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Smith SP, Shipley R, Drake P, Fooks AR, Ma J, Banyard AC. Characterisation of a Live-Attenuated Rabies Virus Expressing a Secreted scFv for the Treatment of Rabies. Viruses 2023; 15:1674. [PMID: 37632016 PMCID: PMC10458464 DOI: 10.3390/v15081674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Revised: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Rabies virus (RABV) causes possibly the oldest disease and is responsible for an estimated >59,000 human fatalities/year. Post exposure prophylaxis (PEP), the administration of vaccine and rabies immunoglobulin, is a highly effective tool which is frequently unavailable in RABV endemic areas. Furthermore, due to the constraints of the blood-brain barrier, current PEP regimes are ineffective after the onset of clinical symptoms which invariably result in death. To circumvent this barrier, a live-attenuated recombinant RABV expressing a highly RABV-neutralising scFv antibody (62-71-3) linked to the fluorescent marker mCherry was designed. Once rescued, the resulting construct (named RABV-62scFv) was grown to high titres, its growth and cellular dissemination kinetics characterised, and the functionality of the recombinant 62-71-3 scFv assessed. Encouraging scFv production and subsequent virus neutralisation results demonstrate the potential for development of a therapeutic live-attenuated virus-based post-infection treatment (PIT) for RABV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel P. Smith
- Wildlife Zoonoses and Vector-Borne Diseases Research Group, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA), Weybridge, London KT15 3NB, UK; (S.P.S.); (R.S.); (A.R.F.)
- Institute for Infection and Immunity, St. George’s Hospital Medical School, University of London, London SW17 0RE, UK; (P.D.); (J.M.)
| | - Rebecca Shipley
- Wildlife Zoonoses and Vector-Borne Diseases Research Group, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA), Weybridge, London KT15 3NB, UK; (S.P.S.); (R.S.); (A.R.F.)
| | - Pascal Drake
- Institute for Infection and Immunity, St. George’s Hospital Medical School, University of London, London SW17 0RE, UK; (P.D.); (J.M.)
| | - Anthony R. Fooks
- Wildlife Zoonoses and Vector-Borne Diseases Research Group, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA), Weybridge, London KT15 3NB, UK; (S.P.S.); (R.S.); (A.R.F.)
| | - Julian Ma
- Institute for Infection and Immunity, St. George’s Hospital Medical School, University of London, London SW17 0RE, UK; (P.D.); (J.M.)
| | - Ashley C. Banyard
- Wildlife Zoonoses and Vector-Borne Diseases Research Group, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA), Weybridge, London KT15 3NB, UK; (S.P.S.); (R.S.); (A.R.F.)
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2
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Wang W, Yu C, Cui Y, Liu C, Yang Y, Xu G, Wu G, Du J, Fu Z, Guo L, Long C, Xia X, Li Y, Wang L, Wang Y. Development of a reporter gene assay for antibody dependent cellular cytotoxicity activity determination of anti-rabies virus glycoprotein antibodies. Microbiol Immunol 2023; 67:69-78. [PMID: 36346082 DOI: 10.1111/1348-0421.13036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2022] [Revised: 10/09/2022] [Accepted: 11/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Rabies is a viral disease that is nearly 100% fatal once clinical signs and symptoms develop. Post-exposure prophylaxis can efficiently prevent rabies, and antibody (Ab) induction by vaccination or passive immunization of human rabies immunoglobulin (HRIG) or monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) play an integral role in prevention against rabies. In addition to their capacity to neutralize viruses, antibodies exert their antiviral effects by antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC), which plays an important role in antiviral immunity and clearance of viral infections. For antibodies against rabies virus (RABV), evaluation of ADCC activity was neglected. Here, we developed a robust cell-based reporter gene assay (RGA) for the determination of the ADCC activity of anti-RABV antibodies using CVS-N2c-293 cells, which stably express the glycoprotein (G) of RABV strain CVS-N2c as target cells, and Jurkat cells, which stably express FcγRⅢa and nuclear factor of activated T cells (NFAT) reporter gene as effector cells (Jurkat/NFAT-luc/FcγRⅢa cells). The experimental parameters were carefully optimized, and the established ADCC assay was systematically validated according to the International Council for Harmonisation of Technical Requirements for Pharmaceuticals for Human Use (ICH) Q2 guideline. We also evaluated the ADCC activity of anti-RABV antibodies, including mAbs, HRIG, and vaccine induced antisera, and found that all test antibodies exhibited ADCC activity with varied strengths. The established RGA provides a novel method for evaluating the ADCC of anti-RABV antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenbo Wang
- Division of Monoclonal Antibody Products, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control (NIFDC), Beijing, China
| | - Chuanfei Yu
- Division of Monoclonal Antibody Products, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control (NIFDC), Beijing, China
| | - Yongfei Cui
- Division of Monoclonal Antibody Products, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control (NIFDC), Beijing, China
| | - Chunyu Liu
- Division of Monoclonal Antibody Products, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control (NIFDC), Beijing, China
| | - Yalan Yang
- Division of Monoclonal Antibody Products, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control (NIFDC), Beijing, China
| | - Gangling Xu
- Division of Monoclonal Antibody Products, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control (NIFDC), Beijing, China
| | - Gang Wu
- Division of Monoclonal Antibody Products, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control (NIFDC), Beijing, China
| | - Jialiang Du
- Division of Monoclonal Antibody Products, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control (NIFDC), Beijing, China
| | - Zhihao Fu
- Division of Monoclonal Antibody Products, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control (NIFDC), Beijing, China
| | - Luyong Guo
- Division of Monoclonal Antibody Products, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control (NIFDC), Beijing, China
| | - Caifeng Long
- Division of Monoclonal Antibody Products, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control (NIFDC), Beijing, China
| | - Xijie Xia
- China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yuhua Li
- Division of Arboviral Vaccine, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control (NIFDC), Beijing, China
| | - Lan Wang
- Division of Monoclonal Antibody Products, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control (NIFDC), Beijing, China
| | - Youchun Wang
- Division of HIV/AIDS and Sex-Transmitted Virus Vaccines, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control (NIFDC), Beijing, China
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3
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Bai Y, Huang P, Feng N, Li Y, Huang J, Jin H, Zhang M, Sun J, Li N, Zhang H, Xia X, Tang BZ, Wang H. Treat the "Untreatable" by a Photothermal Agent: Triggering Heat and Immunological Responses for Rabies Virus Inactivation. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2023; 10:e2205461. [PMID: 36385484 PMCID: PMC9839883 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202205461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Revised: 11/01/2022] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Rabies is a fatal neurological zoonotic disease caused by the rabies virus (RABV), and the approved post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) procedure remains unavailable in areas with inadequate medical systems. Although strategies have been proposed for PEP and postinfection treatment (PIT), because of the complexity of the treatment procedures and the limited curative outcome, developing an effective treatment strategy remains a holy grail in rabies research. Herein, a facile approach is proposed involving photothermal therapy (PTT) and photothermally triggered immunological effects to realize effective PEP and PIT simultaneously. The designed photothermal agent (N+ TT-mCB nanoparticles) featured positively charged functional groups and high photo-to-heat efficiency, which are favorable for virus targeting and inactivation. The level of the virus at the site of infection in mice is significantly decreased upon treatment with orthotopic PTT, and the transfer of the virus to the brain is significantly inhibited. Furthermore, the survival ratio of the mice three days postinfection is increased by intracranial injection of N+ TT-mCB and laser irradiation. Overall, this work provides a platform for the effective treatment of RABV and opens a new avenue for future antiviral studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujie Bai
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis ResearchMinistry of EducationCollege of Veterinary MedicineJilin UniversityChangchun130062China
| | - Pei Huang
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis ResearchMinistry of EducationCollege of Veterinary MedicineJilin UniversityChangchun130062China
| | - Na Feng
- Changchun Veterinary Research InstituteChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesChangchun130122China
| | - Yuanyuan Li
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis ResearchMinistry of EducationCollege of Veterinary MedicineJilin UniversityChangchun130062China
| | - Jingbo Huang
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis ResearchMinistry of EducationCollege of Veterinary MedicineJilin UniversityChangchun130062China
| | - Hongli Jin
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis ResearchMinistry of EducationCollege of Veterinary MedicineJilin UniversityChangchun130062China
| | - Mengyao Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis ResearchMinistry of EducationCollege of Veterinary MedicineJilin UniversityChangchun130062China
| | - Jingxuan Sun
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis ResearchMinistry of EducationCollege of Veterinary MedicineJilin UniversityChangchun130062China
| | - Nan Li
- Changchun Veterinary Research InstituteChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesChangchun130122China
| | - Haili Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis ResearchMinistry of EducationCollege of Veterinary MedicineJilin UniversityChangchun130062China
| | - Xianzhu Xia
- Changchun Veterinary Research InstituteChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesChangchun130122China
| | - Ben Zhong Tang
- School of Science and EngineeringShenzhen Institute of Aggregate Science and TechnologyThe Chinese University of Hong KongShenzhenGuangdong518172China
| | - Hualei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis ResearchMinistry of EducationCollege of Veterinary MedicineJilin UniversityChangchun130062China
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4
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Feige L, Zaeck LM, Sehl-Ewert J, Finke S, Bourhy H. Innate Immune Signaling and Role of Glial Cells in Herpes Simplex Virus- and Rabies Virus-Induced Encephalitis. Viruses 2021; 13:2364. [PMID: 34960633 PMCID: PMC8708193 DOI: 10.3390/v13122364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2021] [Revised: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The environment of the central nervous system (CNS) represents a double-edged sword in the context of viral infections. On the one hand, the infectious route for viral pathogens is restricted via neuroprotective barriers; on the other hand, viruses benefit from the immunologically quiescent neural environment after CNS entry. Both the herpes simplex virus (HSV) and the rabies virus (RABV) bypass the neuroprotective blood-brain barrier (BBB) and successfully enter the CNS parenchyma via nerve endings. Despite the differences in the molecular nature of both viruses, each virus uses retrograde transport along peripheral nerves to reach the human CNS. Once inside the CNS parenchyma, HSV infection results in severe acute inflammation, necrosis, and hemorrhaging, while RABV preserves the intact neuronal network by inhibiting apoptosis and limiting inflammation. During RABV neuroinvasion, surveilling glial cells fail to generate a sufficient type I interferon (IFN) response, enabling RABV to replicate undetected, ultimately leading to its fatal outcome. To date, we do not fully understand the molecular mechanisms underlying the activation or suppression of the host inflammatory responses of surveilling glial cells, which present important pathways shaping viral pathogenesis and clinical outcome in viral encephalitis. Here, we compare the innate immune responses of glial cells in RABV- and HSV-infected CNS, highlighting different viral strategies of neuroprotection or Neuroinflamm. in the context of viral encephalitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lena Feige
- Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris, Lyssavirus Epidemiology and Neuropathology, 28 Rue Du Docteur Roux, 75015 Paris, France;
| | - Luca M. Zaeck
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut (FLI), Federal Institute of Animal Health, Südufer 10, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany; (L.M.Z.); (S.F.)
| | - Julia Sehl-Ewert
- Department of Experimental Animal Facilities and Biorisk Management, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut (FLI), Federal Institute of Animal Health, Südufer 10, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany;
| | - Stefan Finke
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut (FLI), Federal Institute of Animal Health, Südufer 10, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany; (L.M.Z.); (S.F.)
