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Elghazaly EM, Torky HA, Tawfik RG. Effect of silver nanoparticles and REP-PCR typing of Staphylococcus aureus isolated from various sources. Sci Rep 2024; 14:21997. [PMID: 39313528 PMCID: PMC11420343 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-71781-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2024] [Accepted: 08/30/2024] [Indexed: 09/25/2024] Open
Abstract
This is the primary study at Matrouh Governorate to unveil antibiotic resistance, biofilm formation, silver nanoparticles (Ag-NPs) effect using electron microscopy, and REP-PCR analysis of Staphylococcus aureus strains isolated from COVID-19 patients, contaminated food, and Morel's diseased sheep and goats. A total of 15 S. aureus strains were isolated; five from each of the COVID-19 patients, Morel's diseased sheep and goats, and contaminated food. All strains were considered multidrug-resistant (MDR). All strains showed the presence of biofilm. Morphological changes in the cell surface of the bacterium were evidenced, and penetration with the rupture of some bacterial cells. Based on REP-PCR analysis, 4 clusters (C1-C4) with dissimilarity between clusters C1 and C2 8% and between C3 and C4 15%. Cluster I included 3 strains from contaminated food with a similarity of 97%, and Cluster II included 2 strains from contaminated food and 2 from COVID-19-infected patients with a similarity of 96% (confirming the zoonotic nature of this pathogen). Cluster III contained 4 strains isolated from Morel's diseased sheep & goats with a similarity ratio of 99% in comparison the 4th cluster contained 3 strains isolated from COVID-patients and one from Morel's diseased sheep & goats with a similarity ratio of 92%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eman M Elghazaly
- Microbiology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Matrouh University, Matrouh, Egypt.
| | - Helmy A Torky
- Microbiology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Rasha Gomaa Tawfik
- Microbiology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
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de Souto Sobrinho JD, de Valença Silva AK, de Medeiros KB, Silva MLCR, de Medeiros ABM, de Sousa DLC, de Azevedo SS, de Sousa Américo Batista Santos C. Antimicrobial resistance, enterotoxin and biofilm production genes in Staphylococcus spp. isolated from facilities and fomites in veterinary hospital in the Caatinga biome. Braz J Microbiol 2024; 55:2885-2892. [PMID: 38819774 PMCID: PMC11405625 DOI: 10.1007/s42770-024-01400-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2024] [Accepted: 05/24/2024] [Indexed: 06/01/2024] Open
Abstract
The Caatinga biome occurs only in Brazil and offers epidemiological conditions that should be assessed differently from other regions of Brazil and the world. Thus, the aim of this survey was to identify antimicrobial resistance, enterotoxin and biofilm production genes in Staphylococcus spp. isolated from facilities and fomites in a veterinary hospital in Caatinga biome. Samples were collected from surfaces of small animal clinical care tables (n =8), cages in the dog and cat hospitalisation sector and animals with infectious diseases (n = 21), small animal surgical centre (n =8), sterilisation sector (n =7) and stethoscopes (n = 32) by using sterile swabs. Bacterial isolation and identification, antimicrobial resistance phenotypic test and molecular detection of antimicrobial resistance, biofilm formation and enterotoxin genes were carried out. Ninety-five bacterial isolates were obtained, and 29 (30.5%) were identified as Staphylococcus spp. Overall, 13 isolates (44.8%) of six species of Staphylococcus spp. showed antimicrobial resistance profile, as well as S. haemolyticus expressed phenotypic profile of multidrug resistance. The antimicrobials with the highest resistance rates were penicillin and tetracycline. The most frequent resistance genes were blaZ and tetM, both detected in 10 (76.9%) isolates. The mecA, tetL and tetK genes had frequencies of 38.5% (5/13), 23.1% (3/13) and 15.4% (2/13), respectively. The biofilm production marker, icaD gene, was detected in one S. sciuri strain. SEE gene, which encodes enterotoxins, was detected in 15.4% (2/13) of the strains (S. pseudintermedius and S. intermedius). The occurrence of Staphylococcus spp. carrying resistance genes to diferent classes of antimicrobials, presenting MDR phenotypic pattern and carrying enterotoxins and biofim encoding genes recovered from veterinary hospital facilities and fomites in the Caatinga biome reinforce the need to implement prevention cares in veterinary practices to avoid One Health-concerning conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Sérgio Santos de Azevedo
- Federal University of Campina Grande, Post-Graduate Program in Animal Science and Health, Patos, PB, Brazil
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Bwanga F, Mukashyaka C, Kateete DP, Tumuhamye J, Okeng A, Aboce E, Namugga O, Kwizera R, Sommerfelt H, Nankabirwa V. Vaginal colonization with virulent and methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus among Ugandan women in Labour. BMC Microbiol 2024; 24:307. [PMID: 39155368 PMCID: PMC11331675 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-024-03460-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 08/12/2024] [Indexed: 08/20/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) often colonizes the human skin, upper respiratory and genital tracts. In the female genital tract, it can be passed on to the newborn during vaginal delivery leading to either ordinary colonization, or neonatal infections notably umbilical stump sepsis, scalded skin syndrome, arthritis, or bacteraemia/sepsis. These infections are mediated by staphylococcal virulence factors such as (i) Staphylococcal Enterotoxins A, B, C, D, and E encoded by the sea, seb, sec, sed, see genes, (ii) Exfoliative Toxins A and B encoded by the eta and etb genes, (iii) Toxic Shock Syndrome Toxin 1 (TSST-1) encoded by the tst gene, (iv) Panton-Valentine Leukocidin (PVL) encoded by the pvl gene, and (v) Hemolysins alpha and delta encoded by the hla and hld genes, respectively. We determined the prevalence of S. aureus possessing one or more virulence factor genes and of methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in this population. METHODS This was a cross-sectional study, which used 85 S. aureus isolates from the Chlorohexidine (CHX) clinical trial study in Uganda. The isolates had been obtained by culturing vaginal swabs (VS) from 1472 women in labour, frozen at minus 80oC, then thawed, sub-cultured, and tested for the selected virulence genes sea, seb, sec, sed, see eta, etb, tst, pvl, hla and hld, and for the methicillin resistance determining gene (mecA). Data were analyzed using SPSS version 20. RESULTS Of the 85 S. aureus isolates 13 (15.3%) were positive for one or more virulence factor genes, as follows: pvl 9/85 (10.6%), hld 5/85 (5.9%), sea 1/85 (1.2%) and seb genes 1/85 (1.2%). The other virulence genes (sec, sed, see, eta, etb, hla and tst) were not detected in any of the isolates. MRSA was detected in 55.3% (47/85) of the isolates, but only two of these carried the pvl virulence gene. CONCLUSION This study demonstrated that 15% of the S. aureus colonizing the female lower genital tract of mothers in labour in central Uganda carried one or more virulence genes, mostly pvl, indicating potential for newborn infection with S. aureus acquired in the maternal birth canal. More than half of the isolates were MRSA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Freddie Bwanga
- Department of Immunology and Molecular Biology, School of Biomedical Sciences, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, P. O Box 7072, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Claudine Mukashyaka
- Department of Immunology and Molecular Biology, School of Biomedical Sciences, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, P. O Box 7072, Kampala, Uganda.
| | - David Patrick Kateete
- Department of Immunology and Molecular Biology, School of Biomedical Sciences, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, P. O Box 7072, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Josephine Tumuhamye
- Centre for Intervention Science in Maternal and Child Health, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | | | | | - Olive Namugga
- School of Public Health, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Richard Kwizera
- Infectious Diseases Institute, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Halvor Sommerfelt
- Centre for Intervention Science in Maternal and Child Health, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Victoria Nankabirwa
- Centre for Intervention Science in Maternal and Child Health, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- School of Public Health, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, Kampala, Uganda
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4
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N'zi NP, Gbonon VC, Guédé KB, Afran SA, Angaman DM. Assessing the Public Health Implications of Virulent and Antibiotic-Resistant Bacteria in Côte d'Ivoire's Ready-to-Eat Salads. Int J Microbiol 2024; 2024:3264533. [PMID: 39139471 PMCID: PMC11321884 DOI: 10.1155/2024/3264533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2024] [Accepted: 07/23/2024] [Indexed: 08/15/2024] Open
Abstract
In Côte d'Ivoire, the popularity of ready-to-eat salads has grown substantially. Despite their convenience, these products often face criticism for their microbiological safety. This research was conducted to assess the virulence and antibiotic resistance profiles of Escherichia coli (E. coli), Salmonella spp., and Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) isolated from salads available in hypermarkets across Abidjan. The study utilized a combination of microbiological and molecular biology techniques. Results indicated that E. coli isolates harbored virulence genes such as stx2 (50%) and ST (62.50%), though genes stx1 and LT were absent in the samples tested. In S. aureus, virulence genes detected included sea (55.55%), sec (11.110%), and sed (44.44%). The antibiotic resistance assessment revealed high resistance in E. coli to β-lactam antibiotics, with all isolates resistant to cefuroxime (100%) and the majority to ampicillin and cefoxitin (87.5%). Most Salmonella spp. isolates were sensitive to the antibiotics tested, except for cefoxitin and ampicillin, showing resistance rates of 42.85% and 57.15%, respectively. Staphylococcus aureus demonstrated considerable resistance, particularly to cefoxitin (44.44%), benzylpenicillin (100%), and ampicillin (55.55%). In addition, resistance to aminoglycosides (55.55% to both kanamycin and gentamicin) and macrolides (66.66% to erythromycin and 55.55% to clindamycin) was noted. Resistance to various fluoroquinolones ranged between 33.33% and 55.55%. The presence of resistance genes such as blaTEM (10.52%), qnrA (2.26%), qnrB (5.26%), qnrS (5.26%), and mecA (13.15%) in E. coli and S. aureus underscores the challenge of multidrug resistance, exhibiting phenotypes such as ESBL (50%), Meti-R (55.55%), KTG (44.44%), MLSB (44.44%), and FQ-R (25%). These results carry significant epidemiological and public health implications, highlighting the urgent need for improved safety regulations and practices regarding ready-to-eat salads in urban food markets.
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Affiliation(s)
- N'goran Parfait N'zi
- Department of Biochemistry-MicrobiologyJean Lorougnon Guede University, Daloa, Côte d'Ivoire
- Department of Bacteriology-VirologyNational Reference Center for AntibioticsPasteur Institute of Côte d'Ivoire, Daloa, Côte d'Ivoire
| | - Valérie Carole Gbonon
- Department of Bacteriology-VirologyNational Reference Center for AntibioticsPasteur Institute of Côte d'Ivoire, Daloa, Côte d'Ivoire
| | - Kipré Bertin Guédé
- Department of Bacteriology-VirologyNational Reference Center for AntibioticsPasteur Institute of Côte d'Ivoire, Daloa, Côte d'Ivoire
| | - Sidjè Arlette Afran
- Department of Bacteriology-VirologyNational Reference Center for AntibioticsPasteur Institute of Côte d'Ivoire, Daloa, Côte d'Ivoire
| | - Djédoux Maxime Angaman
- Department of Biochemistry-MicrobiologyJean Lorougnon Guede University, Daloa, Côte d'Ivoire
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da Silva BDCT, de Carvalho DUOG, Sakauchi VTS, Ferreira JS, Cortez A, Heinemann MB, Gaeta NC. Investigating antimicrobial-resistant bacteria from exotic domestic birds - a One Health concern. BRAZILIAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY MEDICINE 2024; 46:e001624. [PMID: 39119241 PMCID: PMC11308690 DOI: 10.29374/2527-2179.bjvm001624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2024] [Accepted: 06/25/2024] [Indexed: 08/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance is a natural mechanism in microorganisms, making the treatment of infections more complex in human and veterinary medicine. Global exotic and ornamental bird markets have significantly increased, and the close relationship between pets and humans makes exploring the potential role of these birds as vectors for the spread of antimicrobial-resistant bacteria imperative. This study aimed to use culture-dependent methods to investigate cloacal bacteria and the presence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria in four breeding stocks of ornamental birds. Cloacal swab samples were collected from 53 birds (canaries = 32, cockatiels = 17, and budgies = 4) and used for culturing and isolating facultative anaerobic and/or obligatory aerobic Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. The antimicrobial susceptibility profile of each isolate was determined by the disk diffusion method. Thirty-four isolates were obtained, most of which belonged to the Staphylococcus genus. Bacterial richness was higher in canaries and in one of the breeding stockings, where Gram-negative bacteria were more abundant than in the others. In addition, canaries exhibited a predominance of resistant isolates, particularly multidrug-resistant strains, probably due to prophylactic antimicrobial usage. Most Gram-negative bacteria were resistant to at least one drug tested. A vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecalis strain was isolated. Most Staphylococcus strains were resistant to gentamycin, followed by penicillin. Eight strains were cefoxitin-resistant, including oxacillin-resistant S. epidermidis, in which the mecA gene was detected. Understanding the prevalence of resistance in avian species is crucial in the collaborative pursuit of maintaining antibiotic effectiveness and strengthening public health defense against emerging infectious risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bianca da Costa Tavares da Silva
- Veterinarian, Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva e Saúde Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade de São Paulo (USP). São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
| | | | - Victoria Tiemi Sorbello Sakauchi
- Veterinarian, Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva e Saúde Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade de São Paulo (USP). São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
| | - José Soares Ferreira
- Veterinarian, Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva e Saúde Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade de São Paulo (USP). São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
| | - Adriana Cortez
- Veterinarian, Universidade Santo Amaro (UNISA), Santo Amaro, SP, Brazil
| | - Marcos Bryan Heinemann
- Veterinarian, Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva e Saúde Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade de São Paulo (USP). São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
| | - Natália Carrillo Gaeta
- Veterinarian, Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva e Saúde Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade de São Paulo (USP). São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
- Veterinarian, Curso de Medicina Veterinária, Faculdades Integradas Campos Salles (FICS), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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Margalho LP, Graça JS, Kamimura BA, Lee SHI, Canales HDS, Chincha AIA, Caturla MYR, Brexó RP, Crucello A, Alvarenga VO, Cruz AG, Oliveira CAF, Sant'Ana AS. Enterotoxigenic Staphylococcus aureus in Brazilian artisanal cheeses: Occurrence, counts, phenotypic and genotypic profiles. Food Microbiol 2024; 121:104531. [PMID: 38637091 DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2024.104531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2023] [Revised: 03/24/2024] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 04/20/2024]
Abstract
The present study aimed to assess the occurrence and counts of Staphylococcus aureus in Brazilian artisanal cheeses (BAC) produced in five regions of Brazil: Coalho and Manteiga (Northeast region); Colonial and Serrano (South); Caipira (Central-West); Marajó (North); and Minas Artisanal cheeses, from Araxá, Campos das Vertentes, Cerrado, Serro and Canastra microregions (Southeast). The resistance to chlorine-based sanitizers, ability to attach to stainless steel surfaces, and antibiogram profile of a large set of S. aureus strains (n = 585) were assessed. Further, a total of 42 isolates were evaluated for the presence of enterotoxigenic genes (sea, seb, sec, sed, see, seg, sei, sej, and ser) and submitted to typing using pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE). BAC presented high counts of S. aureus (3.4-6.4 log CFU/g), varying from 25 to 62.5%. From the S. aureus strains (n = 585) assessed, 16% could resist 200 ppm of sodium hypochlorite, whereas 87.6% produced strong ability to attach to stainless steel surfaces, corroborating with S. aureus ability to persist and spread in the environment. Furthermore, the relatively high frequency (80.5%) of multidrug-resistant S. aureus and the presence of enterotoxin genes in 92.6% of the strains is of utmost attention. It reveals the lurking threat of SFP that can survive when conditions are favorable. The presence of enterotoxigenic and antimicrobial-resistant strains of S. aureus in cheese constitutes a potential risk to public health. This result calls for better control of cheese contamination sources, and taking hygienic measures is necessary for food safety. More attention should be paid to animal welfare and hygiene practices in some dairy farms during manufacturing to enhance the microbiological quality of traditional cheese products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larissa P Margalho
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Faculty of Food Engineering, University of Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Juliana S Graça
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Faculty of Food Engineering, University of Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Bruna A Kamimura
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Faculty of Food Engineering, University of Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Sarah H I Lee
- Department of Food Engineering, School of Animal Science and Food Engineering, University of São Paulo, Pirassununga, SP, Brazil
| | - Héctor D S Canales
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Faculty of Food Engineering, University of Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Alexandra I A Chincha
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Faculty of Food Engineering, University of Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Magdevis Y R Caturla
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Faculty of Food Engineering, University of Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Ramon P Brexó
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Faculty of Food Engineering, University of Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Aline Crucello
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Faculty of Food Engineering, University of Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Verônica O Alvarenga
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Faculty of Food Engineering, University of Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil; Department of Food, Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Adriano G Cruz
- Department of Food, Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Carlos Augusto F Oliveira
- Department of Food Engineering, School of Animal Science and Food Engineering, University of São Paulo, Pirassununga, SP, Brazil
| | - Anderson S Sant'Ana
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Faculty of Food Engineering, University of Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil.
