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Liu X, Wang M, Cheng A, Yang Q, Tian B, Ou X, Sun D, He Y, Wu Z, Zhao X, Wu Y, Zhang S, Huang J, Jia R, Chen S, Liu M, Zhu D. Functions of the UL51 protein during the herpesvirus life cycle. Front Microbiol 2024; 15:1457582. [PMID: 39252835 PMCID: PMC11381400 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2024.1457582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2024] [Accepted: 08/07/2024] [Indexed: 09/11/2024] Open
Abstract
The herpesvirus UL51 protein is a multifunctional tegument protein involved in the regulation of multiple aspects of the viral life cycle. This article reviews the biological characteristics of the UL51 protein and its functions in herpesviruses, including participating in the maintenance of the viral assembly complex (cVAC) during viral assembly, affecting the production of mature viral particles and promoting primary and secondary envelopment, as well as its positive impact on viral cell-to-cell spread (CCS) through interactions with multiple viral proteins and its key role in the proliferation and pathogenicity of the virus in the later stage of infection. This paper discusses how the UL51 protein participates in the life cycle of herpesviruses and provides new ideas for further research on UL51 protein function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolan Liu
- Engineering Research Center of Southwest Animal Disease Prevention and Control Technology, Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, Chengdu, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, China
- International Joint Research Center for Animal Disease Prevention and Control of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, China
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine and Immunology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Mingshu Wang
- Engineering Research Center of Southwest Animal Disease Prevention and Control Technology, Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, Chengdu, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, China
- International Joint Research Center for Animal Disease Prevention and Control of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, China
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine and Immunology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Anchun Cheng
- Engineering Research Center of Southwest Animal Disease Prevention and Control Technology, Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, Chengdu, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, China
- International Joint Research Center for Animal Disease Prevention and Control of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, China
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine and Immunology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Qiao Yang
- Engineering Research Center of Southwest Animal Disease Prevention and Control Technology, Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, Chengdu, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, China
- International Joint Research Center for Animal Disease Prevention and Control of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, China
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine and Immunology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Bin Tian
- Engineering Research Center of Southwest Animal Disease Prevention and Control Technology, Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, Chengdu, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, China
- International Joint Research Center for Animal Disease Prevention and Control of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, China
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine and Immunology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xumin Ou
- Engineering Research Center of Southwest Animal Disease Prevention and Control Technology, Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, Chengdu, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, China
- International Joint Research Center for Animal Disease Prevention and Control of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, China
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine and Immunology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Di Sun
- Engineering Research Center of Southwest Animal Disease Prevention and Control Technology, Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, Chengdu, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, China
- International Joint Research Center for Animal Disease Prevention and Control of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, China
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine and Immunology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yu He
- Engineering Research Center of Southwest Animal Disease Prevention and Control Technology, Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, Chengdu, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, China
- International Joint Research Center for Animal Disease Prevention and Control of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, China
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine and Immunology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhen Wu
- Engineering Research Center of Southwest Animal Disease Prevention and Control Technology, Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, Chengdu, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, China
- International Joint Research Center for Animal Disease Prevention and Control of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, China
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine and Immunology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xinxin Zhao
- Engineering Research Center of Southwest Animal Disease Prevention and Control Technology, Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, Chengdu, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, China
- International Joint Research Center for Animal Disease Prevention and Control of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, China
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine and Immunology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ying Wu
- Engineering Research Center of Southwest Animal Disease Prevention and Control Technology, Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, Chengdu, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, China
- International Joint Research Center for Animal Disease Prevention and Control of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, China
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine and Immunology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Shaqiu Zhang
