylem conductance observed during and after drought. Our growth optimization hypothesis introduces a new paradigm for stomatal optimization models, elevates the role of whole-plant carbon use and carbon storage in stomatal functioning, and has the potential to simultaneously predict gross productivity, net productivity, and plant mortality through a single, consistent modeling framework.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron Potkay
- Department of Civil, Environmental, and Geo-Engineering, University of Minnesota, Twin Cities, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
- Saint Anthony Falls Laboratory, University of Minnesota, Twin Cities, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Xue Feng
- Department of Civil, Environmental, and Geo-Engineering, University of Minnesota, Twin Cities, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
- Saint Anthony Falls Laboratory, University of Minnesota, Twin Cities, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
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16
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Partelli-Feltrin R, Smith AMS, Adams HD, Thompson RA, Kolden CA, Yedinak KM, Johnson DM. Death from hunger or thirst? Phloem death, rather than xylem hydraulic failure, as a driver of fire-induced conifer mortality. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2023; 237:1154-1163. [PMID: 36052762 DOI: 10.1111/nph.18454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Disruption of photosynthesis and carbon transport due to damage to the tree crown and stem cambial cells, respectively, can cause tree mortality. It has recently been proposed that fire-induced dysfunction of xylem plays an important role in tree mortality. Here, we simultaneously tested the impact of a lethal fire dose on nonstructural carbohydrates (NSCs) and xylem hydraulics in Pinus ponderosa saplings. Saplings were burned with a known lethal fire dose. Nonstructural carbohydrates were assessed in needles, main stems, roots and whole plants, and xylem hydraulic conductivity was measured in the main stems up to 29 d postfire. Photosynthesis and whole plant NSCs declined postfire. Additionally, all burned saplings showed 100% phloem/cambium necrosis, and roots of burned saplings had reduced NSCs compared to unburned and defoliated saplings. We further show that, contrary to patterns observed with NSCs, water transport was unchanged by fire and there was no evidence of xylem deformation in saplings that experienced a lethal dose of heat from fire. We conclude that phloem and cambium mortality, and not hydraulic failure, were probably the causes of death in these saplings. These findings advance our understanding of the physiological response to fire-induced injuries in conifer trees.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alistair M S Smith
- Department of Forest, Rangeland, and Fire Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID, 83844, USA
- Department of Earth and Spatial Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID, 83844, USA
| | - Henry D Adams
- School of Environment, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, 99164-2812, USA
| | - R Alex Thompson
- School of Environment, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, 99164-2812, USA
| | - Crystal A Kolden
- Gallo School of Management, University of California Merced, Merced, CA, 95343, USA
| | - Kara M Yedinak
- US Forest Service Research and Development, Madison, WI, 53726-2366, USA
| | - Daniel M Johnson
- Warnell School of Forestry and Natural Resources, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
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17
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Zhang X, Manzanedo RD, Lv P, Xu C, Hou M, Huang X, Rademacher T. Reduced diurnal temperature range mitigates drought impacts on larch tree growth in North China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 848:157808. [PMID: 35932855 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.157808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2022] [Revised: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 07/31/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Forests are facing climate changes such as warmer temperatures, accelerated snowmelt, increased drought, as well as changing diurnal temperature ranges (DTR) and cloud cover regimes. How tree growth is influenced by the changes in daily to monthly temperatures and its associations with droughts has been extensively investigated, however, few studies have focused on how changes in sub-daily temperatures i.e., DTR, influence tree growth during drought events. Here, we used a network of Larix principis-rupprechtii tree-ring data from 1989 to 2018, covering most of the distribution of planted larch across North China, to investigate how DTR, cloud cover and their interactions influence the relationship between drought stress and tree growth. DTR showed a negative correlation with larch growth in 95 % of sites (rmean = -0.30, significant in 42 % of sites). Cloud cover was positively correlated with growth in 87 % of sites (rmean = 0.13, significant in 5 % of sites). Enhanced tree growth was found at lower DTR in the absence of severe drought. Our findings highlight that in the absence of severe droughts, reduced DTR benefits tree growth, while increased cloud cover tended to benefit tree growth only during severe drought periods. Given how DTR influences drought impacts on tree growth, net tree growth was found to be larger in regions with smaller DTR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianliang Zhang
- College of Forestry, Hebei Agricultural University, 071001 Baoding, China.
| | - Rubén D Manzanedo
- Plant Ecology, Institute of Integrative Biology, D-USYS, ETH-Zürich, 8006 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Pengcheng Lv
- College of Forestry, Hebei Agricultural University, 071001 Baoding, China
| | - Chen Xu
- College of Landscape Architecture and Tourism, Hebei Agricultural University, 071001 Baoding, China
| | - Meiting Hou
- China Meteorological Administration Training Centre, China Meteorological Administration, 100081 Beijing, China
| | - Xuanrui Huang
- College of Forestry, Hebei Agricultural University, 071001 Baoding, China.
| | - Tim Rademacher
- Institut des Sciences de la Forêt tempérée, Université du Québec en Outaouais, J0V 1V0 Québec, Canada; Harvard Forest, Harvard University, 01366 MA, USA; School of Informatics and Cyber Security and Center for Ecosystem Science and Society, Northern Arizona University, 86011 AZ, USA
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18
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Zhang S, Zhang Q, Liu Z, Mamtimin S, Zhou X, Yin B, Zhang Y. Long-term snow alters the sensitivity of nonstructural carbohydrates of Syntrichia caninervis to snow cover: Based on a 7-year experiment. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:999584. [PMID: 36311058 PMCID: PMC9614234 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.999584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The dynamics of nonstructural carbohydrates (NSC) profoundly affect productivity and ecological adaptability to adversity in plants. Global warming induced the frequent occurrence of extreme precipitation events that altered the winter snow pattern in deserts. However, there is a lack of understanding of how desert mosses respond to long-term snow cover change at the NSC level. Therefore, in this study, long-term (7-years) winter snow removal (-S), ambient snow (CK), and double snow (+S) experiments were set in the field to investigate the content of NSC and its component in Syntrichia Caninervis. Our results showed that changes in snow depth, snow years, and their interaction significantly affected NSC and its component of Syntrichia caninervis. Compared to snow removal, NSC, soluble sugar, and starch significantly decreased with the increasing snow depth. The ratio of soluble sugar to starch significantly increased, while NSC and soluble sugar gradually returned to the normal level with an increase in snow years. It is worth mentioning that snow removal significantly reduced the soluble sugar to starch ratio compared to ambient snow depth, whereas the double snow experiment significantly increased the ratio of soluble sugar to starch during winter. This indicated an obvious trade-off between carbon utilization and carbon storage in Syntrichia caninervis. Snow removal stimulated Syntrichia caninervis to store sufficient carbon sources by starch accumulation for its future growth, while double snow promoted its current growth by soluble sugar accumulation. The variance in decomposition showed that soil physical and chemical properties, snow cover, and their interaction explained 83% of the variation in NSC and its components, with soil and plant water content, pH, and electrical conductivity (P-WC, S-WC, S-pH, and S-EC) as significant predictors. This highlights that snow indirectly affected NSC and its component contents by changing soil physical and chemical properties; however, long-term changes in snow cover could slow down its sensitivity to snow.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shujun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Desert and Oasis Ecology, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi, China
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Biological Resources and Genetic Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Xinjiang University, Urumqi, China
| | - Qing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Desert and Oasis Ecology, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi, China
| | - Ziyi Liu
- Department of Geography, Economics and Geography-BSc(Econ), University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Sulayman Mamtimin
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Biological Resources and Genetic Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Xinjiang University, Urumqi, China
| | - Xiaobing Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Desert and Oasis Ecology, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi, China
| | - Benfeng Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Desert and Oasis Ecology, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi, China
| | - Yuanming Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Desert and Oasis Ecology, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi, China
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19
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Yang F, Lv G, Qie Y. Hydraulic characteristics and carbon metabolism of Haloxylon ammodendron under different water-salt content. AOB PLANTS 2022; 14:plac042. [PMID: 36285192 PMCID: PMC9585374 DOI: 10.1093/aobpla/plac042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Drought and salt stress are important abiotic stressors that adversely affect the growth, resistance and survival of plants. Haloxylon ammodendron is a strong halophyte, and its hydraulic characteristics and carbon metabolism response to drought and salt stress under natural conditions have not been widely studied. With H. ammodendron as the research object, three sample plots with different water and salt contents (high water and high salt, medium salt in reclaimed water, low water and low salt) were selected to determine their water physiology, photosynthetic physiology, carbon physiology and growth status under different water and salt conditions. Studies have shown that drought and salinity affect the hydraulic properties of H. ammodendron, reducing the water content and water potential of assimilation branches and secondary branches and increasing the hydraulic conductivity per unit cross-sectional area of biennial shoots. Affected by drought, the content of non-structural carbohydrates (NSCs) in assimilation branches and secondary branches was significantly reduced, and the NSC content of assimilating branches was significantly higher than that in secondary branches. The transportation of NSCs to the secondary branches caused obstacles, and more accumulated in the assimilating branches. In addition, drought reduced H. ammodendron photosynthesis and carbon assimilation and limited carbon uptake, resulting in slower growth. Under the influence of drought and salinity, the anisohydric properties of H. ammodendron weakened its stomatal regulation ability and made it susceptible to water transport obstacles, but the degree of carbon limitation was relatively small.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Yang