| | - Hervé Bourhy
- Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris, Lyssavirus Epidemiology and Neuropathology, 28 Rue Du Docteur Roux, 75015 Paris, France;
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Beier KT. The Serendipity of Viral Trans-Neuronal Specificity: More Than Meets the Eye. Front Cell Neurosci 2021; 15:720807. [PMID: 34671244 PMCID: PMC8521040 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2021.720807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Trans-neuronal viruses are frequently used as neuroanatomical tools for mapping neuronal circuits. Specifically, recombinant one-step rabies viruses (RABV) have been instrumental in the widespread application of viral circuit mapping, as these viruses have enabled labs to map the direct inputs onto defined cell populations. Within the neuroscience community, it is widely believed that RABV spreads directly between neurons via synaptic connections, a hypothesis based principally on two observations. First, the virus labels neurons in a pattern consistent with known anatomical connectivity. Second, few glial cells appear to be infected following RABV injections, despite the fact that glial cells are abundant in the brain. However, there is no direct evidence that RABV can actually be transmitted through synaptic connections. Here we review the immunosubversive mechanisms that are critical to RABV’s success for infiltration of the central nervous system (CNS). These include interfering with and ultimately killing migratory T cells while maintaining levels of interferon (IFN) signaling in the brain parenchyma. Finally, we critically evaluate studies that support or are against synaptically-restricted RABV transmission and the implications of viral-host immune responses for RABV transmission in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Thomas Beier
- Department of Physiology & Biophysics, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
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6
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Zhao P, Hou K, Zhong Z, Guo S, Yang S, Xia X. Quantitative characterization of the T cell receptor repertoires of human immunized by rabies virus vaccine. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2021; 17:2530-2537. [PMID: 33823121 PMCID: PMC8475554 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2021.1893575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2020] [Revised: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Cellular immunity is crucial for an efficient host immune response against rabies virus (RABV) infection. But the T cell receptor (TCR) repertoire in human after RABV vaccine immunization remained unclear. In this study, we conducted high-throughput sequencing of TCR β chain complementarity determining region 3(CDR3) repertoires in 4 healthy volunteers before and after immunization with RABV vaccine. Our data showed that RABV vaccination changed the TCR diversity and the usage of V/J gene segments, as well as V-J pairing. The high-frequency clonotypes that altered after vaccination were identified. These results may provide us with new insights into T cell receptor condition after RABV vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pingsen Zhao
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yuebei People’s Hospital, Shantou University Medical College, Shaoguan, China
- Shaoguan Municipal Quality Control Center for Laboratory Medicine, Yuebei People’s Hospital, Shaoguan, China
- Laboratory for Diagnosis of Clinical Microbiology and Infection, Yuebei People’s Hospital, Shantou University Medical College, Shaoguan, China
- CONTACT Pingsen Zhao ; Head & Professor, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yuebei People’s Hospital, Shantou University Medical College, No 133, Huimin Road South, Wujiang District, Shaoguan512025, P. R. China
| | - Kaijian Hou
- Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Longhu Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Zhixiong Zhong
- Center for Precision Medicine, Meizhou People’s Hospital, Meizhou Hospital Affiliated to Sun Yat-sen University, Meizhou, China
| | - Sharula Guo
- Department of Infection Control, Yuebei People’s Hospital, Shantou University Medical College, Shaoguan, China
| | - Songtao Yang
- Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Institute of Military Veterinary, Changchun, China
| | - Xianzhu Xia
- Laboratory for Diagnosis of Clinical Microbiology and Infection, Yuebei People’s Hospital, Shantou University Medical College, Shaoguan, China
- Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Institute of Military Veterinary, Changchun, China
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7
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Tembusu Virus entering the central nervous system caused nonsuppurative encephalitis without disrupting the blood-brain barrier. J Virol 2021; 95:JVI.02191-20. [PMID: 33472933 PMCID: PMC8092698 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02191-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Tembusu Virus (TMUV) is an emerging and re-emerging zoonotic pathogen that adversely affects poultry industry in recent years. TMUV disease is characterized by nonsuppurative encephalitis in ducklings. The duckling infection model was established to study the mechanism of TMUV crossing the blood-brain barrier (BBB) into the central nervous system (CNS). Here, we showed that no obvious clinical symptoms and enhancement of BBB permeability occurred at the early stage of infection (3∼5 dpi). While simultaneously virus particles were observed by transmission electron microscopy in the brain, inducing the accumulation of inflammatory cytokines. Neurological symptoms and disruption of BBB appeared at the intermediate stage of infection (7∼9 dpi). It was confirmed that TMUV could survive and propagate in brain microvascular endothelial cells (BMECs), but did not affect the permeability of BBB in vivo and in vitro at an early date. In conclusion, TMUV enters the CNS then causes encephalitis, and finally destruct the BBB, which may be due to the direct effect of TMUV on BMECs and the subsequent response of "inflammatory storm".IMPORTANCE The TMUV disease has caused huge losses to the poultry industry in Asia, which is potentially harmful to public health. Neurological symptoms and their sequelae are the main characters of this disease. However, the mechanism of how this virus enters the brain and causes encephalitis is unclear. In this study, we confirmed that the virus entered the CNS and then massively destroyed BBB and the BBB damage was closely associated with the subsequent outbreak of inflammation. TMUV may enter the CNS through the transcellular and "Trojan horse" pathways. These findings can fill the knowledge gap in the pathogenesis of TMUV-infected poultry and be benefit for the treatment of TMUV disease. What's more, TMUV is a representative to study the infection of avian flavivirus. Therefore, our studies have significances both for understanding of the full scope of mechanisms of TMUV and other flavivirus infection, and conceivably, for therapeutics.
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Luo J, Zhang Y, Wang Y, Liu Q, Li J, He H, Luo Y, Huang S, Guo X. Artesunate and Dihydroartemisinin Inhibit Rabies Virus Replication. Virol Sin 2021; 36:721-729. [PMID: 33661488 PMCID: PMC7930525 DOI: 10.1007/s12250-021-00349-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Rabies is caused by infection of rabies virus (RABV) and remains a serious threat to the global public health. Except for the requirement for cold chain and high cost of human rabies immune globulin, no small molecule drugs are currently available for clinical treatment of rabies. So, it is of great importance to identify novel compounds that can effectively inhibit RABV infection. Artesunate (ART) and dihydroartemisinin (DHA), two derivatives of artemisinin, are widely used for treatment of malaria in adults and children, showing high safety. In this study, we found that both ART and DHA were able to inhibit RABV replication in host cells at a low concentration (0.1 μmol/L). The antiviral effects of ART and DHA were independent of viral strains and cell lines. Pre-treatment with ART or DHA for 2 h in vitro did not affect the viral replication in host cells, implying that ART and DHA neither reduced the viability of RABV directly nor inhibited the binding and entrance of the virus to host cells. Further studies revealed that ART and DHA inhibited RABV genomic RNA synthesis and viral gene transcription. Treatment with ART or DHA (5 mg/kg) by intramuscular injection improved, to some extent, the survival rate of RABV-challenged mice. Combination treatment with derivatives of artemisinin and mannitol significantly improved the survival rate of RABV-challenged mice. The results suggest that ART and DHA have a great potential to be explored as new anti-rabies agents for treatment of rabies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Luo
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Yue Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Yang Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Qing Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Jiesen Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Hongling He
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Yongwen Luo
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Shile Huang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, 1501 Kings Highway, Shreveport, LA, 71130-3932, USA. .,Feist-Weiller Cancer Center, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, LA, 71130-3932, USA.
| | - Xiaofeng Guo
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China.
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te Kamp V, Friedrichs V, Freuling CM, Vos A, Potratz M, Klein A, Zaeck LM, Eggerbauer E, Schuster P, Kaiser C, Ortmann S, Kretzschmar A, Bobe K, Knittler MR, Dorhoi A, Finke S, Müller T. Comparable Long-Term Rabies Immunity in Foxes after IntraMuscular and Oral Application Using a Third-Generation Oral Rabies Virus Vaccine. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:vaccines9010049. [PMID: 33466701 PMCID: PMC7828770 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9010049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Revised: 01/07/2021] [Accepted: 01/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The live genetically-engineered oral rabies virus (RABV) variant SPBN GASGAS induces long-lasting immunity in foxes and protection against challenge with an otherwise lethal dose of RABV field strains both after experimental oral and parenteral routes of administration. Induction of RABV-specific binding antibodies and immunoglobulin isotypes (IgM, total IgG, IgG1, IgG2) were comparable in orally and parenterally vaccinated foxes. Differences were only observed in the induction of virus-neutralizing (VNA) titers, which were significantly higher in the parenterally vaccinated group. The dynamics of rabies-specific antibodies pre- and post-challenge (365 days post vaccination) suggest the predominance of type-1 immunity protection of SPBN GASGAS. Independent of the route of administration, in the absence of IgG1 the immune response to SPBN GAGAS was mainly IgG2 driven. Interestingly, vaccination with SPBN GASGAS does not cause significant differences in inducible IFN-γ production in vaccinated animals, indicating a relatively weak cellular immune response during challenge. Notably, the parenteral application of SPBN GASGAS did not induce any adverse side effects in foxes, thus supporting safety studies of this oral rabies vaccine in various species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verena te Kamp
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut (FLI), WHO Collaborating Centre for Rabies Surveillance and Research, OIE Reference Laboratory for Rabies, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany; (V.t.K.); (C.M.F.); (M.P.); (A.K.); (L.M.Z.); (E.E.); (S.F.)
- Boehringer Ingelheim GmbH, 55216 Ingelheim am Rhein, Germany
| | - Virginia Friedrichs
- Institute of Immunology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut (FLI), 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany; (V.F.); (M.R.K.); (A.D.)
| | - Conrad M. Freuling
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut (FLI), WHO Collaborating Centre for Rabies Surveillance and Research, OIE Reference Laboratory for Rabies, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany; (V.t.K.); (C.M.F.); (M.P.); (A.K.); (L.M.Z.); (E.E.); (S.F.)
| | - Ad Vos
- Ceva Innovation Center, 06861 Dessau-Rosslau, Germany; (A.V.); (P.S.); (C.K.); (S.O.); (A.K.); (K.B.)
| | - Madlin Potratz
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut (FLI), WHO Collaborating Centre for Rabies Surveillance and Research, OIE Reference Laboratory for Rabies, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany; (V.t.K.); (C.M.F.); (M.P.); (A.K.); (L.M.Z.); (E.E.); (S.F.)
| | - Antonia Klein
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut (FLI), WHO Collaborating Centre for Rabies Surveillance and Research, OIE Reference Laboratory for Rabies, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany; (V.t.K.); (C.M.F.); (M.P.); (A.K.); (L.M.Z.); (E.E.); (S.F.)
| | - Luca M. Zaeck
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut (FLI), WHO Collaborating Centre for Rabies Surveillance and Research, OIE Reference Laboratory for Rabies, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany; (V.t.K.); (C.M.F.); (M.P.); (A.K.); (L.M.Z.); (E.E.); (S.F.)
| | - Elisa Eggerbauer
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut (FLI), WHO Collaborating Centre for Rabies Surveillance and Research, OIE Reference Laboratory for Rabies, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany; (V.t.K.); (C.M.F.); (M.P.); (A.K.); (L.M.Z.); (E.E.); (S.F.)
- Thüringer Landesamt für Verbraucherschutz, 99947 Bad Langensalza, Germany
| | - Peter Schuster
- Ceva Innovation Center, 06861 Dessau-Rosslau, Germany; (A.V.); (P.S.); (C.K.); (S.O.); (A.K.); (K.B.)
| | - Christian Kaiser
- Ceva Innovation Center, 06861 Dessau-Rosslau, Germany; (A.V.); (P.S.); (C.K.); (S.O.); (A.K.); (K.B.)
| | - Steffen Ortmann
- Ceva Innovation Center, 06861 Dessau-Rosslau, Germany; (A.V.); (P.S.); (C.K.); (S.O.); (A.K.); (K.B.)
| | - Antje Kretzschmar
- Ceva Innovation Center, 06861 Dessau-Rosslau, Germany; (A.V.); (P.S.); (C.K.); (S.O.); (A.K.); (K.B.)
| | - Katharina Bobe
- Ceva Innovation Center, 06861 Dessau-Rosslau, Germany; (A.V.); (P.S.); (C.K.); (S.O.); (A.K.); (K.B.)
| | - Michael R. Knittler
- Institute of Immunology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut (FLI), 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany; (V.F.); (M.R.K.); (A.D.)
| | - Anca Dorhoi
- Institute of Immunology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut (FLI), 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany; (V.F.); (M.R.K.); (A.D.)
| | - Stefan Finke
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut (FLI), WHO Collaborating Centre for Rabies Surveillance and Research, OIE Reference Laboratory for Rabies, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany; (V.t.K.); (C.M.F.); (M.P.); (A.K.); (L.M.Z.); (E.E.); (S.F.)
| | - Thomas Müller
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut (FLI), WHO Collaborating Centre for Rabies Surveillance and Research, OIE Reference Laboratory for Rabies, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany; (V.t.K.); (C.M.F.); (M.P.); (A.K.); (L.M.Z.); (E.E.); (S.F.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-38351-71659
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10
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Lebrun A, Kean RB, Hooper DC. Brain tissue-resident immune memory cells are required for long-term protection against CNS infection with rabies virus. Future Virol 2020; 15:755-761. [PMID: 33343683 DOI: 10.2217/fvl-2020-0132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Immune memory cells residing in previously infected, nonlymphoid tissues play a role in immune surveillance. In the event that circulating antibodies fail to prevent virus spread to the tissues in a secondary infection, these memory cells provide an essential defense against tissue reinfection. CNS tissues are isolated from circulating immune cells and antibodies by the blood-brain barrier, making the presence of tissue-resident immune memory cells particularly needed to combat recurrent infection by neurotropic viruses. Wild-type and laboratory-engineered rabies viruses are neurotropic, differ in pathogenicity, and have varying effects on BBB functions. These viruses have proven invaluable tools in demonstrating the importance of tissue-resident immune memory cells in the reinfection of CNS tissues. Only Type 1 immune memory is effective at therapeutically clearing a secondary infection with wild-type rabies viruses from the CNS and does so despite the maintenance of blood-brain barrier integrity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurore Lebrun
- Department of Cancer Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | - Rhonda B Kean
- Department of Cancer Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | - D Craig Hooper
- Department of Cancer Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
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11
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Bartlett ML, Griffin DE. Acute RNA Viral Encephalomyelitis and the Role of Antibodies in the Central Nervous System. Viruses 2020; 12:v12090988. [PMID: 32899509 PMCID: PMC7551998 DOI: 10.3390/v12090988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2020] [Revised: 09/02/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute RNA viral encephalomyelitis is a serious complication of numerous virus infections. Antibodies in the cerebral spinal fluid (CSF) are correlated to better outcomes, and there is substantive evidence of antibody secreting cells (ASCs) entering the central nervous system (CNS) and contributing to resolution of infection. Here, we review the RNA viruses known to cause acute viral encephalomyelitis with mechanisms of control that require antibody or ASCs. We compile the cytokines, chemokines, and surface receptors associated with ASC recruitment to the CNS after infection and compare known antibody-mediated mechanisms as well as potential noncytolytic mechanisms for virus control. These non-canonical functions of antibodies may be employed in the CNS to protect precious non-renewable neurons. Understanding the immune-specialized zone of the CNS is essential for the development of effective treatments for acute encephalomyelitis caused by RNA viruses.