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Wu H, Gao Y, Chen Q, Yao L, Yao B, Yang J, Chen W. Simultaneous SERS-decoding detection of multiple pathogens in drinking water with home-made portable double-layer filtration and concentration device. Mikrochim Acta 2024; 191:429. [PMID: 38942915 DOI: 10.1007/s00604-024-06492-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2024] [Accepted: 06/05/2024] [Indexed: 06/30/2024]
Abstract
The engineering of a home-made portable double-layer filtration and concentration device with the common syringe for rapid analysis of water samples is reported. The core elements of the device were two installed filtration membranes with different pore sizes for respective functions. The upper filtration membrane was used for preliminary intercepting large interfering impurities (interception membrane), while the lower filtration membrane was used for collecting multiple target pathogens (enrichment membrane) for determination. This combination can make the contaminated environmental water, exemplified by surface water, filtrated quickly through the device and just retained the target bacteria of Escherichia coli O157:H7, Staphylococcus aureus, and Listeria monocytogenes on the lower enrichment membrane. Integrating with surface-enhanced Raman spectra (SERS) platform to decode the SERS-Tags (SERS-TagCVa, SERS-TagR6G, and SERS-TagMB) already labeled on each of the enriched bacteria based the antibody-mediated immuno-recognition effect, fast separation, concentration, and detection of multiple pathogenic bacteria from the bulk of contaminated environmental water were realized. Results show that within 30 min, all target bacteria in the lake water can be simultaneously and accurately measured in the range from 101 to 106 CFU mL-1 with detection limit of 10.0 CFU mL-1 without any pre-culture procedures. This work highlights the simplicity, rapidness, cheapness, selectivity, and the robustness of the constructed method for simultaneous detecting multiple pathogens in aqueous samples. This protocol opens a new avenue for facilitating the development of versatile analytical tools for drinking water and food safety monitoring in underdeveloped or developing countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huqi Wu
- Engineering Research Center of Bio-process, MOE, School of Food and Biological Engineering, Intelligent Manufacturing Institute, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, 230009, P. R. China
| | - Yan Gao
- Engineering Research Center of Bio-process, MOE, School of Food and Biological Engineering, Intelligent Manufacturing Institute, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, 230009, P. R. China
| | - Qi Chen
- Engineering Research Center of Bio-process, MOE, School of Food and Biological Engineering, Intelligent Manufacturing Institute, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, 230009, P. R. China
| | - Li Yao
- School of Food Science and Bioengineering, Changsha University of Science and Technology, Changsha, China
| | - Bangben Yao
- Engineering Research Center of Bio-process, MOE, School of Food and Biological Engineering, Intelligent Manufacturing Institute, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, 230009, P. R. China
- Anhui Province Institute of Product Quality Supervision & Inspection, Hefei, 230051, P.R. China
| | - Jielin Yang
- Technical Centre for Animal, Plant and Food Inspection and Quarantine of Shanghai Customs, Shanghai, 200135, China
| | - Wei Chen
- Engineering Research Center of Bio-process, MOE, School of Food and Biological Engineering, Intelligent Manufacturing Institute, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, 230009, P. R. China.
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Ji X, Zhu W, Lu H, Wu Z, Chen H, Lin C, Zeng Z, You C, Li L. Antibiotic Resistance Profiles and MLST Typing of Staphylococcus Aureus Clone Associated with Skin and Soft Tissue Infections in a Hospital of China. Infect Drug Resist 2024; 17:2555-2566. [PMID: 38933775 PMCID: PMC11199319 DOI: 10.2147/idr.s465951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2024] [Accepted: 06/14/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Objective To analyze the antibiotic resistance profile, virulence genes, and molecular typing of Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) strains isolated in skin and soft tissue infections at the First Affiliated Hospital, Gannan Medical University, to better understand the molecular epidemiological characteristics of S. aureus. Methods In 2023, 65 S. aureus strains were isolated from patients with skin and soft tissue infections. Strain identification and susceptibility tests were performed using VITEK 2 and gram-positive bacteria identification cards. DNA was extracted using a DNA extraction kit, and all genes were amplified using polymerase chain reaction. Multilocus sequence typing (MLST) was used for molecular typing. Results In this study, of the 65 S. aureus strains were tested for their susceptibility to 16 antibiotics, the highest resistance rate to penicillin G was 95.4%. None of the staphylococcal isolates showed resistance to ceftaroline, daptomycin, linezolid, tigecycline, teicoplanin, or vancomycin. fnbA was the most prevalent virulence gene (100%) in S. aureus strains isolated in skin and soft tissue infections, followed by arcA (98.5%). Statistical analyses showed that the resistance rates of methicillin-resistant S. aureus isolates to various antibiotics were significantly higher than those of methicillin-susceptible S. aureus isolates. Fifty sequence types (STs), including 44 new ones, were identified by MLST. Conclusion In this study, the high resistance rate to penicillin G and the high carrying rate of virulence gene fnbA and arcA of S.aureus were determine, and 44 new STs were identified, which may be associated with the geographical location of southern Jiangxi and local trends in antibiotic use. The study of the clonal lineage and evolutionary relationships of S. aureus in these regions may help in understanding the molecular epidemiology and provide the experimental basis for pathogenic bacteria prevention and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojuan Ji
- Department of Dermatology, First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Joint Organization of Jiangxi Clinical Medicine Research Center for Dermatology, Ganzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wenjie Zhu
- Department of Dermatology, First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Joint Organization of Jiangxi Clinical Medicine Research Center for Dermatology, Ganzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hongfei Lu
- Clinical Laboratory, First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhiwei Wu
- Department of Dermatology, First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Joint Organization of Jiangxi Clinical Medicine Research Center for Dermatology, Ganzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Huaqing Chen
- Department of Dermatology, First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Joint Organization of Jiangxi Clinical Medicine Research Center for Dermatology, Ganzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Chunli Lin
- Department of Dermatology, First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Joint Organization of Jiangxi Clinical Medicine Research Center for Dermatology, Ganzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhaolin Zeng
- Department of Dermatology, First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Joint Organization of Jiangxi Clinical Medicine Research Center for Dermatology, Ganzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Cong You
- Department of Dermatology, First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Joint Organization of Jiangxi Clinical Medicine Research Center for Dermatology, Ganzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Longnian Li
- Department of Dermatology, First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Joint Organization of Jiangxi Clinical Medicine Research Center for Dermatology, Ganzhou, People’s Republic of China
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Roy MC, Chowdhury T, Hossain MT, Hasan MM, Zahran E, Rahman MM, Zinnah KMA, Rahman MM, Hossain FMA. Zoonotic linkage and environmental contamination of Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in dairy farms: A one health perspective. One Health 2024; 18:100680. [PMID: 39010963 PMCID: PMC11247269 DOI: 10.1016/j.onehlt.2024.100680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 07/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is a ubiquitous public health challenge, with its prevalence in human, animal, and environmental interfaces posing significant concerns. This study aimed to characterize and detect the zoonotic linkages of MRSA within the cow-environment-human interfaces in dairy farms to address the One Health perspective. A comprehensive investigation, involving 636 samples (an equal number of raw milk and cow nasal swab samples, along with varying numbers of human nasal swab and environmental samples), revealed an overall MRSA prevalence of 13.4% (n = 271/636). Notably, environmental samples exhibited the highest prevalence (19.3%), emphasizing the potential role of farm surroundings in MRSA transmission, while the lowest prevalence was found in raw milk at 11.8% (n = 31/263). The prevalence in cow nasal swabs and human nasal swabs was 13.3% (n = 35/263) and 15.1% (n = 8/53), respectively. Multiplex PCR analysis revealed the presence of different Staphylococcal enterotoxin (SEa, SEb, SEc, and SEd), and exfoliative toxin-producing genes (Eta, Etb) within the MRSA isolates underlining their potential to induce public health threats. All MRSA isolates exhibited complete resistance to Oxacillin (100%) and Amoxicillin (100%), while the highest sensitivity was observed for Vancomycin (85.8%). Furthermore, these MRSA strains demonstrated varying degrees of resistance to other commonly used antimicrobial drugs, including Cefoxitin (75.3%), Ceftarolin (71.2%), Sulfamethoxazole-Trimethoprim (63.5%), Ciprofloxacin (60%), and Gentamicin (49.5%). Detection of MRSA in cow, human, and environmental samples within the same farm vicinity highlights the risk of zoonotic transmission of MRSA from cows to humans through environmental interfaces. Phylogenetic analysis of the mecA gene in MRSA isolates from all sources within the same farm revealed a high similarity index (>84%) among them suggesting a shared evolutionary origin. Moreover, the MRSA isolates from milk samples showed a close evolutionary relationship with isolates from Kenya and Brazil, while the isolates from humans and the environment displayed noticeable resemblance to isolates from several Asian countries. The findings emphasize the importance of collaborative efforts under the One Health framework to address this multifaceted issue and ensure the safety of our food supply and public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mithu Chandra Roy
- Department of Dairy Science, Faculty of Veterinary, Animal and Biomedical Sciences, Sylhet Agricultural University, Bangladesh
| | - Tonmoy Chowdhury
- Department of Dairy Science, Faculty of Veterinary, Animal and Biomedical Sciences, Sylhet Agricultural University, Bangladesh
| | - Muhammad Tafazzal Hossain
- Department of Dairy Science, Faculty of Veterinary, Animal and Biomedical Sciences, Sylhet Agricultural University, Bangladesh
| | - Md. Mahmudul Hasan
- Department of Dairy Science, Faculty of Veterinary, Animal and Biomedical Sciences, Sylhet Agricultural University, Bangladesh
| | - Eman Zahran
- Department of Aquatic Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, Egypt
| | - Md. Masudur Rahman
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary, Animal and Biomedical Sciences, Sylhet Agricultural University, Bangladesh
| | - Kazi Mohammad Ali Zinnah
- Department of Animal & Fish Biotechnology, Faculty of Biotechnology & Genetic Engineering, Sylhet Agricultural University, Bangladesh
| | - Md. Mahfujur Rahman
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary, Animal and Biomedical Sciences, Sylhet Agricultural University, Bangladesh
| | - Ferdaus Mohd Altaf Hossain
- Department of Dairy Science, Faculty of Veterinary, Animal and Biomedical Sciences, Sylhet Agricultural University, Bangladesh
- Department of Animal & Fish Biotechnology, Faculty of Biotechnology & Genetic Engineering, Sylhet Agricultural University, Bangladesh
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10
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Forouzani‐Moghaddam MJ, Habibi S, Hosseini‐Safa A, Khanaliha K, Mokarinejad R, Akhoundzadeh F, Oshaghi M. Rapid detection of major enterotoxin genes and antibiotic resistance of Staphylococcus aureus isolated from raw milk in the Yazd province, Iran. Vet Med Sci 2024; 10:e1407. [PMID: 38519836 PMCID: PMC10959825 DOI: 10.1002/vms3.1407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Revised: 01/22/2024] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/25/2024] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Raw milk is a nutrient-rich food, but it may harbour harmful bacteria, such as enterotoxigenic Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus), which can cause staphylococcal food poisoning. Antibiotic resistance of S. aureus in raw milk can increase the risk of such infections, particularly among susceptible individuals. OBJECTIVE This study aimed to investigate the prevalence of enterotoxin genes a, d, g, i and j and the antibiotic resistance of S. aureus isolated from raw milk samples. METHODS During a 6-month sampling period, 60 raw milk specimens were obtained from diverse locations in Yazd province, Iran. Antibiogram profiling was conducted via the disc diffusion method. In addition, staphylococcal enterotoxin (SE) genes a, d, g, i, and j were detected through real-time PCR analysis. RESULTS Bacteriological assays confirmed the presence of S. aureus in 11 samples (18.3%). All isolates demonstrated 100% resistance to penicillin G but exhibited sensitivity to vancomycin, while resistance to other antibiotics ranged from 36.4% to 45.5%. The prevalence of enterotoxin genes in these strains showed variable distribution, with sea being the predominant SE (45.5%), followed by sed (36.4%), seg (18.2), sej and sei (9.1% each). CONCLUSIONS This study discovered the presence of multiple enterotoxins in S. aureus strains obtained from raw milk samples. These strains also demonstrated resistance to a variety of antibiotics. Since enterotoxigenic S. aureus is known to cause human food poisoning, monitoring food hygiene practices, especially during raw milk production, is critical.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sina Habibi
- Department of Medical Laboratory SciencesFaculty of Allied MedicineIran University of Medical SciencesTehranIran
- Department of Hematology and Blood Banking, Faculty of Allied MedicineIran University of Medical SciencesTehranIran
| | - Ahmad Hosseini‐Safa
- Department of Medical Laboratory SciencesFaculty of Allied MedicineIran University of Medical SciencesTehranIran
| | - Khadijeh Khanaliha
- Research Center of Pediatric Infectious DiseasesInstitute of Immunology and Infectious DiseasesIran University of Medical SciencesTehranIran
| | - Roya Mokarinejad
- Department of Medical Laboratory SciencesFaculty of Allied MedicineIran University of Medical SciencesTehranIran
| | - Fatemeh Akhoundzadeh
- Department of Medical Laboratory SciencesFaculty of Allied MedicineIran University of Medical SciencesTehranIran
| | - Mojgan Oshaghi
- Department of Medical Laboratory SciencesFaculty of Allied MedicineIran University of Medical SciencesTehranIran
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11
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Kabui S, Kimani J, Ngugi C, Kagira J. Prevalence and antimicrobial resistance profiles of mastitis causing bacteria isolated from dairy goats in Mukurweini Sub-County, Nyeri County, Kenya. Vet Med Sci 2024; 10:e1420. [PMID: 38546016 PMCID: PMC10976424 DOI: 10.1002/vms3.1420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2023] [Revised: 02/16/2024] [Accepted: 03/01/2024] [Indexed: 05/03/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ruminant mastitis continues to be a cause of economic losses in the dairy industry and remains a major public health hazard globally. OBJECTIVES This cross-sectional study was carried out in Mukurweini Sub-County of Nyeri County, Kenya, to investigate the prevalence of bacteria causing mastitis, risk factors associated with goat mastitis and the antibiotic resistance profiles of bacteria isolated from the goat milk. METHODS Farm level data on risk factors for mastitis was obtained from 56 farmers using a semi structured questionnaire. A total of 189 goat milk samples were collected. The goat's udder was observed for signs of clinical mastitis and the California Mastitis Test (CMT) used to test the milk for sub-clinical mastitis. All samples were then cultured for morphological identification of bacteria and strain typing by Matrix Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization (MALDI)-Time of Flight (ToF) technique. Antimicrobial susceptibility of the isolated Staphylococcus aureus, coagulase-negative Staphylococcus (CoNS), Escherichia coli, Klebsiella oxytoca, Pseudomonas spp., Enterobacter spp., Proteus vulgaris and Escherichia vulneris to eight commonly used antibiotics was done by the disc diffusion method and validated by determining the presence of antibiotic resistance genes (mecA and blaTEM) using polymerase chain reaction method. RESULTS The prevalence of clinical mastitis was 1.1% (2/189) while that of sub-clinical mastitis was 84.7% (160/189). Higher (p < 0.05) prevalence of mastitis was observed in goats whose houses were cleaned fortnightly and in cases where farmers used same towel to dry different does' udders during the milking process. Thirteen different bacterial species were isolated from the milk samples and identified by MALDI-ToF, and these included S. aureus (22.0%), CoNS (20.3%), E. coli (18.1%), Pseudomonas spp. (14.3%), Enterobacter spp. (10.4%), K. oxytoca (6.0%), E. vulneris (1.7%), P. vulgaris (1.7%), Raoutella ornithinolytica (1.7%), Stenotrophomonas maltophilia (1.1%), Pantoea agglomerans (1.1%), Serratia marcescens (1.1%) and Cedeceas spp. (0.6%). One hundred pathogenic bacterial isolates were randomly selected and tested for antibiotic sensitivity to eight antibiotics out of which S. aureus were 97.5% resistant to Oxacillin and 100% sensitive to Ciprofloxacin. The CoNSs were 100% resistant to Oxacillin and 100% sensitive to Ciprofloxacin. E. coli were 93.9% resistant to Oxacillin, 69.7% sensitive to Ciprofloxacin and 87.9% sensitive to both Amoxicillin/Clavulanic acid and Meropenem. The antimicrobial resistant genes detected in S. aureus and E. coli were mecA [66.7%, 0%], and blaTEM [20% and 78.3%], respectively. CONCLUSION In conclusion, the study showed that most of the does were affected by subclinical mastitis with the main causative bacteria being Staphylococci spp. and coliforms. Farmers need to be trained on improved control of mastitis by adoption of good milking practices and use of CMT kit for early detection of mastitis. Occurrence of multidrug resistance by key mastitis causing pathogens was shown to be prevalent and therefore there is need for development of intervention strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Kabui