- School of Ecology and Environment, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830046, Xinjiang, China
- Key Laboratory of Oasis Ecology, Ministry of Education, Urumqi 830046, China
- Xinjiang Jinghe Observation and Research Station of Temperate Desert Ecosystem, Ministry of Education, Jinghe 833300, China
| | | | - Yadong Qie
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Conservation, College of Forestry, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
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20
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Dória LC, Sonsin-Oliveira J, Rossi S, Marcati CR. Functional trade-offs in volume allocation to xylem cell types in 75 species from the Brazilian savanna Cerrado. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2022; 130:445-456. [PMID: 35863898 PMCID: PMC9486921 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcac095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Xylem is a crucial tissue for plant survival, performing the functions of water transport, mechanical support and storage. Functional trade-offs are a result of the different assemblages of xylem cell types within a certain wood volume. We assessed how the volume allocated to different xylem cell types can be associated with wood functional trade-offs (hydraulics, mechanical and storage) in species from the Cerrado, the Brazilian savanna. We also assessed the xylem anatomical characters linked to wood density across species. METHODS We analysed cross-sections of branches collected from 75 woody species belonging to 42 angiosperm families from the Cerrado. We estimated the wood volume fraction allocated to different cell types and performed measurements of vessel diameter and wood density. KEY RESULTS The largest volume of wood is allocated to fibres (0.47), followed by parenchyma (0.33) and vessels (0.20). Wood density is positively correlated to cell wall (fibre and vessel wall), and negatively to the fractions of fibre lumen and gelatinous fibres. We observed a trade-off between hydraulics (vessel diameter) and mechanics (cell wall fraction), and between mechanics and storage (parenchyma fraction). The expected positive functional relationships between hydraulics (vessel diameter) and water and carbohydrate storage (parenchyma and fibre lumen fractions) were not detected, though larger vessels are linked to a larger wood volume allocated to gelatinous fibres. CONCLUSIONS Woody species from the Cerrado show evidence of functional trade-offs between water transport, mechanical support and storage. Gelatinous fibres might be potentially linked to water storage and release by their positive relationship to increased vessel diameter, thus replacing the functional role of parenchyma and fibre lumen cells. Species can profit from the increased mechanical strength under tension provided by the presence of gelatinous fibres, avoiding expensive investments in high wood density.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Julia Sonsin-Oliveira
- Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Botânica, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade de Brasilia (UnB), Brasília, DF, Brazil
| | - Sergio Rossi
- Département des Sciences Fondamentales, Université du Québec à Chicoutimi, Chicoutimi, QC, Canada
| | - Carmen Regina Marcati
- Departamento de Ciência Florestal, Solos e Ambiente, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Faculdade de Ciências Agronômicas, Avenida Universitária, Botucatu, SP, Brazil
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21
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Blumstein M, Sala A, Weston DJ, Holbrook NM, Hopkins R. Plant carbohydrate storage: intra- and inter-specific trade-offs reveal a major life history trait. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2022; 235:2211-2222. [PMID: 35524463 DOI: 10.1111/nph.18213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 04/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Trade-offs among carbon sinks constrain how trees physiologically, ecologically, and evolutionarily respond to their environments. These trade-offs typically fall along a productive growth to conservative, bet-hedging continuum. How nonstructural carbohydrates (NSCs) stored in living tree cells (known as carbon stores) fit in this trade-off framework is not well understood. We examined relationships between growth and storage using both within species genetic variation from a common garden, and across species phenotypic variation from a global database. We demonstrate that storage is actively accumulated, as part of a conservative, bet-hedging life history strategy. Storage accumulates at the expense of growth both within and across species. Within the species Populus trichocarpa, genetic trade-offs show that for each additional unit of wood area growth (in cm2 yr-1 ) that genotypes invest in, they lose 1.2 to 1.7 units (mg g-1 NSC) of storage. Across species, for each additional unit of area growth (in cm2 yr-1 ), trees, on average, reduce their storage by 9.5% in stems and 10.4% in roots. Our findings impact our understanding of basic plant biology, fit storage into a widely used growth-survival trade-off spectrum describing life history strategy, and challenges the assumptions of passive storage made in ecosystem models today.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meghan Blumstein
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, 26 Oxford St, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
- Civil and Environmental Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 15 Vassar St, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Anna Sala
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT, 59812, USA
| | - David J Weston
- Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 37831, USA
| | - Noel Michelle Holbrook
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, 26 Oxford St, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
| | - Robin Hopkins
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, 26 Oxford St, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
- The Arnold Arboretum, 1300 Centre St, Boston, MA, 02130, USA
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22
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Piper FI, Moreno‐Meynard P, Fajardo A. Non‐structural carbohydrates predict survival in saplings of temperate trees under carbon stress. Funct Ecol 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.14158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Frida I. Piper
- Instituto de Ciencias Biológicas (ICB), Universidad de Talca, Campus Lircay 3460000 Talca Chile
- Institute of Ecology and Biodiversity (IEB), Barrio Universitario S/N Concepción Chile
| | - Paulo Moreno‐Meynard
- Centro de Investigación en Ecosistemas de la Patagonia (CIEP), Moraleda 16 Coyhaique Chile
| | - Alex Fajardo
- Institute of Ecology and Biodiversity (IEB), Barrio Universitario S/N Concepción Chile
- Instituto de Investigación Interdisciplinaria (I3), Universidad de Talca Chile
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23
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McCombs AL, Debinski D, Reinhardt K, Germino MJ, Caragea P. Warming temperatures affect meadow‐wide nectar resources, with implications for plant–pollinator communities. Ecosphere 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.4162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Audrey L. McCombs
- Department of Statistics, Ecology and Evolutionary Biology Program Iowa State University Ames Iowa USA
| | - Diane Debinski
- Department of Ecology Montana State University Bozeman Montana USA
| | - Keith Reinhardt
- Department of Biological Sciences Idaho State University Pocatello Idaho USA
| | - Matthew J. Germino
- U.S. Geological Survey, Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center Boise Idaho USA
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24
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Lu R, Du Y, Sun H, Xu X, Yan L, Xia J. Nocturnal warming accelerates drought-induced seedling mortality of two evergreen tree species. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 42:1164-1176. [PMID: 34919711 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpab168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Extreme drought is one of the key climatic drivers of tree mortality on a global scale. However, it remains unclear whether the drought-induced tree mortality will increase under nocturnal climate warming. Here we exposed seedlings of two wide-ranging subtropical tree species, Castanopsis sclerophylla and Schima superba, with contrasting stomatal regulation strategies to prolonged drought under ambient and elevated night-time temperature by 2 °C. We quantified the seedling survival time since drought treatment by measuring multiple leaf traits such as leaf gas exchange, predawn leaf water potential and water-use efficiency. The results showed that all seedlings in the ambient temperature died within 180 days and 167 days of drought for C. sclerophylla and S. superba, respectively. Night warming significantly shortened the survival time of C. sclerophylla, by 31 days, and S. superba by 28 days, under the drought treatment. A survival analysis further showed that seedlings under night warming suffered a 1.6 times greater mortality risk than those under ambient temperature. Further analyses revealed that night warming suppressed net leaf carbon gain in both species by increasing the nocturnal respiratory rate of S. superba across the first 120 days of drought and decreasing the photosynthetic rate of both species generally after 46 days of drought. These effects on net carbon gain were more pronounced in S. superba than C. sclerophylla. After 60 days of drought, night warming decreased the predawn leaf water potential and leaf water-use efficiency of C. sclerophylla but not S. superba. These contrasting responses are partially due to variations in stomatal control between the two species. These findings suggest that stomatal traits can regulate the response of leaf gas exchange and plant water-use to nocturnal warming during drought. This study indicates that nocturnal warming can accelerate tree mortality during drought. Night warming accelerates the mortality of two subtropical seedlings under drought.Night warming differently affects the drought response of leaf gas exchange and plant water-use between the two species due to species-specific stomatal morphological traits.Carbon metabolism changes and hydraulic damage play differential roles in driving night-warming impacts on the drought-induced mortality between the two species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruiling Lu
- Tiantong Forest Ecosystem National Observation and Research Station, Research Center for Global Change and Complex Ecosystems, School of Ecological and Environmental Sciences, East China Normal University, 500 Dongchuan Road, Minhang District, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Ying Du
- Tiantong Forest Ecosystem National Observation and Research Station, Research Center for Global Change and Complex Ecosystems, School of Ecological and Environmental Sciences, East China Normal University, 500 Dongchuan Road, Minhang District, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Huanfa Sun
- Tiantong Forest Ecosystem National Observation and Research Station, Research Center for Global Change and Complex Ecosystems, School of Ecological and Environmental Sciences, East China Normal University, 500 Dongchuan Road, Minhang District, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Xiaoni Xu
- Tiantong Forest Ecosystem National Observation and Research Station, Research Center for Global Change and Complex Ecosystems, School of Ecological and Environmental Sciences, East China Normal University, 500 Dongchuan Road, Minhang District, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Liming Yan