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12
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Mastraccio KE, Huaman C, Warrilow D, Smith GA, Craig SB, Weir DL, Laing ED, Smith IL, Broder CC, Schaefer BC. Establishment of a longitudinal pre-clinical model of lyssavirus infection. J Virol Methods 2020; 281:113882. [PMID: 32407866 PMCID: PMC8056983 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2020.113882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2020] [Revised: 04/19/2020] [Accepted: 05/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Traditional mouse models of lyssavirus pathogenesis rely on euthanizing large groups of animals at various time points post-infection, processing infected tissues, and performing histological and molecular analyses to determine anatomical sites of infection. While powerful by some measures, this approach is limited by the inability to monitor disease progression in the same mice over time. In this study, we established a novel non-invasive mouse model of lyssavirus pathogenesis, which consists of longitudinal imaging of a luciferase-expressing Australian bat lyssavirus (ABLV) reporter virus. In vivo bioluminescence imaging (BLI) in mice revealed viral spread from a peripheral site of inoculation into the central nervous system (CNS), with kinetically and spatially distinct foci of replication in the footpad, spinal cord, and hindbrain. Detection of virus within the CNS was associated with onset of clinical disease. Quantification of virus-derived luminescent signal in the brain was found to be a reliable measure of viral replication, when compared to traditional molecular methods. Furthermore, we demonstrate that in vivo imaging of ABLV infection is not restricted to the use of albino strains of mice, but rather strong BLI signal output can be achieved by shaving the hair from the heads and spines of pigmented strains, such as C57BL/6. Overall, our data show that in vivo BLI can be used to rapidly and non-invasively identify sites of lyssavirus replication and to semi-quantitatively determine viral load without the need to sacrifice mice at multiple time points.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kate E Mastraccio
- Uniformed Services University, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, 4301 Jones Bridge Road, Bethesda, MD, 20814, USA.
| | - Celeste Huaman
- Uniformed Services University, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, 4301 Jones Bridge Road, Bethesda, MD, 20814, USA.
| | - David Warrilow
- Queensland Health Forensic and Scientific Services, Archerfield, Australia.
| | - Greg A Smith
- Queensland Health Forensic and Scientific Services, Archerfield, Australia.
| | - Scott B Craig
- Queensland Health Forensic and Scientific Services, Archerfield, Australia.
| | - Dawn L Weir
- Uniformed Services University, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, 4301 Jones Bridge Road, Bethesda, MD, 20814, USA.
| | - Eric D Laing
- Uniformed Services University, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, 4301 Jones Bridge Road, Bethesda, MD, 20814, USA.
| | - Ina L Smith
- Queensland Health Forensic and Scientific Services, Archerfield, Australia; Risk Evaluation and Preparedness Program, Health and Biosecurity, CSIRO, Black Mountain, ACT, Australia.
| | - Christopher C Broder
- Uniformed Services University, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, 4301 Jones Bridge Road, Bethesda, MD, 20814, USA.
| | - Brian C Schaefer
- Uniformed Services University, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, 4301 Jones Bridge Road, Bethesda, MD, 20814, USA.
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13
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Yamada K, Noguchi K, Kimitsuki K, Kaimori R, Saito N, Komeno T, Nakajima N, Furuta Y, Nishizono A. Reevaluation of the efficacy of favipiravir against rabies virus using in vivo imaging analysis. Antiviral Res 2019; 172:104641. [PMID: 31672666 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2019.104641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2019] [Revised: 10/13/2019] [Accepted: 10/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Rabies virus (RABV) is a highly neurotropic virus and the causative agent of rabies, an encephalitis with an almost 100% case-fatality rate that remains incurable after the onset of symptoms. Favipiravir (T-705), a broad-spectrum antiviral drug against RNA viruses, has been shown to be effective against RABV in vitro but ineffective in vivo. We hypothesized that favipiravir is effective in infected mice when RABV replicates in the peripheral tissues/nerves but not after virus neuroinvasion. We attempted to clarify this point in this study using in vivo bioluminescence imaging. We generated a recombinant RABV from the field isolate 1088, which expressed red firefly luciferase (1088/RFLuc). This allowed semiquantitative detection and monitoring of primary replication at the inoculation site and viral spread in the central nervous system (CNS) in the same mice. Bioluminescence imaging revealed that favipiravir (300 mg/kg/day) treatment commencing 1 h after intramuscular inoculation of RABV efficiently suppressed viral replication at the inoculation site and the subsequent replication in the CNS. However, virus replication in the CNS was not inhibited when the treatment began 2 days after inoculation. We also found that higher doses (600 or 900 mg/kg/day) of favipiravir could suppress viral replication in the CNS even when administration started 2 days after inoculation. These results support our hypothesis and suggest that a highly effective drug-delivery system into the CNS and/or the enhancement of favipiravir conversion to its active form are required to improve favipiravir treatment of rabies. Furthermore, the bioluminescence imaging system established in this study will facilitate the development of treatment for symptomatic rabies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kentaro Yamada
- Research Promotion Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Oita University, 1-1 Idaigaoka, Hasama-machi, Yufu City, Oita, 879-5593, Japan
| | - Kazuko Noguchi
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Oita University, 1-1 Idaigaoka, Hasama-machi, Yufu City, Oita, 879-5593, Japan; Department of Food Science and Technology, Minami Kyushu University, 5-1-2 Kirishima, Miyazaki City, Miyazaki, 880-0031, Japan
| | - Kazunori Kimitsuki
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Oita University, 1-1 Idaigaoka, Hasama-machi, Yufu City, Oita, 879-5593, Japan
| | - Ryo Kaimori
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Oita University, 1-1 Idaigaoka, Hasama-machi, Yufu City, Oita, 879-5593, Japan
| | - Nobuo Saito
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Oita University, 1-1 Idaigaoka, Hasama-machi, Yufu City, Oita, 879-5593, Japan
| | - Takashi Komeno
- FUJIFILM Toyama Chemical Co.,Ltd, 2-4-1 Shimookui, Toyama City, Toyama, 930-8508, Japan
| | - Nozomi Nakajima
- FUJIFILM Toyama Chemical Co.,Ltd, 2-4-1 Shimookui, Toyama City, Toyama, 930-8508, Japan
| | - Yousuke Furuta
- FUJIFILM Toyama Chemical Co.,Ltd, 2-4-1 Shimookui, Toyama City, Toyama, 930-8508, Japan
| | - Akira Nishizono
- Research Promotion Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Oita University, 1-1 Idaigaoka, Hasama-machi, Yufu City, Oita, 879-5593, Japan; Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Oita University, 1-1 Idaigaoka, Hasama-machi, Yufu City, Oita, 879-5593, Japan.
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14
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Mannitol treatment is not effective in therapy of rabies virus infection in mice. Vaccine 2019; 37:4710-4714. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2017.12.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2017] [Revised: 11/29/2017] [Accepted: 12/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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15
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Smith SP, Wu G, Fooks AR, Ma J, Banyard AC. Trying to treat the untreatable: experimental approaches to clear rabies virus infection from the CNS. J Gen Virol 2019; 100:1171-1186. [PMID: 31237530 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.001269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Rabies virus causes an invariably fatal encephalitis following the onset of clinical disease. Despite the availability of safe and effective vaccines, the clinical stages of rabies encephalitis remain untreatable, with few survivors being documented. A principal obstacle to the treatment of rabies is the neurotropic nature of the virus, with the blood-brain barrier size exclusion limit rendering the delivery of antiviral drugs and molecules to the central nervous system inherently problematic. This review focuses on efforts to try and overcome barriers to molecule delivery to treat clinical rabies and overviews current progress in the development of experimental live rabies virus vaccines that may have future applications in the treatment of clinical rabies, including the attenuation of rabies virus vectors through either the duplication or mutation of existing genes or the incorporation of non-viral elements within the genome. Rabies post-infection treatment (PIT) remains the holy grail of rabies research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel P Smith
- Wildlife Zoonoses and Vector-borne Diseases Research Group, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA), Addlestone, Surrey, KT15 3NB, UK.,Institute for Infection and Immunity, St George's Hospital Medical School, University of London, London, UK
| | - Guanghui Wu
- Wildlife Zoonoses and Vector-borne Diseases Research Group, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA), Addlestone, Surrey, KT15 3NB, UK
| | - Anthony R Fooks
- Wildlife Zoonoses and Vector-borne Diseases Research Group, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA), Addlestone, Surrey, KT15 3NB, UK.,Institute for Infection and Immunity, St George's Hospital Medical School, University of London, London, UK.,Department of Clinical Infection, Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Julian Ma
- Institute for Infection and Immunity, St George's Hospital Medical School, University of London, London, UK
| | - Ashley C Banyard
- Institute for Infection and Immunity, St George's Hospital Medical School, University of London, London, UK.,School of Life Sciences, University of West Sussex, Falmer, West Sussex, UK.,Wildlife Zoonoses and Vector-borne Diseases Research Group, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA), Addlestone, Surrey, KT15 3NB, UK
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16
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Marosi A, Dufkova L, Forró B, Felde O, Erdélyi K, Širmarová J, Palus M, Hönig V, Salát J, Tikos R, Gyuranecz M, Růžek D, Martina B, Koraka P, Osterhaus ADME, Bakonyi T. Combination therapy of rabies-infected mice with inhibitors of pro-inflammatory host response, antiviral compounds and human rabies immunoglobulin. Vaccine 2018; 37:4724-4735. [PMID: 29805091 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2018.05.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2018] [Revised: 05/02/2018] [Accepted: 05/12/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies demonstrated that inhibitors of pro-inflammatory molecular cascades triggered by rabies infection in the central nervous system (CNS) can enhance survival in mouse model and that certain antiviral compounds interfere with rabies virus replication in vitro. In this study different combinations of therapeutics were tested to evaluate their effect on survival in rabies-infected mice, as well as on viral load in the CNS. C57Bl/6 mice were infected with Silver-haired bat rabies virus (SHBRV)-18 at virus dose approaching LD50 and LD100. In one experimental group daily treatments were initiated 4 h before-, in other groups 48 or 96 h after challenge. In the first experiment therapeutic combination contained inhibitors of tumour necrosis factor-α (infliximab), caspase-1 (Ac-YVAD-cmk), and a multikinase inhibitor (sorafenib). In the treated groups there was a notable but not significant increase of survival compared to the virus infected, non-treated mice. The addition of human rabies immunoglobulins (HRIG) to the combination in the second experiment almost completely prevented mortality in the pre-exposure treatment group along with a significant reduction of viral titres in the CNS. Post-exposure treatments also greatly improved survival rates. As part of the combination with immunomodulatory compounds, HRIG had a higher impact on survival than alone. In the third experiment the combination was further supplemented with type-I interferons, ribavirin and favipiravir (T-705). As a blood-brain barrier opener, mannitol was also administered. This treatment was unable to prevent lethal consequences of SHBRV-18 infection; furthermore, it caused toxicity in treated mice, presumably due to interaction among the components. In all experiments, viral loads in the CNS were similar in mice that succumbed to rabies regardless of treatment. According to the findings, inhibitors of detrimental host response to rabies combined with antibodies can be considered among the possible therapeutic and post-exposure options in human rabies cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- András Marosi
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Veterinary Medicine, Hungária krt. 23 - 25, 1143 Budapest, Hungary.