- Department of BiochemistryJomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and TechnologyNairobiKenya
| | - Josephine Kimani
- Department of BiochemistryJomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and TechnologyNairobiKenya
| | - Caroline Ngugi
- Department of Medical MicrobiologyJomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and TechnologyNairobiKenya
| | - John Kagira
- Department of Animal SciencesJomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and TechnologyNairobiKenya
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12
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Lai CH, Wong MY, Huang TY, Kao CC, Lin YH, Lu CH, Huang YK. Exploration of agr types, virulence-associated genes, and biofilm formation ability in Staphylococcus aureus isolates from hemodialysis patients with vascular access infections. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2024; 14:1367016. [PMID: 38681224 PMCID: PMC11045986 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2024.1367016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2024] [Accepted: 03/21/2024] [Indexed: 05/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Staphylococcus aureus, is a pathogen commonly encountered in both community and hospital settings. Patients receiving hemodialysis treatment face an elevated risk of vascular access infections (VAIs) particularly Staphylococcus aureus, infection. This heightened risk is attributed to the characteristics of Staphylococcus aureus, , enabling it to adhere to suitable surfaces and form biofilms, thereby rendering it resistant to external interventions and complicating treatment efforts. Methods Therefore this study utilized PCR and microtiter dish biofilm formation assay to determine the difference in the virulence genes and biofilm formation among in our study collected of 103 Staphylococcus aureus, isolates from hemodialysis patients utilizing arteriovenous grafts (AVGs), tunneled cuffed catheters (TCCs), and arteriovenous fistulas (AVFs) during November 2013 to December 2021. Results Our findings revealed that both MRSA and MSSA isolates exhibited strong biofilm production capabilities. Additionally, we confirmed the presence of agr types and virulence genes through PCR analysis. The majority of the collected isolates were identified as agr type I. However, agr type II isolates displayed a higher average number of virulence genes, with MRSA isolates exhibiting a variety of virulence genes. Notably, combinations of biofilm-associated genes, such as eno-clfA-clfB-fib-icaA-icaD and eno-clfA-clfB-fib-fnbB-icaA-icaD, were prevalent among Staphylococcus aureus, isolates obtained from vascular access infections. Discussion These insights contribute to a better understanding of the molecular characteristics associated with Staphylococcus aureus, infections in hemodialysis patients and provided more targeted and effective treatment approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi-Hsiang Lai
- Division of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Chiayi Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chiayi, Taiwan
| | - Min Yi Wong
- Division of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Chiayi Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chiayi, Taiwan
| | - Tsung-Yu Huang
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Chiayi Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chiayi, Taiwan
- College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Chen Kao
- Division of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Chiayi Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chiayi, Taiwan
- College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Hui Lin
- Division of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Chiayi Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chiayi, Taiwan
| | - Chu-Hsueh Lu
- Division of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Chiayi Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chiayi, Taiwan
| | - Yao-Kuang Huang
- Division of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Chiayi Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chiayi, Taiwan
- College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- Division of Cardiovascular Surgery, New Taipei Municipal TuCheng Hospital, New Taipei, Taiwan
- Division of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Chiayi Hospital, Ministry of Health and Welfare, Chiayi, Taiwan
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13
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Loiola Nunes F, Sirqueira Mendonça JK, Pereira Dias B, Ribeiro da Silva EP, Teles Aguiar N, Ferreira Dos Santos AJ, Muller Conti AC, Alcindo Alfieri A, Ribeiro-Júnior JC. Microbiological Quality and Safety of Brazilian Mozzarella Cheese During Production Stages. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2024. [PMID: 38603588 DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2023.0135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/13/2024] Open
Abstract
This study assessed the microbiological quality and safety of mozzarella during various production stages in northern Tocantins, Brazil, by identifying critical biological points in the industrial environment within a tropical climatic region. Batches of mozzarella were evaluated, from raw milk to primary packaging, with a shelf life of 120 d at 4°C. Indicator microorganisms were quantified, and through microbiological and biomolecular approaches, Salmonella spp. and Listeria monocytogenes were identified. In addition, the toxigenic potential of coagulase-positive staphylococci (CPS) was characterized. Results indicated that the raw milk used for mozzarella production had low microbiological quality; pasteurization of raw milk effectively eliminated all identified pathogens and reduced microbiological counts (p > 0.05). An increase in bacterial counts (>2 log colony-forming unit [CFU]/g) and recontamination with Salmonella spp. and CPS, which potentially produce staphylococcal enterotoxin B, were observed during milk coagulation and curd draining. Stretching of the fermented curd reduced the enterobacteria, total coliforms, and Escherichia coli median values by 2.56, 2.64, and 2.3 log CFU/mL, respectively. Similarly, brining the pieces by immersion reduced the quantity of enterobacteria and total coliforms by 2.3 and 1.6 log CFU/mL, respectively. Of interest, in the freshly finished product, Salmonella spp. was present but L. monocytogenes was absent; however, after the shelf-life period, L. monocytogenes was present but Salmonella spp. was absent. Considering the environmental conditions that can promote the multiplication and preservation of pathogens and spoilage of dairy products in tropical climates, it is necessary to review operational hygiene procedures, particularly in milk coagulation vats and fermentation tables. This will ensure the production of high-quality mozzarella cheese with a reduced consumption risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Loiola Nunes
- National Institute of Science and Technology for the Dairy Production Chain (INCT-Leite), Food Microbiology Laboratory, Departamento de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Norte do Tocantins, Araguaína, Brazil
| | - Jeycy Kelle Sirqueira Mendonça
- National Institute of Science and Technology for the Dairy Production Chain (INCT-Leite), Food Microbiology Laboratory, Departamento de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Norte do Tocantins, Araguaína, Brazil
| | - Bianca Pereira Dias
- National Institute of Science and Technology for the Dairy Production Chain (INCT-Leite), Food Microbiology Laboratory, Departamento de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Norte do Tocantins, Araguaína, Brazil
| | - Elifaz Pereira Ribeiro da Silva
- National Institute of Science and Technology for the Dairy Production Chain (INCT-Leite), Food Microbiology Laboratory, Departamento de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Norte do Tocantins, Araguaína, Brazil
| | - Nara Teles Aguiar
- National Institute of Science and Technology for the Dairy Production Chain (INCT-Leite), Food Microbiology Laboratory, Departamento de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Norte do Tocantins, Araguaína, Brazil
| | | | - Ana Carolina Muller Conti
- Animal Science Department, Biostatistics Section, Universidade Federal do Norte do Tocantins, Araguaína, Brazil
| | - Amauri Alcindo Alfieri
- National Institute of Science and Technology for the Dairy Production Chain (INCT-Leite), Molecular Biology Laboratory, Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina, Brazil
| | - José Carlos Ribeiro-Júnior
- National Institute of Science and Technology for the Dairy Production Chain (INCT-Leite), Food Microbiology Laboratory, Departamento de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Norte do Tocantins, Araguaína, Brazil
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14
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Kawamura H, Imuta N, Ooka T, Shigemi A, Nakamura M, Mougi K, Obama Y, Fukuyama R, Arimura S, Murata N, Tominaga H, Sasaki H, Nagano S, Taniguchi N, Nishi J. Impact of control measures including decolonization and hand hygiene for orthopaedic surgical site infection caused by MRSA at a Japanese tertiary-care hospital. J Hosp Infect 2024; 146:151-159. [PMID: 37516280 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhin.2023.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2023] [Revised: 06/16/2023] [Accepted: 07/01/2023] [Indexed: 07/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is the most common pathogen in orthopaedic surgical site infections (SSIs). However, few studies have investigated the transmission process of orthopaedic MRSA SSI. AIM To investigate the transmission process of orthopaedic MRSA SSI using epidemiological and molecular analyses and to determine a method to prevent MRSA SSI in nosocomial orthopaedic surgery. METHODS Active MRSA surveillance, preoperative decolonization and contact precautions for MRSA-positive cases was performed at our institution. Changes in epidemic strains were evaluated and the possibility of transmission from patients in an orthopaedic ward of a Japanese tertiary-care hospital was assessed by genotyping stored MRSA strains. In addition, data on the prevalence of MRSA SSI, MRSA colonization, and use of an alcohol antiseptic agent (mL/patient-days) during 2005-2022 were retrospectively assessed. FINDINGS SCCmec type II strain in the SSI group decreased over time, associated with fewer outbreaks. Even during a period of high infection rates, no cases of transmission-induced SSI from nasal MRSA carriers were identified. The infection rate correlated negatively with the use of an alcohol antiseptic agent (r = -0.82; P < 0.0001). Two cases among five nasal carriers developed MRSA SSI caused by strains different from those related to nasal colonization. CONCLUSION The infection control measures for transmission from the hospital reservoirs including strict adherence to hand hygiene and decolonization of carriers is likely to be important for the prevention of orthopaedic MRSA SSI. However, the need for contact precautions for decolonized nasal carriers might be low.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Kawamura
- Department of Infection Control and Prevention, Kagoshima University Hospital, Kagoshima, Japan; Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan.
| | - N Imuta
- Department of Microbiology, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - T Ooka
- Department of Microbiology, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - A Shigemi
- Department of Infection Control and Prevention, Kagoshima University Hospital, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - M Nakamura
- Department of Infection Control and Prevention, Kagoshima University Hospital, Kagoshima, Japan; Clinical Laboratory, Kagoshima University Hospital, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - K Mougi
- Department of Infection Control and Prevention, Kagoshima University Hospital, Kagoshima, Japan; Clinical Laboratory, Kagoshima University Hospital, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Y Obama
- Clinical Laboratory, Kagoshima University Hospital, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - R Fukuyama
- Clinical Laboratory, Kagoshima University Hospital, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - S Arimura
- Department of Infection Control and Prevention, Kagoshima University Hospital, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - N Murata
- Department of Infection Control and Prevention, Kagoshima University Hospital, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - H Tominaga
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - H Sasaki
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - S Nagano
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - N Taniguchi
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - J Nishi
- Department of Infection Control and Prevention, Kagoshima University Hospital, Kagoshima, Japan; Department of Microbiology, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima, Japan
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15
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Gundog DA, Ozkaya Y, Gungor C, Ertas Onmaz N, Gonulalan Z. Pathogenic potential of meat-borne coagulase negative staphylococci strains from slaughterhouse to fork. Int Microbiol 2024:10.1007/s10123-024-00500-2. [PMID: 38521888 DOI: 10.1007/s10123-024-00500-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2024] [Revised: 02/23/2024] [Accepted: 03/07/2024] [Indexed: 03/25/2024]
Abstract
This study aimed to determine the prevalence of coagulase-negative staphylococci (CoNS) in meat processing lines for their pathogenic potential associated with biofilm formation, staphylococcal toxin genes, and antibiotic resistance in obtained isolates. Out of 270 samples, 56 isolates were identified as staphylococcal with their species level, and their antimicrobial resistance profiles were also determined with the BD Phoenix™ system. Among these, CoNS were found in 32 isolates, including S. epidermidis (22%), S. warneri (22%), S. cohnii (9%), S. schleiferi (9%), S. capitis (6%), S. haemolyticus (6%), S. lugdunensis (6%), S. chromogenes (6%), S. kloosii (3%), S. sciuri (3%), S. lentus (3%), and S. caprae (3%). Biofilm formation was observed in 78.1% of CoNS isolates, with 56% being strong biofilm producers; and the frequency of the icaA, fnbA, and fnbB genes were 43.7% and 34.3%, and 9.3% in isolates, respectively. Twenty-five (78.1%) of these strains were resistant to at least one antimicrobial agent, 20 (80%) of which exhibited multidrug resistance (MDR). Regarding genotypic analyses, 15.6%, 22.2%, 87.5%, and 9% of isolates, were positive for blaZ, ermC, tetK, and aacA-aphD, respectively. In 8 (25%) of all isolates had one or more staphylococcal toxin genes: the sed gene was the most frequent (12.5%), followed by eta (9.3%), tst-1 (6.25%), and sea (3.1%). In conclusion, this study highlights meat; and meat products might be reservoirs for the biofilm-producing MDR-CoNS, which harbored several toxin genes. Hence, it should not be ignored that CoNS may be related to foodborne outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dursun Alp Gundog
- Department of Veterinary Food Hygiene and Technology, Institute of Health Science, Erciyes University, Kayseri, 38280, Turkey.
| | - Yasin Ozkaya
- Department of Veterinary Food Hygiene and Technology, Institute of Health Science, Erciyes University, Kayseri, 38280, Turkey
| | - Candan Gungor
- Department of Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Erciyes University, Kayseri, 38280, Turkey
| | - Nurhan Ertas Onmaz
- Department of Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Erciyes University, Kayseri, 38280, Turkey
| | - Zafer Gonulalan
- Department of Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Erciyes University, Kayseri, 38280, Turkey
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16
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Ribeiro Júnior JC, Rodrigues EM, Dias BP, da Silva EPR, Alexandrino B, Lobo CMO, Tamanini R, Alfieri AA. Toxigenic characterization, spoilage potential, and antimicrobial susceptibility of coagulase-positive Staphylococcus species isolated from Minas Frescal cheese. J Dairy Sci 2024; 107:1386-1396. [PMID: 37944805 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2023-23747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to identify coagulase-positive staphylococci (CPS) species from 21 samples of clandestine Minas Frescal cheese, investigate the potential for deterioration in psychrotrophic and mesophilic conditions, verify the toxigenic potential of Staphylococcus aureus, and determine the antimicrobial susceptibility profile of toxigenic S. aureus. Species determination was performed based on the detection of β-hemolysis in 5% ovine blood agar; fermentation of mannitol, maltose, and trehalose sugars; and production of acetoin. After species determination, DNA extraction and analysis was performed for S. aureus colonies for genes encoding staphylococcal toxins (eta, etb, tst, sea, seb, sec, sed, and see) using 2 multiplex PCR assays. Isolates identified as toxigenic S. aureus were tested for antimicrobial susceptibility to tetracycline, erythromycin, clindamycin, gentamicin, ciprofloxacin, sulfazotrim, trimethoprim, streptomycin, cefoxitin, vancomycin and enrofloxacin. Elevated CPS counts were observed with an average of >6 log cfu/g. Of the 355 isolates, 177 (49.86%) were identified as S. aureus. Staphylococcus hyicus, Staphylococcus intermedius, Staphylococcus delphini, and Staphylococcus coagulans were identified in 3 (0.84%), 2 (0.56%), 2 (0.56%), and 1 (0.28%) isolates, respectively. Of the total number of S. aureus, 25 (52.08%) were positive for the gene that encodes for toxic shock toxin (TSST-1). Another 16 (33.33%) were positive for the sea gene, and 4 isolates (8.33%) were positive for see and one isolate each was positive for seb (2.08%), sec (2.08%), and etb (2.08%) genes. All isolates demonstrated lipolytic activity under mesophilic and psychrotrophic conditions. S. intermedius and S. hyicus had the most prominent proteolytic potential. Multidrug resistance was observed in most of the potentially toxigenic isolates, with clindamycin having the lowest efficiency (40%), whereas the aminoglycosides (gentamicin and streptomycin) had the highest effectiveness demonstrating inhibition in all evaluated isolates. Methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) was detected. Minas Frescal cheeses, marketed in the north of Tocantins in the Brazilian Amazon region, do not comply with legal quality standards and pose a public health risk due to the enterotoxigenic potential of multiresistant isolates, in addition to low shelf life of the samples given the high spoilage potential of this microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- J C Ribeiro Júnior
- National Institute of Science and Technology for the Dairy Production Chain (INCT - Leite), Food Microbiology Laboratory, Federal University of North of Tocantins, Araguaína, Tocantins, Brazil 77.804-970.