- Engineering Research Center of Southwest Animal Disease Prevention and Control Technology, Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, Chengdu, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, China
- International Joint Research Center for Animal Disease Prevention and Control of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, China
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine and Immunology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Juan Huang
- Engineering Research Center of Southwest Animal Disease Prevention and Control Technology, Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, Chengdu, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, China
- International Joint Research Center for Animal Disease Prevention and Control of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, China
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine and Immunology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Renyong Jia
- Engineering Research Center of Southwest Animal Disease Prevention and Control Technology, Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, Chengdu, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, China
- International Joint Research Center for Animal Disease Prevention and Control of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, China
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine and Immunology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Shun Chen
- Engineering Research Center of Southwest Animal Disease Prevention and Control Technology, Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, Chengdu, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, China
- International Joint Research Center for Animal Disease Prevention and Control of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, China
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine and Immunology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Mafeng Liu
- Engineering Research Center of Southwest Animal Disease Prevention and Control Technology, Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, Chengdu, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, China
- International Joint Research Center for Animal Disease Prevention and Control of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, China
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine and Immunology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Dekang Zhu
- Engineering Research Center of Southwest Animal Disease Prevention and Control Technology, Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, Chengdu, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, China
- International Joint Research Center for Animal Disease Prevention and Control of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, China
- Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
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Quan J, Fan Q, Simons LM, Smukowski SN, Pegg C, Longnecker R, Savas JN, Hultquist JF, Smith GA. Leveraging biotin-based proximity labeling to identify cellular factors governing early alphaherpesvirus infection. mBio 2024; 15:e0144524. [PMID: 38953638 PMCID: PMC11323796 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.01445-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2024] [Accepted: 05/24/2024] [Indexed: 07/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Neurotropic alphaherpesviruses, including herpes simplex virus type 1 and pseudorabies virus, establish a lifelong presence within the peripheral nervous system of their mammalian hosts. Upon entering cells, two conserved tegument proteins, pUL36 and pUL37, traffic DNA-containing capsids to nuclei. These proteins support long-distance retrograde axonal transport and invasion of the nervous system in vivo. To better understand how pUL36 and pUL37 function, recombinant viral particles carrying BioID2 fused to these proteins were produced to biotinylate cellular proteins in their proximity (<10 nm) during infection. Eighty-six high-confidence host proteins were identified by mass spectrometry and subsequently targeted by CRISPR-Cas9 gene editing to assess their contributions to early infection. Proteins were identified that both supported and antagonized infection in immortalized human epithelial cells. The latter included zyxin, a protein that localizes to focal adhesions and regulates actin cytoskeletal dynamics. Zyxin knockout cells were hyper-permissive to infection and could be rescued with even modest expression of GFP-zyxin. These results provide a resource for studies of the virus-cell interface and identify zyxin as a novel deterrent to alphaherpesvirus infection.IMPORTANCENeuroinvasive alphaherpesviruses are highly prevalent with many members found across mammals [e.g., herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) in humans and pseudorabies virus in pigs]. HSV-1 causes a range of clinical manifestations from cold sores to blindness and encephalitis. There are no vaccines or curative therapies available for HSV-1. A fundamental feature of these viruses is their establishment of lifelong infection of the nervous system in their respective hosts. This outcome is possible due to a potent neuroinvasive property that is coordinated by two proteins: pUL36 and pUL37. In this study, we explore the cellular protein network in proximity to pUL36 and pUL37 during infection and examine the impact of knocking down the expression of these proteins upon infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenai Quan
- Department of Microbiology-Immunology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Qing Fan
- Department of Microbiology-Immunology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Lacy M. Simons
- Department of Microbiology-Immunology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Samuel N. Smukowski
- Department of Neurology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Caitlin Pegg
- Department of Microbiology-Immunology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Richard Longnecker
- Department of Microbiology-Immunology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Jeffrey N. Savas
- Department of Neurology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Judd F. Hultquist
- Department of Microbiology-Immunology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Gregory A. Smith
- Department of Microbiology-Immunology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