- Tiantong Forest Ecosystem National Observation and Research Station, Research Center for Global Change and Complex Ecosystems, School of Ecological and Environmental Sciences, East China Normal University, 500 Dongchuan Road, Minhang District, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Jianyang Xia
- Tiantong Forest Ecosystem National Observation and Research Station, Research Center for Global Change and Complex Ecosystems, School of Ecological and Environmental Sciences, East China Normal University, 500 Dongchuan Road, Minhang District, Shanghai 200241, China
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25
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Tsuji C, Dannoura M, Desalme D, Angeli N, Takanashi S, Kominami Y, Epron D. Drought affects the fate of non-structural carbohydrates in hinoki cypress. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 42:784-796. [PMID: 34635913 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpab135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 10/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Tree species that close stomata early in response to drought are likely to suffer from an imbalance between limited carbohydrate supply due to reduced photosynthesis and metabolic demand. Our objective was to clarify the dynamic responses of non-structural carbohydrates to drought in a water-saving species, the hinoki cypress (Chamaecyparis obtusa Sieb. et Zucc.). To this end, we pulse-labeled young trees with 13CO2 10 days after the beginning of the drought treatment. Trees were harvested 7 days later, early during drought progression, and 86 days later when they had suffered from a long and severe drought. The labeled carbon (C) was traced in phloem extract, in the organic matter and starch of all the organs, and in the soluble sugars (sucrose, glucose and fructose) of the most metabolically active organs (foliage, green branches and fine roots). No drought-related changes in labeled C partitioning between belowground and aboveground organs were observed. The C allocation between non-structural carbohydrates was altered early during drought progression: starch concentration was lower by half in the photosynthetic organs, while the concentration of almost all soluble sugars tended to increase. The preferential allocation of labeled C to glucose and fructose reflected an increased demand for soluble sugars for osmotic adjustment. After 3 months of a lethal drought, the concentrations of soluble sugars and starch were admittedly lower in drought-stressed trees than in the controls, but the pool of non-structural carbohydrates was far from completely depleted. However, the allocation to storage had been impaired by drought; photosynthesis and the sugar translocation rate had also been reduced by drought. Failure to maintain cell turgor through osmoregulation and to refill embolized xylem due to the depletion in soluble sugars in the roots could have resulted in tree mortality in hinoki cypress, though the total pool of carbohydrate was not completely depleted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiaki Tsuji
- Graduate School of Environmental Studies, Kyoto University, Yoshida-honmachi, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Masako Dannoura
- Graduate School of Environmental Studies, Kyoto University, Yoshida-honmachi, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa Oiwake-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Dorine Desalme
- Université de Lorraine, AgroParisTech, INRAE, UMR Silva, 34 cours Léopold, Nancy F-54000, France
| | - Nicolas Angeli
- Université de Lorraine, AgroParisTech, INRAE, UMR Silva, 34 cours Léopold, Nancy F-54000, France
| | - Satoru Takanashi
- Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, Kansai Research Centre, 68 Nagaikyutaroh, Momoyama, Fushimi, Kyoto 612-0855, Japan
| | - Yuji Kominami
- Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, 1 Matsunosato, Ibaraki, Tsukuba 305-8687, Japan
| | - Daniel Epron
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa Oiwake-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
- Université de Lorraine, AgroParisTech, INRAE, UMR Silva, 34 cours Léopold, Nancy F-54000, France
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26
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Koh JC, Banerjee BP, Spangenberg G, Kant S. Automated hyperspectral vegetation index derivation using a hyperparameter optimisation framework for high-throughput plant phenotyping. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2022; 233:2659-2670. [PMID: 34997968 PMCID: PMC9305872 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Hyperspectral vegetation indices (VIs) are widely deployed in agriculture remote sensing and plant phenotyping to estimate plant biophysical and biochemical traits. However, existing VIs consist mainly of simple two-band indices that limit the net performance and often do not generalise well for traits other than those for which they were originally designed. We present an automated hyperspectral vegetation index (AutoVI) system for the rapid generation of novel two- to six-band trait-specific indices in a streamlined process covering model selection, optimisation and evaluation, driven by the tree parzen estimator algorithm. Its performance was tested in generating novel indices to estimate chlorophyll and sugar contents in wheat. Results showed that AutoVI can rapidly generate complex novel VIs (at least a four-band index) that correlated strongly (R2 > 0.8) with measured chlorophyll and sugar contents in wheat. Automated hyperspectral vegetation index-derived indices were used as features in simple and stepwise multiple linear regressions for chlorophyll and sugar content estimation, and outperformed the results achieved with the existing 47 VIs and those provided using partial least squares regression. The AutoVI system can deliver novel trait-specific VIs readily adoptable to high-throughput plant phenotyping platforms and should appeal to plant scientists and breeders. A graphical user interface for the AutoVI is provided here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua C.O. Koh
- Agriculture VictoriaGrains Innovation Park110 Natimuk RdHorshamVic.3400Australia
| | - Bikram P. Banerjee
- Agriculture VictoriaGrains Innovation Park110 Natimuk RdHorshamVic.3400Australia
| | - German Spangenberg
- Agriculture VictoriaAgriBioCentre for AgriBioscience5 Ring RoadBundooraVic.3083Australia
- School of Applied Systems BiologyLa Trobe UniversityBundooraVic.3083Australia
| | - Surya Kant
- Agriculture VictoriaGrains Innovation Park110 Natimuk RdHorshamVic.3400Australia
- Agriculture VictoriaAgriBioCentre for AgriBioscience5 Ring RoadBundooraVic.3083Australia
- School of Applied Systems BiologyLa Trobe UniversityBundooraVic.3083Australia
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27
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Ji L, Liu Y, Wang J, Lu Z, Zhang L, Yang Y. Differential Variation in Non-structural Carbohydrates in Root Branch Orders of Fraxinus mandshurica Rupr. Seedlings Across Different Drought Intensities and Soil Substrates. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:692715. [PMID: 34956247 PMCID: PMC8692739 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.692715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Non-structural carbohydrates (NSCs) facilitate plant adaptation to drought stress, characterize tree growth and survival ability, and buffer against external disturbances. Previous studies have focused on the distribution and dynamics of NSCs among different plant organs under drought conditions. However, discussion about the NSC levels of fine roots in different root branch orders is limited, especially the relationship between fine root trait variation and NSC content. The objective of the study was to shed light on the synergistic variation in fine root traits and NSC content in different root branch orders under different drought and soil substrate conditions. The 2-year-old Fraxinus mandshurica Rupr. potted seedlings were planted in three different soil substrates (humus, loam, and sandy-loam soil) and subjected to four drought intensities (CK, mild drought, moderate drought, and severe drought) for 2 months. With increasing drought intensity, the biomass of fine roots decreased significantly. Under the same drought intensity, seedlings in sandy-loam soil had higher root biomass, and the coefficient of variation of 5th-order roots (37.4, 44.5, and 53% in humus, loam, and sandy-loam soil, respectively) was higher than that of lower-order roots. All branch order roots of seedlings in humus soil had the largest specific root length (SRL) and specific root surface area (SRA), in addition to the lowest diameter. With increasing drought intensity, the SRL and average diameter (AD) of all root branch orders increased and decreased, respectively. The fine roots in humus soil had a higher soluble sugar (SS) content and lower starch (ST) content compared to the loam and sandy-loam soil. Additionally, the SS and ST contents of fine roots showed decreasing and increasing tendencies with increasing drought intensities, respectively. SS and ST explained the highest degree of the total variation in fine root traits, which were 32 and 32.1%, respectively. With increasing root order, the explanation of the variation in root traits by ST decreased (only 6.8% for 5th-order roots). The observed response in terms of morphological traits of different fine root branch orders of F. mandshurica seedlings to resource fluctuations ensures the maintenance of a low cost-benefit ratio in the root system development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Ji
- Jilin Academy of Forestry, Changchun, China
- Key Laboratory of Sustainable Forest Ecosystem Management-Ministry of Education, School of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
| | - Yue Liu
- Jilin Academy of Forestry, Changchun, China
- Key Laboratory of Sustainable Forest Ecosystem Management-Ministry of Education, School of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
| | - Jun Wang
- Jilin Academy of Forestry, Changchun, China
| | - Zhimin Lu
- Jilin Academy of Forestry, Changchun, China
| | - Lijie Zhang
- School of Forestry, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
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28
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Interactive Effects of Drought and Saline Aerosol Stress on Morphological and Physiological Characteristics of Two Ornamental Shrub Species. HORTICULTURAE 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/horticulturae7120517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Effects of drought and aerosol stresses were studied in a factorial experiment based on a Randomized Complete Design with triplicates on two ornamental shrubs. Treatments consisted of four levels of water container (40%, 30%, 20%, and 10% of water volumetric content of the substrate) and, after 30 days from experiment onset, three aerosol treatments (distilled water and 50% and 100% salt sea water concentrations). The trial was contextually replicated on two species: Callistemon citrinus (Curtis) Skeels and Viburnum tinus L. ‘Lucidum’. In both species, increasing drought stress negatively affected dry biomass, leaf area, net photosynthesis, chlorophyll a fluorescence, and relative water content. The added saline aerosol stress induced a further physiological water deficit in plants of both species, with more emphasis on Callistemon. The interaction between the two stress conditions was found to be additive for almost all the physiological parameters, resulting in enhanced damage on plants under stress combination. Total biomass, for effect of combined stresses, ranged from 120.1 to 86.4 g plant−1 in Callistemon and from 122.3 to 94.6 g plant−1 in Viburnum. The net photosynthesis in Callistemon declined by the 70% after 30 days in WC 10% and by the 45% and 53% in WC 20% and WC 10% respectively after 60 days. In Viburnum plants, since the first measurement (7 days), a decrease of net photosynthesis was observed for the more stressed treatments (WC 20% and WC 10%), by 57%. The overall data suggested that Viburnum was more tolerant compared the Callistemon under the experimental conditions studied.