| | - E M Rodrigues
- National Institute of Science and Technology for the Dairy Production Chain (INCT - Leite), Food Microbiology Laboratory, Federal University of North of Tocantins, Araguaína, Tocantins, Brazil 77.804-970
| | - B P Dias
- National Institute of Science and Technology for the Dairy Production Chain (INCT - Leite), Food Microbiology Laboratory, Federal University of North of Tocantins, Araguaína, Tocantins, Brazil 77.804-970
| | - E P R da Silva
- National Institute of Science and Technology for the Dairy Production Chain (INCT - Leite), Food Microbiology Laboratory, Federal University of North of Tocantins, Araguaína, Tocantins, Brazil 77.804-970
| | - B Alexandrino
- National Institute of Science and Technology for the Dairy Production Chain (INCT - Leite), Food Microbiology Laboratory, Federal University of North of Tocantins, Araguaína, Tocantins, Brazil 77.804-970
| | - C M O Lobo
- National Institute of Science and Technology for the Dairy Production Chain (INCT - Leite), Food Microbiology Laboratory, Federal University of North of Tocantins, Araguaína, Tocantins, Brazil 77.804-970
| | - R Tamanini
- National Institute of Science and Technology for the Dairy Production Chain (INCT - Leite), Food Animal Products Inspection Laboratory, State University of Londrina, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil 86.057-970
| | - A A Alfieri
- National Institute of Science and Technology for the Dairy Production Chain (INCT - Leite), Molecular Biology Laboratory, State University of Londrina, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil 86.057-970
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Sulikowska M, Marek A, Jarosz ŁS, Pyzik E, Stępień-Pyśniak D, Hauschild T. Pathogenic Potential of Coagulase-Positive Staphylococcus Strains Isolated from Aviary Capercaillies and Free-Living Birds in Southeastern Poland. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:295. [PMID: 38254464 PMCID: PMC10812641 DOI: 10.3390/ani14020295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2023] [Revised: 01/12/2024] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
The aim of the study was to determine the occurrence and characteristics of coagulase-positive Staphylococcus strains in the carcasses of wild birds and aviary capercaillies in Southeastern Poland. In total, samples taken from 333 birds were examined. The material consisted of swabs from the internal organs of dead birds (heart, liver, and spleen), the tarsal joints, and mucous membranes (conjunctiva and palatine fissure), as well as from unhatched embryos. The isolated Staphylococcus strains were tested for sensitivity to nine antimicrobial agents and the presence of selected virulence genes. An analysis of the similarity of isolates within species was performed using pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE). The result indicates that coagulase-positive strains accounted for 5.7% and belonged to the species: Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus pseudintermedius, and Staphylococcus delphini. Among isolated strains, 15.8% were multidrug resistant. The most frequently detected virulence genes were hla in 58% of isolates and hlb and hld in 47.4% of isolates. The results of multiplex PCR showed the presence of genes responsible for the production of enterotoxins C, B, E, and J, in single isolates. It can be concluded that coagulase-positive Staphylococcus strains accounted for a small percentage of staphylococci isolated from free-living birds in the study area. The occurrence of multidrug-resistant coagulase-positive Staphylococcus strains in aviary capercaillies suggests that they play a role in the transmission and spread of resistant strains into the environment. Free-living birds may also be a reservoir of enterotoxigenic Staphylococcus strains.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Agnieszka Marek
- Department of Preventive Veterinary and Avian Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, 20-950 Lublin, Poland; (E.P.)
| | - Łukasz Sebastian Jarosz
- Department of Epizootiology and Clinic of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, 20-612 Lublin, Poland
| | - Ewelina Pyzik
- Department of Preventive Veterinary and Avian Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, 20-950 Lublin, Poland; (E.P.)
| | - Dagmara Stępień-Pyśniak
- Department of Preventive Veterinary and Avian Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, 20-950 Lublin, Poland; (E.P.)
| | - Tomasz Hauschild
- Department of Microbiology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, University of Bialystok, 15-245 Białystok, Poland
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Abd El-Hamid MI, Ibrahim D, Elazab ST, Gad WM, Shalaby M, El-Neshwy WM, Alshahrani MA, Saif A, Algendy RM, AlHarbi M, Saleh FM, Alharthi A, Mohamed EAA. Tackling strong biofilm and multi-virulent vancomycin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus via natural alkaloid-based porous nanoparticles: perspective towards near future eradication. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2024; 13:1287426. [PMID: 38282617 PMCID: PMC10811083 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1287426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Accepted: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/30/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction As a growing direction, nano-based therapy has become a successful paradigm used to address the phytogenic delivery-related problems in overcoming multivirulent vancomycin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (VRSA) infection. Methods Hence, our aim was to develop and assess a novel nanocarrier system (mesoporous silica nanoparticles, MPS-NPs) for free berberine (Free-BR) as an antimicrobial alkaloid against strong biofilm-producing and multi-virulent VRSA strains using in vitro and in vivo mouse model. Results and discussion Our outcomes demonstrated vancomycin resistance in 13.7% of Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) strains categorized as VRSA. Notably, strong biofilm formation was observed in 69.2% of VRSA strains that were all positive for icaA gene. All strong biofilm-producing VRSA strains harbored a minimum of two virulence genes comprising clfA and icaA with 44.4% of them possessing all five virulence genes (icaA, tst, clfA, hla, and pvl), and 88.9% being multi-virulent. The study findings affirmed excellent in vitro antimicrobial and antibiofilm properties of BR-loaded MPS-NPs. Real-time quantitative reverse transcription PCR (qRT-PCR) assay displayed the downregulating role of BR-loaded MPS-NPs on strong biofilm-producing and multi-virulent VRSA strains virulence and agr genes in both in vitro and in vivo mice models. Additionally, BR-loaded MPS-NPs supplementation has a promising role in attenuating the upregulated expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines' genes in VRSA-infected mice with attenuation in pro-apoptotic genes expression resulting in reduced VRSA-induced apoptosis. In essence, the current study recommends the future scope of using BR-loaded MPS-NPs as auspicious alternatives for antimicrobials with tremendous antimicrobial, antibiofilm, anti-quorum sensing (QS), and anti-virulence effectiveness against problematic strong biofilm-producing and multi-virulent VRSA-associated infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marwa I. Abd El-Hamid
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Doaa Ibrahim
- Department of Nutrition and Clinical Nutrition, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Sara T. Elazab
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Wafaa M. Gad
- Department of Bacteriology, Animal Health Research Institute (AHRI), Mansoura Branch, Agriculture Research Center, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Marwa Shalaby
- Department of Bacteriology, Animal Health Research Institute (AHRI), Mansoura Branch, Agriculture Research Center, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Wafaa M. El-Neshwy
- Department of Animal Medicine, Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | | | - Ahmed Saif
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia
| | - Reem M. Algendy
- Food Hygiene, Safety and Technology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Maha AlHarbi
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Fayez M. Saleh
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tabuk, Tabuk, Saudi Arabia
| | - Afaf Alharthi
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Taif University, Taif, Saudi Arabia
| | - Eman A. A. Mohamed
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
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Elshazely RMY, Amer IH, Aal SFAAE, Aal SFAAE, Tahoun ABMB. Antibacterial effect of Moringa oleifera on Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolated from raw milk and some dairy products with special reference to biofilm gene expression. Open Vet J 2024; 14:164-175. [PMID: 38633171 PMCID: PMC11018401 DOI: 10.5455/ovj.2024.v14.i1.15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 04/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa) and Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) are well defined as food poisoning pathogens that are highly resistant and need continuous studies. Aim The purpose of the work was to examine phenotypic and genotypic characteristics of both P. aeruginosa and S. aureus, and treatment trials with medicinal plants. Methods Samples were examined for isolation of P. aeruginosa and S. aureus on selective media followed by biochemical confirmation, biofilm formation, genes detection, and expression of P. aeruginosa pslA biofilm gene was performed by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction after treatment with 0.312 mg/ml Moringa oleifera aqueous extract as a minimum inhibitory concentration. Results The highest isolation rate of P. aeruginosa was 20% from both raw milk and Kariesh cheese, followed by 16% and 12% from ice cream and processed cheese, respectively, while the highest isolation rate of S. aureus was 36% from raw milk followed by 28% in ice cream and 16% in both Kariesh cheese and processed cheese. 30% of P. aeruginosa isolates were biofilm producers, while only 21% of S. aureus isolates were able to produce biofilm. The P. aeruginosa isolates harbor virulence-associated genes nan1, exoS, toxA, and pslA at 100%, 80%, 40%, and 40%, respectively. Staphylococcus aureus SEs genes were examined in S. aureus strains, where SEA and SEB genes were detected with 60%, but no isolate harbored SEC, SED, or SEE. The significant fold change of P. aeruginosa pslA expression was 0.40332 after treatment with M. oleifera aqueous extract. Conclusion Pseudomonas aeruginosa and S. aureus harbor dangerous virulence genes that cause food poisoning, but M. oleifera extract could minimize their action.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ibrahim H. Amer
- Department of Food Hygiene, Safety and Technology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig City, Egypt
| | - Salah F. A. Abd-El Aal
- Department of Food Hygiene, Safety and Technology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig City, Egypt
| | - Salah F. A. Abd-El Aal
- Department of Food Hygiene, Safety and Technology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig City, Egypt
| | - Asmaa B. M. B. Tahoun
- Department of Food Hygiene, Safety and Technology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig City, Egypt
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González J, Hernandez L, Tabera A, Bustamante AV, Sanso AM. Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus and Coagulase-Negative Staphylococcus from School Dining Rooms in Argentina. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2024; 21:44-51. [PMID: 37855916 DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2023.0071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) constitutes an important cause for concern in the field of public health, and the role of the food chain in the transmission of this pathogen and in antimicrobial resistance (AMR) has not yet been defined. The objectives of this work were to isolate and characterize coagulase-positive Staphylococcus (CoPS) and coagulase-negative Staphylococcus (CoNS), particularly S. aureus, from school dining rooms located in Argentina. From 95 samples that were obtained from handlers, inert surfaces, food, and air in 10 establishments, 30 Staphylococcus strains were isolated. Four isolates were S. aureus, and the remaining ones (N = 26) belonged to 11 coagulase-negative species (CoNS). The isolates were tested for susceptibility to nine antibiotics. The presence of genes encoding toxins (luk-PV, sea, seb, sec, sed, and see), adhesins (icaA, icaD), and genes that confer resistance to methicillin (mecA) and vancomycin (vanA) was investigated. The resistance rates measured for penicillin, cefoxitin, gentamicin, vancomycin, erythromycin, clindamycin, levofloxacin, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, and tetracycline were 73%, 30%, 13%, 3%, 33%, 17%, 13%, 7%, and 7% of the isolates, respectively. Seventeen AMR profiles were detected, and 11 isolates were multidrug resistant (MDR). Seven methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus isolates were detected in the hands of handlers from four establishments, two of them were MRSA. Two S. aureus isolates presented icaA and icaD, another one, only icaD. The gene vanA was found in two isolates. In relation to S. aureus, resistance to vancomycin but not to gentamicin was detected. School feeding plays a key role in the nutrition of children, and the consumption of food contaminated with MRSA and vancomycin-resistant S. aureus (VRSA) can be a serious threat to health. In particular, it was detected that the handlers were the source of MRSA, VRSA, MR-CoNS (methicillin-resistant coagulase-negative Staphylococcus), and MDR isolates. The results obtained indicate that the vigilance of this pathogen in school dining rooms should be extreme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana González
- Laboratorio de Inmunoquímica y Biotecnología, Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil (CIVETAN), CONICET, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, UNCPBA, Tandil, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Laboratorio de Microbiología de los Alimentos, Departamento de Tecnología y Calidad de los Alimentos, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, UNCPBA, Tandil, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Luciana Hernandez
- Laboratorio de Inmunoquímica y Biotecnología, Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil (CIVETAN), CONICET, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, UNCPBA, Tandil, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Anahí Tabera
- Laboratorio de Microbiología de los Alimentos, Departamento de Tecnología y Calidad de los Alimentos, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, UNCPBA, Tandil, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Ana Victoria Bustamante
- Laboratorio de Inmunoquímica y Biotecnología, Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil (CIVETAN), CONICET, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, UNCPBA, Tandil, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Andrea Mariel Sanso
- Laboratorio de Inmunoquímica y Biotecnología, Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil (CIVETAN), CONICET, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, UNCPBA, Tandil, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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21
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Dorjgochoo A, Batbayar A, Tsend-Ayush A, Erdenebayar O, Byambadorj B, Jav S, Yandag M. Detection of virulence genes of Staphylococcus aureus isolated from raw beef for retail sale in the markets of Ulaanbaatar city, Mongolia. BMC Microbiol 2023; 23:372. [PMID: 38031000 PMCID: PMC10685515 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-023-03122-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Accepted: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) is a highly virulent pathogen that causes food-borne illness, food poisoning, skin and soft tissue infections, abscesses, mastitis, and bacteremia. It is common for meat and meat products to become contaminated with S. aureus due to dirty hands, food storage conditions, food production processes, and unhygienic conditions, causing food poisoning. Therefore, we aimed to isolate S. aureus strain from the raw beef and reveal virulence genes and antibiotic resistance profile from isolated S. aureus strains. METHODS In this study, 100 samples of raw beef were collected from 4 major market stalls in Ulaanbaatar city, Mongolia. S. aureus was detected according to the ISO 6888-1:2021 standard, and the nucA gene encoding the species-specific thermonuclease was amplified and confirmed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). In the strains of S. aureus isolated from the samples, the genes encoding the virulence factors including sea, sed, tsst, eta, etb, and mecA were amplified by multiplex PCR. These genes are encoded staphylococcal enterotoxin A, enterotoxin D, toxic shock syndrome toxin, exotoxin A, exotoxin B and penicillin-binding protein PBP 2A, respectively. Antibiotic sensitivity test was performed by the Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method. The Clinical and Laboratory Standard Institute guidelines as CLSI M100-S27 was used for analysis of the data. RESULTS Thirty-five percent of our samples were detected contaminated with of the S. aureus strains. Subsequently, antibiotic resistance was observed in the S. aureus contaminated samples. Among our samples, the highest rates of resistance were determined against ampicillin (97.1%), oxacillin (88.6%), and penicillin (88.6%), respectively. Three genes including mecA, sea, and tsst from six virulence genes were detected in 17% of S. aureus strain-contaminated samples by multiplex PCR. The sed, etb and eta genes were detected in the 2.9%, 11.4% and 5.7% of our samples, respectively. CONCLUSION The results show that S. aureus related contamination is high in the raw beef for retail sale and prevalent S. aureus strains are resistant to all antibiotics used. Also, our results have demonstrated that there is a high risk for food poisoning caused by antibiotic resistant S. aureus in the raw beef and it may establish public health issues. Genes encoding for both heat-resistant and nonresistant toxicity factors were detected in the antibiotic resistant S. aureus strains and shown the highly pathogenic. Finally, our study is ensuring to need proper hygienic conditions during beef's preparation and sale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amgalanzaya Dorjgochoo
- Department of Biomedicine, Etugen University, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, School of Biomedicine, Mongolian National University of Medical Sciences, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia
| | | | - Altansukh Tsend-Ayush
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, School of Biomedicine, Mongolian National University of Medical Sciences, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia
| | - Otgontsetseg Erdenebayar
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, School of Biomedicine, Mongolian National University of Medical Sciences, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia
| | - Bayarlakh Byambadorj
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, School of Biomedicine, Mongolian National University of Medical Sciences, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia
| | - Sarantuya Jav
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, School of Biomedicine, Mongolian National University of Medical Sciences, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia.
| | - Munkhdelger Yandag
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, School of Biomedicine, Mongolian National University of Medical Sciences, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia.