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Bradley E, Poole E, Reeves MB. The Triterpenoid MOMORDIN-Ic Inhibits HCMV by Preventing the Initiation of Gene Expression in Eukaryotic Cells. Pathogens 2024; 13:546. [PMID: 39057773 PMCID: PMC11280373 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens13070546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2024] [Revised: 06/21/2024] [Accepted: 06/26/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) primary infection, re-infection, and reactivation from latency cause morbidity in immune-compromised patients. Consequently, potential therapeutic strategies remain of interest for the treatment of infection. Naturally occurring triterpenoids derived from plants have been demonstrated to have anti-viral activity, although their precise mechanisms of action are not always fully understood. Here, we investigate the activity of Mormordin Ic (Mc) and demonstrate that it is potently anti-viral against HCMV. Through investigation of the mechanistic basis of this anti-viral activity, we identify that it is inhibitory to both viral and host gene expression, and to highly induced genes in particular. We go on to observe that Mc impacts on RNA Pol II activity and, specifically, reduces the occupancy of elongating RNA Pol II at a viral promoter. Next, we demonstrate that Mc is inhibitory to HCMV reactivation, and in doing so identify that it has greater activity against the canonical major immediate early promoter compared to the alternative ip2 promoter located downstream. Finally, we see evidence of RNA Pol II occupancy at the ip2 promoter in undifferentiated myeloid cells. Thus, Mc is potently anti-viral and a potential tool to probe the activity of multiple promoters considered important for controlling HCMV reactivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleanor Bradley
- Institute of Immunity & Transplantation, Division of Infection & Immunity, UCL, Royal Free Campus, London NW3 2PP, UK;
| | - Emma Poole
- Division of Virology, Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke’s Campus, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK;
| | - Matthew B. Reeves
- Institute of Immunity & Transplantation, Division of Infection & Immunity, UCL, Royal Free Campus, London NW3 2PP, UK;
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Birkenheuer CH, Baines JD. Aberrant RNA polymerase initiation and processivity on the genome of a herpes simplex virus 1 mutant lacking ICP27. J Virol 2024; 98:e0071224. [PMID: 38780246 PMCID: PMC11237563 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00712-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2024] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Within the first 15 minutes of infection, herpes simplex virus 1 immediate early proteins repurpose cellular RNA polymerase (Pol II) for viral transcription. An important role of the viral-infected cell protein 27 (ICP27) is to facilitate viral pre-mRNA processing and export viral mRNA to the cytoplasm. Here, we use precision nuclear run-on followed by deep sequencing (PRO-seq) to characterize transcription of a viral ICP27 null mutant. At 1.5 and 3 hours post infection (hpi), we observed increased total levels of Pol II on the mutant viral genome and accumulation of Pol II downstream of poly A sites indicating increased levels of initiation and processivity. By 6 hpi, Pol II accumulation on specific mutant viral genes was higher than that on wild-type virus either at or upstream of poly A signals, depending on the gene. The PRO-seq profile of the ICP27 mutant on late genes at 6 hpi was similar but not identical to that caused by treatment with flavopiridol, a known inhibitor of RNA processivity. This pattern was different from PRO-seq profiles of other α gene mutants and upon inhibition of viral DNA replication with PAA. Together, these results indicate that ICP27 contributes to the repression of aberrant viral transcription at 1.5 and 3 hpi by inhibiting initiation and decreasing RNA processivity. However, ICP27 is needed to enhance processivity on most late genes by 6 hpi in a mechanism distinguishable from its role in viral DNA replication.IMPORTANCEWe developed and validated the use of a processivity index for precision nuclear run-on followed by deep sequencing data. The processivity index calculations confirm infected cell protein 27 (ICP27) induces downstream of transcription termination on certain host genes. The processivity indices and whole gene probe data implicate ICP27 in transient immediate early gene-mediated repression, a process that also requires ICP4, ICP22, and ICP0. The data indicate that ICP27 directly or indirectly regulates RNA polymerase (Pol II) initiation and processivity on specific genes at specific times post infection. These observations support specific and varied roles for ICP27 in regulating Pol II activity on viral genes in addition to its known roles in post transcriptional mRNA processing and export.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire H. Birkenheuer
- Baker Institute for Animal Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Joel D. Baines
- Baker Institute for Animal Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
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Packard JE, Kumar N, Weitzman MD, Dembowski JA. Identifying Protein Interactions with Viral DNA Genomes during Virus Infection. Viruses 2024; 16:845. [PMID: 38932138 PMCID: PMC11209293 DOI: 10.3390/v16060845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2024] [Revised: 05/14/2024] [Accepted: 05/14/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Viruses exploit the host cell machinery to enable infection and propagation. This review discusses the complex landscape of DNA virus-host interactions, focusing primarily on herpesviruses and adenoviruses, which replicate in the nucleus of infected cells, and vaccinia virus, which replicates in the cytoplasm. We discuss experimental approaches used to discover and validate interactions of host proteins with viral genomes and how these interactions impact processes that occur during infection, including the host DNA damage response and viral genome replication, repair, and transcription. We highlight the current state of knowledge regarding virus-host protein interactions and also outline emerging areas and future directions for research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica E. Packard
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Science and Engineering, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, PA 15282, USA
| | - Namrata Kumar
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Division of Protective Immunity, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Matthew D. Weitzman
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Division of Protective Immunity, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Jill A. Dembowski
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Science and Engineering, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, PA 15282, USA