| | - Lucie Dufkova
- Department of Virology, Veterinary Research Institute, Hudcova 70, CZ-62100 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Barbara Forró
- Institute for Veterinary Medical Research, Centre for Agricultural Research, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Hungária krt. 21, 1143 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Orsolya Felde
- Institute for Veterinary Medical Research, Centre for Agricultural Research, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Hungária krt. 21, 1143 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Károly Erdélyi
- National Food Chain Safety Office, Veterinary Diagnostic Directorate, Tábornok u. 2, 1149 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Jana Širmarová
- Department of Virology, Veterinary Research Institute, Hudcova 70, CZ-62100 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Palus
- Department of Virology, Veterinary Research Institute, Hudcova 70, CZ-62100 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Václav Hönig
- Department of Virology, Veterinary Research Institute, Hudcova 70, CZ-62100 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jiří Salát
- Department of Virology, Veterinary Research Institute, Hudcova 70, CZ-62100 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Réka Tikos
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Veterinary Medicine, Hungária krt. 23 - 25, 1143 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Miklós Gyuranecz
- Institute for Veterinary Medical Research, Centre for Agricultural Research, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Hungária krt. 21, 1143 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Daniel Růžek
- Department of Virology, Veterinary Research Institute, Hudcova 70, CZ-62100 Brno, Czech Republic; Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Branisovska 31, CZ-37005 Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic
| | - Byron Martina
- Artemis One Health Research Foundation, Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Penelope Koraka
- Viroscience Lab, Erasmus Medical Centre, Wytemaweg 80 3015CN, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Albert D M E Osterhaus
- Artemis One Health Research Foundation, Delft, The Netherlands; Research Center for Emerging Infections and Zoonoses (RIZ), University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Germany
| | - Tamás Bakonyi
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Veterinary Medicine, Hungária krt. 23 - 25, 1143 Budapest, Hungary; Viral Zoonoses, Emerging and Vector-Borne Infections Group, Institute of Virology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinaerplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria
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17
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Singh R, Singh KP, Cherian S, Saminathan M, Kapoor S, Manjunatha Reddy GB, Panda S, Dhama K. Rabies - epidemiology, pathogenesis, public health concerns and advances in diagnosis and control: a comprehensive review. Vet Q 2017. [PMID: 28643547 DOI: 10.1080/01652176.2017.1343516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Rabies is a zoonotic, fatal and progressive neurological infection caused by rabies virus of the genus Lyssavirus and family Rhabdoviridae. It affects all warm-blooded animals and the disease is prevalent throughout the world and endemic in many countries except in Islands like Australia and Antarctica. Over 60,000 peoples die every year due to rabies, while approximately 15 million people receive rabies post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) annually. Bite of rabid animals and saliva of infected host are mainly responsible for transmission and wildlife like raccoons, skunks, bats and foxes are main reservoirs for rabies. The incubation period is highly variable from 2 weeks to 6 years (avg. 2-3 months). Though severe neurologic signs and fatal outcome, neuropathological lesions are relatively mild. Rabies virus exploits various mechanisms to evade the host immune responses. Being a major zoonosis, precise and rapid diagnosis is important for early treatment and effective prevention and control measures. Traditional rapid Seller's staining and histopathological methods are still in use for diagnosis of rabies. Direct immunofluoroscent test (dFAT) is gold standard test and most commonly recommended for diagnosis of rabies in fresh brain tissues of dogs by both OIE and WHO. Mouse inoculation test (MIT) and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) are superior and used for routine diagnosis. Vaccination with live attenuated or inactivated viruses, DNA and recombinant vaccines can be done in endemic areas. This review describes in detail about epidemiology, transmission, pathogenesis, advances in diagnosis, vaccination and therapeutic approaches along with appropriate prevention and control strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajendra Singh
- a Division of Pathology , ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute , Bareilly , Uttar Pradesh , India
| | - Karam Pal Singh
- b Centre for Animal Disease Research and Diagnosis (CADRAD) , ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute , Bareilly , Uttar Pradesh , India
| | - Susan Cherian
- a Division of Pathology , ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute , Bareilly , Uttar Pradesh , India
| | - Mani Saminathan
- a Division of Pathology , ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute , Bareilly , Uttar Pradesh , India
| | - Sanjay Kapoor
- c Department of Veterinary Microbiology , LLR University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences , Hisar , Haryana , India
| | - G B Manjunatha Reddy
- d ICAR-National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics , Bengaluru , Karnataka , India
| | - Shibani Panda
- a Division of Pathology , ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute , Bareilly , Uttar Pradesh , India
| | - Kuldeep Dhama
- a Division of Pathology , ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute , Bareilly , Uttar Pradesh , India
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18
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Immunological aspects of rabies: a literature review. Arch Virol 2017; 162:3251-3268. [PMID: 28726129 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-017-3484-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2017] [Accepted: 06/27/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Rabies is a lethal disease caused by the neurotropic virus rabies virus (RABV), and it remains an important public health problem globally. It is known that the host immune response is important for control of viral infection and promoting viral clearance. In this context, it is well documented that, in addition to RABV neutralizing antibody, interferons and cell-mediated immunity also have an important role in preventing the establishment of disease. On the other hand, RABV suppresses host immunity through different mechanisms, for example, direct inhibition of host gene expression, sequestration of pathogen-associated molecular patterns, or modification of cytokine signalling pathways, which hinder the protective host immune responses to RABV infection. Here, we review the immunological aspects of rabies, highlighting innate and adaptive immunity, as well as the host evasion immune mechanisms used by the virus. Finally, we briefly discuss how this knowledge can direct new research and be harnessed for future therapeutic strategies.
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19
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Cain MD, Salimi H, Gong Y, Yang L, Hamilton SL, Heffernan JR, Hou J, Miller MJ, Klein RS. Virus entry and replication in the brain precedes blood-brain barrier disruption during intranasal alphavirus infection. J Neuroimmunol 2017; 308:118-130. [PMID: 28501330 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2017.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2016] [Revised: 04/27/2017] [Accepted: 04/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Viral infections of the central nervous system (CNS) are often associated with blood-brain barrier (BBB) disruption, yet the impact of virus replication and immune cell recruitment on BBB integrity are incompletely understood. Using two-photon microscopy, we demonstrate that Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus (VEEV) strain TC83-GFP, a GFP expressing, attenuated strain with a G3A mutation within the 5' UTR that is associated with increased sensitivity to type I interferons (IFNs), does not directly impact BBB permeability. Following intranasal infection of both wild-type and IFN-induced protein with tetratricopeptide repeats 1 (IFIT1)-deficient mice, which fail to block TC83-specific RNA translation, virus spreads to the olfactory bulb and cortex via migration along axonal tracts of neurons originating from the olfactory neuroepithelium. Global dissemination of virus in the CNS by 2days post-infection (dpi) was associated with increased BBB permeability in the olfactory bulb, but not in the cortex or hindbrain, where permeability only increased after the recruitment of CX3CR1+ and CCR2+ mononuclear cells on 6 dpi, which corresponded with tight junction loss and claudin 5 redistribution. Importantly, despite higher levels of viral replication, similar results were obtained in IFIT1-deficient mice. These findings indicate that TC83 gains CNS access via anterograde axonal migration without directly altering BBB function and that mononuclear and endothelial cell interactions may underlie BBB disruption during alphavirus encephalitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew D Cain
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO 63110, United States
| | - Hamid Salimi
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO 63110, United States
| | - Yongfeng Gong
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO 63110, United States
| | - Lihua Yang
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO 63110, United States
| | - Samantha L Hamilton
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO 63110, United States
| | - James R Heffernan
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO 63110, United States
| | - Jianghui Hou
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO 63110, United States
| | - Mark J Miller
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO 63110, United States.
| | - Robyn S Klein
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO 63110, United States; Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO 63110, United States; Department of Neuroscience, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO 63110, United States.
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20
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Kimitsuki K, Yamada K, Shiwa N, Inoue S, Nishizono A, Park CH. Pathological lesions in the central nervous system and peripheral tissues of ddY mice with street rabies virus (1088 strain). J Vet Med Sci 2017; 79:970-978. [PMID: 28428485 PMCID: PMC5487800 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.17-0028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Most studies on rabies virus pathogenesis in animal models have employed fixed rabies
viruses, and the results of those employing street rabies viruses have been inconsistent.
Therefore, to clarify the pathogenesis of street rabies virus (1088 strain) in mice,
106 focus forming units were inoculated into the right hindlimb of
ddY mice (6 weeks, female). At 3 days postinoculation (DPI), mild
inflammation was observed in the hindlimb muscle. At 5 DPI, ganglion cells in the right
lumbosacral spinal dorsal root ganglia showed chromatolysis. Axonal degeneration and
inflammatory cells increased with infection progress in the spinal dorsal horn and dorsal
root ganglia. Right hindlimb paralysis was observed from 7 DPI, which progressed to
quadriparalysis. However, no pathological changes were observed in the ventral horn and
root fibers of the spinal cord. Viral antigen was first detected in the right hindlimb
muscle at 3 DPI, followed by the right lumbosacral dorsal root ganglia, dorsal horn of
spinal cord, left red nuclei, medulla oblongata and cerebral cortex (M1 area) at 5 DPI.
These results suggested that the 1088 virus ascended the lumbosacral spinal cord via
mainly afferent fibers at early stage of infection and moved to cerebral cortex (M1 area)
using descending spinal tract. Additionally, we concluded that significant pathological
changes in mice infected with 1088 strain occur in the sensory tract of the spinal cord;
this selective susceptibility results in clinical features of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazunori Kimitsuki
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Kitasato University, 23-35-1, Higashi, Towada, Aomori 034-8628, Japan
| | - Kentaro Yamada
- Research Promotion Project, Oita University, 1-1 Idaigaoka, Hasama-machi, Yufu, Oita 879-5593, Japan
| | - Nozomi Shiwa
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Kitasato University, 23-35-1, Higashi, Towada, Aomori 034-8628, Japan
| | - Satoshi Inoue
- Department of Veterinary Science, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Toyama 1-23-1, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8640 Japan
| | - Akira Nishizono
- Research Promotion Project, Oita University, 1-1 Idaigaoka, Hasama-machi, Yufu, Oita 879-5593, Japan.,Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Oita University, 1-1 Idaigaoka, Hasama-machi, Yufu, Oita 879-5593, Japan
| | - Chun-Ho Park
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Kitasato University, 23-35-1, Higashi, Towada, Aomori 034-8628, Japan
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21
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Ito N, Moseley GW, Sugiyama M. The importance of immune evasion in the pathogenesis of rabies virus. J Vet Med Sci 2016; 78:1089-98. [PMID: 27041139 PMCID: PMC4976263 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.16-0092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Rabies is a zoonotic disease caused by the Lyssavirus rabies virus
(RABV) that can infect most mammals, including humans, where it has a case-fatality rate
of almost 100%. Although preventable by vaccination, rabies causes c. 59,000 human
fatalities every year worldwide. Thus, there exists an urgent need to establish an
effective therapy and/or improve dissemination of vaccines for humans and animals. These
outcomes require greater understanding of the mechanisms of RABV pathogenesis to identify
new molecular targets for the development of therapeutics and/or live vaccines with high
levels of safety. Importantly, a number of studies in recent years have indicated that
RABV specifically suppresses host immunity through diverse mechanisms and that this is a
key process in pathogenicity. Here, we review current understanding of immune modulation
by RABV, with an emphasis on its significance to pathogenicity and the potential
exploitation of this knowledge to develop new vaccines and antivirals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoto Ito
- Laboratory of Zoonotic Diseases, Faculty of Applied Biological Sciences, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu, Gifu 501-1193, Japan
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22
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Appolinário CM, Allendorf SD, Peres MG, Ribeiro BD, Fonseca CR, Vicente AF, Antunes JMADP, Megid J. Profile of Cytokines and Chemokines Triggered by Wild-Type Strains of Rabies Virus in Mice. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2015; 94:378-83. [PMID: 26711511 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.15-0361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2015] [Accepted: 11/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Rabies is a lethal infectious disease that causes 55,000 human deaths per year and is transmitted by various mammalian species, such as dogs and bats. The host immune response is essential for avoiding viral progression and promoting viral clearance. Cytokines and chemokines are crucial in the development of an immediate antiviral response; the rabies virus (RABV) attempts to evade this immune response. The virus's capacity for evasion is correlated with its pathogenicity and the host's inflammatory response, with highly pathogenic strains being the most efficient at hijacking the host's defense mechanisms and thereby decreasing inflammation. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the expression of a set of cytokine and chemokine genes that are related to the immune response in the brains of mice inoculated intramuscularly or intracerebrally with two wild-type strains of RABV, one from dog and the other from vampire bat. The results demonstrated that the gene expression profile is intrinsic to the specific rabies variant. The prompt production of cytokines and chemokines seems to be more important than their levels of expression for surviving a rabies infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camila Michele Appolinário
- Department of Veterinary Hygiene and Public Health, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, UNESP-Universidade Estadual Paulista, Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Susan Dora Allendorf
- Department of Veterinary Hygiene and Public Health, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, UNESP-Universidade Estadual Paulista, Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marina Gea Peres
- Department of Veterinary Hygiene and Public Health, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, UNESP-Universidade Estadual Paulista, Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Bruna Devidé Ribeiro
- Department of Veterinary Hygiene and Public Health, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, UNESP-Universidade Estadual Paulista, Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Clóvis R Fonseca
- Department of Veterinary Hygiene and Public Health, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, UNESP-Universidade Estadual Paulista, Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Acácia Ferreira Vicente
- Department of Veterinary Hygiene and Public Health, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, UNESP-Universidade Estadual Paulista, Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - João Marcelo A de Paula Antunes
- Department of Veterinary Hygiene and Public Health, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, UNESP-Universidade Estadual Paulista, Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Jane Megid
- Department of Veterinary Hygiene and Public Health, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, UNESP-Universidade Estadual Paulista, Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
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23
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Johnson N, Cunningham AF. Interplay between rabies virus and the mammalian immune system. World J Clin Infect Dis 2015; 5:67-76. [DOI: 10.5495/wjcid.v5.i4.67] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2015] [Revised: 09/23/2015] [Accepted: 11/17/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Rabies is a disease caused following infection of the brain by the rabies virus (RABV). The principle mechanism of transmission is through a bite wound. The virus infects peripheral nerves and moves to the central nervous system (CNS). There appears to be little involvement of other organ systems and little detectable immune stimulation prior to infection of the CNS. This failure of the mammalian immune system to respond to rabies virus infection leads, in the overwhelming majority of cases, to death of the host. To some extent, this failure is likely due to the exclusive replication of RABV in neurons and the limited ability to generate, sufficiently rapidly, an anti-viral antibody response in situ. This is reflected in the ability of post-exposure vaccination, when given early after infection, to prevent disease. The lack of immune stimulation during RABV infection preceding neural invasion is the Achilles heel of the immune response. Whilst many viruses infect the brain, causing encephalitis and neuronal deficit, none are as consistently fatal to the host as RABV. This is in part due to prior replication of many viruses in peripheral, non-neural tissue by other viruses that allows timely activation of the immune response before the host is overwhelmed. Our current understanding of the correlates of protection for rabies suggests that it is the action of neutralising antibodies that prevent infection and control spread of RABV. Furthermore, it tells us that the induction of immunity can protect and understanding how and why this happens is critical to controlling infection. However, the paradigm of antibody development suggests that antigen presentation overwhelmingly occurs in lymphoid tissue (germinal and non-germinal centres) and these are external to the CNS. In addition, the blood-brain-barrier may provide a block to the delivery of immune effectors (antibodies/plasma B-cells) entering where they are needed. Alternatively, there may be insufficient antigen exposure after natural infection to mount an effective response or the virus actively suppresses immune function. To improve our ability to treat this fatal infection it is imperative to understand how immunity to RABV develops and functions so that parameters of protection are better defined.