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Awad NFS, Abd El-Hamid MI, Nabil NM, Tawakol MM, Eid S, Al-Zaban MI, Farouk H, Zakai SA, Elkelish A, Ibrahim MS, Mahmoud HA, Salem SM, Ismail HM, Hamed RI. Multidrug resistant and multivirulent avian bacterial pathogens: tackling experimental leg disorders using phytobiotics and antibiotics alone or in combination. Poult Sci 2023; 102:102889. [PMID: 37666144 PMCID: PMC10491818 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2023.102889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Revised: 06/15/2023] [Accepted: 06/17/2023] [Indexed: 09/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Locomotor disorders caused by multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacterial pathogens denote one of the most detrimental issues that collectively threaten the poultry industry leading to pronounced economic losses across the world. Hence, searching for effective alternatives, especially those extracted from plant origins became of great priority targeting a partial or complete replacement of chemical antimicrobials to tackle their developing resistance. Therefore, we aimed to determine the prevalence and antimicrobial resistance of Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus), Salmonella species, Mycoplasma synoviae (M. synoviae), and Escherichia coli (E. coli) recovered from 500 broilers and ducks (250 each) with locomotor disorders in various farms in Dakahlia and Sharkia Governorates, Egypt. Additionally, we assessed, for the first time, the in vitro antimicrobial effectiveness of marjoram, garlic, ginger and cinnamon essential oils (EOs) against MDR and multivirulent bacterial isolates as well as the in vivo efficiency of the most effective antibiotics and EOs either separately or in combination in the treatment of experimentally induced poultry leg disorders. The overall prevalence rates of S. aureus, E. coli, Salmonella species, and M. synoviae were 54, 48, 36, and 2%, respectively. Salmonella species and S. aureus prevailed among ducks and broilers (36 and 76%, respectively). Notably, MDR was observed in 100, 91.7, 81.1, and 78.5% of M. synoviae, E. coli, Salmonella, and S. aureus isolates, respectively. Our in vitro results displayed that marjoram was the most forceful EO against MDR and multivirulent chicken vancomycin-resistant S. aureus (VRSA) and duck S. Typhimurium isolates. The current in vivo results declared that marjoram in combination with florfenicol or amoxicillin/clavulanic acid succeeded in relieving the induced duck and chicken leg disorders caused by S. Typhimurium and VRSA, respectively. This was evidenced by improvement in the clinical and histopathological pictures with a reduction of bacterial loads in the experimental birds. Our encountered successful in vitro and in vivo synergistic effectiveness of marjoram combined with florfenicol or amoxicillin/clavulanic acid recommends their therapeutic application for leg disorders and offers opportunities for reducing the antibiotics usage in the poultry industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naglaa F S Awad
- Department of Avian and Rabbit Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44511, Egypt
| | - Marwa I Abd El-Hamid
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44511, Egypt.
| | - Nehal M Nabil
- Reference Laboratory for Veterinary Quality Control on Poultry Production (RLQP), Animal Health Research Institute (AHRI), Agriculture Research Center (ARC), Dokki, Giza 12618, Egypt
| | - Maram M Tawakol
- Reference Laboratory for Veterinary Quality Control on Poultry Production (RLQP), Animal Health Research Institute (AHRI), Agriculture Research Center (ARC), Dokki, Giza 12618, Egypt
| | - Samah Eid
- Department of Bacteriology, Reference Laboratory for Veterinary Quality Control on Poultry Production (RLQP), Animal Health Research Institute (AHRI), Agriculture Research Center (ARC), Dokki, Giza 12618, Egypt
| | - Mayasar I Al-Zaban
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh 11671, Saudi Arabia
| | - Heba Farouk
- Reference Laboratory for Veterinary Quality Control on Poultry Production (RLQP), Animal Health Research Institute (AHRI), Agriculture Research Center (ARC), Dokki, Giza 12618, Egypt
| | - Shadi A Zakai
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Amr Elkelish
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University (IMSIU), Riyadh 11623, Saudi Arabia; Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, 41522, Egypt
| | - Mona S Ibrahim
- Department of Poultry Diseases, Animal Health Research Institute (AHRI), Mansoura Laboratory, Agriculture Research Center (ARC), Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Hanim A Mahmoud
- Department of Bacteriology, Animal Health Research Institute (AHRI), Mansoura Laboratory, Agriculture Research Center (ARC), Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Sanaa M Salem
- Department of Pathology, Animal Health Research Institute (AHRI), Zagazig Branch, Agriculture Research Center (ARC), Zagazig 44516, Egypt
| | - Hala M Ismail
- Department of Pathology, Animal Health Research Institute (AHRI), Mansoura Laboratory, Agriculture Research Center (ARC), Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Rehab I Hamed
- Department of Poultry Diseases, Reference Laboratory for Quality Control on Poultry Production (RLQP), Animal Health Research Institute (AHRI), Zagazig Branch, Agriculture Research Center (ARC), Zagazig 44516, Egypt
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Sorour HK, Shalaby AG, Abdelmagid MA, Hosny RA. Characterization and pathogenicity of multidrug-resistant coagulase-negative Staphylococci isolates in chickens. Int Microbiol 2023; 26:989-1000. [PMID: 37055707 PMCID: PMC10622361 DOI: 10.1007/s10123-023-00354-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2023] [Revised: 03/30/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 04/15/2023]
Abstract
The pathogenic potential of vancomycin and methicillin-resistant coagulase-negative Staphylococci (VMRCoNS) on Egyptian poultry farms has received little attention. Therefore, this study aims to study the prevalence of CoNS in imported poultry flocks and commercial poultry farms, evaluate the presence of virulence and antibiotic resistance genes (sea, seb, sec, sed, see, and mecA), and assess their pathogenicity in broiler chicks. Seven species were identified among 25 isolates, such as 8 S. gallinarum, 5 S. saprophyticus, 5 S. chromogens, 3 S. warneri, 2 S. hominis, 1 S. caprae, and 1 S. epidermidis. All isolates were resistant to clindamycin, doxycycline, vancomycin, methicillin, rifampicin, and penicillin. The mecA gene was confirmed in 14 isolates, while the sed gene was revealed in seven isolates. Commercial 1-day-old Ross broiler chicks were divided into eight groups of three replicates (10 birds/group): group Ӏ was negative control; groups (П, Ш, IV, V, VI, VII, and VIII) were subcutaneously inoculated with 108 CFUml-1 of S. hominis, S. caprae, S. epidermidis, S. gallinarum, S. chromogens, S. warneri, and S. saprophyticus, respectively. Groups VIII and V had mortality rates of 100% and 20%, respectively, with no evidence of mortalities in the other groups. The highest re-isolation of CoNS species was recorded in groups VII, VIII, and V. Postmortem and histopathological examination revealed the common presence of polyserositis in the internal organs, and hepatic and myocardial necrosis in groups IV, V, and VI. These findings revealed the pathogenic potential of CoNS, so special attention must be directed toward their public health impact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hend K Sorour
- Reference Laboratory for Veterinary Quality Control on Poultry Production, Animal Health Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center, Giza, Egypt
| | - Azhar G Shalaby
- Reference Laboratory for Veterinary Quality Control on Poultry Production, Animal Health Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center, Giza, Egypt
| | - Marwa A Abdelmagid
- Reference Laboratory for Veterinary Quality Control on Poultry Production, Animal Health Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center, Giza, Egypt
| | - Reham A Hosny
- Reference Laboratory for Veterinary Quality Control on Poultry Production, Animal Health Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center, Giza, Egypt.
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Rafsan A, Rahman A, Akter S, Yeachin N, Faruqe T, Deb GK, Ha T, Hossain KS, Hossain MT, Kafi MA, Choi JW. Facile synthesis of CuONPs using Citrus limon juice for enhancing antibacterial activity against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, beta-lactamase and tetracycline-resistant Escherichia coli. RSC Adv 2023; 13:29363-29375. [PMID: 37818266 PMCID: PMC10561029 DOI: 10.1039/d3ra04985j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 09/27/2023] [Indexed: 10/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) resulting from indiscriminate use of antibiotics in various fields of agriculture such as livestock farming, aquaculture, and croup fields become an emerging catatroph for the health (human, animal) and environment. Among those, poultry farming has been considered as one of the major contributors of multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacteria. Focusing this, the present research is designed for green synthesis of copper oxide nanoparticles (CuONPs) with the aim of their application in antibiotic-free poultry farming for curving use of antibiotics in that sector. For that, antibacterial CuONPs were nanoformulated to decrease the required doses of bulk CuSO4. We used a CuSO4·5H2O solution as a Cu2+ source and Citrus limon juice as a reducing agent as well as capping agent. Particle yield was initially confirmed by the λmax specific to CuONPs (295 nm) using UV-Vis spectroscopy. The presence of the Cu-O group during particle formation and crystallinity with the purity of yielded NPs was confirmed with Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy and X-ray diffractometry. The round to spherical CuONPs of 92-155 nm average size was confirmed with atomic force, scanning electron, and transmission electron microscopy. The concentration of yielded NPs was calculated with the dynamic light scattering. The physical characterization tools indicated a maximum CuONPs yield with a 0.001 M ion source with 15% reducing agents after 12 h reduction. Antibacterial effectivity was tested against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and tetracycline- and beta-lactamase-resistant Escherichia coli, confirmed by PCR amplicon band at 163 bp, 643 bp, and 577 bp for the mecA, blaTEM-1 and tetA genes, respectively. An antibiogram assay of CuONPs showed a maximum zone of inhibition of 26 ± 0.5 mm for the synthesized particles. The minimum inhibitory and bactericidal concentrations were 1.6 μg ml-1 and 3.1 μg ml-1, respectively, for broad-spectrum application. Finally, the biocompatibility of CuONPs was determined by demonstrating a nonsignificant decrease of BHK-21 cell viability at <2 MIC doses for complying their future in vivo applicability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdullah Rafsan
- Department of Microbiology and Hygiene, Bangladesh Agricultural University Mymensingh-2202 Bangladesh
| | - Aminur Rahman
- Department of Microbiology and Hygiene, Bangladesh Agricultural University Mymensingh-2202 Bangladesh
| | - Samia Akter
- Department of Microbiology and Hygiene, Bangladesh Agricultural University Mymensingh-2202 Bangladesh
| | - Nymul Yeachin
- Department of Physics, University of Dhaka Dhaka-1000 Bangladesh
| | - Tania Faruqe
- Experimental Physics Division, Atomic Energy Centre Dhaka Bangladesh
| | - Gautam Kumar Deb
- Department of Biotechnology, Bangladesh Livestock Research Institute Savar 1341 Dhaka Bangladesh
| | - Taehyeong Ha
- Department of Chemical and Bimolecular Engineering, Sogang University Seoul 04107 Republic of Korea
| | | | - Muhammad Tofazzal Hossain
- Department of Microbiology and Hygiene, Bangladesh Agricultural University Mymensingh-2202 Bangladesh
| | - Md Abdul Kafi
- Department of Microbiology and Hygiene, Bangladesh Agricultural University Mymensingh-2202 Bangladesh
| | - Jeong-Woo Choi
- Department of Chemical and Bimolecular Engineering, Sogang University Seoul 04107 Republic of Korea
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Abdel-Raheem SM, Abd El-Hamid MI, Ibrahim D, El-Malt RMS, El-Ghareeb WR, Ismail HA, Al-Sultan SI, Meligy AMA, ELTarabili RM. Future scope of plant-derived bioactive compounds in the management of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus: In vitro antimicrobial and antivirulence prospects to combat MRSA. Microb Pathog 2023; 183:106301. [PMID: 37579824 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2023.106301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Revised: 08/08/2023] [Accepted: 08/09/2023] [Indexed: 08/16/2023]
Abstract
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is a foremost human and animal pathogen with public health and veterinary significance causing hospital and community infections and contagious bovine mastitis. Due to its ability to develop multidrug resistance (MDR) and its pathogenicity, MRSA infection control is becoming a global concern. Natural antibacterial options are needed to combat MDR development and infectious dissemination. This study investigated the antimicrobial resistance and virulence genes profiling of MRSA isolates and explored the antivirulence efficacy of trans-cinnamaldehyde, thymol, and carvacrol essential oils (EOs) against multivirulent and MDR-MRSA isolates. Thirty six S. aureus isolates (25%) were retrieved, of which 34 (94.4%) were MRSA. A high prevalence of MDR (66.7%) was monitored and all 53 molecularly verified isolates possessed icaA and cna virulence genes. Moreover, 94.1% of these isolates were multivirulent with 23.5% of them carrying icaA, cna, eta, tst, and sea virulence genes. Our data proved superior in vitro antimicrobial and antivirulence activities of trans-cinnamaldehyde, thymol, and carvacrol. They inhibited the growth of multi-virulent and MDR-MRSA isolates and downregulated the transcription of examined virulence genes. Our study suggests using EOs as prospective antimicrobials with excellent antivirulence activities against MRSA isolates. We provided data regarding the eventual role of phytogenics in prevention and control of MRSA infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sherief M Abdel-Raheem
- Department of Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, King Faisal University, P.O. Box 400, Hofuf, 31982, Al-Ahsa, Saudi Arabia; Department of Animal Nutrition and Clinical Nutrition, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, 71526, Egypt.
| | - Marwa I Abd El-Hamid
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, 44519, Zagazig, Egypt.
| | - Doaa Ibrahim
- Department of Nutrition and Clinical Nutrition, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, 44511, Egypt.
| | - Rania M S El-Malt
- Department of Bacteriology, Animal Health Research Institute, Zagazig Branch, Agriculture Research Center, 44516, Zagazig, Egypt.
| | - Waleed Rizk El-Ghareeb
- Department of Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, King Faisal University, P.O. Box 400, Hofuf, 31982, Al-Ahsa, Saudi Arabia; Food Control Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, 44519, Egypt.
| | - Hesham A Ismail
- Department of Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, King Faisal University, P.O. Box 400, Hofuf, 31982, Al-Ahsa, Saudi Arabia; Food Hygiene Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, 71526, Egypt.
| | - Saad Ibrahim Al-Sultan
- Department of Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, King Faisal University, P.O. Box 400, Hofuf, 31982, Al-Ahsa, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed M A Meligy
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Central Lab, College of Veterinary Medicine, King Faisal University, P.O. Box 400, Hofuf, 31982, Al-Ahsa, Saudi Arabia; Department of Physiology, Agricultural Research Center (ARC), Giza, Egypt.
| | - Reham M ELTarabili
- Department of Bacteriology, Immunology, and Mycology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, 41522, Egypt.
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Vujinović S, Graber HU, Vićić I, Vejnović B, Stevanović O, Krnjaić D, Milivojević D, Katić V. Genotypes and virulence factors in Staphylococcus aureus isolated from dairy cows with subclinical mastitis in Serbia. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 2023; 101:102056. [PMID: 37678080 DOI: 10.1016/j.cimid.2023.102056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2023] [Revised: 08/14/2023] [Accepted: 08/26/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to determine the prevalence of Staphylococcus aureus subclinical mastitis and to genotype the S. aureus isolates using the 16S-23S rRNA intergenic spacer (RS-PCR) method. In addition, the genes responsible for adherence, biofilm formation, host evasion, tissue necrosis, methicillin resistance, and enterotoxin production of S. aureus were investigated. The overall prevalence of S. aureus subclinical mastitis in lactating cows was 5.4% (95% confidence interval, CI=4.7-6.1%). An increased risk of S. aureus intramammary infection was observed on small family farms (odds ratio, OR=4.2, 95% CI=2.6-6.6, P < 0.001) and medium-sized farms (OR=3.5, 95% CI=2.2-5.7, P < 0.001). The RS-PCR analysis revealed 44 genotypes and genotype variants, of which 15 new genotypes and five new variants were detected within small and medium-sized farms. S. aureus isolates of new genotypes and genotype variants carried the clfA gene responsible for adherence at a lower frequency (64.8%) and enterotoxin-producing genes sea (20.4%), seb (14.8%) and sec (14.8%) at a higher frequency than the other known genotypes (P < 0.001), and were confirmed to carry the sej and sep genes. The spa gene was detected in all S. aureus isolates, whereas none harbored bap, ser, or tsst-1 genes. Methicillin-resistant strains of S. aureus (MRSA) were also detected, with a higher prevalence (19.2%) on large farms with more than 50 cows (P < 0.001). Using molecular techniques as diagnostic tools provides a better understanding of intramammary staphylococcal infections' occurrence, spread, and eradication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Slobodan Vujinović
- Veterinary Specialized Institute "Šabac", Vojvode Putnika 54, 15000 Šabac, Serbia
| | - Hans Ulrich Graber
- Agroscope, Research Division, Food Microbial Systems, Schwarzenburgstrasse 161, 3003 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Ivan Vićić
- University of Belgrade, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Bulevar oslobodjenja 18, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia.
| | - Branislav Vejnović
- University of Belgrade, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Bulevar oslobodjenja 18, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Oliver Stevanović
- PI Veterinary Institute Dr Vaso Butozan Banja Luka, Branka Radicevića 18, 78000 Banja Luka, Republic of Srpska, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Dejan Krnjaić
- University of Belgrade, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Bulevar oslobodjenja 18, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Dušan Milivojević
- Institute of Molecular Genetics and Genetic Engineering, University of Belgrade, Vojvode Stepe 444a, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Vera Katić
- University of Belgrade, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Bulevar oslobodjenja 18, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
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Morshdy AEMA, Abdallah KME, Abdallah HE, Algahtani FD, Elabbasy MT, Atique S, Ahmad K, Al-Najjar MAA, Abdallah HM, Mahmoud AFA. Potential of Natural Phenolic Compounds as Antimicrobial Agents against Multidrug-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus in Chicken Meat. Molecules 2023; 28:6742. [PMID: 37764518 PMCID: PMC10535414 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28186742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2023] [Revised: 09/08/2023] [Accepted: 09/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is one of the most widespread foodborne bacteria that cause high morbidity, mortality, and economic loss, primarily if foodborne diseases are caused by pathogenic and multidrug-resistant (MDR) strains. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of S. aureus in chicken meat in Egyptian markets. Thus, this study might be the first to assess the efficiency of different natural phenolic compounds as novel antibacterial agents against MDR S. aureus pathogens isolated from raw chicken meat in the Egyptian market. The incidence and quantification of pathogenic S. aureus were detected in retail raw chicken meat parts (breast, thigh, fillet, and giblets). In total, 73 out of 80 (91.3%) of the chicken meat parts were contaminated, with S. aureus as the only species isolated. Of the 192 identified S. aureus isolates, 143 were coagulase-positive S. aureus and 117 isolates were MDR (81.8%, 117/143). Twenty-two antibiotic resistance profile patterns were detected. One strain was randomly selected from each pattern to further analyze virulence and resistance genes. Extracted DNA was assessed for the presence of antibiotic-resistance genes, i.e., vancomycin-resistance (vanA), aminoglycosides-resistance (aacA-aphD), apramycin-resistance (apmA), and methicillin-resistance (mecA), penicillin-resistance (blaZ), and virulence genes staphylococcal enterotoxins (sea and seb), Panton-Valentine leucocidin (pvl), clumping factor A (clfA), and toxic shock syndrome toxin (tst). Clustering analyses revealed that six S. aureus strains harbored the most virulence and resistance genes. The activity of hydroquinone was significantly higher than thymol, carvacrol, eugenol, and protocatechuic acid. Therefore, phenolic compounds, particularly hydroquinone, could potentially alternate with conventional antibiotics against the pathogenic MDR S. aureus inhabiting raw chicken meat. Hence, this study indicates that urgent interventions are necessary to improve hygiene for safer meat in Egyptian markets. Moreover, hydroquinone could be a natural phenolic compound for inhibiting foodborne pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alaa Eldin M. A. Morshdy
- Food Hygiene, Safety, and Technology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt; (A.E.M.A.M.); (H.E.A.)
| | - Karima M. E. Abdallah
- Food Hygiene, Safety, and Technology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt; (A.E.M.A.M.); (H.E.A.)
| | - Heba E. Abdallah
- Food Hygiene, Safety, and Technology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt; (A.E.M.A.M.); (H.E.A.)
| | - Fahad D. Algahtani
- Department of Public Health, College of Public Health and Health Informatics, University of Hail, Ha’il 81451, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Suleman Atique
- Department of Public Health Science, Faculty of Landscape and Society, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, 1430 Ås, Norway
| | - Khursheed Ahmad
- Department of Biotechnology, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 38541, Republic of Korea
| | | | - Hossam M. Abdallah
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt;
| | - Abdallah Fikry A. Mahmoud
- Food Hygiene, Safety, and Technology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt; (A.E.M.A.M.); (H.E.A.)