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Heath JR, Fromuth DP, Dembowski JA. Integrator Complex Subunit 3 Knockdown Has Minimal Effect on Lytic Herpes Simplex Virus Type-1 Infection in Fibroblast Cells. MICROPUBLICATION BIOLOGY 2024; 2024:10.17912/micropub.biology.001171. [PMID: 38817634 PMCID: PMC11137619 DOI: 10.17912/micropub.biology.001171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2024] [Revised: 04/09/2024] [Accepted: 05/03/2024] [Indexed: 06/01/2024]
Abstract
Proteomic analysis of viral and cellular proteins that copurify with the herpes simplex virus type-1 (HSV-1) genome revealed that the cellular Integrator complex associates with viral DNA throughout infection. The Integrator complex plays a key role in the regulation of transcription of cellular coding and non-coding RNAs. We therefore predicted that it may regulate transcription of viral genes. Here, we demonstrate that knockdown of the Integrator complex subunit, Ints3, has minimal effect on HSV-1 infection. Despite reducing viral yield during low multiplicity infection, Ints3 knockdown had no effect on viral DNA replication, mRNA expression, or yield during high multiplicity infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph R Heath
- Department of Biological Sciences, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States
| | - Daniel P Fromuth
- Department of Biological Sciences, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States
| | - Jill A Dembowski
- Department of Biological Sciences, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States
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Sodroski CN, Oh HS, Chou SF, Knipe DM. Sp1 facilitates continued HSV-1 gene expression in the absence of key viral transactivators. mBio 2024; 15:e0347923. [PMID: 38349188 PMCID: PMC10936440 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.03479-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2024] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Productive replication of herpes simplex virus (HSV) relies upon a well-ordered transcriptional cascade flowing from immediate-early (IE) to early (E) to late (L) gene products. While several virus-encoded transcriptional activators are involved in this process, IE and E gene promoters also contain multiple binding sites for the ubiquitously expressed cellular transcription factor Sp1. Sp1 has been previously implicated in activating HSV-1 gene transcription downstream of these sites, but why Sp1-binding sites are maintained in the promoters of genes activated by virus-encoded activators remains unclear. We hypothesized that Sp1 enables continued HSV-1 transcription and replication when viral transactivators are limited. We used a depletion-based approach in human foreskin fibroblasts to investigate the specific contribution of Sp1 to the initiation and progression of the HSV-1 lytic gene cascade. We found that Sp1 increased viral transcript levels, protein expression, and replication following infection with VP16- or ICP0-deficient viruses but had little to no effect on rescued viruses or during wild-type (WT) HSV-1 infection. Moreover, Sp1 promoted WT virus transcription and replication following interferon treatment of fibroblasts and thus may contribute to viral immune evasion. Interestingly, we observed reduced expression of Sp1 and Sp1-family transcription factors in differentiated sensory neurons compared to undifferentiated cells, suggesting that reduced Sp1 levels may also contribute to HSV-1 latent infection. Overall, these findings indicate that Sp1 can promote HSV-1 gene expression in the absence of key viral transactivators; thus, HSV-1 may use Sp1 to maintain its gene expression and replication under adverse conditions.IMPORTANCEHerpes simplex virus (HSV) is a common human pathogen that actively replicates in the epithelia but can persist for the lifetime of the infected host via a stable, latent infection in neurons. A key feature of the HSV replication cycle is a complex transcriptional program in which virus and host-cell factors coordinate to regulate expression of the viral gene products necessary for continued viral replication. Multiple binding sites for the cellular transcription factor Sp1 are located in the promoters of HSV-1 genes, but how Sp1 binding contributes to transcription and replication of wild-type virus is not fully understood. In this study, we identified a specific role for Sp1 in maintaining HSV-1 gene transcription under adverse conditions, as when virus-encoded transcriptional activators were absent or limited. Preservation of Sp1-binding sites in HSV-1 gene promoters may thus benefit the virus as it navigates diverse cell types and host-cell conditions during infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine N. Sodroski
- Department of Microbiology, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Program in Virology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Hyung Suk Oh
- Department of Microbiology, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Shu-Fan Chou
- Department of Microbiology, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - David M. Knipe
- Department of Microbiology, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Program in Virology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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8
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Holtappels R, Büttner JK, Freitag K, Reddehase MJ, Lemmermann NA. Modulation of cytomegalovirus immune evasion identifies direct antigen presentation as the predominant mode of CD8 T-cell priming during immune reconstitution after hematopoietic cell transplantation. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1355153. [PMID: 38426094 PMCID: PMC10902149 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1355153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection is the most critical infectious complication in recipients of hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT) in the period between a therapeutic hematoablative treatment and the hematopoietic reconstitution of the immune system. Clinical investigation as well as the mouse model of experimental HCT have consistently shown that timely reconstitution of antiviral CD8 T cells is critical for preventing CMV disease in HCT recipients. Reconstitution of cells of the T-cell lineage generates naïve CD8 T cells with random specificities among which CMV-specific cells need to be primed by presentation of viral antigen for antigen-specific clonal expansion and generation of protective antiviral effector CD8 T cells. For CD8 T-cell priming two pathways are discussed: "direct antigen presentation" by infected professional antigen-presenting cells (pAPCs) and "antigen cross-presentation" by uninfected pAPCs that take up antigenic material derived from infected tissue cells. Current view in CMV immunology favors the cross-priming hypothesis with the argument that viral