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24
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Lebrun A, Portocarrero C, Kean RB, Barkhouse DA, Faber M, Hooper DC. T-bet Is Required for the Rapid Clearance of Attenuated Rabies Virus from Central Nervous System Tissue. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 195:4358-68. [PMID: 26408670 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1501274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2015] [Accepted: 09/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Much of our understanding of CNS immunity has been gained from models involving pathological inflammation. Attenuated rabies viruses (RABV) are unique tools to study CNS immunity in the absence of conventional inflammatory mechanisms, as they spread from the site of inoculation to the CNS transaxonally, thereby bypassing the blood-brain barrier (BBB), and are cleared without neutrophil or monocyte infiltration. To better understand the role of CD4 T cell subsets in the clearance of the virus from CNS tissues, we examined the development of antiviral immunity in wild-type (WT) and T-bet knockout mice (T-bet(-/-)), which lack Th1 cells. Early control of RABV replication in the CNS tissues of WT mice is associated with the production of IFN-γ, with antiviral effects likely mediated through the enhanced expression of type I IFNs. Of interest, IFN-α and -γ are overexpressed in the infected T-bet(-/-) by comparison with WT CNS tissues, and the initial control of RABV infection is similar. Ultimately, attenuated RABV are cleared from the CNS tissues of WT mice by Ab locally produced by the activities of infiltrating T and B cells. Although T and B cell infiltration into the CNS of infected T-bet(-/-) mice is comparable, their activities are not, the consequence being delayed, low-level Ab production and prolonged RABV replication. More importantly, neither T-bet(-/-) mice immunized with an attenuated virus, nor WT mice with Th2 RABV-specific immunity induced by immunization with inactivated virus, are protected in the long term against challenge with a pathogenic RABV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurore Lebrun
- Department of Cancer Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107
| | - Carla Portocarrero
- Department of Cancer Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107
| | - Rhonda B Kean
- Department of Cancer Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107
| | - Darryll A Barkhouse
- Department of Cancer Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107
| | - Milosz Faber
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107; and
| | - D Craig Hooper
- Department of Cancer Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107; Department of Neurological Surgery, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107
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25
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Ridder DA, Wenzel J, Müller K, Töllner K, Tong XK, Assmann JC, Stroobants S, Weber T, Niturad C, Fischer L, Lembrich B, Wolburg H, Grand'Maison M, Papadopoulos P, Korpos E, Truchetet F, Rades D, Sorokin LM, Schmidt-Supprian M, Bedell BJ, Pasparakis M, Balschun D, D'Hooge R, Löscher W, Hamel E, Schwaninger M. Brain endothelial TAK1 and NEMO safeguard the neurovascular unit. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 212:1529-49. [PMID: 26347470 PMCID: PMC4577837 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20150165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2015] [Accepted: 08/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Ridder et al. show that deletion of NEMO, a component of NF-kB signaling, in brain endothelial cells results in increased cerebral vascular permeability and endothelial cell death, and recapitulates the neurological symptoms observed in the genetic disease incontinentia pigmenti. Inactivating mutations of the NF-κB essential modulator (NEMO), a key component of NF-κB signaling, cause the genetic disease incontinentia pigmenti (IP). This leads to severe neurological symptoms, but the mechanisms underlying brain involvement were unclear. Here, we show that selectively deleting Nemo or the upstream kinase Tak1 in brain endothelial cells resulted in death of endothelial cells, a rarefaction of brain microvessels, cerebral hypoperfusion, a disrupted blood–brain barrier (BBB), and epileptic seizures. TAK1 and NEMO protected the BBB by activating the transcription factor NF-κB and stabilizing the tight junction protein occludin. They also prevented brain endothelial cell death in a NF-κB–independent manner by reducing oxidative damage. Our data identify crucial functions of inflammatory TAK1–NEMO signaling in protecting the brain endothelium and maintaining normal brain function, thus explaining the neurological symptoms associated with IP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dirk A Ridder
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology and Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Lübeck, 23562 Lübeck, Germany
| | - Jan Wenzel
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology and Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Lübeck, 23562 Lübeck, Germany German Research Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Hamburg/Lübeck/Kiel, 23562 Lübeck, Germany
| | - Kristin Müller
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology and Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Lübeck, 23562 Lübeck, Germany
| | - Kathrin Töllner
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Pharmacy, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, 30559 Hannover, Germany Center for Systems Neuroscience, 30559 Hannover, Germany
| | - Xin-Kang Tong
- Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal QC H3A 0G4, Canada
| | - Julian C Assmann
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology and Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Lübeck, 23562 Lübeck, Germany
| | - Stijn Stroobants
- Laboratory of Biological Psychology, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Tobias Weber
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology and Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Lübeck, 23562 Lübeck, Germany
| | - Cristina Niturad
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology and Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Lübeck, 23562 Lübeck, Germany
| | - Lisanne Fischer
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology and Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Lübeck, 23562 Lübeck, Germany
| | - Beate Lembrich
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology and Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Lübeck, 23562 Lübeck, Germany
| | - Hartwig Wolburg
- Institute of Pathology and Neuropathology, University Hospital Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | | | | | - Eva Korpos
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, University of Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | | | - Dirk Rades
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology and Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Lübeck, 23562 Lübeck, Germany
| | - Lydia M Sorokin
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, University of Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Marc Schmidt-Supprian
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Barry J Bedell
- Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal QC H3A 0G4, Canada
| | | | - Detlef Balschun
- Laboratory of Biological Psychology, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Rudi D'Hooge
- Laboratory of Biological Psychology, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Wolfgang Löscher
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Pharmacy, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, 30559 Hannover, Germany Center for Systems Neuroscience, 30559 Hannover, Germany
| | - Edith Hamel
- Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal QC H3A 0G4, Canada
| | - Markus Schwaninger
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology and Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Lübeck, 23562 Lübeck, Germany German Research Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Hamburg/Lübeck/Kiel, 23562 Lübeck, Germany
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26
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Davis BM, Rall GF, Schnell MJ. Everything You Always Wanted to Know About Rabies Virus (But Were Afraid to Ask). Annu Rev Virol 2015; 2:451-71. [PMID: 26958924 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-virology-100114-055157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The cultural impact of rabies, the fatal neurological disease caused by infection with rabies virus, registers throughout recorded history. Although rabies has been the subject of large-scale public health interventions, chiefly through vaccination efforts, the disease continues to take the lives of about 40,000-70,000 people per year, roughly 40% of whom are children. Most of these deaths occur in resource-poor countries, where lack of infrastructure prevents timely reporting and postexposure prophylaxis and the ubiquity of domestic and wild animal hosts makes eradication unlikely. Moreover, although the disease is rarer than other human infections such as influenza, the prognosis following a bite from a rabid animal is poor: There is currently no effective treatment that will save the life of a symptomatic rabies patient. This review focuses on the major unanswered research questions related to rabies virus pathogenesis, especially those connecting the disease progression of rabies with the complex dysfunction caused by the virus in infected cells. The recent applications of cutting-edge research strategies to this question are described in detail.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Glenn F Rall
- Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19111
| | - Matthias J Schnell
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology and.,Jefferson Vaccine Center, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 19107; .,Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19111
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27
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Abstract
Rabies is a highly lethal disease caused by the neurotropic rabies virus (RABV), and it remains an important public health problem globally. Effective vaccines have been developed for pre- and post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP). PEP is only effective if it is initiated promptly after recognizing exposure. Once neurological symptoms develop, however, it is widely accepted that there is no effective treatment available. Recent studies indicate that the presence of RABV-specific immunity (i.e. Virus neutralizing antibodies, VNA) and the transient enhancement of the BBB permeability are absolutely required for effective virus clearance from the CNS. In principle, it has been shown in mice using various live-attenuated RABVs or recombinant RABVs expressing three copies of the G or expressing chemokine/cytokines, which can induce high levels of VNA in the serum and also capable of transiently enhancing the BBB permeability that it is possible to clear the virus from CNS. Also, it has been demonstrated that, intravenous administration of VNA together with MCP-1 (shown to transiently open up BBB) can clear RABV from the CNS in both immunocompetent and immunocompromised mice, as late as 5 days after lethal challenge. Novel therapeutic approaches aimed at allowing the peripheral VNA to cross the BBB by administration of the VNA in combination with biological or chemical agents that can transiently open up the BBB would be useful to establish an effective therapy for rabies in humans. In this review, we focus on the some of the approaches that can be used to meet the challenges in the field of rabies treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- C W Gnanadurai
- Department of Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia Athens, USA
| | - C T Huang
- Department of Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia Athens, USA
| | - D Kumar
- Department of Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia Athens, USA
| | - Zhen F Fu
- Department of Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia Athens, USA; State-key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, China
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28
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Barkhouse DA, Garcia SA, Bongiorno EK, Lebrun A, Faber M, Hooper DC. Expression of interferon gamma by a recombinant rabies virus strongly attenuates the pathogenicity of the virus via induction of type I interferon. J Virol 2015; 89:312-22. [PMID: 25320312 PMCID: PMC4301114 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01572-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2014] [Accepted: 10/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Previous animal model experiments have shown a correlation between interferon gamma (IFN-γ) expression and both survival from infection with attenuated rabies virus (RABV) and reduction of neurological sequelae. Therefore, we hypothesized that rapid production of murine IFN-γ by the rabies virus itself would induce a more robust antiviral response than would occur naturally in mice. To test this hypothesis, we used reverse engineering to clone the mouse IFN-γ gene into a pathogenic rabies virus backbone, SPBN, to produce the recombinant rabies virus designated SPBNγ. Morbidity and mortality were monitored in mice infected intranasally with SPBNγ or SPBN(-) control virus to determine the degree of attenuation caused by the expression of IFN-γ. Incorporation of IFN-γ into the rabies virus genome highly attenuated the virus. SPBNγ has a 50% lethal dose (LD50) more than 100-fold greater than SPBN(-). In vitro and in vivo mouse experiments show that SPBNγ infection enhances the production of type I interferons. Furthermore, knockout mice lacking the ability to signal through the type I interferon receptor (IFNAR(-/-)) cannot control the SPBNγ infection and rapidly die. These data suggest that IFN-γ production has antiviral effects in rabies, largely due to the induction of type I interferons. IMPORTANCE Survival from rabies is dependent upon the early control of virus replication and spread. Once the virus reaches the central nervous system (CNS), this becomes highly problematic. Studies of CNS immunity to RABV have shown that control of replication begins at the onset of T cell entry and IFN-γ production in the CNS prior to the appearance of virus-neutralizing antibodies. Moreover, antibody-deficient mice are able to control but not clear attenuated RABV from the CNS. We find here that IFN-γ triggers the early production of type I interferons with the expected antiviral effects. We also show that engineering a lethal rabies virus to express IFN-γ directly in the infected tissue reduces rabies virus replication and spread, limiting its pathogenicity in normal and immunocompromised mice. Therefore, vector delivery of IFN-γ to the brain may have the potential to treat individuals who would otherwise succumb to infection with rabies virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darryll A Barkhouse
- Department of Cancer Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA Center for Neurovirology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Samantha A Garcia
- Department of Cancer Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA Center for Neurovirology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Emily K Bongiorno
- Department of Cancer Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA Center for Neurovirology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Aurore Lebrun
- Department of Cancer Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA Center for Neurovirology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Milosz Faber
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - D Craig Hooper
- Department of Cancer Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA Center for Neurovirology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA Department of Neurological Surgery, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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29
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Appolinario CM, Jackson AC. Antiviral therapy for human rabies. Antivir Ther 2014; 20:1-10. [PMID: 25156675 DOI: 10.3851/imp2851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/14/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Human rabies is virtually always fatal despite numerous attempts at aggressive therapy. Most survivors received one or more doses of rabies vaccine prior to the onset of the disease. The Milwaukee Protocol has proved to be ineffective for rabies and should no longer be used. New approaches are needed and an improved understanding of basic mechanisms responsible for the clinical disease in rabies may prove to be useful for the development of novel therapeutic approaches. Antiviral therapy is thought to be an important component of combination therapy for the management of human rabies, and immunotherapy and neuroprotective therapy should also be strongly considered. There are many important issues for consideration regarding drug delivery to the central nervous system in rabies, which are in part related to the presence of the blood-brain barrier and also the blood-spinal cord barrier. Ribavirin and interferon-α have proved to be disappointing agents for the therapy of rabies. There is insufficient evidence to support the continued use of ketamine or amantadine for the therapy of rabies. Minocycline or corticosteroids should not be used because of concerns about aggravating the disease. A variety of new antiviral agents are under development and evaluation, including favipiravir, RNA interference (for example, small interfering [si]RNAs) and novel targeted approaches, including interference with viral capsid assembly and viral egress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camila M Appolinario
- Department of Veterinary Hygiene and Public Health, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, São Paulo State University, Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
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30
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Huang CT, Li Z, Huang Y, Zhang G, Zhou M, Chai Q, Wu H, Fu ZF. Enhancement of blood-brain barrier permeability is required for intravenously administered virus neutralizing antibodies to clear an established rabies virus infection from the brain and prevent the development of rabies in mice. Antiviral Res 2014; 110:132-41. [PMID: 25108172 PMCID: PMC4171353 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2014.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2014] [Revised: 07/21/2014] [Accepted: 07/23/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Rabies virus (RABV) is a neurotropic virus that causes fatal disease in humans and animals. Currently there is no cure for rabies once clinical signs appear. It is believed that once RABV enters the central nervous system (CNS), virus neutralizing antibodies (VNAs) in the periphery cannot pass through the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and into the CNS. Furthermore, it has been hypothesized that VNAs produced in the CNS by invading B cells, rather than those produced in the periphery and then transported into the CNS, are important in clearing RABV from the CNS. In the present study, mouse serum containing VNA was administered intravenously into mice after infection with wild-type RABV. Our studies demonstrate that exogenous administration of VNAs is crucial in the clearance of RABV from the brain and prevent the development of rabies in both immunocompetent and immunocompromised mice as long as the BBB permeability remains enhanced. This present study therefore provides a foundation for the possibility of developing VNA therapy for clinical rabies in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chien-Tsun Huang
- Department of Pathology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Zhenguang Li
- Department of Pathology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA; State Key Laboratory of Special Economic Animal Molecular Biology, Institute of Special Economic Animal and Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, Jilin 130122, China
| | - Ying Huang
- Department of Pathology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Guoqing Zhang
- Department of Pathology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Ming Zhou
- Department of Pathology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Qingqing Chai
- Department of Pathology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Hua Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Special Economic Animal Molecular Biology, Institute of Special Economic Animal and Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, Jilin 130122, China
| | - Zhen F Fu
- Department of Pathology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA; State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Key Laboratory of Development of Veterinary Diagnostic Products, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.