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Abd El-Hamid MI, El-Tarabili RM, Bahnass MM, Alshahrani MA, Saif A, Alwutayd KM, Safhi FA, Mansour AT, Alblwi NAN, Ghoneim MM, Elmaaty AA, Al-harthi HF, Bendary MM. Partnering essential oils with antibiotics: proven therapies against bovine Staphylococcus aureus mastitis. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2023; 13:1265027. [PMID: 37790910 PMCID: PMC10542579 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1265027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction There is an urgent need to develop therapeutic options for biofilm-producing Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus). Therefore, the renewed interest in essential oils (EOs), especially carvacrol, linalool and eugenol, has attracted the attention of our research group. Methods Multidrug resistance and multivirulence profiles in addition to biofilm production of S. aureus strains isolated from cows with mastitis were evaluated using both phenotypic and genotypic methods. The antimicrobial and antibiofilm activities of EOs were tested using both in vitro and molecular docking studies. Moreover, the interactions between commonly used antibiotics and the tested EOs were detected using the checkerboard method. Results We found that all our isolates (n= 37) were biofilm methicillin resistant S. aureus (MRSA) producers and 40.5% were vancomycin resistant S. aureus (VRSA). Unfortunately, 73 and 43.2% of the recovered MRSA isolates showed multidrug resistant (MDR) and multivirulence patterns, respectively. The antimicrobial activities of the tested EOs matched with the phenotypic evaluation of the antibiofilm activities and molecular docking studies. Linalool showed the highest antimicrobial and antibiofilm activities, followed by carvacrol and eugenol EOs. Fortunately, synergistic interactions between the investigated EOs and methicillin or vancomycin were detected with fractional inhibitory concentration index (FICI) values ≤ 0.5. Moreover, the antimicrobial resistance patterns of 13 isolates changed to sensitive phenotypes after treatment with any of the investigated EOs. Treatment failure of bovine mastitis with resistant S. aureus can be avoided by combining the investigated EOs with available antimicrobial drugs. Conclusion We hope that our findings can be translated into a formulation of new pharmaceutical dosage forms against biofilm-producing S. aureus pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marwa I. Abd El-Hamid
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Reham M. El-Tarabili
- Department of Bacteriology, Immunology and Mycology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt
| | - Mosa M. Bahnass
- Department of Animal Medicine (Infectious Diseases), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, Applied Medical Sciences College, Najran University, Najran, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Ahmed Saif
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia
| | - Khairiah Mubarak Alwutayd
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Fatmah Ahmed Safhi
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdallah Tageldein Mansour
- Animal and Fish Production Department, College of Agricultural and Food Sciences, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa, Saudi Arabia
- Fish and Animal Production Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | | | - Mohammed M. Ghoneim
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, College of Pharmacy, Al Maarefa University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ayman Abo Elmaaty
- Medicinal Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Port Said University, Port Said, Egypt
| | - Helal F. Al-harthi
- Biology Department, Turabah University College, Taif University, Taif, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mahmoud M. Bendary
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Port Said University, Port Said, Egypt
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Dassler K, Zurfluh K, Stephan R, Willi B. Educational intervention to improve infection prevention and control practices in four companion animal clinics in Switzerland. J Hosp Infect 2023; 139:121-133. [PMID: 37302754 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhin.2023.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Revised: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Infection prevention and control (IPC) practices vary among companion animal clinics, and outbreaks with carbapenemase-producing Enterobacterales (CPE) have been described. AIM To investigate the effect of an IPC intervention (introduction of IPC protocols, IPC lectures, hand hygiene campaign) in four companion animal clinics. METHODS IPC practices, environmental and hand contamination with antimicrobial-resistant micro-organisms (ARM) and hand hygiene (HH) were assessed at baseline, and 1 and 5 months after the intervention. RESULTS Median IPC scores (% maximum score) improved from 57.8% (range 48.0-59.8%) to 82.9% (range 81.4-86.3%) at 1-month follow-up. Median cleaning frequency assessed by fluorescent tagging increased from 16.7% (range 8.9-18.9%) to 30.6% (range 27.8-52.2%) at 1-month follow-up and 32.8% (range 32.2-33.3%) at 5-month follow-up. ARM contamination was low in three clinics at baseline and undetectable after the intervention. One clinic showed extensive contamination with ARM including CPE before and after the intervention (7.5-16.0% ARM-positive samples and 5.0-11.5% CPE-positive samples). Mean HH compliance improved from 20.9% [95% confidence interval (CI) 19.2-22.8%] to 42.5% (95% CI 40.4-44.7%) at 1-month follow-up and 38.7% (95% CI 35.7-41.7%) at 5-month follow-up. Compliance was lowest in the pre-operative preparation area at baseline (11.8%, 95% CI 9.3-14.8%) and in the intensive care unit after the intervention (28.8%, 95% CI 23.3-35.1%). HH compliance was similar in veterinarians (21.5%, 95% CI 19.0-24.3%) and nurses (20.2%, 95% CI 17.9-22.7%) at baseline, but was higher in veterinarians (46.0%, 95% CI 42.9-49.1%) than nurses (39.0%, 95% CI 36.0-42.1%) at 1-month follow-up. CONCLUSION The IPC intervention improved IPC scores, cleaning frequency and HH compliance in all clinics. Adapted approaches may be needed in outbreak situations.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Dassler
- Institute for Food Safety and Hygiene, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; Graduate School for Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - K Zurfluh
- Institute for Food Safety and Hygiene, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - R Stephan
- Institute for Food Safety and Hygiene, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - B Willi
- Clinic for Small Animal Internal Medicine, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
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30
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Tasanapak K, Kucharoenphaibul S, Wongwigkarn J, Sitthisak S, Thummeepak R, Chaibenjawong P, Chatdumrong W, Nimanussornkul K. Prevalence and virulence genes of Staphylococcus aureus from food contact surfaces in Thai restaurants. PeerJ 2023; 11:e15824. [PMID: 37601259 PMCID: PMC10434075 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.15824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Staphylococcus aureus is one of the most common pathogens responsible for food poisoning due to its ability to produce staphylococcal enterotoxin (SE). S. aureus can form biofilms on the surfaces of food processing devices, enabling the distribution of SE on foods through cross-contamination events. Thailand is known for its exotic cuisine, but there is no data on the prevalence of SE-harboring S. aureus in restaurants in Thailand. Methods In this study, we conducted surface swabs on surfaces of kitchen utensil that come into contact with food and on the hands of food handlers working in restaurants in the north part of Thailand. Isolated S. aureus was investigated for biofilm formation, virulence, and SE genes. Results Two hundred S. aureus were isolated from 650 samples. The highest prevalence of S. aureus contamination was detected on the hands of food handlers (78%), followed by chopping boards (26%), plates (23%), knives (16%), spoons (13%), and glasses (5%). All of them were methicillin-sensitive S. aureus (MSSA) and the mecA gene was not present in any strains. Biofilm formation was detected using the CRA method, and 49 (24.5%) were identified as biofilm-producing strains, with the hands of food handlers identified as the primary source of biofilm-producing strains. The prevelence of biofilm-related adhesion genes detected were: icaAD (13%), fnbA (14.5%), cna (6.5%), and bap (0.5%). Two classical enterotoxin genes, sec and sed, were also found in four and six of the S. aureus isolates, respectively, from hands and utensils. Conclusion The highest prevelence of S. aureus was detected on the hands of food handlers. S. aureus strains with biofilm and enterotoxin production abilities were discovered on food contact surfaces and the hands of food handlers, implying significant risk of food contamination from these sources that could be harmful to consumers. To avoid cross-contamination of food with food contact items, the food handlers' hands should be properly washed, and all food preparation equipment should be thoroughly cleaned.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kannipa Tasanapak
- Microbiology and Parasitology, Naresuan University, Muang, Phitsanulok, Thailand
- Centre of Excellence in Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Medical Science, Naresuan University, Muang, Phitsanulok, Thailand
| | | | - Jintana Wongwigkarn
- Microbiology and Parasitology, Naresuan University, Muang, Phitsanulok, Thailand
| | - Sutthirat Sitthisak
- Microbiology and Parasitology, Naresuan University, Muang, Phitsanulok, Thailand
| | - Rapee Thummeepak
- Microbiology and Parasitology, Naresuan University, Muang, Phitsanulok, Thailand
| | | | - Wassana Chatdumrong
- Microbiology and Parasitology, Naresuan University, Muang, Phitsanulok, Thailand
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Raheel I, Mohammed AN, Mohamed AA. The Efficacy of Bacteriocins Against Biofilm-Producing Bacteria Causing Bovine Clinical Mastitis in Dairy Farms: A New Strategy. Curr Microbiol 2023; 80:229. [PMID: 37256384 DOI: 10.1007/s00284-023-03324-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Accepted: 05/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Using an alternative bio-product is one of the most promising ways to control bovine mastitis and avoid new intra-mammary infections. The aims of this study were to ascertain the prevalence of biofilm-forming bacteria responsible for causing clinical mastitis in dairy herds and to assess the effectiveness of bacteriocins, produced by Bacillus subtilis, in controlling the growth of these bacteria in the milk of animals. A total of 150 milk samples were collected from cows and buffalos suffering from mastitis and the etiological agents were isolated and identified by the VITEK-2-COMPACT-SYSTEM®. Additionally, the capability of the bacterial isolates to produce biofilms was determined. RT-PCR was used to detect enterotoxin-producing genes (sed and seb), resistance genes (mecA and blaZ), and biofilm-associated genes (icaA and fnbA) in the isolated bacteria. The susceptibility patterns of the bacterial isolates to bacteriocins were assessed using an agar well-diffusion assay. S. aureus was significantly more capable of producing biofilms than coagulase-negative Staphylococcus isolates. S. ubris was the strongest biofilm producer among the Streptococcus species. The sensitivity profiles of the Staphylococcus spp. (S. aureus and coagulase-negative Staphylococcus) and their biofilm producers to bacteriocins were significantly higher (100% and 90%, respectively) at the same concentration. Bacteriocins had a lethal effect on Staphylococci, Streptococci, and biofilm development at a dose of 250 µg/mL. In dairy farms, bacteriocins are a viable alternative treatment for the prevention and control of bovine clinical mastitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ismail Raheel
- Department of Bacteriology, Mycology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, 62511, Egypt
| | - Asmaa N Mohammed
- Department of Hygiene, Zoonoses and Epidemiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, 62511, Egypt.
| | - Asmaa Abdrabo Mohamed
- Veterinarian at the Directorate of Veterinary Medicine, El-Fayoum Governorate, Egypt
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32
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Chen H, Li B, Shi S, Zhou T, Wang X, Wang Z, Zhou X, Wang M, Shi W, Ren L. Au-Fe 3O 4 nanozyme coupled with CRISPR-Cas12a for sensitive and visual antibiotic resistance diagnosing. Anal Chim Acta 2023; 1251:341014. [PMID: 36925313 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2023.341014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2022] [Revised: 02/16/2023] [Accepted: 02/24/2023] [Indexed: 02/27/2023]
Abstract
The accumulation and spread of antibiotic resistance bacteria (ARB) in the environment may accelerate the formation of superbugs and seriously threaten the health of all living beings. The timeliness and accurate diagnosing of antibiotic resistance is essential to controlling the propagation of superbugs in the environment and formulating effective public health management programs. Herein, we developed a speedy, sensitive, accurate, and user-friendly colorimetric assay for antibiotic resistance, via a synergistic combination of the peroxidase-like property of the Au-Fe3O4 nanozyme and the specific gene identification capability of the CRISPR-Cas12a. Once the CRISPR-Cas12a system recognizes a target resistance gene, it activates its trans-cleavage activity and subsequently releases the Au-Fe3O4 nanozymes, which oxidizes the 3,3,5,5-tetramethylbenzidine (TMB) with color change from transparent to blue. The diagnosing signals could be captured and analyzed by a smartphone. This method detected kanamycin-resistance genes, ampicillin-resistance genes, and chloramphenicol-resistance genes by simple operation steps with high sensitivity (<0.1 CFU μL-1) and speediness (<1 h). This approach may prove easy for the accurate and sensitive diagnosis of the ARGs or ARB in the field, thus surveilling and controlling the microbial water quality flexibly and efficiently.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoxiang Chen
- Department of Biomaterials, The Higher Educational Key Laboratory for Biomedical Engineering of Fujian Province, Research Center of Biomedical Engineering of Xiamen, College of Materials, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, PR China
| | - Bangying Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, PR China
| | - Shangyi Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Computer Architecture, Institute of Computing Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, PR China; School of Computer Science and Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, PR China
| | - Tao Zhou
- Department of Biomaterials, The Higher Educational Key Laboratory for Biomedical Engineering of Fujian Province, Research Center of Biomedical Engineering of Xiamen, College of Materials, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, PR China
| | - Xiumin Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, PR China
| | - Zuyong Wang
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410072, PR China
| | - Xi Zhou
- Department of Biomaterials, The Higher Educational Key Laboratory for Biomedical Engineering of Fujian Province, Research Center of Biomedical Engineering of Xiamen, College of Materials, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, PR China
| | - Miao Wang
- Department of Biomaterials, The Higher Educational Key Laboratory for Biomedical Engineering of Fujian Province, Research Center of Biomedical Engineering of Xiamen, College of Materials, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, PR China
| | - Wei Shi
- Department of Biomaterials, The Higher Educational Key Laboratory for Biomedical Engineering of Fujian Province, Research Center of Biomedical Engineering of Xiamen, College of Materials, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, PR China.
| | - Lei Ren
- Department of Biomaterials, The Higher Educational Key Laboratory for Biomedical Engineering of Fujian Province, Research Center of Biomedical Engineering of Xiamen, College of Materials, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, PR China; State Key Lab of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, PR China.