immune evasion proteins, known to interfere with the MHC class-I pathway of direct antigen presentation by infected cells, would inhibit the CD8 T-cell response. While the mode of antigen presentation in the mouse model of CMV infection has been studied in the immunocompetent host under genetic or experimental conditions excluding either pathway of antigen presentation, we are not aware of any study addressing the medically relevant question of how newly generated naïve CD8 T cells become primed in the phase of lympho-hematopoietic reconstitution after HCT. Here we used the well-established mouse model of experimental HCT and infection with murine CMV (mCMV) and pursued the recently described approach of up- or down-modulating direct antigen presentation by using recombinant viruses lacking or overexpressing the central immune evasion protein m152 of mCMV, respectively. Our data reveal that the magnitude of the CD8 T-cell response directly reflects the level of direct antigen presentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafaela Holtappels
- Institute for Virology and Research Center for Immunotherapy (FZI) at the University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Julia K. Büttner
- Institute for Virology and Research Center for Immunotherapy (FZI) at the University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Kirsten Freitag
- Institute for Virology and Research Center for Immunotherapy (FZI) at the University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Matthias J. Reddehase
- Institute for Virology and Research Center for Immunotherapy (FZI) at the University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Niels A. Lemmermann
- Institute for Virology and Research Center for Immunotherapy (FZI) at the University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
- Institute of Virology, Medical Faculty, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
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9
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Yi C, Li G, Mu Y, Cui S, Zhang D, Xu Q, Liang C, Wang M, Zhou S, Zhou H, Zhong M, Zhang A. Isolation, identification, molecular and pathogenicity characteristics of an infectious laryngotracheitis virus from Hubei province, China. Poult Sci 2024; 103:103271. [PMID: 38064882 PMCID: PMC10749899 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2023.103271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2023] [Revised: 11/05/2023] [Accepted: 11/10/2023] [Indexed: 12/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiple outbreaks of avian infectious laryngotracheitis (ILT) in chickens, both domestically and internationally, have been directly correlate to widespread vaccine use in affected countries and regions. Phylogenetic and recombination event analyses have demonstrated that avian infectious laryngotracheitis virus (ILTV) field strains are progressively evolving toward the chicken embryo-origin (CEO) vaccine strain. Even with standardized biosecurity measures and effective prevention and control strategies implemented on large-scale farms, continuous ILT outbreaks result in significant economic losses to the poultry industry worldwide. These outbreaks undoubtedly hinder efforts to control and eradicate ILTV in the future. In this study, an ILTV isolate was successfully obtained by laboratory PCR detection and virus isolation from chickens that exhibited dyspnea and depression on a broiler farm in Hubei Province, China. The isolated strain exhibited robust propagation on chorioallantoic membranes of embryonated eggs, but failed to establish effective infection in chicken hepatocellular carcinoma (LMH) cells. Phylogenetic analysis revealed a unique T441P point mutation in the gJ protein of the isolate. Animal experiments confirmed the virulence of this strain, as it induced mortality in 6-wk-old chickens. This study expands current understanding of the epidemiology, genetic variations, and pathogenicity of ILTV isolates circulating domestically, contributing to the elucidate of ILTV molecular basis of pathogenicity and development of vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenyang Yi
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China; Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
| | - Guohong Li
- Wuhan Keqian Biology Co., Ltd., Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
| | - Yinru Mu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China; Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
| | - Shuyue Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China; Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
| | - Danping Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China; Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
| | - Qiaoxia Xu
- Wuhan Keqian Biology Co., Ltd., Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
| | - Cheng Liang
- Wuhan Keqian Biology Co., Ltd., Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
| | - Man Wang
- Wuhan Keqian Biology Co., Ltd., Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
| | - Shiwen Zhou
- Wuhan Keqian Biology Co., Ltd., Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
| | - Hongbo Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China; Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
| | - Ming Zhong
- Wuhan Keqian Biology Co., Ltd., Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
| | - Anding Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China; Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China; Key Laboratory of Development of Veterinary Diagnostic Products, Ministry of Agriculture of the People's Republic of China, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China.
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10
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Dunn LEM, Birkenheuer CH, Baines JD. A Revision of Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 Transcription: First, Repress; Then, Express. Microorganisms 2024; 12:262. [PMID: 38399666 PMCID: PMC10892140 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms12020262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2023] [Revised: 01/22/2024] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