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31
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Schutsky K, Portocarrero C, Hooper DC, Dietzschold B, Faber M. Limited brain metabolism changes differentiate between the progression and clearance of rabies virus. PLoS One 2014; 9:e87180. [PMID: 24763072 PMCID: PMC3998930 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0087180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2013] [Accepted: 12/19/2013] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Central nervous system (CNS) metabolic profiles were examined from rabies virus (RABV)-infected mice that were either mock-treated or received post-exposure treatment (PET) with a single dose of the live recombinant RABV vaccine TriGAS. CNS tissue harvested from mock-treated mice at middle and late stage infection revealed numerous changes in energy metabolites, neurotransmitters and stress hormones that correlated with replication levels of viral RNA. Although the large majority of these metabolic changes were completely absent in the brains of TriGAS-treated mice most likely due to the strong reduction in virus spread, TriGAS treatment resulted in the up-regulation of the expression of carnitine and several acylcarnitines, suggesting that these compounds are neuroprotective. The most striking change seen in mock-treated RABV-infected mice was a dramatic increase in brain and serum corticosterone levels, with the later becoming elevated before clinical signs or loss of body weight occurred. We speculate that the rise in corticosterone is part of a strategy of RABV to block the induction of immune responses that would otherwise interfere with its spread. In support of this concept, we show that pharmacological intervention to inhibit corticosterone biosynthesis, in the absence of vaccine treatment, significantly reduces the pathogenicity of RABV. Our results suggest that widespread metabolic changes, including hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis activation, contribute to the pathogenesis of RABV and that preventing these alterations early in infection with PET or pharmacological blockade helps protect brain homeostasis, thereby reducing disease mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keith Schutsky
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Carla Portocarrero
- Department of Cancer Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - D. Craig Hooper
- Department of Cancer Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Bernhard Dietzschold
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Milosz Faber
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Survival from rabies encephalitis. J Neurol Sci 2014; 339:8-14. [PMID: 24582283 DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2014.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2013] [Revised: 01/29/2014] [Accepted: 02/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Rabies is a major public health problem in Asia and Africa, with nearly 60,000 deaths every year, and represents a substantial economic burden. Neurologists frequently encounter atypical cases, and need to make informed decisions regarding diagnosis and management. No therapy has been shown to unequivocally improve survival in rabies till date. Despite the overwhelmingly fatal nature of this disease, a small number of patients have been reported to survive acute rabies encephalitis with varying degrees of neurological sequelae. This paper presents the eleventh documented case of survival from rabies, which developed after being bitten by a stray dog, albeit with severe neurological residua. Similar to patients in previous reports, this man demonstrated a robust immune response as indicated by peripheral viral clearance and very high serum and cerebrospinal fluid antibody titres. Immunologically-mediated virus clearance therefore appears to be a prerequisite for survival. A detailed review of previously reported survivors, as well as descriptions of the host response and viral clearance in human rabies, current therapy for this disease and future directions in improving the currently dismal prognosis are provided.
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In vitro-induced cell-mediated immune deviation to encephalitogenic antigens. Brain Behav Immun 2014; 35:64-9. [PMID: 24095895 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2013.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2013] [Revised: 09/22/2013] [Accepted: 09/25/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The injection of antigens into the Anterior Chamber (AC) of the eye induces Anterior Chamber Associated Immune Deviation (ACAID), which is a potent form of immune deviation that is largely attributed to the effect of TGFβ2 in the aqueous humor on ocular antigen-presenting cells (APCs). ACAID antigen presentation via APCs and B cells leads to the generation of antigen-specific T regulatory cells. The encephalitogenic antigens Myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG) and Myelin basic protein (MBP) have an obvious clinical relevance. We hypothesized that the intravenous injection of in vitro-generated ACAID APCs or in vitro-generated ACAID B cells specific to the encephalitogenic antigens MOG35-55/MBP induces specific peripheral tolerance in recipient BALB/c mice. We examined the suppression of MOG35-55-specific/MBP-specific inflammatory responses using delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) assays and Local Adoptive Transfer (LAT) assays. Results indicated that MOG35-55-specific/MBP-specific tolerance was generated after the intravenous injections of MOG35-55-specific/MBP-specific ACAID APCs, MOG35-55-specific/MBP-specific ACAID B cells, and MOG35-55-specific/MBP-specific ACAID T regulatory cells. The specific immune deviation was in vitro-induced, cell-mediated, and specific to the encephalitogenic antigens MOG35-55/MBP. This in vitro-mediated approach for the generation of MOG35-55/MBP-specific tolerance opens up avenues for the application of ACAID as a tool for the therapy of Multiple Sclerosis, Schizophrenia, and other diseases.
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Donadieu E, Lowenski S, Servely JL, Laloy E, Lilin T, Nowotny N, Richardson J, Zientara S, Lecollinet S, Coulpier M. Comparison of the neuropathology induced by two West Nile virus strains. PLoS One 2013; 8:e84473. [PMID: 24367664 PMCID: PMC3867487 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0084473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2013] [Accepted: 11/21/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Some strains of West Nile virus (WNV) are neuroinvasive and may induce fatal encephalitis/meningitis in a variety of animal species including humans. Whether, however, there is a strain-specific signature in the brain is as yet unknown. Here we investigated the neuropathogenesis induced by two phylogenetically distant WNV strains of lineage 1, WNVIS98 and WNVKUN35 911. While four-week old C57Bl/6J mice were susceptible to both strains and succumbed rapidly after intraperitoneal inoculation, differences were observed in virulence and clinical disease. WNVKUN35 911, the less virulent strain as judged by determination of LD50, induced typical signs of encephalitis. Such signs were not observed in WNVIS98-infected mice, although they died more rapidly. Histological examination of brain sections also revealed differences, as the level of apoptosis and inflammation was higher in WNVKUN35 911- than WNVIS98-infected mice. Moreover, staining for cleaved caspase 3 showed that the two WNV strains induced apoptotic death through different molecular mechanisms in one particular brain area. Finally, the two strains showed similar tropism in cortex, striatum, brainstem, and cerebellum but a different one in hippocampus. In summary, our data show that, upon peripheral administration, WNVIS98 and WNVKUN35 911 strains induce partially distinct lesions and tissue tropism in the brain. They suggest that the virulence of a WNV strain is not necessarily correlated with the severity of apoptotic and inflammatory lesions in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilie Donadieu
- Virology (UMR1161), French National Institute for Agricultural Research (INRA), Maisons-Alfort, France
- Virology (UMR1161), French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health and Safety (ANSES), Maisons-Alfort, France
- Virology (UMR1161), Paris-Est University, National Veterinary School of Alfort, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Steeve Lowenski
- Virology (UMR1161), French National Institute for Agricultural Research (INRA), Maisons-Alfort, France
- Virology (UMR1161), French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health and Safety (ANSES), Maisons-Alfort, France
- Virology (UMR1161), Paris-Est University, National Veterinary School of Alfort, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Jean-Luc Servely
- French National Institute for Agricultural Research (INRA), Nouzilly, France
- Histology and Pathological Anatomy, Paris-Est University, National Veterinary School of Alfort, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Eve Laloy
- Histology and Pathological Anatomy, Paris-Est University, National Veterinary School of Alfort, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Thomas Lilin
- Biomedical Research Center, Paris-Est University, National Veterinary School of Alfort, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Norbert Nowotny
- Institute of Virology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Oman
| | - Jennifer Richardson
- Virology (UMR1161), French National Institute for Agricultural Research (INRA), Maisons-Alfort, France
- Virology (UMR1161), French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health and Safety (ANSES), Maisons-Alfort, France
- Virology (UMR1161), Paris-Est University, National Veterinary School of Alfort, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Stéphan Zientara
- Virology (UMR1161), French National Institute for Agricultural Research (INRA), Maisons-Alfort, France
- Virology (UMR1161), French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health and Safety (ANSES), Maisons-Alfort, France
- Virology (UMR1161), Paris-Est University, National Veterinary School of Alfort, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Sylvie Lecollinet
- Virology (UMR1161), French National Institute for Agricultural Research (INRA), Maisons-Alfort, France
- Virology (UMR1161), French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health and Safety (ANSES), Maisons-Alfort, France
- Virology (UMR1161), Paris-Est University, National Veterinary School of Alfort, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Muriel Coulpier
- Virology (UMR1161), French National Institute for Agricultural Research (INRA), Maisons-Alfort, France
- Virology (UMR1161), French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health and Safety (ANSES), Maisons-Alfort, France
- Virology (UMR1161), Paris-Est University, National Veterinary School of Alfort, Maisons-Alfort, France
- * E-mail:
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Wang L, Cao Y, Tang Q, Liang G. Role of the blood-brain barrier in rabies virus infection and protection. Protein Cell 2013; 4:901-3. [PMID: 24264143 PMCID: PMC4875407 DOI: 10.1007/s13238-013-3918-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Rabies is an acute, progressive encephalitis caused by infection with rabies virus (RABV). It is one of the most important zoonotic infections and causes more than 70,000 human deaths annually ( http://www.rabiescontrol.net ). It has long been held that a rabies infection is lethal in humans once the causative RABV reaches the central nervous system (CNS); however, this concept was challenged by the recent recovery of a small number of rabies patients. An analysis of these patients revealed that the bloodbrain barrier (BBB) played a major role in protection against the virus. The main reason for the survival of these patients was enhanced BBB permeability after infection with the causative agent (usually bat-originated RABV showing reduced pathogenicity), which allowed immune cells to enter the tissues of the CNS and clear the infection (Willoughby et al., 2005). These findings have been confirmed in animal infection experiments (Wang et al., 2005; Roy and Hooper, 2007, 2008; Faber et al., 2009). Thus, the BBB has attracted the attention of scientists interested in the pathogenesis of, and therapeutic approaches, for rabies. This paper introduces the role of the BBB in rabies infections and protection of the CNS and provides insight into future treatments for patients with clinical rabies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lihua Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 102206 China
| | - Yuxi Cao
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 102206 China
| | - Qing Tang
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 102206 China
| | - Guodong Liang
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 102206 China
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Infection of pericytes in vitro by Japanese encephalitis virus disrupts the integrity of the endothelial barrier. J Virol 2013; 88:1150-61. [PMID: 24198423 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02738-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Though the compromised blood-brain barrier (BBB) is a pathological hallmark of Japanese encephalitis-associated neurological sequelae, the underlying mechanisms and the specific cell types involved are not understood. BBB characteristics are induced and maintained by cross talk between brain microvascular endothelial cells and neighboring elements of the neurovascular unit. In this study, we show a potential mechanism of disruption of endothelial barrier integrity during the course of Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) infection through the activation of neighboring pericytes. We found that cultured brain pericytes were susceptible to JEV infection but were without signs of remarkable cytotoxicity. JEV-infected pericytes were found to release biologically active molecules which activated ubiquitin proteasome, degraded zonula occludens-1 (ZO-1), and disrupted endothelial barrier integrity in cultured brain microvascular endothelial cells. Infection of pericytes with JEV was found to elicit elevated production of interleukin-6 (IL-6), which contributed to the aforementioned endothelial changes. We further demonstrated that ubiquitin-protein ligase E3 component n-recognin-1 (Ubr 1) was a key upstream regulator which caused proteasomal degradation of ZO-1 downstream of IL-6 signaling. During JEV central nervous system trafficking, endothelial cells rather than pericytes are directly exposed to cell-free viruses in the peripheral bloodstream. Therefore, the results of this study suggest that subsequent to primary infection of endothelial cells, JEV infection of pericytes might contribute to the initiation and/or augmentation of Japanese encephalitis-associated BBB breakdown in concerted action with other unidentified barrier disrupting factors.