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29
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Fermaniuk C, Fleurial KG, Wiley E, Landhäusser SM. Large seasonal fluctuations in whole-tree carbohydrate reserves: is storage more dynamic in boreal ecosystems? ANNALS OF BOTANY 2021; 128:943-957. [PMID: 34293090 PMCID: PMC8577199 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcab099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Carbon reserves are a critical source of energy and substrates that allow trees to cope with periods of minimal carbon gain and/or high carbon demands, conditions which are prevalent in high-latitude forests. However, we have a poor understanding of carbon reserve dynamics at the whole-tree level in mature boreal trees. We therefore sought to quantify the seasonal changes in whole-tree and organ-level carbon reserve pools in mature boreal Betula papyrifera. METHODS Non-structural carbohydrate (NSC; soluble sugars and starch) tissue concentrations were measured at key phenological stages throughout a calendar year in the roots, stem (inner bark and xylem), branches and leaves, and scaled up to estimate changes in organ and whole-tree NSC pool sizes. Fine root and stem growth were also measured to compare the timing of growth processes with changes in NSC pools. KEY RESULTS The whole-tree NSC pool increased from its spring minimum to its maximum at bud set, producing an average seasonal fluctuation of 0.96 kg per tree. This fluctuation represents a 72 % change in the whole-tree NSC pool, which greatly exceeds the relative change reported for more temperate conspecifics. At the organ level, branches accounted for roughly 48-60 % of the whole-tree NSC pool throughout the year, and their seasonal fluctuation was four to eight times greater than that observed in the stemwood, coarse roots and inner bark. CONCLUSIONS Branches in boreal B. papyrifera were the largest and most dynamic storage pool, suggesting that storage changes at the branch level largely drive whole-tree storage dynamics in these trees. The greater whole-tree seasonal NSC fluctuation in boreal vs. temperate B. papyrifera may result from (1) higher soluble sugar concentration requirements in branches for frost protection, and/or (2) a larger reliance on reserves to fuel new leaf and shoot growth in the spring.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Fermaniuk
- Department of Renewable Resources, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - K G Fleurial
- Department of Renewable Resources, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - E Wiley
- Department of Biology, University of Central Arkansas, Conway, AR, USA
| | - S M Landhäusser
- Department of Renewable Resources, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
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30
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Schoonmaker AL, Hillabrand RM, Lieffers VJ, Chow PS, Landhäusser SM. Seasonal dynamics of non-structural carbon pools and their relationship to growth in two boreal conifer tree species. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 41:1563-1582. [PMID: 33554258 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpab013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2020] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
In an attempt to comprehensively study the dynamics of non-structural carbon compounds (NCCs), we measured the seasonal changes of soluble sugars, starch, lipids and sugar alcohols in the leaves, branches, stem and roots of the fast-growing Pinus contorta (Loudon) (pine) and slow-growing Picea glauca (Moench) Voss (spruce) trees growing in a boreal climate. In addition to measuring the seasonal concentrations of these compounds, the relative contribution of these compounds to the total NCC pool within the organs of trees (~8 m tall) was estimated and compared across different phenological and growth stages. Both species showed large seasonal shifts from starch to sugars from spring to fall in nearly all organs and tissues; most likely an adaptation to the cold winters. For both species, the total fluctuation of sugar + starch across the year (i.e., the difference between the minimum and maximum observed across collection times) was estimated to be between 1.6 and 1.8 kg for all NCCs. The fluctuation, however, was 1.40 times greater than the minimum reserves in pine, while only 0.72 times the minimum reserves in spruce. By tissue type, NCC fluctuations were greatest in the roots of both species. Roots showed a large build-up of reserves in late spring, but these reserves were depleted over summer and fall. Storage reserves in needles and branches declined over the summer, and this decline may be linked to the sink strength of the stem during diameter growth. Some notable highlights of this holistic study: a late winter build-up of sugars in the stem xylem of both species, but especially spruce; and an increase in sugar alcohols in the bark of spruce in very late winter, which could indicate mobilization to support early growth in spring and high lipid reserves in the bark of pine, which appeared not to be impacted by seasonal changes between summer and winter. Collectively, these observations point toward a more conservative NCC reserve strategy in spruce compared with pine, which is consistent with its stress tolerance and greater longevity.
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Affiliation(s)
- A L Schoonmaker
- Department of Renewable Resources, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
- Centre for Boreal Research, Northern Alberta Institute of Technology, 8102 99 avenue, Peace River, AB T8S1R2, Canada
| | - R M Hillabrand
- Department of Renewable Resources, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - V J Lieffers
- Department of Renewable Resources, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - P S Chow
- Department of Renewable Resources, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - S M Landhäusser
- Department of Renewable Resources, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
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31
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De Kauwe MG, Medlyn BE, Tissue DT. To what extent can rising [CO 2 ] ameliorate plant drought stress? THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2021; 231:2118-2124. [PMID: 34101183 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Plant responses to elevated atmospheric carbon dioxide (eCO2 ) have been hypothesized as a key mechanism that may ameliorate the impact of future drought. Yet, despite decades of experiments, the question of whether eCO2 reduces plant water use, yielding 'water savings' that can be used to maintain plant function during periods of water stress, remains unresolved. In this Viewpoint, we identify the experimental challenges and limitations to our understanding of plant responses to drought under eCO2 . In particular, we argue that future studies need to move beyond exploring whether eCO2 played 'a role' or 'no role' in responses to drought, but instead more carefully consider the timescales and conditions that would induce an influence. We also argue that considering emergent differences in soil water content may be an insufficient means of assessing the impact of eCO2 . We identify eCO2 impact during severe drought (e.g. to the point of mortality), interactions with future changes in vapour pressure deficit and uncertainty about changes in leaf area as key gaps in our current understanding. New insights into CO2 × drought interactions are essential to better constrain model theory that governs future climate model projections of land-atmosphere interactions during periods of water stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin G De Kauwe
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Climate Extremes, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
- Climate Change Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Belinda E Medlyn
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, NSW, 2751, Australia
| | - David T Tissue
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, NSW, 2751, Australia
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32
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Blumstein M, Hopkins R. Adaptive variation and plasticity in non-structural carbohydrate storage in a temperate tree species. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2021; 44:2494-2505. [PMID: 33244757 DOI: 10.1111/pce.13959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2020] [Revised: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 11/20/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Trees' total amount of non-structural carbohydrate (NSC) stores and the proportion of these stores residing as insoluble starch are vital traits for individuals living in variable environments. However, our understanding of how stores vary in response to environmental stress is poorly understood as the genetic component of storage is rarely accounted for in studies. Here, we quantified variation in NSC traits in branch samples taken from over 600 clonally transplanted black cottonwood (Populus trichocarpa) trees grown in two common gardens. We found heritable variation in both total NSC stores and the proportion of stores in starch (H2TNC = 0.19, H2PropStarch = 0.31), indicating a substantial genetic component of variation. In addition, we found high amounts of plasticity in both traits in response to cold temperatures and significant genotype-by-environment (GxE) interactions in the total amount of NSC stored (54% of P is GxE). This finding of high GxE indicates extensive variation across trees in their response to environment, which may explain why previous studies of carbohydrate stores' responses to stress have failed to converge on a consistent pattern. Overall, we found high amounts of environmental and genetic variation in NSC storage concentrations, which may bolster species against future climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meghan Blumstein
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Robin Hopkins
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
- The Arnold Arboretum, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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Wang B, Zhang J, Pei D, Yu L. Combined effects of water stress and salinity on growth, physiological, and biochemical traits in two walnut genotypes. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2021; 172:176-187. [PMID: 33314146 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.13316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2020] [Revised: 12/09/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Due to its great economic value, walnut (Juglans regia L.) has received increasing attention during recent years. However, water stress and salinity limit walnut growth, production, and quality. We employed two walnut genotypes, precocious walnut, and late-bearing walnut, to investigate their growth, photosynthetic capacity, non-structural carbohydrate contents, Cl- allocation, reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation, and osmotic regulation under water stress, salinity, and their combination. We found that late-bearing walnut showed higher total biomass and net photosynthetic rate, higher activities of antioxidant enzymes, higher osmoregulation, and lower ROS accumulation than precocious walnut under stressful conditions. In addition, late-bearing walnut restricted salt transport and allocated more Cl- into roots, whereas precocious walnut allocated more Cl- into leaves when exposed to salinity stress. These data collectively demonstrated that late-bearing walnut possesses better stress tolerance under water stress, salinity, and especially under their combination. Such knowledge of genotype-specific responses and tolerances to water stress and salinity is important for walnut plantation management under increasing drought and aggravated soil salinization occurring with climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baoqing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Key Laboratory of Tree Breeding and Cultivation of the State Forestry and Grassland Administration, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, China
- Akesu National Observation and Research Station of Chinese Forest Ecosystem, Xinjiang Forestry Academy, Urumqi, China
| | - Junpei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Key Laboratory of Tree Breeding and Cultivation of the State Forestry and Grassland Administration, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, China
| | - Dong Pei
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Key Laboratory of Tree Breeding and Cultivation of the State Forestry and Grassland Administration, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, China
| | - Lei Yu
- Department of Ecology, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
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Zhang P, McDowell NG, Zhou X, Wang W, Leff RT, Pivovaroff AL, Zhang H, Chow PS, Ward ND, Indivero J, Yabusaki SB, Waichler S, Bailey VL. Declining carbohydrate content of Sitka-spruce treesdying from seawater exposure. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 185:1682-1696. [PMID: 33893814 PMCID: PMC8133543 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiab002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Increasing sea levels associated with climate change threaten the survival of coastal forests, yet the mechanisms by which seawater exposure causes tree death remain poorly understood. Despite the potentially crucial role of nonstructural carbohydrate (NSC) reserves in tree survival, their dynamics in the process of death under seawater exposure are unknown. Here we monitored progressive tree mortality and associated NSC storage in Sitka-spruce (Picea sitchensis) trees dying under ecosystem-scale increases in seawater exposure in western Washington, USA. All trees exposed to seawater, because of monthly tidal intrusion, experienced declining crown foliage during the sampling period, and individuals with a lower percentage of live foliated crown (PLFC) died faster. Tree PLFC was strongly correlated with subsurface salinity and needle ion contents. Total NSC concentrations in trees declined remarkably with crown decline, and reached extremely low levels at tree death (2.4% and 1.6% in leaves and branches, respectively, and 0.4% in stems and roots). Starch in all tissues was almost completely consumed, while sugars remained at a homeostatic level in foliage. The decreasing NSC with closer proximity to death and near zero starch at death are evidences that carbon starvation occurred during Sitka-spruce mortality during seawater exposure. Our results highlight the importance of carbon storage as an indicator of tree mortality risks under seawater exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peipei Zhang
- Center for Global Change and Ecological Forecasting, Shanghai Key Lab for Urban Ecological Processes and Eco-Restoration, School of Ecological and Environmental Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
- Atmospheric Sciences & Global Change, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99354, USA
| | - Nate G McDowell
- Atmospheric Sciences & Global Change, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99354, USA
- School of Biological Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164-4236, USA
| | - Xuhui Zhou
- Center for Global Change and Ecological Forecasting, Shanghai Key Lab for Urban Ecological Processes and Eco-Restoration, School of Ecological and Environmental Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
- Author for communication:
| | - Wenzhi Wang
- Atmospheric Sciences & Global Change, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99354, USA
| | - Riley T Leff
- Atmospheric Sciences & Global Change, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99354, USA
| | - Alexandria L Pivovaroff
- Atmospheric Sciences & Global Change, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99354, USA
| | - Hongxia Zhang
- Atmospheric Sciences & Global Change, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99354, USA
| | - Pak S Chow
- Department of Renewable Resources, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2R3
| | - Nicholas D Ward
- Marine Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Sequim, Washington 98382, USA
- School of Oceanography, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
| | - Julia Indivero
- Marine Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Sequim, Washington 98382, USA
| | - Steven B Yabusaki
- Earth Systems Science, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99354, USA
| | - Scott Waichler
- Earth Systems Science, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99354, USA
| | - Vanessa L Bailey
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99354, USA
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Signori-Müller C, Oliveira RS, Barros FDV, Tavares JV, Gilpin M, Diniz FC, Zevallos MJM, Yupayccana CAS, Acosta M, Bacca J, Chino RSC, Cuellar GMA, Cumapa ERM, Martinez F, Mullisaca FMP, Nina A, Sanchez JMB, da Silva LF, Tello L, Tintaya JS, Ugarteche MTM, Baker TR, Bittencourt PRL, Borma LS, Brum M, Castro W, Coronado ENH, Cosio EG, Feldpausch TR, Fonseca LDM, Gloor E, Llampazo GF, Malhi Y, Mendoza AM, Moscoso VC, Araujo-Murakami A, Phillips OL, Salinas N, Silveira M, Talbot J, Vasquez R, Mencuccini M, Galbraith D. Non-structural carbohydrates mediate seasonal water stress across Amazon forests. Nat Commun 2021; 12:2310. [PMID: 33875648 PMCID: PMC8055652 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-22378-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2020] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-structural carbohydrates (NSC) are major substrates for plant metabolism and have been implicated in mediating drought-induced tree mortality. Despite their significance, NSC dynamics in tropical forests remain little studied. We present leaf and branch NSC data for 82 Amazon canopy tree species in six sites spanning a broad precipitation gradient. During the wet season, total NSC (NSCT) concentrations in both organs were remarkably similar across communities. However, NSCT and its soluble sugar (SS) and starch components varied much more across sites during the dry season. Notably, the proportion of leaf NSCT in the form of SS (SS:NSCT) increased greatly in the dry season in almost all species in the driest sites, implying an important role of SS in mediating water stress in these sites. This adjustment of leaf NSC balance was not observed in tree species less-adapted to water deficit, even under exceptionally dry conditions. Thus, leaf carbon metabolism may help to explain floristic sorting across water availability gradients in Amazonia and enable better prediction of forest responses to future climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Signori-Müller
- Department of Plant Biology, Institute of Biology, Programa de Pós Graduação em Biologia Vegetal, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil.