The herpes virus genome bears more than 80 strong transcriptional promoters. Upon entry into the host cell nucleus, these genes are transcribed in an orderly manner, producing five immediate-early (IE) gene products, including ICP0, ICP4, and ICP22, while non-IE genes are mostly silent. The IE gene products are necessary for the transcription of temporal classes following sequentially as early, leaky late, and true late. A recent analysis using precision nuclear run-on followed by deep sequencing (PRO-seq) has revealed an important step preceding all HSV-1 transcription. Specifically, the immediate-early proteins ICP4 and ICP0 enter the cell with the incoming genome to help preclude the nascent antisense, intergenic, and sense transcription of all viral genes. VP16, which is also delivered into the nucleus upon entry, almost immediately reverses this repression on IE genes. The resulting de novo expression of ICP4 and ICP22 further repress antisense, intergenic, and early and late viral gene transcription through different mechanisms before the sequential de-repression of these gene classes later in infection. This early repression, termed transient immediate-early protein-mediated repression (TIEMR), precludes unproductive, antisense, intergenic, and late gene transcription early in infection to ensure the efficient and orderly progression of the viral cascade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura E M Dunn
- Baker Institute for Animal Health, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14850, USA
| | - Claire H Birkenheuer
- Baker Institute for Animal Health, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14850, USA
| | - Joel D Baines
- Baker Institute for Animal Health, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14850, USA
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11
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McCloskey E, Kashipathy M, Cooper A, Gao P, Johnson DK, Battaile KP, Lovell S, Davido DJ. HSV-1 ICP0 Dimer Domain Adopts a Novel β-barrel Fold. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.01.16.575752. [PMID: 38293217 PMCID: PMC10827139 DOI: 10.1101/2024.01.16.575752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2024]
Abstract
Infected cell protein 0 (ICP0) is an immediate-early regulatory protein of herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) that possesses E3 ubiquitin ligase activity. ICP0 transactivates viral genes, in part, through its C-terminal dimer domain (residues 555-767). Deletion of this dimer domain results in reduced viral gene expression, lytic infection, and reactivation from latency. Since ICP0's dimer domain is associated with its transactivation activity and efficient viral replication, we wanted to determine the structure of this specific domain. The C-terminus of ICP0 was purified from bacteria and analyzed by X-ray crystallography to solve its structure. Each subunit or monomer in the ICP0 dimer is composed of nine β-strands and two α-helices. Interestingly, two adjacent β-strands from one monomer "reach" into the adjacent subunit during dimer formation, generating two β-barrel-like structures. Additionally, crystallographic analyses indicate a tetramer structure is formed from two β-strands of each dimer, creating a "stacking" of the β-barrels. The structural protein database searches indicate the fold or structure adopted by the ICP0 dimer is novel. The dimer is held together by an extensive network of hydrogen bonds. Computational analyses reveal that ICP0 can either form a dimer or bind to SUMO1 via its C-terminal SUMO-interacting motifs but not both. Understanding the structure of the dimer domain will provide insights into the activities of ICP0 and, ultimately, the HSV-1 life cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erick McCloskey
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA
| | - Maithri Kashipathy
- Protein Structure and X-Ray Crystallography Laboratory, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA
| | - Anne Cooper
- Protein Production Group, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA
| | - Philip Gao
- Protein Production Group, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA
| | - David K Johnson
- Chemical Computational Biology Core, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA
| | | | - Scott Lovell
- Protein Structure and X-Ray Crystallography Laboratory, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA
| | - David J Davido
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA
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12
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Yang H, Gu W, Ni J, Ma Y, Li S, Neumann D, Ding X, Zhu L. Carnitine palmitoyl-transferase 1A is potentially involved in bovine herpesvirus 1 productive infection. Vet Microbiol 2024; 288:109932. [PMID: 38043447 PMCID: PMC10919102 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2023.109932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2023] [Revised: 11/21/2023] [Accepted: 11/26/2023] [Indexed: 12/05/2023]
Abstract
Bovine herpesvirus 1(BoHV-1) is an important bovine pathogen that causes great economic loss to cattle farms worldwide. The virus-productive infection in bovine kidney (MDBK) cells results in ATP depletion. The mechanisms are not well understood. Mitochondrial fatty acid β-oxidation (FAO) is an important energy source in many tissues with high energy demand. Since carnitine palmitoyl-transferase 1 A (CPT1A) is the rate-limiting enzyme of FAO, we investigated the interactions between virus-productive infection and CPT1A signaling. Here, we found that virus-productive infection at the later stage significantly decreased CPT1A protein levels in all the detected cells, including MDBK, A549, and Neuro-2A cells, differentially altered the accumulation of CPT1A proteins in the nucleus and cytosol, and re-localized the protein in the nucleus. Etomoxir (ETO), an irreversible inhibitor of CPT1A, inhibited viral replication and partially interfered with the ability of BoHV-1 to alter CPT1A accumulation in the nucleus but not in the cytosol. Furthermore, ETO consistently reduced RNA levels of two viral regulatory proteins (bICP0 and bICP22) and protein expression of virion-associated proteins during productive infection, further supporting the important roles of CPT1A signaling in BoHV-1 productive infection. These data, for the first time, suggest that CPT1A is potentially involved in BoHV-1 productive infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Yang
- College of Life Sciences, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, China
| | - Wenyuan Gu
- Center for Animal Diseases Control and Prevention of Hebei Province, Shijiazhuang 050035, China
| | - Junqing Ni
- Hebei Province Animal Husbandry and Improved Breeds Work Station, Shijiazhuang 050061, China
| | - Yabin Ma
- Hebei Province Animal Husbandry and Improved Breeds Work Station, Shijiazhuang 050061, China
| | - Shitao Li
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70118, USA
| | - Donna Neumann
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 537006, USA
| | - Xiuyan Ding
- College of Life Sciences, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, China
| | - Liqian Zhu
- College of Life Sciences, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, China
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13