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Bats Are Carriers of Antimicrobial-Resistant Staphylococcaceae in Their Skin. Antibiotics (Basel) 2023; 12:antibiotics12020331. [PMID: 36830242 PMCID: PMC9952117 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics12020331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Revised: 01/21/2023] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Bats have emerged as potential carriers of zoonotic viruses and bacteria, including antimicrobial-resistant bacteria. Staphylococcaceae has been isolated from their gut and nasopharynx, but there is little information about Staphylococcaceae on bat skin. Therefore, this study aimed to decipher the Staphylococci species in bat skin and their antimicrobial susceptibility profile. One hundred and forty-seven skin swabs were collected from bats during the spring and summer of 2021 and 2022. Bats were captured in different areas of the Metropolitan Region of São Paulo, Brazil, according to the degree of anthropization: Area 1 (Forested), Area 2 (Rural), Area 3 (Residential-A), Area 4 (Slum-- up to two floors), Area 5 (Residential-B-condo buildings), and Area 6 (Industrial). Swabs were kept in peptone water broth at 37 °C for 12 h when bacterial growth was streaked in Mannitol salt agar and incubated at 37 °C for 24 h. The disc-diffusion test evaluated antimicrobial susceptibility. Staphylococcaceae were isolated from 42.8% of bats, mostly from young, from the rural area, and during summer. M. sciuri was the most frequent species; S. aureus was also isolated. About 95% of isolates were resistant to at least one drug, and most strains were penicillin resistant. Eight isolates were methicillin resistant, and the mecA gene was detected in one isolate (S. haemolyticus). Antimicrobial resistance is a One Health issue that is not evaluated enough in bats. The results indicate that bats are carriers of clinically meaningful S. aureus and antimicrobial-resistant bacteria. Finally, the results suggest that we should intensify action plans to control the spread of resistant bacteria.
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Zaher HA, El Baz S, Alothaim AS, Alsalamah SA, Alghonaim MI, Alawam AS, Eraqi MM. Molecular Basis of Methicillin and Vancomycin Resistance in Staphylococcus aureus from Cattle, Sheep Carcasses and Slaughterhouse Workers. Antibiotics (Basel) 2023; 12:antibiotics12020205. [PMID: 36830115 PMCID: PMC9952529 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics12020205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Revised: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/14/2023] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) is a serious infection-causing pathogen in humans and animal. In particular, methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) is considered one of the major life-threatening pathogens due to its rapid resistance to several antibiotics in clinical practice. MRSA strains have recently been isolated in a number of animals utilized in food production processes, and these species are thought to be the important sources of the spread of infection and disease in both humans and animals. The main objective of the current study was to assess the prevalence of drug-resistant S. aureus, particularly vancomycin-resistant S. aureus (VRSA) and MRSA, by molecular methods. To address this issue, a total of three hundred samples (200 meat samples from cattle and sheep carcasses (100 of each), 50 hand swabs, and 50 stool samples from abattoir workers) were obtained from slaughterhouses in Egypt provinces. In total, 19% S. aureus was isolated by standard culture techniques, and the antibiotic resistance was confirmed genotypically by amplification nucA gen. Characteristic resistance genes were identified by PCR with incidence of 31.5%, 19.3%, 8.7%, and 7% for the mecA, VanA, ermA, and tet L genes, respectively, while the aac6-aph gene was not found in any of the isolates. In this study, the virulence genes responsible for S. aureus' resistance to antibiotics had the highest potential for infection or disease transmission to animal carcasses, slaughterhouse workers, and meat products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanan A. Zaher
- Food Hygiene and Control Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt
| | - Shimaa El Baz
- Department of Hygiene and Zoonoses, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt
| | - Abdulaziz S. Alothaim
- Department of Biology, College of Science in Zulfi, Majmaah University, Majmaah 11952, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sulaiman A. Alsalamah
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University, Riyadh 11623, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed Ibrahim Alghonaim
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University, Riyadh 11623, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdullah S. Alawam
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University, Riyadh 11623, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mostafa M. Eraqi
- Department of Biology, College of Science in Zulfi, Majmaah University, Majmaah 11952, Saudi Arabia
- Microbiology and Immunology Department, Veterinary Research Institute, National Research Centre, Dokki, Giza 12622, Egypt
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +966-565709849
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Marques-Bastos SLS, Coelho MLV, de Sousa Santos IN, Moreno DSA, Barrias ES, de Mendonça JFM, Mendonça LC, Lange CC, de Paiva Brito MAV, do Carmo de Freire Bastos M. Effects of the natural antimicrobial peptide aureocin A53 on cells of Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus agalactiae involved in bovine mastitis in the excised teat model. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2022; 39:5. [PMID: 36346468 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-022-03443-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2022] [Accepted: 10/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Aureocin A53 is an N-formylated antimicrobial peptide (AMP) produced by Staphylococcus aureus. Aureocin A53 has a broad spectrum of antimicrobial activity against human and animal pathogens. In the present study, its antagonistic activity was investigated towards 30 strains of S. aureus and 30 strains of Streptococcus spp. isolated from bovine mastitis cases in Brazil. Bovine mastitis is a disease that causes a major economic impact worldwide. Aureocin A53 inhibited the growth of all 60 strains tested, including multidrug-resistant streptococcal isolates and strains of S. aureus belonging to different pulsotypes. This AMP proved to be bactericidal against the six target strains randomly selected among staphylococci and streptococci, also exhibiting a lytic mode of action against the staphylococcal cells. Furthermore, it was determined that 2,048 AU/mL of the AMP were required to inhibit 99.99% of the cell growth of the strain less sensitive to aureocin A53. Aureocin A53 was not toxic to bovine mammary gland epithelial cells after a 24-h exposure and maintained its antimicrobial activity when tested in the excised-teat model against strains of S. aureus and Streptococcus agalactiae, the species responsible for most intramammary infections, not only in Brazil but in other countries as well. Therefore, the use of aureocin A53 in the development of new pharmacological products for the prophylaxis and/or treatment of bovine mastitis was considered promising.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marcus Lívio Varella Coelho
- Departamento de Microbiologia Geral, Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Instituto Nacional da Propriedade Industrial, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Ilana Nascimento de Sousa Santos
- Departamento de Microbiologia Geral, Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Daniela Sales Alviano Moreno
- Departamento de Microbiologia Geral, Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Emile Santos Barrias
- Instituto Nacional de Metrologia, Qualidade E Tecnologia, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | - Maria do Carmo de Freire Bastos
- Departamento de Microbiologia Geral, Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
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Zhang Z, Song Y, Ma L, Huang K, Liang Z. Co-Occurrence of <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> and Ochratoxin A in Pasteurized Milk. Toxins (Basel) 2022; 14:toxins14100718. [PMID: 36287986 PMCID: PMC9612031 DOI: 10.3390/toxins14100718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Revised: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Pathogens and mycotoxins are serious public health risks for humans and food safety in milk. This study concentrated on detecting <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> and Ochratoxin A (OTA) in 210 pasteurized milk from ten urban Beijing districts to suggest the co-occurrence of <i>S. aureus</i> with toxin-producing genes and OTA in milk and the possible risk. <i>S. aureus</i> was identified by physiological and biochemical experiments and molecular biology experiments, and enterotoxin genes were identified by PCR. OTA was detected by LC-MS/MS. The study found 29 isolates of <i>S. aureus</i>, of which 17.24% had the sea gene encoding enterotoxin A. OTA was detected in 31 out of 120 samples and the maximum amount of detection was 18.8 μg/kg. The results of this study indicate that when failing to guarantee the cold chain, the presence of <i>S. aureus</i> with enterotoxin genes in milk will present a risk to food safety. Furthermore, the high detection rates and levels of OTA in milk suggest that OTA is a hidden risk. The co-occurrence of <i>S. aureus</i> and OTA in milk is a food safety concern and there is a need to control the occurrence of these two biohazards in milk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenzhen Zhang
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Yanmin Song
- Beijing JTM International Food Co., Ltd., Beijing 101400, China
| | - Liyan Ma
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
- The Supervision, Inspection and Testing Center of Genetically Modified Organisms, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Kunlun Huang
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
- The Supervision, Inspection and Testing Center of Genetically Modified Organisms, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing 100083, China
- Beijing Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Zhihong Liang
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
- The Supervision, Inspection and Testing Center of Genetically Modified Organisms, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing 100083, China
- Beijing Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-010-6273-7055
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Molecular Characteristics and Distribution of Virulence Genes among Staphylococcus aureus Complex Isolates Derived from Vascular Access Infections. CANADIAN JOURNAL OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES AND MEDICAL MICROBIOLOGY 2022; 2022:3196545. [PMCID: PMC9616667 DOI: 10.1155/2022/3196545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2022] [Revised: 10/03/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is a major human pathogen that produces various virulence factors which promote the binding of bacteria to tissues and medical devices such as vascular access devices, thereby developing a wide range of invasive infections. Vascular access serves as an entry site for S. aureus and elevates the risk of infection in the hemodialysis population. Nevertheless, the distribution of virulence genes in Staphylococcus spp. associated with vascular access infections (VAIs) has not been studied previously. In this study, we determined the relationship between the molecular characteristics and virulence profiles of S. aureus isolates obtained from VAIs. We collected isolates from patients with VAIs between August 2017 and December 2020 and further analyzed the molecular characteristics, antimicrobial resistance profiles, and virulence gene distribution in the isolates. Overall, 15 sequence types (STs), including a new ST (ST6892) and 19 spa types, were identified among the 56 isolates. Of the 53 S. aureus isolates, ST8, ST239, ST45, and ST59 were the predominant STs, whereas ST2250 was the only ST in 3 S. argenteus isolates. ST45-SCCmecIV-t026 (abbreviated as ST45-IV-t026), ST59-V-t437, and ST8-IV-t008 were the predominant clones that belonged to agr type I. All isolates harbored clfB and eno, whereas all S. aureus isolates harbored clfA. In addition, 10 Panton-Valentine leucocidin-positive isolates belonged to ST8 and ST59, with ST8-IV-t008 and ST59-V-t437 being the predominant clones. In brief, the distribution of virulence genes associated with STs may assist in the spread of molecular types of Staphylococcus spp.
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Determination of Virulence Factors and Resistance Profile of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Strains among Different Types of spa, agr, and SCCmec. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 2022:5863310. [PMID: 36281464 PMCID: PMC9587906 DOI: 10.1155/2022/5863310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
In order to restrict the spread of methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) in hospitals, it is necessary to characterize isolates rapidly and precisely. The objective of this study was to determine virulence factors and resistance profiles of MRSA strains among spa, agr, and SCCmec types. In total, 55 MRSA isolates were collected from clinical specimens. The MRSA isolates were characterized by antimicrobial susceptibility testing, virulence genes, agr typing, spa typing, and SCCmec typing. According to our findings, all MRSA strains were resistant to cefoxitin; 88% and 86.7% of which were resistant to erythromycin and clindamycin, respectively. Type II agr was predominant with 54.54% frequency. Among 27 different spa types, type t030 was most frequently (25.45%). Most MRSA isolates (63.3%) were SCCmec type III. The pvl and tst genes were found in 25.3% and 32.7% of MRSA isolates, respectively. Among the MRSA strains, ermA, ermB, and ermC were present in 50%, 33.3%, and 57.3% of cases, respectively. In addition, 43 of the 55 MRSA strains (78%) harbored aminoglycoside resistance genes. The results of our study revealed that the MRSA rate in our region is dramatically high. Better infection control guidelines in hospitals, as well as ongoing epidemiological surveillance studies, could be strongly suggested for effective prevention of the spread of MRSA to inpatients.
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Antimicrobial Resistance and Virulence Genes in Staphylococci Isolated from Aviary Capercaillies and Free-living Birds in South-eastern Poland. J Vet Res 2022; 66:361-372. [PMID: 36349137 PMCID: PMC9597931 DOI: 10.2478/jvetres-2022-0050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2022] [Accepted: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The current study characterises Staphylococcus bacteria recovered from dead free-living birds and captive capercaillies kept in south-eastern Poland. The results provide novel information about the antimicrobial resistance phenotype/genotype and the virulence profile of these bacteria. MATERIAL AND METHODS Samples of internal organs were taken from dead birds. Staphylococcus strains were identified by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionisation-time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Susceptibility to 13 antibiotics was tested using a standard disc diffusion method on Mueller-Hinton agar. All isolates were screened for the presence of antibiotic resistance genes and staphylococcal enterotoxins (A to E), toxic shock syndrome toxin 1, exfoliative toxins A and B and Panton-Valentine leukocidin. RESULTS A total of 129 bacterial strains belonging to 19 species of the Staphylococcus genus were isolated. A relatively high percentage of them resisted fluoroquinolones, tetracyclines, macrolides and β-lactams to a significant degree and harboured the tetK, tetM, ermC, mphC and mecA genes. Strains of the coagulase-negative S. sciuri, S. xylosus and S. cohnii were isolated with genes encoding enterotoxin A and toxic shock syndrome toxin. CONCLUSION Both coagulase-positive and coagulase-negative staphylococci isolated from aviary capercaillies and free-living birds have significant pathogenic potential, and greater attention must be paid to the coagulase-negative species, which are still often considered mere contaminants. Virulence factors associated with resistance to antimicrobials, this being multiple in some strains, seem most important because they can be easily transferred between animals, especially those living in a given area.
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Gelbíčová T, Brodíková K, Karpíšková R. Livestock-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in Czech retailed ready-to-eat meat products. Int J Food Microbiol 2022; 374:109727. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2022.109727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2022] [Revised: 05/05/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Latifpour M, Goering RV, Havaei SA, Narimani T, Damavandi MS, Sadeghi A, Niakan M. Identification of two major direct repeat unit clusters, 8i and 11ce, among methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus strains: the emergence of novel dru types and repeats. Mol Biol Rep 2022; 49:8229-8239. [DOI: 10.1007/s11033-022-07484-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
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Afzal M, Vijay AK, Stapleton F, Willcox M. Virulence Genes of Staphylococcus aureus Associated With Keratitis, Conjunctivitis, and Contact Lens-Associated Inflammation. Transl Vis Sci Technol 2022; 11:5. [PMID: 35802366 PMCID: PMC9279920 DOI: 10.1167/tvst.11.7.5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose Staphylococcus aureus, cause a range of ocular diseases in humans, including noninfectious corneal infiltrative events (niCIE), infectious conjunctivitis and sight threatening microbial keratitis (MK). This study aimed to determine the possession of known virulence genes of S. aureus associated with MK and conjunctivitis, in strains isolated from these conditions and niCIE. Methods Sixty-three S. aureus strains—23 from MK, 26 from conjunctivitis, and 14 from niCIE—were evaluated for possession of genes. Polymerase chain reaction was used for the detection of mecA and 10 known virulence genes involved in MK (clfA, fnbpA, eap, coa, scpA, sspB, sspA, hla, hld, and hlg), 2 associated with conjunctivitis (pvl and seb). Results mecA was present in 35% of infections and 7% of niCIE strains (P = 0.05). It was not seen in infection strains from Australia. Adhesion genes were found in all strains except clfA, which was found in 75% of infection and 93% of niCIE strains. Invasion genes were found in higher frequency in infections strains—hlg (100% vs. 85%; P = 0.04) and hld (94% vs. 50%; P = 0.005)—compared with niCIE strains. Evasion genes were common in infection strains except scpA, which was found at a significantly higher frequency in niCIE strains (86%) compared with infection strains (45%; P = 0.001). Conclusions The higher rates of hlg and hld in strains isolated from infections than niCIE may have a role in pathogenesis, whereas scpA may be an important virulence factor during niCIEs. Translational Relevance This study has identified virulence factors involved in the ocular pathogenesis of S. aureus infections and niCIE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madeeha Afzal
- School of Optometry and Vision Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Ajay Kumar Vijay
- School of Optometry and Vision Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Fiona Stapleton
- School of Optometry and Vision Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Mark Willcox
- School of Optometry and Vision Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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Gavai K, Karolenko C, Muriana PM. Effect of Biltong Dried Beef Processing on the Reduction of Listeria monocytogenes, E. coli O157:H7, and Staphylococcus aureus, and the Contribution of the Major Marinade Components. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10071308. [PMID: 35889027 PMCID: PMC9321169 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10071308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Revised: 06/24/2022] [Accepted: 06/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Biltong is a dry beef product that is manufactured without a heat lethality step, raising concerns of whether effective microbial pathogen reduction can occur during biltong processing. Raw beef inoculated with 4-strain cocktails of either E. coli O157:H7, Listeria monocytogenes, or Staphylococcus aureus, and processed with a standard biltong process, were shown to incur a >5-log reduction in 6−8 days after marination by vacuum-tumbling for 30 min in vinegar, salt, spices (coriander, pepper) when dried at 23.9 °C (75 °F) at 55% relative humidity (RH). Pathogenic challenge strains were acid-adapted in media containing 1% glucose to ensure that the process was sufficiently robust to inhibit acid tolerant strains. Internal water activity (Aw) reached < 0.85 at 5-log reduction levels, ensuring that conditions were lower than that which would support bacterial growth, or toxin production by S. aureus should it be internalized during vacuum tumbling. This was further confirmed by ELISA testing for staphylococcal enterotoxins A and B (SEA, SEB) after marination and again after 10 days of drying whereby levels were lower than initial post-marination levels. Comparison of log reduction curves obtained for E. coli O157:H7, L. monocytogenes, S. aureus, and Salmonella (prior study) showed that microbial reduction was not significantly different (p < 0.05) demonstrating that even without a heat lethality step, the biltong process we examined produces a safe beef product according to USDA-FSIS guidelines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kavya Gavai
- Robert M. Kerr Food & Agricultural Products Center, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA; (K.G.); (C.K.)