- School of Geography, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK.
| | - Rafael S Oliveira
- Department of Plant Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Fernanda de Vasconcellos Barros
- Geography, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
- Department of Plant Biology, Institute of Biology, Programa de Pós Graduação em Ecologia, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Manuel J Marca Zevallos
- Universidad Nacional de San Antonio Abad del Cusco, Cusco, Peru
- Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, Lima, Perú
| | | | - Martin Acosta
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia e Manejo de Recursos Naturais, Universidade Federal do Acre, Rio Branco, Brazil
| | - Jean Bacca
- Universidad Nacional de San Antonio Abad del Cusco, Cusco, Peru
| | | | - Gina M Aramayo Cuellar
- Museo de Historia Natural Noel Kempff Mercado, Universidad Autonoma Gabriel Rene Moreno, Santa Cruz, Bolivia
| | | | - Franklin Martinez
- Museo de Historia Natural Noel Kempff Mercado, Universidad Autonoma Gabriel Rene Moreno, Santa Cruz, Bolivia
| | | | - Alex Nina
- Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, Lima, Perú
| | | | - Leticia Fernandes da Silva
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia e Manejo de Recursos Naturais, Universidade Federal do Acre, Rio Branco, Brazil
| | - Ligia Tello
- Universidad Nacional de San Antonio Abad del Cusco, Cusco, Peru
| | | | - Maira T Martinez Ugarteche
- Museo de Historia Natural Noel Kempff Mercado, Universidad Autonoma Gabriel Rene Moreno, Santa Cruz, Bolivia
| | | | - Paulo R L Bittencourt
- Geography, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
- Department of Plant Biology, Institute of Biology, Programa de Pós Graduação em Ecologia, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Laura S Borma
- Earth System Science Centre, National Institute for Space Research, São José dos Campos, Brazil
| | - Mauro Brum
- Department of Plant Biology, Institute of Biology, Programa de Pós Graduação em Ecologia, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Wendeson Castro
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia e Manejo de Recursos Naturais, Universidade Federal do Acre, Rio Branco, Brazil
| | | | - Eric G Cosio
- Sección Química, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, Lima, Peru
| | - Ted R Feldpausch
- Geography, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | | | | | | | - Yadvinder Malhi
- Environmental Change Institute, School of Geography and the Environment, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | | | | | - Alejandro Araujo-Murakami
- Museo de Historia Natural Noel Kempff Mercado, Universidad Autonoma Gabriel Rene Moreno, Santa Cruz, Bolivia
| | | | - Norma Salinas
- Sección Química, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, Lima, Peru
- Environmental Change Institute, School of Geography and the Environment, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Marcos Silveira
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia e Manejo de Recursos Naturais, Universidade Federal do Acre, Rio Branco, Brazil
| | - Joey Talbot
- Institute for Transport Studies, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | | | - Maurizio Mencuccini
- CREAF, Universidad Autonoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- ICREA, Barcelona, Spain
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Wang J, Zhang H, Gao J, Zhang Y, Liu Y, Tang M. Effects of ectomycorrhizal fungi (Suillus variegatus) on the growth, hydraulic function, and non-structural carbohydrates of Pinus tabulaeformis under drought stress. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 21:171. [PMID: 33838652 PMCID: PMC8035767 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-021-02945-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2020] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A better understanding of non-structural carbohydrate (NSC) dynamics in trees under drought stress is critical to elucidate the mechanisms underlying forest decline and tree mortality from extended periods of drought. This study aimed to assess the contribution of ectomycorrhizal (ECM) fungus (Suillus variegatus) to hydraulic function and NSC in roots, stems, and leaves of Pinus tabulaeformis subjected to different water deficit intensity. We performed a continuous controlled drought pot experiment from July 10 to September 10, 2019 using P. tabulaeformis seedlings under 80, 40, and 20% of the field moisture capacity that represented the absence of non-drought, moderate drought, and severe drought stress, respectively. RESULTS Results indicated that S. variegatus decreased the mortality rate and increased height, root biomass, and leaf biomass of P. tabulaeformis seedlings under moderate and severe drought stress. Meanwhile, the photosynthetic rates, stomatal conductance, and transpiration rates of P. tabulaeformis were significantly increased after S. variegatus inoculation. Moreover, the inoculation of S. variegatus also significantly increased the NSC concentrations of all seedling tissues, enhanced the soluble sugars content, and increased the ratios of soluble sugars to starch on all tissues under severe drought. Overall, the inoculation of S. variegatus has great potential for improving the hydraulic function, increasing the NSC storage, and improving the growth of P. tabulaeformis under severe drought. CONCLUSIONS Therefore, the S. variegatus can be used as a potential application strain for ecological restoration on arid regions of the Loess Plateau, especially in the P. tabulaeformis woodlands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaxing Wang
- College of Forestry, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, People's Republic of China
| | - Haoqiang Zhang
- College of Forestry, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Gao
- College of Forestry, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu Zhang
- College of Forestry, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, People's Republic of China
| | - Yaqin Liu
- College of Forestry, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, People's Republic of China
| | - Ming Tang
- College of Forestry, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, People's Republic of China.
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Lingnan Guangdong Laboratory of Modern Agriculture, Guangdong Key Laboratory for Innovative Development and Utilization of Forest Plant Germplasm, College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, People's Republic of China.