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Velusamy T, Singh N, Croft S, Smith S, Tscharke DC. The expression and function of HSV ICP47 and its promoter in mice. J Virol 2023; 97:e0110723. [PMID: 37902400 PMCID: PMC10688380 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01107-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/31/2023] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Immune evasion and latency are key mechanisms that underlie the success of herpesviruses. In each case, interactions between viral and host proteins are required and due to co-evolution, not all mechanisms are preserved across host species, even if infection is possible. This is highlighted by the herpes simplex virus (HSV) protein immediate early-infected cell protein (ICP)47, which inhibits the detection of infected cells by killer T cells and acts with high efficiency in humans, but poorly, if at all in mouse cells. Here, we show that ICP47 retains modest but detectable function in mouse cells, but in an in vivo model we found no role during acute infection or latency. We also explored the activity of the ICP47 promoter, finding that it could be active during latency, but this was dependent on genome location. These results are important to interpret HSV pathogenesis work done in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thilaga Velusamy
- John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University , Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Navneet Singh
- John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University , Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Sarah Croft
- John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University , Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Stewart Smith
- John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University , Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - David C Tscharke
- John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University , Canberra, ACT, Australia
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14
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Salazar S, Luong KTY, Koyuncu OO. Cell Intrinsic Determinants of Alpha Herpesvirus Latency and Pathogenesis in the Nervous System. Viruses 2023; 15:2284. [PMID: 38140525 PMCID: PMC10747186 DOI: 10.3390/v15122284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2023] [Revised: 11/10/2023] [Accepted: 11/19/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Alpha herpesvirus infections (α-HVs) are widespread, affecting more than 70% of the adult human population. Typically, the infections start in the mucosal epithelia, from which the viral particles invade the axons of the peripheral nervous system. In the nuclei of the peripheral ganglia, α-HVs establish a lifelong latency and eventually undergo multiple reactivation cycles. Upon reactivation, viral progeny can move into the nerves, back out toward the periphery where they entered the organism, or they can move toward the central nervous system (CNS). This latency-reactivation cycle is remarkably well controlled by the intricate actions of the intrinsic and innate immune responses of the host, and finely counteracted by the viral proteins in an effort to co-exist in the population. If this yin-yang- or Nash-equilibrium-like balance state is broken due to immune suppression or genetic mutations in the host response factors particularly in the CNS, or the presence of other pathogenic stimuli, α-HV reactivations might lead to life-threatening pathologies. In this review, we will summarize the molecular virus-host interactions starting from mucosal epithelia infections leading to the establishment of latency in the PNS and to possible CNS invasion by α-HVs, highlighting the pathologies associated with uncontrolled virus replication in the NS.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Orkide O. Koyuncu
- Department of Microbiology & Molecular Genetics, School of Medicine and Center for Virus Research, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA; (S.S.); (K.T.Y.L.)
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15
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Xu H, Akinyemi IA, Haley J, McIntosh MT, Bhaduri-McIntosh S. ATM, KAP1 and the Epstein-Barr virus polymerase processivity factor direct traffic at the intersection of transcription and replication. Nucleic Acids Res 2023; 51:11104-11122. [PMID: 37852757 PMCID: PMC10639065 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkad823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Revised: 09/09/2023] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 10/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The timing of transcription and replication must be carefully regulated for heavily-transcribed genomes of double-stranded DNA viruses: transcription of immediate early/early genes must decline as replication ramps up from the same genome-ensuring efficient and timely replication of viral genomes followed by their packaging by structural proteins. To understand how the prototypic DNA virus Epstein-Barr virus tackles the logistical challenge of switching from transcription to DNA replication, we examined the proteome at viral replication forks. Specifically, to transition from transcription, the viral DNA polymerase-processivity factor EA-D is SUMOylated by the epigenetic regulator and E3 SUMO-ligase KAP1/TRIM28. KAP1's SUMO2-ligase function is triggered by phosphorylation via the PI3K-related kinase ATM and the RNA polymerase II-associated helicase RECQ5 at the transcription machinery. SUMO2-EA-D then recruits the histone loader CAF1 and the methyltransferase SETDB1 to silence the parental genome via H3K9 methylation, prioritizing replication. Thus, a key viral protein and host DNA repair, epigenetic and transcription-replication interference pathways orchestrate the handover from transcription-to-replication, a fundamental feature of DNA viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huanzhou Xu
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Ibukun A Akinyemi
- Child Health Research Institute, Department of Pediatrics, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - John Haley
- Department of Pathology and Stony Brook Proteomics Center, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
| | - Michael T McIntosh
- Child Health Research Institute, Department of Pediatrics, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Sumita Bhaduri-McIntosh
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
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16