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Yamada K, Noguchi K, Nishizono A. Efficient N-glycosylation at position 37, but not at position 146, in the street rabies virus glycoprotein reduces pathogenicity. Virus Res 2013; 179:169-76. [PMID: 24177272 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2013.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2013] [Revised: 10/18/2013] [Accepted: 10/21/2013] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Most street rabies viruses have two N-glycosylation sites in their glycoproteins (G proteins), i.e., at Asn(37) and Asn(319), but Asn(37) is usually not core-glycosylated in an efficient manner. Previously, we reported the possible roles of single additional N-glycosylations at Asn(194) or Asn(247) in the cell adaptation and reduced pathogenicity of a street rabies virus, which suggest that N-glycosylation is closely related to the evolution of rabies viruses. In this study, we characterized two novel N-glycosylation-modified variants, N5C#7 and N5C#8, which were cloned using the limiting dilution method after serial passaging of the street rabies virus strain 1088 in mouse neuroblastoma-derived NA cells. N5C#7 had an L38R mutation in the G protein, which led to efficient core glycosylation at Asn(37). On the other hand, N5C#8 had a D146N mutation in the G protein, which led to an additional N-glycosylation at position 146. Both variants replicated highly efficiently in NA cells compared with the parental strain. Like the parental strain, both variants caused lethal infections in adult mice after intracerebral inoculation. However, N5C#7 exhibited reduced pathogenicity after intramuscular inoculation, whereas N5C#8 displayed the same level of pathogenicity as the parental strain. In summary, the efficient core glycosylation at position 37 was related to cell adaptation and the reduced pathogenicity of the street rabies virus. By contrast, despite of being related to cell adaptation, the additional N-glycosylation at position 146 did not affect the pathogenicity, which is consistent with a report that street rabies virus strains with N-glycosylation sites at positions 37, 146, and 319 have been isolated from rabid animals. Thus, the results of the present study provide additional evidence that supports the relationship between G protein N-glycosylation and rabies virus evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kentaro Yamada
- School of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Oita University, 1-1 Idaigaoka, Hasama-machi, Yufu, Oita 879-5593, Japan; Research Promotion Institute, Oita University, 1-1 Idaigaoka, Hasama-machi, Yufu, Oita 879-5593, Japan.
| | - Kazuko Noguchi
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Oita University, 1-1 Idaigaoka, Hasama-machi, Yufu, Oita 879-5593, Japan
| | - Akira Nishizono
- School of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Oita University, 1-1 Idaigaoka, Hasama-machi, Yufu, Oita 879-5593, Japan; Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Oita University, 1-1 Idaigaoka, Hasama-machi, Yufu, Oita 879-5593, Japan
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Gnanadurai CW, Zhou M, He W, Leyson CM, Huang CT, Salyards G, Harvey SB, Chen Z, He B, Yang Y, Hooper DC, Dietzchold B, Fu ZF. Presence of virus neutralizing antibodies in cerebral spinal fluid correlates with non-lethal rabies in dogs. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2013; 7:e2375. [PMID: 24069466 PMCID: PMC3777866 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0002375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2013] [Accepted: 07/01/2013] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Rabies is traditionally considered a uniformly fatal disease after onset of clinical manifestations. However, increasing evidence indicates that non-lethal infection as well as recovery from flaccid paralysis and encephalitis occurs in laboratory animals as well as humans. Methodology/Principal Findings Non-lethal rabies infection in dogs experimentally infected with wild type dog rabies virus (RABV, wt DRV-Mexico) correlates with the presence of high level of virus neutralizing antibodies (VNA) in the cerebral spinal fluid (CSF) and mild immune cell accumulation in the central nervous system (CNS). By contrast, dogs that succumbed to rabies showed only little or no VNA in the serum or in the CSF and severe inflammation in the CNS. Dogs vaccinated with a rabies vaccine showed no clinical signs of rabies and survived challenge with a lethal dose of wild-type DRV. VNA was detected in the serum, but not in the CSF of immunized dogs. Thus the presence of VNA is critical for inhibiting virus spread within the CNS and eventually clearing the virus from the CNS. Conclusions/Significance Non-lethal infection with wt RABV correlates with the presence of VNA in the CNS. Therefore production of VNA within the CNS or invasion of VNA from the periphery into the CNS via compromised blood-brain barrier is important for clearing the virus infection from CNS, thereby preventing an otherwise lethal rabies virus infection. Inexorable lethality is still commonly attributed to rabies infection, although there is increasing evidence for non-lethal infection and even recovery from clinical rabies in various animal species and humans. This paper reports non-lethal infection in dogs. The striking difference between dogs that survived a wt RABV infection and dogs that succumbed to the infection is that the surviving dogs showed high level of VNA in the serum and in the CSF, as well as mild immune cell accumulation in the CNS, whereas dogs that succumbed to disease showed little or no VNA in the serum or in the CSF and developed severe CNS inflammation. Considering the role of VNA in clearing the virus from the CNS, production of VNA within the CNS or infiltration of VNA from the periphery into the CNS across the blood-brain barrier appears to be important for clearing the virus from CNS thereby preventing a lethal rabies infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clement W. Gnanadurai
- Department of Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Ming Zhou
- Department of Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Wenqi He
- Department of Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Christina M. Leyson
- Department of Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Chien-tsun Huang
- Department of Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Gregory Salyards
- Department of Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
- Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Stephen B. Harvey
- Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Zhenhai Chen
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Biao He
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Yang Yang
- Department of Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
- State-key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - D. C. Hooper
- Departments of Cancer Biology and Neurological Surgery, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Berhnard Dietzchold
- Departments of Cancer Biology and Neurological Surgery, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Zhen F. Fu
- Department of Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
- State-key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- * E-mail:
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Characterization of street rabies virus variants with an additional N-glycan at position 247 in the glycoprotein. Arch Virol 2013; 159:207-16. [DOI: 10.1007/s00705-013-1805-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2013] [Accepted: 06/24/2013] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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Hemachudha T, Ugolini G, Wacharapluesadee S, Sungkarat W, Shuangshoti S, Laothamatas J. Human rabies: neuropathogenesis, diagnosis, and management. Lancet Neurol 2013; 12:498-513. [DOI: 10.1016/s1474-4422(13)70038-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 219] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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Zhang G, Wang H, Mahmood F, Fu ZF. Rabies virus glycoprotein is an important determinant for the induction of innate immune responses and the pathogenic mechanisms. Vet Microbiol 2013; 162:601-613. [PMID: 23265241 PMCID: PMC3568536 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2012.11.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2012] [Revised: 11/20/2012] [Accepted: 11/22/2012] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Our previous studies have suggested that street and fixed rabies viruses (RABVs) induce diseases in the mouse model via different mechanisms. In the present study, attempts were made to determine if it is the glycoprotein (G) that is responsible for the observed differences in the pathogenic mechanisms. To this end, an infectious clone from fixed virus B2c was established and used as a backbone for exchange of the G from street viruses. The rate of viral replication, expression of viral proteins, and the induction of innate immune responses were compared in cells or in mice infected with each of the viruses. Furthermore, the infiltration of inflammatory cells into the CNS and the enhancement of blood-brain barrier (BBB) permeability were also compared. It was found that fixed viruses induced stronger innate immune responses (expression of chemokines, infiltration of inflammatory cells, and enhancement of BBB permeability) than street RABV or recombinant viruses expressing the G from street RABVs. Fixed viruses induce disease via an immune-mediated pathogenic mechanism while street viruses or recombinant viruses expressing the G from street RABVs induce diseases via a mechanism other than immune-mediated pathogenesis. Therefore, RABV G is an important determinant for the induction of innate immune responses and consequently the pathogenic mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoqing Zhang
- Department of Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Hualei Wang
- Department of Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Fazal Mahmood
- Department of Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Zhen F Fu
- Department of Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA; State-Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.
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Lee H, Sunden Y, Sakai Y, Ochiai K, Umemura T. CXCL12 improves immune responses to neurotropic virus propagation in the CNS by attracting antibody secreting cells. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2012; 150:19-26. [PMID: 22939585 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2012.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2011] [Revised: 08/04/2012] [Accepted: 08/06/2012] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
A previous study showed that increases in chemokine expression and recruitment of antibody secreting cells (ASCs) in the CNS after intracerebral immunization contributed to the suppression of a neurotropic virus. In this study, intracerebral chemokine injection was used to investigate the usefulness of chemokines for controlling neurotropic viruses. Both CXCL12 and a cocktail chemokine (a mixture of CXCL9, 10, 12 and 13) attracted antigen-specific ASCs more strongly than CXCL9, 10 and 13 in an in vitro chemotaxis assay and in vivo intracerebral chemokine injection experiments. Mice pre-treated intracerebrally with CXCL12 and the cocktail chemokine showed an increased survival rate after intracerebral infection with rabies virus. These results suggest that intracerebral CXCL12 injection induces the migration of ASCs and suppresses the neuropathogenicity of rabies virus in the CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyunkyoung Lee
- Laboratory of Comparative Pathology, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, N18 W9, Sapporo 060-0818, Japan
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Maingat FG, Polyak MJ, Paul AM, Vivithanaporn P, Noorbakhsh F, Ahboucha S, Baker GB, Pearson K, Power C. Neurosteroid-mediated regulation of brain innate immunity in HIV/AIDS: DHEA-S suppresses neurovirulence. FASEB J 2012; 27:725-37. [PMID: 23150523 DOI: 10.1096/fj.12-215079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Neurosteroids are cholesterol-derived molecules synthesized within the brain, which exert trophic and protective actions. Infection by human and feline immunodeficiency viruses (HIV and FIV, respectively) causes neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration, leading to neurological deficits. Secretion of neuroinflammatory host and viral factors by glia and infiltrating leukocytes mediates the principal neuropathogenic mechanisms during lentivirus infections, although the effect of neurosteroids on these processes is unknown. We investigated the interactions between neurosteroid-mediated effects and lentivirus infection outcomes. Analyses of HIV-infected (HIV(+)) and uninfected human brains disclosed a reduction in neurosteroid synthesis enzyme expression. Human neurons exposed to supernatants from HIV(+) macrophages exhibited suppressed enzyme expression without reduced cellular viability. HIV(+) human macrophages treated with sulfated dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA-S) showed suppression of inflammatory gene (IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α) expression. FIV-infected (FIV(+)) animals treated daily with 15 mg/kg body weight. DHEA-S treatment reduced inflammatory gene transcripts (IL-1β, TNF-α, CD3ε, GFAP) in brain compared to vehicle-(β-cyclodextrin)-treated FIV(+) animals similar to levels found in vehicle-treated FIV(-) animals. DHEA-S treatment also increased CD4(+) T-cell levels and prevented neurobehavioral deficits and neuronal loss among FIV(+) animals, compared to vehicle-treated FIV(+) animals. Reduced neuronal neurosteroid synthesis was evident in lentivirus infections, but treatment with DHEA-S limited neuroinflammation and prevented neurobehavioral deficits. Neurosteroid-derived therapies could be effective in the treatment of virus- or inflammation-mediated neurodegeneration.