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37
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Zhang L, Guo C, Lu X, Sun X, Liu C, Zhou Q, Deng J. Flower Development of Heterodichogamous Juglans mandshurica (Juglandaceae). FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:541163. [PMID: 33859656 PMCID: PMC8042317 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.541163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2020] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Juglans mandshurica is a monoecious heterodichogamous species with protogynous and protandrous mating strategies that occur at a 1:1 ratio and are randomly distributed in the population. The inconsistent male and female flowering periods of the same mating type result in an imbalance of the ratio of male and female flowers, contributing to the low yield of this species. However, little more is known about its floral development. Following three consecutive years of observations, histological analysis, and scanning electron microscopy, we found that the morphological and anatomical development of the male and female flowers were synchronous. The male floral morphological development of J. mandshurica was divided into seven phases, while that of the female flower was nine. Four stages were shared between the male and female flower's anatomical development. Our findings indicate that there was minimal overlap between sexual functions within the same mating type, guaranteeing synchronization, mutual non-interference, outcrossing, and avoidance of self-fertilization. These results provide a theoretical basis for the improvement of fruit yield and quality through the reasonable allocation of protogynous and protandrous individuals in a population, and for artificial pollination control. Further, these findings lay a foundation for further research on the genetic mechanisms and environmental effects on flower development of heterodichogamous J. mandshurica.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijie Zhang
- College of Forestry, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
- Key Laboratory of Forest Tree Genetics and Breeding of Liaoning Province, Shenyang, China
| | - Chong Guo
- College of Forestry, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
- Key Laboratory of Forest Tree Genetics and Breeding of Liaoning Province, Shenyang, China
| | - Xiujun Lu
- College of Forestry, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
- Key Laboratory of Forest Tree Genetics and Breeding of Liaoning Province, Shenyang, China
| | - Xiaomei Sun
- College of Forestry, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
- Key Laboratory of Forest Tree Genetics and Breeding of Liaoning Province, Shenyang, China
| | - Chunping Liu
- College of Forestry, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
- Key Laboratory of Forest Tree Genetics and Breeding of Liaoning Province, Shenyang, China
| | - Qiang Zhou
- Liaoning Forestry and Grassland Administration, Shenyang, China
| | - Jifeng Deng
- College of Forestry, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
- Key Laboratory of Forest Tree Genetics and Breeding of Liaoning Province, Shenyang, China
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38
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Guo X, Peng C, Li T, Huang J, Song H, Zhu Q, Wang M. The Effects of Drought and Re-Watering on Non-Structural Carbohydrates of Pinus tabulaeformis Seedlings. BIOLOGY 2021; 10:biology10040281. [PMID: 33808347 PMCID: PMC8066268 DOI: 10.3390/biology10040281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Revised: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary Drought is one of the main drivers resulting in carbon imbalance in terrestrial ecosystems and the mortality of plants. How plants can survive under drought stress is becoming a major focus of interest. Non-structural carbohydrates include sugars and starch that are essential to plant metabolism and their roles in drought stress are thought to be critically important. Our study examined the allocation strategies of non-structural carbohydrates for three-year-old Pinus tabulaeformis (Chinese pine) seedlings under drought and subsequent re-watering conditions. Our results indicated that P. tabulaeformis seedlings showed strong drought resistance by investing limited non-structural carbohydrates to roots and depleting the starch storage in each organ (leaf, twig, stem, and root) to fuel the needs of plant metabolism and osmotic adjustment. Starch storage was first reconstructed after the drought stress was released. Our findings not only prove the important role of non-structural carbohydrates, especially starch storage, in the survival of P. tabulaeformis seedlings under drought condition, but also complement the limited studies on allocation strategies of non-structural carbohydrate after the drought stress is released, and broaden our understanding of the physiological mechanisms of plants in response to drought stress. Abstract Intense and frequent drought events strongly affect plant survival. Non-structural carbohydrates (NSCs) are important “buffers” to maintain plant functions under drought conditions. We conducted a drought manipulation experiment using three-year-old Pinus tabulaeformis Carr. seedlings. The seedlings were first treated under different drought intensities (i.e., no irrigation, severe, and moderate) for 50 days, and then they were re-watered for 25 days to explore the dynamics of NSCs in the leaves, twigs, stems, and roots. The results showed that the no irrigation and severe drought treatments significantly reduced photosynthetic rate by 93.9% and 32.6% for 30 days, respectively, leading to the depletion of the starch storage for hydraulic repair, osmotic adjustment, and plant metabolism. The seedlings under moderate drought condition also exhibited starch storage consumption in leaves and twigs. After re-watering, the reduced photosynthetic rate recovered to the control level within five days in the severe drought group but showed no sign of recovery in the no irrigation group. The seedlings under the severe and moderate drought conditions tended to invest newly fixed C to starch storage and hydraulic repair instead of growth due to the “drought legacy effect”. Our findings suggest the depletion and recovery of starch storage are important strategies for P. tabulaeformis seedlings, and they may play key roles in plant resistance and resilience under environmental stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyi Guo
- Center for Ecological Forecasting and Global Change, College of Forestry, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China; (X.G.); (T.L.); (J.H.)
| | - Changhui Peng
- Center for Ecological Forecasting and Global Change, College of Forestry, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China; (X.G.); (T.L.); (J.H.)
- Department of Biology Sciences, Institute of Environment Sciences, University of Quebec at Montreal, P.O. Box 8888, Station Centre-Ville, Montreal, QC H3C 3P8, Canada;
- Correspondence: (C.P.); (M.W.)
| | - Tong Li
- Center for Ecological Forecasting and Global Change, College of Forestry, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China; (X.G.); (T.L.); (J.H.)
| | - Jingjing Huang
- Center for Ecological Forecasting and Global Change, College of Forestry, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China; (X.G.); (T.L.); (J.H.)
| | - Hanxiong Song
- Department of Biology Sciences, Institute of Environment Sciences, University of Quebec at Montreal, P.O. Box 8888, Station Centre-Ville, Montreal, QC H3C 3P8, Canada;
| | - Qiuan Zhu
- College of Hydrology and Water Resources, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China;
| | - Meng Wang
- Key Laboratory of Geographical Processes and Ecological Security in Changbai Mountains, Ministry of Education, School of Geographical Sciences, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Wetland Ecology and Vegetation Restoration, Institute for Peat and Mire Research, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory for Wetland Ecological Processes and Environmental Change in the Changbai Mountains, Changchun 130024, China
- Correspondence: (C.P.); (M.W.)
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Peltier DMP, Guo J, Nguyen P, Bangs M, Gear L, Wilson M, Jefferys S, Samuels-Crow K, Yocom LL, Liu Y, Fell MK, Auty D, Schwalm C, Anderegg WRL, Koch GW, Litvak ME, Ogle K. Temporal controls on crown nonstructural carbohydrates in southwestern US tree species. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 41:388-402. [PMID: 33147630 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpaa149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
In trees, large uncertainties remain in how nonstructural carbohydrates (NSCs) respond to variation in water availability in natural, intact ecosystems. Variation in NSC pools reflects temporal fluctuations in supply and demand, as well as physiological coordination across tree organs in ways that differ across species and NSC fractions (e.g., soluble sugars vs starch). Using landscape-scale crown (leaves and twigs) NSC concentration measurements in three foundation tree species (Populus tremuloides, Pinus edulis, Juniperus osteosperma), we evaluated in situ, seasonal variation in NSC responses to moisture stress on three timescales: short-term (via predawn water potential), seasonal (via leaf δ13C) and annual (via current year's ring width index). Crown NSC responses to moisture stress appeared to depend on hydraulic strategy, where J. osteosperma appears to regulate osmotic potentials (via higher sugar concentrations), P. edulis NSC responses suggest respiratory depletion and P. tremuloides responses were consistent with direct sink limitations. We also show that overly simplistic models can mask seasonal and tissue variation in NSC responses, as well as strong interactions among moisture stress at different timescales. In general, our results suggest large seasonal variation in crown NSC concentrations reflecting the multiple cofunctions of NSCs in plant tissues, including storage, growth and osmotic regulation of hydraulically vulnerable leaves. We emphasize that crown NSC pool size cannot be viewed as a simple physiological metric of stress; in situ NSC dynamics are complex, varying temporally, across species, among NSC fractions and among tissue types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Drew M P Peltier
- School of Informatics, Computing, and Cyber Systems, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ 86011, USA
- Department of Biological Sciences, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ 86011, USA
| | - Jessica Guo
- Geology and Geophysics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Phiyen Nguyen
- Department of Biological Sciences, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ 86011, USA
| | - Michael Bangs
- Department of Biological Sciences, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ 86011, USA
| | - Linnea Gear
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ 86011, USA
| | - Michelle Wilson
- Department of Biological Sciences, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ 86011, USA
| | - Stacy Jefferys
- Department of Biological Sciences, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ 86011, USA
| | - Kimberly Samuels-Crow
- School of Informatics, Computing, and Cyber Systems, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ 86011, USA
| | - Larissa L Yocom
- Department of Wildland Resources and the Ecology Center, Utah State University, Logan, UT 84322, USA
| | - Yao Liu
- Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA
| | - Michael K Fell
- School of Informatics, Computing, and Cyber Systems, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ 86011, USA
| | - David Auty
- School of Forestry, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ 86011, USA
| | - Christopher Schwalm
- Woods Hole Research Center, Falmouth, MA 02540, USA
- Center for Ecosystem Science and Society, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ 86011, USA
| | - William R L Anderegg
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - George W Koch
- Department of Biological Sciences, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ 86011, USA
- Center for Ecosystem Science and Society, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ 86011, USA
| | - Marcy E Litvak
- Department of Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
| | - Kiona Ogle
- School of Informatics, Computing, and Cyber Systems, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ 86011, USA
- Department of Biological Sciences, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ 86011, USA
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40
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Jiang P, Meinzer FC, Fu X, Kou L, Dai X, Wang H. Trade-offs between xylem water and carbohydrate storage among 24 coexisting subtropical understory shrub species spanning a spectrum of isohydry. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 41:403-415. [PMID: 33079181 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpaa138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Accepted: 10/08/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Hydraulic capacitance and carbohydrate storage are two drought adaptation strategies of woody angiosperms. However, we currently lack information on their associations and how they are associated with species' degree of isohydry. We measured total stem xylem nonstructural carbohydrate (NSC) concentration in the dry and wet seasons, xylem hydraulic capacitance, native leaf water potentials, pressure-volume curve parameters and photosynthetic performance in 24 woody understory species differing in their degree of isohydry. We found a trade-off between xylem water and carbohydrate storage both in storage capacitance and along a spectrum of isohydry. Species with higher hydraulic capacitance had lower native NSC storage. The less isohydric species tended to show greater NSC depletion in the dry season and have more drought-tolerant leaves. In contrast, the more isohydric species had higher hydraulic capacitance, which may enhance their drought avoidance capacity. In these species, leaf flushing in the wet season and higher photosynthetic rates in the dry season resulted in accumulation rather than depletion of NSC in the dry season. Our results provide new insights into the mechanisms through which xylem storage functions determine co-occurring species' drought adaptation strategies and improve our capacity to predict community assembly processes under drought.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peipei Jiang