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA
| | - Caitlin Karolenko
- Robert M. Kerr Food & Agricultural Products Center, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA; (K.G.); (C.K.)
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA
| | - Peter M. Muriana
- Robert M. Kerr Food & Agricultural Products Center, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA; (K.G.); (C.K.)
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-405-744-5563
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Thwala T, Madoroba E, Maliehe TS, Magwedere K, Basson AK, Butaye P. Antimicrobial Resistance, Enterotoxin and mec Gene Profiles of Staphylococcus aureus Associated with Beef-Based Protein Sources from KwaZulu-Natal Province, South Africa. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10061211. [PMID: 35744729 PMCID: PMC9228960 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10061211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Revised: 06/04/2022] [Accepted: 06/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Annually, approximately 23,000 cases of food poisoning by Staphylococcus aureus enterotoxins are reported worldwide. The aim of this study was to determine the occurrence and characterize S. aureus on beef and beef products in South Africa. Organ meats (n = 169), raw processed meat (n = 110), raw intact (n = 53), and ready-to-eat meats (n = 68) were obtained from 25 retail outlets. S. aureus was isolated and enumerated according to the ISO 6888-1 method. Identification of the strains was performed by MALDI-TOF MS. The antimicrobial resistance was determined using the disc diffusion test. The presence of methicillin-resistance genes and the staphylococcal enterotoxin genes was determined by PCR. Prevalence was low (13/400; CI 1.7–5) and all but one positive sample were from organ meats. Eight isolates were resistant to at least one antibiotic. Two isolates carried the mecC gene. All the isolates tested positive for seg, seh, sei, and sep, whilst 53.8% were positive for sea. None of the isolates was positive for ser, sej, seb, sec, or sed. The prevalence of S. aureus was low, with organ meats being the most contaminated. The presence of mecC-positive MRSA and of enterotoxins warrants further investigation and risk assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thembeka Thwala
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Zululand, Private Bag X1001, KwaDlangezwa, Empangeni 3886, South Africa; (T.T.); (E.M.); (T.S.M.); (A.K.B.)
| | - Evelyn Madoroba
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Zululand, Private Bag X1001, KwaDlangezwa, Empangeni 3886, South Africa; (T.T.); (E.M.); (T.S.M.); (A.K.B.)
| | - Tsolanku S. Maliehe
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Zululand, Private Bag X1001, KwaDlangezwa, Empangeni 3886, South Africa; (T.T.); (E.M.); (T.S.M.); (A.K.B.)
| | - Kudakwashe Magwedere
- Directorate of Veterinary Public Health, Department of Agriculture, Land Reform and Rural Development, Pretoria 0001, South Africa;
| | - Albert K. Basson
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Zululand, Private Bag X1001, KwaDlangezwa, Empangeni 3886, South Africa; (T.T.); (E.M.); (T.S.M.); (A.K.B.)
| | - Patrick Butaye
- Department of Pathobiology, Pharmacology and Zoological Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, B9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine, Basseterre P.O. Box 334, Saint Kitts and Nevis
- Correspondence:
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Occurrence and Antibiotic Resistance Profiles of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus (Mrsa) in Layer Chickens in Kebbi, Nigeria. FOLIA VETERINARIA 2022. [DOI: 10.2478/fv-2022-0016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a global health threat, and antimicrobial use in animal production for growth enhancement or prophylaxis contributes to the development of AMR. A cross-sectional study was conducted to investigate the prevalence of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in poultry and farm attendants in Kebbi, North-Western Nigeria. A total of 207 cloacal and nasal swabs were randomly collected from four farms comprising 50 samples from each poultry farm and only 7 samples from farm attendants. The samples were analysed using routine bacteriological culture and identification techniques. Presumptive MRSA isolates were confirmed by PCR assay and AMR profiles of the isolates were evaluated using the Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method. Of the 207 samples examined, 37.5 % (75/200) of layer birds tested positive for MRSA and 71.4 % (5/7) of farm attendants were MRSA positive. All the isolates were susceptible to vancomycin, with an AMR index ˃ 0.3. The findings of this study indicated colonization of layer chickens and humans by multidrug resistant MRSA, thus highlighting the potential role of poultry sources of transmission of multidrug-resistant MRSA strains to humans and vice versa.
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Evidence of Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus (MRSA) in Pet and Stray Dogs Within Sokoto Metropolis, Nigeria. FOLIA VETERINARIA 2022. [DOI: 10.2478/fv-2022-0018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is an important zoonotic pathogen capable of causing life threatening disease conditions in humans. A cross-sectional study was conducted to investigate the presence of MRSA in both pet and stray dogs within the Sokoto metropolis. A total of 100 oral swabs comprising 50 each from pet and stray dogs were collected and analyzed using routine bacteriological cultures and molecular identifications. Out of the 100 samples examined, 15 % (15/100) were positive for MRSA with varying detection rates of 9/50 (18 %) and 6/50 (12 %) for the pet and stray dogs respectively. The statistical analysis showed no significant association between the occurrence of MRSA and the dogs (P = 0.401). The study revealed the presence of MRSA in dogs within the Sokoto metropolis, which presents health risks to pet dog owners, veterinarians, dog catchers and other individuals who may come into close contact with these dogs.
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Nero LA, Botelho CV, Sovinski ÂI, Grossi JL, Call DR, Dos Santos Bersot L. Occurrence and Distribution of Antibiotic-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus in a Brazilian Pork Production Chain. J Food Prot 2022; 85:973-979. [PMID: 35358316 DOI: 10.4315/jfp-21-378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Here we characterized the distribution and the antibiotic resistance of staphylococci from a Brazilian pork production chain. Samples (n = 1,114) from pig farms, pig lots, and slaughterhouses, located in two Brazilian states (Minas Gerais and Paraná), were subjected to coagulase-positive Staphylococcus enumeration. S. aureus isolates (n = 251) from this collection were further characterized for their resistance to oxacillin, cefoxitin, vancomycin, and tetracycline through phenotypic and molecular assays. Coagulase-positive Staphylococcus counts from pig farms were higher compared with other samples (P < 0.05). Other counts were relatively low but were present in all production stages. S. aureus isolates were commonly resistant to oxacillin and cefoxitin (54 of 73, 74.0%), qualifying them as methicillin-resistant S. aureus, but PCR assays indicated that few harbored the expected antimicrobial resistance genes (femB, mecA, and mecC). Lower frequencies of vancomycin and tetracycline resistance were found (6.8 to 37.0%). PCR sensitivity (34.5 to 86.7%) and specificity (26.6 to 85.0%) for detection of antibiotic resistance genes varied based on the assessed antibiotic. Antibiotic-resistant staphylococci are widely distributed in the Brazilian pork production chain, and methicillin-resistant S. aureus can become a potential health and economic impediment for the Brazilian pork industry. HIGHLIGHTS
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Affiliation(s)
- Luís Augusto Nero
- Laboratório de Inspeção de Produtos de Origem Animal (InsPOA), Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Departamento de Veterinária, Avenida PH Rolfs, s/n, Campus Universitário, 36570-900, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Clarisse Vieira Botelho
- Laboratório de Inspeção de Produtos de Origem Animal (InsPOA), Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Departamento de Veterinária, Avenida PH Rolfs, s/n, Campus Universitário, 36570-900, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Ângela Idalia Sovinski
- Laboratório de Inspeção e Controle de Qualidade de Alimentos e Água (LACOMA), Universidade Federal do Paraná, Setor Palotina, Departamento de Ciências Veterinárias, Rua Pioneiro, 2153, Jardim Dallas, 85950-000, Palotina, Paraná, Brazil; and
| | - Juliana Líbero Grossi
- Laboratório de Inspeção de Produtos de Origem Animal (InsPOA), Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Departamento de Veterinária, Avenida PH Rolfs, s/n, Campus Universitário, 36570-900, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Douglas Ruben Call
- Paul G. Allen School for Global Health, Washington State University, 240 S.E. Ott Road, P.O. Box 647090, Pullman, Washington 99164-7090, USA
| | - Luciano Dos Santos Bersot
- Laboratório de Inspeção e Controle de Qualidade de Alimentos e Água (LACOMA), Universidade Federal do Paraná, Setor Palotina, Departamento de Ciências Veterinárias, Rua Pioneiro, 2153, Jardim Dallas, 85950-000, Palotina, Paraná, Brazil; and
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Montoya Urrego D, Vanegas JM, Jiménez JN. The remarkable genetic relationship between Staphylococcus aureus isolates from hemodialysis patients and their household contacts: Homes as an important source of colonization and dissemination. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0267276. [PMID: 35439257 PMCID: PMC9017883 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0267276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2022] [Accepted: 04/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Staphylococcus aureus is a successful pathogen in hospital and community. Hemodialysis patients have high colonization rates. Interactions between them and their household contacts, are an opportunity to understand the S. aureus colonization between hospitals and community. This study aims to determine the clinical and epidemiological characteristics of S. aureus colonization in hemodialysis patients and their household contacts, as well as the genetic relationship between their isolates. Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted on hemodialysis patients from hospital-associated dialysis center in Medellín-Colombia, and their household contacts between 2019 and 2020. Colonization was assessed in the nostrils for household contacts and nostrils and skin around the catheter insertion for hemodialysis patients. Epidemiological information was obtained, and colonization was evaluated in their pets’ oral cavities. Bacterial identification and susceptibility were assessed using phenotypic and molecular methods. Molecular typing included SCCmec typing, pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE), spa typing, and virulence factor detection. Results Colonization frequency was 35.6% (n = 16/45) in patients (87.5% MSSA– 12.5% MRSA) and 43.1% (n = 53/123) in household contacts (88.7% MSSA—11.3% MRSA). Of 45 homes, 77.8% presented colonized people. Colonization was detected in at least two household members in 46.7% of homes, of which 52.4% had a genetic relationship. Colonization was 16% (n = 4/25) in pets (75% MRSA—25% MSSA). The most frequent clonal complex was CC8 (15.6%), and the spa typing revealed high diversity. Conclusion This study shows a high frequency of colonization by S. aureus in both hemodialysis patients and their household contacts and a significant genetic relationship between their isolates. This demonstrates an exchange of this bacterium and that homes are an important source of colonization to patients, highlighting the need for prevention strategies outside the hospital to avoid future infections, and the importance of the populations with permanent transit between the two environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Montoya Urrego
- Grupo de investigación en Microbiología Básica y aplicada (MICROBA), Escuela de Microbiología, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Johanna M. Vanegas
- Grupo de investigación en Microbiología Básica y aplicada (MICROBA), Escuela de Microbiología, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
- Grupo de investigación en Salud Pública, Escuela de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Pontificia Bolivariana, Medellín, Colombia
| | - J. Natalia Jiménez
- Grupo de investigación en Microbiología Básica y aplicada (MICROBA), Escuela de Microbiología, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
- * E-mail:
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Abd El-Hamid MI, Sewid AH, Samir M, Hegazy WAH, Bahnass MM, Mosbah RA, Ghaith DM, Khalifa E, Ramadan H, Alshareef WA, Alshareef HM, Ghoneim MM, Al-Sanea MM, Bendary MM. Clonal Diversity and Epidemiological Characteristics of ST239-MRSA Strains. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:782045. [PMID: 35402300 PMCID: PMC8990901 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.782045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is a major pathogen associated with severe morbidity and mortality and poses a significant threat to public health worldwide. The genetic diversity based on sequence types of MRSA strains was illustrated in previous studies; meanwhile, the diversity along with the predominant sequence type, especially in Egypt, remains unknown. The purpose of the current study was to determine the diversity of the predominant MRSA clone ST239-MRSA (n = 50) isolated from different hosts and clinical samples and to illustrate the correlation between the resistance patterns, toxin genes, and the genetic background in Port-said and El-Sharkia Governorates, Egypt. The ST239-MRSA clone was analyzed by phenotypic antibiotyping and various genotypic assays comprising SCCmec, agr, spa, coa, and coa-RFLP in addition to toxin gene profiles. Most of the analyzed strains (40/50, 80%) were multidrug resistant (MDR), belonged to SCCmec-III, agr-I, and coa genotype I, and harbored sea and pvl genes. A negative correlation between the toxin gene profiles and antimicrobial resistance was recorded. Meanwhile, the correlation between the toxin gene profiles and the genetic background was not observed in this study. Although ST239-MRSA strains belonged to a single sequence type, they exhibited a high degree of phenotypic and genotypic diversity, indicating weak clonality and adaptability. With such diversity, it is assumed that these strains may have undergone different evolutionary processes during transmission events among and/or within a single host or tissue niche.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marwa I Abd El-Hamid
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Alaa H Sewid
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Mohamed Samir
- Department of Zoonoses, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Wael A H Hegazy
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Mosa M Bahnass
- Department of Animal Medicine (Infectious Disease), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Rasha A Mosbah
- Fellow Pharmacist, Zagazig University Hospital, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Doaa M Ghaith
- Department of Clinical and Chemical Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Eman Khalifa
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Matrouh University, Matrouh, Egypt
| | - Hazem Ramadan
- Hygiene and Zoonoses Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Walaa A Alshareef
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, October 6 University, 6th of October, Egypt
| | - Hanan M Alshareef
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Tabuk, Tabuk, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed M Ghoneim
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, College of Pharmacy, Al Maarefa University, Ad Diriyah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammad M Al-Sanea
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, College of Pharmacy, Jouf University, Sakaka, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mahmoud M Bendary
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Port Said University, Port Said, Egypt
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Sahin-Tóth J, Albert E, Juhász A, Ghidán Á, Juhász J, Horváth A, Steward MC, Dobay O. Prevalence of Staphylococcus aureus in wild hedgehogs (Erinaceus europaeus) and first report of mecC-MRSA in Hungary. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 815:152858. [PMID: 34995585 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.152858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Revised: 12/28/2021] [Accepted: 12/29/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
In 2011 mecC, a new mecA gene homologue, was described in a bovine isolate in the UK. Since then, mecC-positive methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (mecC-MRSA) has also been found in wild animals. An especially high prevalence of mecC-MRSA has been reported among hedgehogs in Sweden (64%) and Denmark (61%). Based on these findings we aimed to survey the hedgehog population for mecC-MRSA in Hungary. Altogether 200 hedgehogs were screened for Staphylococcus aureus using a culture-based method. The antibiotic susceptibility of the isolates to nine drugs was determined, their genetic relatedness was established by PFGE and spa-typing, and virulence genes were identified by PCR. Whole genome sequencing was performed for the single mecC-MRSA isolate found. Of the 200 animals, 13 were carriers of S. aureus (6.5%). Among these, one isolate was mecA positive and one was mecC positive. The isolates were susceptible to non-beta-lactam antibiotics. Toxin genes were not found, but the majority carried genes responsible for adhesion and biofilm production. The mecC-MRSA isolate was a single-locus variant of ST130, had a new spa type (t19701) and belonged to SCCmec type XI. It carried a recently described, novel exfoliative toxin (etE). This is the first report of mecC-MRSA in Hungary and the first survey of staphylococcus carriage among wild animals in the country. The mecC prevalence was much lower than in Northern European countries and rather similar to other countries in our region. MecC-MRSA could potentially emerge as a novel human pathogen, especially where close contact occurs between humans and animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judit Sahin-Tóth
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Semmelweis University, Nagyvárad tér 4., HU-1089 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Ervin Albert
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Budapest, Dóra major, HU-2225 Üllő, Hungary
| | - Alexandra Juhász
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Semmelweis University, Nagyvárad tér 4., HU-1089 Budapest, Hungary; Department of Tropical Disease Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, L3 5QA, UK
| | - Ágoston Ghidán
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Semmelweis University, Nagyvárad tér 4., HU-1089 Budapest, Hungary
| | - János Juhász
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Semmelweis University, Nagyvárad tér 4., HU-1089 Budapest, Hungary; Faculty of Information Technology and Bionics, Pázmány Péter Catholic University, Práter u. 50/A, HU-1083 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Andrea Horváth
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Semmelweis University, Nagyvárad tér 4., HU-1089 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Martin C Steward
- School of Medical Sciences, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Gastroenterology, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK; Department of Oral Biology, Semmelweis University, Nagyvárad tér 4., HU-1089 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Orsolya Dobay
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Semmelweis University, Nagyvárad tér 4., HU-1089 Budapest, Hungary.
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