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Lai CY, Ou YC, Chang CY, Pan HC, Chang CJ, Liao SL, Su HL, Chen CJ. Endothelial Japanese encephalitis virus infection enhances migration and adhesion of leukocytes to brain microvascular endothelia via MEK-dependent expression of ICAM1 and the CINC and RANTES chemokines. J Neurochem 2012; 123:250-61. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2012.07889.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2012] [Revised: 07/24/2012] [Accepted: 07/26/2012] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Yen-Chuan Ou
- Division of Urology; Taichung Veterans General Hospital; Taichung; Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Yi Chang
- Department of Surgery; Fong-Yuan Hospital; Taichung; Taiwan
| | - Hung-Chuan Pan
- Department of Neurosurgery; Taichung Veterans General Hospital; Taichung; Taiwan
| | - Chen-Jung Chang
- Department of Medical Imaging and Radiological Sciences; Central Taiwan University of Sciences and Technology; Taichung; Taiwan
| | - Su-Lan Liao
- Department of Education and Research; Taichung Veterans General Hospital; Taichung; Taiwan
| | - Hong-Lin Su
- Department of Life Sciences; National Chung Hsing University; Taichung; Taiwan
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Liao PH, Yang HH, Chou PT, Wang MH, Chu PC, Liu HL, Chen LK. Sufficient virus-neutralizing antibody in the central nerve system improves the survival of rabid rats. J Biomed Sci 2012; 19:61. [PMID: 22734518 PMCID: PMC3431253 DOI: 10.1186/1423-0127-19-61] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2012] [Accepted: 06/13/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Rabies is known to be lethal in human. Treatment with passive immunity for the rabies is effective only when the patients have not shown the central nerve system (CNS) signs. The blood–brain barrier (BBB) is a complex functional barrier that may compromise the therapeutic development in neurological diseases. The goal of this study is to determine the change of BBB integrity and to assess the therapeutic possibility of enhancing BBB permeability combined with passive immunity in the late stage of rabies virus infection. Methods The integrity of BBB permeability in rats was measured by quantitative ELISA for total IgG and albumin levels in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and by exogenously applying Evans blue as a tracer. Western blotting of occludin and ZO-1, two tight junction proteins, was used to assess the molecular change of BBB structure. The breakdown of BBB with hypertonic arabinose, recombinant tumor necrosis factor-alpha (rTNF-γ), and focused ultrasound (FUS) were used to compare the extent of BBB disruption with rabies virus infection. Specific humoral immunity was analyzed by immunofluorescent assay and rapid fluorescent focus inhibition test. Virus-neutralizing monoclonal antibody (mAb) 8-10E was administered to rats with hypertonic breakdown of BBB as a passive immunotherapy to prevent the death from rabies. Results The BBB permeability was altered on day 7 post-infection. Increased BBB permeability induced by rabies virus infection was observed primarily in the cerebellum and spinal cord. Occludin was significantly decreased in both the cerebral cortex and cerebellum. The rabies virus-specific antibody was not strongly elicited even in the presence of clinical signs. Disruption of BBB had no direct association with the lethal outcome of rabies. Passive immunotherapy with virus-neutralizing mAb 8-10E with the hypertonic breakdown of BBB prolonged the survival of rabies virus-infected rats. Conclusions We demonstrated that the BBB permeability was altered in a rat model with rabies virus inoculation. Delivery of neutralizing mAb to the infected site in brain combined with effective breakdown of BBB could be an aggressive but feasible therapeutic mode in rabies when the CNS infection has been established.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pi-Hung Liao
- Institute of Medical Sciences, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan
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Spindler KR, Hsu TH. Viral disruption of the blood-brain barrier. Trends Microbiol 2012; 20:282-90. [PMID: 22564250 DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2012.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2012] [Revised: 03/16/2012] [Accepted: 03/27/2012] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The blood-brain barrier (BBB) provides significant protection against microbial invasion of the brain. However, the BBB is not impenetrable, and mechanisms by which viruses breach it are becoming clearer. In vivo and in vitro model systems are enabling identification of host and viral factors contributing to breakdown of the unique BBB tight junctions. Key mechanisms of tight junction damage from inside and outside cells are disruption of the actin cytoskeleton and matrix metalloproteinase activity, respectively. Viral proteins acting in BBB disruption are described for HIV-1, currently the most studied encephalitic virus; other viruses are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine R Spindler
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-5620, USA.
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Postexposure treatment with the live-attenuated rabies virus (RV) vaccine TriGAS triggers the clearance of wild-type RV from the Central Nervous System (CNS) through the rapid induction of genes relevant to adaptive immunity in CNS tissues. J Virol 2012; 86:3200-10. [PMID: 22238315 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.06699-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Postexposure treatment (PET) of wild-type rabies virus (RV)-infected mice with a live-attenuated triple-glycoprotein RV variant (TriGAS) promotes survival but does not prevent the pathogenic RV from invading and replicating in the brain. Successful PET is associated with the induction of a robust virus-neutralizing antibody response and clearance of the wild-type RV from brain tissues. Comparison of the transcriptomes of normal mouse brain with those of wild-type-RV-infected mice that had received either mock or TriGAS PET treatment revealed that many of the host genes activated in the mock-treated mice represent type I interferon (IFN) response genes. This indicates that RV infection induces an early type I IFN response that is unable to control the infection. In contrast, most of the activated genes in the brain of the RV-infected, TriGAS-treated mouse play a role in adaptive immunity, including the regulation of T cell activation, T cell differentiation, and the regulation of lymphocyte and mononuclear cell proliferation. These findings were confirmed by quantitative PCR (qPCR) array studies, which showed that 3 genes in particular, encoding chemokine ligand 3 (Ccl3), natural killer cell activator 2 (interleukin 12B [IL-12B]), and granzyme A (GzmA), were activated earlier and to a greater extent in the brains of RV-infected mice treated with TriGAS than in the brains of mock-treated mice. The activation of these genes, known to play key roles in the regulation of lymphocyte and mononuclear cell proliferation, is likely an important part of the mechanism by which TriGAS mediates its PET activity.
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Yamada K, Park CH, Noguchi K, Kojima D, Kubo T, Komiya N, Matsumoto T, Mitui MT, Ahmed K, Morimoto K, Inoue S, Nishizono A. Serial passage of a street rabies virus in mouse neuroblastoma cells resulted in attenuation: potential role of the additional N-glycosylation of a viral glycoprotein in the reduced pathogenicity of street rabies virus. Virus Res 2012; 165:34-45. [PMID: 22248643 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2012.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2011] [Revised: 12/23/2011] [Accepted: 01/01/2012] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Street rabies viruses are field isolates known to be highly neurotropic. However, the viral elements related to their pathogenicity have yet to be identified at the nucleotide or amino acid level. Here, through 30 passages in mouse neuroblastoma NA cells, we have established an attenuated variant of street rabies virus strain 1088, originating from a rabid woodchuck followed by 2 passages in the brains of suckling mice. The variant, 1088-N30, was well adapted to NA cells and highly attenuated in adult mice after intramuscular (i.m.) but not intracerebral (i.c.) inoculations. 1088-N30 had seven nucleotide substitutions, and the R196S mutation of the G protein led to an additional N-glycosylation. Street viruses usually possess one or two N-glycosylation sites on the G protein, 1088 has two, while an additional N-glycosylation site is observed in laboratory-adapted strains. We also established a cloned variant 1088-N4#14 by limiting dilution. Apart from the R196S mutation, 1088-N4#14 possessed only one amino acid substitution in the P protein, which is found in several field isolates. 1088-N4#14 also efficiently replicated in NA cells and was attenuated in adult mice after i.m. inoculations, although it was more pathogenic than 1088-N30. The spread of 1088-N30 in the brain was highly restricted after i.m. inoculations, although the pattern of 1088-N4#14's spread was intermediate between that of the parental 1088 and 1088-N30. Meanwhile, both variants strongly induced humoral immune responses in mice compared to 1088. Our results indicate that the additional N-glycosylation is likely related to the reduced pathogenicity. Taken together, we propose that the number of N-glycosylation sites in the G protein is one of the determinants of the pathogenicity of street rabies viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kentaro Yamada
- Research Promotion Project, Oita University, 1-1 Idaigaoka, Hasama-machi, Yufu, Oita 879-5593, Japan
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Wang H, Zhang G, Wen Y, Yang S, Xia X, Fu ZF. Intracerebral administration of recombinant rabies virus expressing GM-CSF prevents the development of rabies after infection with street virus. PLoS One 2011; 6:e25414. [PMID: 21980450 PMCID: PMC3182207 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0025414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2011] [Accepted: 09/02/2011] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently it was found that prior immunization with recombinant rabies virus (RABV) expressing granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) (LBNSE-GM-CSF) resulted in high innate/adaptive immune responses and protection against challenge with virulent RABV (Wen et al., JVI, 2011). In this study, the ability of LBNSE-GM-CSF to prevent animals from developing rabies was investigated in mice after infection with lethal doses of street RABV. It was found that intracerebral administration of LBNSE-GM-CSF protected more mice from developing rabies than sham-treated mice as late as day 5 after infection with street RABV. Intracerebral administration of LBNSE-GM-CSF resulted in significantly higher levels of chemokine/cytokine expression and more infiltration of inflammatory and immune cells into the central nervous system (CNS) than sham-administration or administration with UV-inactivated LBNSE-GM-CSF. Enhancement of blood-brain barrier (BBB) permeability and increases in virus neutralizing antibodies (VNA) were also observed in mice treated with LBNSE-GM-CSF. On the other hand, intracerebral administration with UV-inactivated LBNSE-GM-CSF did not increase protection despite the fact that VNA were induced in the periphery. However, intracerebral administration with chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1, also termed CCL2) increased significantly the protective efficacy of UV-inactivated LBNSE-GM-CSF. Together these studies confirm that direct administration of LBNSE-GM-CSF can enhance the innate and adaptive immunity as well as the BBB permeability, thus allowing infiltration of inflammatory cells and other immune effectors enter into the CNS to clear the virus and prevent the development of rabies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hualei Wang
- Department of Pathology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Chinese Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Changchun, Jilin, China
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Guoqing Zhang
- Department of Pathology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Yongjun Wen
- Department of Pathology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Songtao Yang
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Chinese Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Xianzhu Xia
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Chinese Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Zhen F. Fu
- Department of Pathology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- * E-mail:
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Zhang QH, Chen Q, Kang JR, Liu C, Dong N, Zhu XM, Sheng ZY, Yao YM. Treatment with gelsolin reduces brain inflammation and apoptotic signaling in mice following thermal injury. J Neuroinflammation 2011; 8:118. [PMID: 21936896 PMCID: PMC3191361 DOI: 10.1186/1742-2094-8-118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2011] [Accepted: 09/21/2011] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Burn survivors develop long-term cognitive impairment with increased inflammation and apoptosis in the brain. Gelsolin, an actin-binding protein with capping and severing activities, plays a crucial role in the septic response. We investigated if gelsolin infusion could attenuate neural damage in burned mice. Methods Mice with 15% total body surface area burns were injected intravenously with bovine serum albumin as placebo (2 mg/kg), or with low (2 mg/kg) or high doses (20 mg/kg) of gelsolin. Samples were harvested at 8, 24, 48 and 72 hours postburn. The immune function of splenic T cells was analyzed. Cerebral pathology was examined by hematoxylin/eosin staining, while activated glial cells and infiltrating leukocytes were detected by immunohistochemistry. Cerebral cytokine mRNAs were further assessed by quantitative real-time PCR, while apoptosis was evaluated by caspase-3. Neural damage was determined using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay of neuron-specific enolase (NSE) and soluble protein-100 (S-100). Finally, cerebral phospho-ERK expression was measured by western blot. Results Gelsolin significantly improved the outcomes of mice following major burns in a dose-dependent manner. The survival rate was improved by high dose gelsolin treatment compared with the placebo group (56.67% vs. 30%). Although there was no significant improvement in outcome in mice receiving low dose gelsolin (30%), survival time was prolonged against the placebo control (43.1 ± 4.5 h vs. 35.5 ± 5.0 h; P < 0.05). Burn-induced T cell suppression was greatly alleviated by high dose gelsolin treatment. Concurrently, cerebral abnormalities were greatly ameliorated as shown by reduced NSE and S-100 content of brain, decreased cytokine mRNA expressions, suppressed microglial activation, and enhanced infiltration of CD11b+ and CD45+ cells into the brain. Furthermore, the elevated caspase-3 activity seen following burn injury was remarkably reduced by high dose gelsolin treatment along with down-regulation of phospho-ERK expression. Conclusion Exogenous gelsolin infusion improves survival of mice following major burn injury by partially attenuating inflammation and apoptosis in brain, and by enhancing peripheral T lymphocyte function as well. These data suggest a novel and effective strategy to combat excessive neuroinflammation and to preserve cognition in the setting of major burns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing-Hong Zhang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Burns Institute, First Hospital Affiliated to the Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100048, PR China
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