- Qianyanzhou Ecological Research Station, Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modeling, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- Key Laboratory of Plant Stress Research, College of Life Science, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, China
| | - Frederick C Meinzer
- USDA Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station, 3200 SW Jefferson Way, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
| | - Xiaoli Fu
- Qianyanzhou Ecological Research Station, Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modeling, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Liang Kou
- Qianyanzhou Ecological Research Station, Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modeling, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Xiaoqin Dai
- Qianyanzhou Ecological Research Station, Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modeling, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Huimin Wang
- Qianyanzhou Ecological Research Station, Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modeling, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
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Netherer S, Kandasamy D, Jirosová A, Kalinová B, Schebeck M, Schlyter F. Interactions among Norway spruce, the bark beetle Ips typographus and its fungal symbionts in times of drought. JOURNAL OF PEST SCIENCE 2021; 94:591-614. [PMID: 34720785 PMCID: PMC8550215 DOI: 10.1007/s10340-021-01341-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Revised: 01/07/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Resilience and functionality of European Norway spruce forests are increasingly threatened by mass outbreaks of the bark beetle Ips typographus promoted by heat, wind throw and drought. Here, we review current knowledge on Norway spruce and I. typographus interactions from the perspective of drought-stressed trees, host selection, colonisation behaviour of beetles, with multi-level effects of symbiotic ophiostomatoid fungi. By including chemo-ecological, molecular and behavioural perspectives, we provide a comprehensive picture on this complex, multitrophic system in the light of climate change. Trees invest carbon into specialised metabolism to produce defence compounds against biotic invaders; processes that are strongly affected by physiological stress such as drought. Spruce bark contains numerous terpenoid and phenolic substances, which are important for bark beetle aggregation and attack success. Abiotic stressors such as increased temperatures and drought affect composition, amounts and emission rates of volatile compounds. Thus, drought events may influence olfactory responses of I. typographus, and further the pheromone communication enabling mass attack. In addition, I. typographus is associated with numerous ophiostomatoid fungal symbionts with multiple effects on beetle life history. Symbiotic fungi degrade spruce toxins, help to exhaust tree defences, produce beetle semiochemicals, and possibly provide nutrition. As the various fungal associates have different temperature optima, they can influence the performance of I. typographus differently under changing environmental conditions. Finally, we discuss why effects of drought on tree-killing by bark beetles are still poorly understood and provide an outlook on future research on this eruptive species using both, field and laboratory experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sigrid Netherer
- Department of Forest and Soil Sciences, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, BOKU, Vienna, Austria
| | - Dineshkumar Kandasamy
- Department of Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
| | - Anna Jirosová
- ETM Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences, CULS, Praha-Suchdol, Czech Republic
| | - Blanka Kalinová
- ETM Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences, CULS, Praha-Suchdol, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Schebeck
- Department of Forest and Soil Sciences, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, BOKU, Vienna, Austria
| | - Fredrik Schlyter
- ETM Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences, CULS, Praha-Suchdol, Czech Republic
- Chemical Ecology Plant Protection Department, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SLU, Alnarp, Sweden
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42
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Rosell JA, Piper FI, Jiménez-Vera C, Vergílio PCB, Marcati CR, Castorena M, Olson ME. Inner bark as a crucial tissue for non-structural carbohydrate storage across three tropical woody plant communities. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2021; 44:156-170. [PMID: 33034374 DOI: 10.1111/pce.13903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2020] [Revised: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 10/01/2020] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Non-structural carbohydrates (NSC) are crucial for forest resilience, but little is known regarding the role of bark in NSC storage. However, bark's abundance in woody stems and its large living fraction make it potentially key for NSC storage. We quantified total NSC, soluble sugar (SS) and starch concentrations in the most living region of bark (inner bark, IB), and sapwood of twigs, trunks and roots of 45 woody species from three contrasting tropical climates spanning global extremes of bark diversity and wide phylogenetic diversity. NSC concentrations were similar (total NSC, starch) or higher (SS) in IB than wood, with concentrations co-varying strongly. NSC concentrations varied widely across organs and species within communities and were not significantly affected by climate, leaf habit or the presence of photosynthetic bark. Starch concentration tended to increase with density, but only in wood. IB contributed substantially to NSC storage, accounting for 17-36% of total NSC, 23-47% of SS and 15-33% of starch pools. Further examination of the drivers of variation in IB NSC concentration, and taking into account the substantial contribution of IB to NSC pools, will be crucial to understand the role of storage in plant environmental adaptation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julieta A Rosell
- Laboratorio Nacional de Ciencias de la Sostenibilidad, Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Frida I Piper
- Centro de Investigación en Ecosistemas de la Patagonia (CIEP), Coyhaique, Chile
| | - Cipatli Jiménez-Vera
- Laboratorio Nacional de Ciencias de la Sostenibilidad, Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, Mexico
- Departamento de Biología de la Conservación, Centro de Investigación Científica y de Educación Superior de Ensenada, Ensenada, Baja California, Mexico
| | - Paula C B Vergílio
- Colegiado de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Estadual do Paraná (UNESPAR), Paranaguá, Brazil
- Laboratório de Anatomia da Madeira, Departamento de Ciência Florestal, Faculdade de Ciências Agronômicas, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Carmen R Marcati
- Laboratório de Anatomia da Madeira, Departamento de Ciência Florestal, Faculdade de Ciências Agronômicas, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Matiss Castorena
- Departamento de Botánica, Instituto de Biología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, Mexico
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | - Mark E Olson
- Departamento de Botánica, Instituto de Biología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, Mexico
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43
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Li Y, Xu Y, Chen Y, Ling L, Jiang Y, Duan H, Liu J. Effects of drought regimes on growth and physiological traits of a typical shrub species in subtropical China. Glob Ecol Conserv 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gecco.2020.e01269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
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44
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Xeric Tree Populations Exhibit Delayed Summer Depletion of Root Starch Relative to Mesic Counterparts. FORESTS 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/f11101026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Research linking soil moisture availability to nonstructural carbohydrate (NSC) storage suggests greater NSC reserves promote survival under acute water stress, but little is known about how NSC allocation responds to long-term differences in water availabilty. We hypothesized populations experiencing chronic or frequent water stress shift carbon allocation to build greater NSC reserves for increased survival probability during drought relative to populations rarely experiencing water stress. Over a year, we measured soluble sugar and starch concentrations from branches, stems, and coarse roots of mature Pinus palustris trees at two sites differing in long-term soil moisture availability. Xeric and mesic populations exhibited a cycle of summer depletion-winter accumulation in root starch. Xeric populations reached a maximum root starch concentration approximately 1–2 months later than mesic populations, indicating delayed summer depletion. Xeric and mesic populations reached the same minimum root starch at similar times, suggesting extended winter accumulation for xeric populations. These results suggest seasonal mobilization from root starch is compressed into a shorter interval for xeric populations instead of consistently greater reserves as hypothesized. Seasonal trends differed little between xeric and mesic populations for starch and sugars, suggesting the importance of roots in seasonal carbon dynamics and the primacy of starch for storage. If roots are the primary organ for longterm storage, then our results suggest that whole-plant mobilization and allocation respond to chronic differences in water availability.
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45
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Traversari S, De Carlo A, Traversi ML, Minnocci A, Francini A, Sebastiani L, Giovannelli A. Osmotic adjustments support growth of poplar cultured cells under high concentrations of carbohydrates. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2020; 39:971-982. [PMID: 32314047 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-020-02542-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2019] [Accepted: 04/06/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Poplar callus maintained a specific difference in osmotic potential with respect to media when supplemented with different carbohydrate concentrations. This balance in osmotic potential guaranteed the growth capacity. Osmotic stress is caused by several abiotic factors such as drought, salinity, or freezing. However, the threshold of osmotic potential that allows the growth under stress conditions has not been thoroughly studied. In this study, different levels of osmotic stress in Populus alba (L.) callus have been induced with the addition of mannitol or sorbitol in the medium (from 0 to 500 mM). The key factor for preserving the growth was observed to be the restoration of a constant difference in osmotic potential between callus and medium for all the tested conditions. The osmotic adjustments were primarily achieved with the uptake of mannitol or sorbitol from the media considering their chemical properties instead of their biological functions. The decrease in water content (from - 1 to - 10% after 21 days) and mineral elements, such as potassium, calcium, and magnesium, together with the alterations in cell morphology, did not show negative effects on growth. The activity of sorbitol dehydrogenase was detected for the first time in poplar (+ 4.7 U l-1 in callus treated with sorbitol compared to control callus). This finding suggested the importance of choosing carefully the molecules used to exert osmotic stress for separating the dual function of carbohydrates in osmotic adjustments and cell metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Traversari
- BioLabs, Institute of Life Sciences, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, Piazza Martiri della Libertà 33, 56127, Pisa, Italy
| | - Anna De Carlo
- Institute of Bioeconomy (IBE-CNR), Via Madonna del Piano 10, Sesto F.no, 50019, Florence, Italy
| | - Maria Laura Traversi
- Research Institute on Terrestrial Ecosystems (IRET-CNR), Via Madonna del Piano 10, Sesto F.no, 50019, Florence, Italy
| | - Antonio Minnocci
- BioLabs, Institute of Life Sciences, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, Piazza Martiri della Libertà 33, 56127, Pisa, Italy
| | - Alessandra Francini
- BioLabs, Institute of Life Sciences, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, Piazza Martiri della Libertà 33, 56127, Pisa, Italy
| | - Luca Sebastiani
- BioLabs, Institute of Life Sciences, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, Piazza Martiri della Libertà 33, 56127, Pisa, Italy.
| | - Alessio Giovannelli
- BioLabs, Institute of Life Sciences, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, Piazza Martiri della Libertà 33, 56127, Pisa, Italy
- Research Institute on Terrestrial Ecosystems (IRET-CNR), Via Madonna del Piano 10, Sesto F.no, 50019, Florence, Italy
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46
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He W, Liu H, Qi Y, Liu F, Zhu X. Patterns in nonstructural carbohydrate contents at the tree organ level in response to drought duration. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2020; 26:3627-3638. [PMID: 32162388 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.15078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2019] [Revised: 02/01/2020] [Accepted: 03/01/2020] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Nonstructural carbohydrates (NSCs) facilitate the adaptation of trees to drought stress. There have been a large number of studies exploring NSC changes in individual plant species and individual organ under drought and showed different trends; however, an understanding of the universal pattern of the plant NSCs responses to drought, particularly to drought duration, is still lacking. Here, we compiled data from 47 experimental studies on 52 tree species and conducted a meta-analysis to evaluate the responses of soluble sugars, starch, and TNSC (total nonstructural carbohydrates including both soluble sugars and starch) concentrations in different tree organs (leaf, stem, and root) to drought intensity and duration. We found that starch in all organs decreased and soluble sugars in leaf increased with prolonged experiment time, and the changes in soluble sugars in all organs were stronger under severe drought than under slight-to-moderate drought. Under slight-to-moderate drought, the NSC content of each organ varied with time, while with the extension of the drought duration, the NSCs gradually approached the control value (no drought stress); this trend remained in the late drought, which means that trees activated physiological regulation processes to increase carbon storage and reduce the risks of carbon starvation. In contrast, long-term severe drought could lead to a net loss of carbohydrates, especially in the root, implying that prolonged severe drought could lead to NSC depletion in the whole plant. As prolonged drought duration has occurred in and is projected for many regions, this paper could shed light into studies on how trees respond and adapt extending drought duration through nonstructural carbon production, transportation, and reallocation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenqi He
- College of Urban and Environmental Sciences and MOE Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Hongyan Liu
- College of Urban and Environmental Sciences and MOE Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Yang Qi
- College of Urban and Environmental Sciences and MOE Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Feng Liu
- College of Urban and Environmental Sciences and MOE Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Xinrong Zhu
- College of Urban and Environmental Sciences and MOE Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, Peking University, Beijing, China
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47
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Guo JS, Gear L, Hultine KR, Koch GW, Ogle K. Non-structural carbohydrate dynamics associated with antecedent stem water potential and air temperature in a dominant desert shrub. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2020; 43:1467-1483. [PMID: 32112440 DOI: 10.1111/pce.13749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2019] [Revised: 02/14/2020] [Accepted: 02/21/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Non-structural carbohydrates (NSCs) are necessary for plant growth and affected by plant water status, but the temporal dynamics of water stress impacts on NSC are not well understood. We evaluated how seasonal NSC concentrations varied with plant water status (predawn xylem water potential, Ψ) and air temperature (T) in the evergreen desert shrub Larrea tridentata. Aboveground sugar and starch concentrations were measured weekly or monthly for ~1.5 years on 6-12 shrubs simultaneously instrumented with automated stem psychrometers; leaf photosynthesis (Anet ) was measured monthly for 1 year. Leaf sugar increased during the dry, premonsoon period, associated with lower Ψ (greater water stress) and high T. Leaf sugar accumulation coincided with declines in leaf starch and stem sugar, suggesting the prioritization of leaf sugar during low photosynthetic uptake. Leaf starch was strongly correlated with Anet and peaked during the spring and monsoon seasons, while stem starch remained relatively constant except for depletion during the monsoon. Recent photosynthate appeared sufficient to support spring growth, while monsoon growth required the remobilization of stem starch reserves. The coordinated responses of different NSC fractions to water status, photosynthesis, and growth demands suggest that NSCs serve multiple functions under extreme environmental conditions, including severe drought.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica S Guo
- Department of Biological Sciences, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, Arizona, USA
- Center for Ecosystem Science and Society, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, Arizona, USA
| | - Linnea Gear
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, Arizona, USA
| | - Kevin R Hultine
- Department of Research, Conservation, and Collections, Desert Botanical Garden, Phoenix, Arizona, USA
| | - George W Koch
- Department of Biological Sciences, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, Arizona, USA
- Center for Ecosystem Science and Society, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, Arizona, USA
| | - Kiona Ogle
- Department of Biological Sciences, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, Arizona, USA
- Center for Ecosystem Science and Society, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, Arizona, USA
- School of Informatics, Computing, and Cyber Systems, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, Arizona, USA
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48
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Chitosan Oligosaccharide Addition to Buddhist Pine (Podocarpus macrophyllus (Thunb) Sweet) under Drought: Reponses in Ecophysiology and δ13C Abundance. FORESTS 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/f11050526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Climate warming induces the necessity to increase the drought resistance of shade-obligate juvenile trees in sub-tropical forests. Chitosan oligosaccharide (COS) is a biopolymer derived from the marine resource that has attracted accumulative attention to induce and promote a plant’s resistance to abiotic stress. Buddhist pine (Podocarpus mascrophyllus (Thunb)Sweet) seedlings were cultured as the model material whose natural distribution in sub-tropical areas of China has suffered severe summer drought events in the last 113 years. A split-block design was conducted with a simulated drought event (drought vs. irrigated control), the COS addition, and two samplings at the ends of drought and re-watered treatments. The COS addition increased the resistance to drought by inducing a starch allocation towards roots where δ13C abundance and antioxidant enzyme activities were upregulated. The COS addition can promote biomass allocation to roots and increase the number of new roots. The COS addition to drought-treated Buddhist pine seedlings resulted in robust diameter growth. Therefore, COS is an available polymer to promote the resistance of Buddhist pine to drought. More work is suggested to clarify the dose of COS addition that can induce a prominent response of biomass accumulation and carbohydrate metabolism.
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49
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Min X, Lin X, Ndayambaza B, Wang Y, Liu W. Coordinated mechanisms of leaves and roots in response to drought stress underlying full-length transcriptome profiling in Vicia sativa L. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2020; 20:165. [PMID: 32293274 PMCID: PMC7161134 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-020-02358-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2019] [Accepted: 03/24/2020] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Common vetch (Vicia sativa L.) is an important self-pollinating annual forage legume and is of interest for drought prone regions as a protein source to feed livestock and human consumption. However, the development and production of common vetch are negatively affected by drought stress. Plants have evolved common or distinct metabolic pathways between the aboveground and underground in response to drought stress. Little is known regarding the coordinated response of aboveground and underground tissues of common vetch to drought stress. RESULTS Our results showed that a total of 30,427 full-length transcripts were identified in 12 samples, with an average length of 2278.89 bp. Global transcriptional profiles of the above 12 samples were then analysed via Illumina-Seq. A total of 3464 and 3062 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified in the leaves and roots, respectively. Gene Ontology (GO) enrichment analyses identified that the dehydrin genes and Δ1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate synthase were induced for the biosynthesis of proline and water conservation. The Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) enrichment analysis results indicated that the DEGs were significantly enriched in hormone signal transduction, starch and sucrose metabolism, and arginine and proline metabolism, and various drought response candidate genes were also identified. Abscisic acid (ABA; the AREB/ABF-SnRK2 pathway) regulates the activity of AMY3 and BAM1 to induce starch degradation in leaves and increase carbon export to roots, which may be associated with the drought stress responses in common vetch. Among the co-induced transcription factors (TFs), AREB/ABF, bHLH, MYB, WRKY, and AP2/ERF had divergent expression patterns and may be key in the crosstalk between leaves and roots during adaption to drought stress. In transgenic yeast, the overexpression of four TFs increased yeast tolerance to osmotic stresses. CONCLUSION The multipronged approach identified in the leaves and roots broadens our understanding of the coordinated mechanisms of drought response in common vetch, and further provides targets to improve drought resistance through genetic engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueyang Min
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-ecosystems, Lanzhou University; Key Laboratory of Grassland Livestock Industry Innovation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, China; Western China Technology Innovation Centre for Grassland Industry, Gansu Province, China; Engineering Research Center of Grassland Industry, Ministry of Education, China; College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoshan Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-ecosystems, Lanzhou University; Key Laboratory of Grassland Livestock Industry Innovation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, China; Western China Technology Innovation Centre for Grassland Industry, Gansu Province, China; Engineering Research Center of Grassland Industry, Ministry of Education, China; College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, People's Republic of China
| | - Boniface Ndayambaza
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-ecosystems, Lanzhou University; Key Laboratory of Grassland Livestock Industry Innovation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, China; Western China Technology Innovation Centre for Grassland Industry, Gansu Province, China; Engineering Research Center of Grassland Industry, Ministry of Education, China; College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanrong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-ecosystems, Lanzhou University; Key Laboratory of Grassland Livestock Industry Innovation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, China; Western China Technology Innovation Centre for Grassland Industry, Gansu Province, China; Engineering Research Center of Grassland Industry, Ministry of Education, China; College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, People's Republic of China.
| | - Wenxian Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-ecosystems, Lanzhou University; Key Laboratory of Grassland Livestock Industry Innovation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, China; Western China Technology Innovation Centre for Grassland Industry, Gansu Province, China; Engineering Research Center of Grassland Industry, Ministry of Education, China; College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, People's Republic of China.
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50
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Blake-Mahmud J, Struwe L. Death, sex, and sugars: variations in nonstructural carbohydrate concentrations in a sexually plastic tree. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY 2020; 107:375-382. [PMID: 32080831 DOI: 10.1002/ajb2.1429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2019] [Accepted: 11/26/2019] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE Environmental sex determination (ESD) is a rare sex determination system in which individuals may switch sex expression throughout their lifetimes in response to environmental factors. In sexually stable species, individuals usually bear more female flowers if the plants are larger, have greater access to limiting resources, or are in better condition. Research regarding sexually plastic species with ESD and how resources correlate with sex expression is limited. Furthermore, most research investigates resources at the population level, failing to account for resources available to individuals for growth, maintenance, or reproduction. METHODS Acer pensylvanicum is a species that is known to switch sex. Using twig samples collected during 2014-2016 in December and May, we analyzed resource status in the form of stored nonstructural carbohydrates (NSCs) and compared this with expressed sex. RESULTS We found that females had higher sugar concentrations than males. Furthermore, males changing expression to female had higher sugar concentrations during the prior winter than did males remaining male. We found that size was not a key predictor: neither male nor female-flowering individuals increased NSC concentrations with size. Dying female trees had high concentrations of NSCs throughout the dying process and only manifested reduced NSCs once dead. CONCLUSIONS This is the first study showing significant correlations between NSCs and sex expression in a plant species with ESD. These findings support the hypothesis that sex switching could be a consequence of increased resource availability and that the high female mortality of A. pensylvanicum populations is likely not a direct result of carbon starvation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Blake-Mahmud
- Princeton Writing Program, Princeton, NJ, 08544, USA
- Department of Ecology, Evolution & Natural Resources, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, 08901, USA
| | - Lena Struwe
- Department of Ecology, Evolution & Natural Resources, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, 08901, USA
- Department of Plant Biology, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, 08901, USA
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