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Sodroski CN, Knipe DM. Nuclear interferon-stimulated gene product maintains heterochromatin on the herpes simplex viral genome to limit lytic infection. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2310996120. [PMID: 37883416 PMCID: PMC10636318 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2310996120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Interferons (IFN) are expressed in and secreted from cells in response to virus infection, and they induce the expression of a variety of genes called interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs) in infected and surrounding cells to block viral infection and limit spread. The mechanisms of action of a number of cytoplasmic ISGs have been well defined, but little is known about the mechanism of action of nuclear ISGs. Constitutive levels of nuclear interferon-inducible protein 16 (IFI16) serve to induce innate signaling and epigenetic silencing of herpes simplex virus (HSV), but only when the HSV infected cell protein 0 (ICP0) E3 ligase, which promotes IFI16 degradation, is inactivated. In this study, we found that following IFN induction, the pool of IFI16 within the infected cell remains high and can restrict wild-type viral gene expression and replication due to both the induced levels of IFI16 and the IFI16-mediated repression of ICP0 levels. Restriction of viral gene expression is achieved by IFI16 promoting the maintenance of heterochromatin on the viral genome, which silences it epigenetically. These results indicate that a nuclear ISG can restrict gene expression and replication of a nuclear DNA virus by maintaining or preventing the removal of repressive heterochromatin associated with the viral genome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine N. Sodroski
- Department of Microbiology, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA02115
- Program in Virology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA02115
| | - David M. Knipe
- Department of Microbiology, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA02115
- Program in Virology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA02115
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17
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Dunn LEM, Baines JD. Herpes simplex virus 1 immediate early transcription initiation, pause-release, elongation, and termination in the presence and absence of ICP4. J Virol 2023; 97:e0096023. [PMID: 37754762 PMCID: PMC10617507 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00960-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Accepted: 08/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Infection with herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) leads to lifelong infection due to the virus's remarkable ability to control transcription of its own genome, resulting in two transcriptional programs: lytic (highly active) and latent (restricted). The lytic program requires immediate early (IE) proteins to first repress transcription of late viral genes, which then undergo sequential de-repression, leading to a specific sequence of gene expression. Here, we show that the IE ICP4 functions to regulate the cascade by limiting RNA polymerase initiation at immediate early times. However, late viral genes that initiate too early in the absence of ICP4 do not yield mRNA as transcription stalls within gene bodies. It follows that other regulatory steps intercede to prevent elongation of genes at the incorrect time, demonstrating the precise control HSV-1 exerts over its own transcription.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura E. M. Dunn
- Baker Institute for Animal Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Joel D. Baines
- Baker Institute for Animal Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
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18
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Subedi S, Nag N, Shukla H, Padhi AK, Tripathi T. Comprehensive analysis of liquid-liquid phase separation propensities of HSV-1 proteins and their interaction with host factors. J Cell Biochem 2023. [PMID: 37796176 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.30480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Revised: 09/08/2023] [Accepted: 09/17/2023] [Indexed: 10/06/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, it has been shown that the liquid-liquid phase separation (LLPS) of virus proteins plays a crucial role in their life cycle. It promotes the formation of viral replication organelles, concentrating viral components for efficient replication and facilitates the assembly of viral particles. LLPS has emerged as a crucial process in the replication and assembly of herpes simplex virus-1 (HSV-1). Recent studies have identified several HSV-1 proteins involved in LLPS, including the myristylated tegument protein UL11 and infected cell protein 4; however, a complete proteome-level understanding of the LLPS-prone HSV-1 proteins is not available. We provide a comprehensive analysis of the HSV-1 proteome and explore the potential of its proteins to undergo LLPS. By integrating sequence analysis, prediction algorithms and an array of tools and servers, we identified 10 HSV-1 proteins that exhibit high LLPS potential. By analysing the amino acid sequences of the LLPS-prone proteins, we identified specific sequence motifs and enriched amino acid residues commonly found in LLPS-prone regions. Our findings reveal a diverse range of LLPS-prone proteins within the HSV-1, which are involved in critical viral processes such as replication, transcriptional regulation and assembly of viral particles. This suggests that LLPS might play a crucial role in facilitating the formation of specialized viral replication compartments and the assembly of HSV-1 virion. The identification of LLPS-prone proteins in HSV-1 opens up new avenues for understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying viral pathogenesis. Our work provides valuable insights into the LLPS landscape of HSV-1, highlighting potential targets for further experimental validation and enhancing our understanding of viral replication and pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sushma Subedi
- Molecular and Structural Biophysics Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, North-Eastern Hill University, Shillong, India
| | - Niharika Nag
- Molecular and Structural Biophysics Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, North-Eastern Hill University, Shillong, India
| | - Harish Shukla
- Molecular and Structural Biophysics Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, North-Eastern Hill University, Shillong, India
| | - Aditya K Padhi
- Laboratory for Computational Biology & Biomolecular Design, School of Biochemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (BHU), Varanasi, India
| | - Timir Tripathi
- Molecular and Structural Biophysics Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, North-Eastern Hill University, Shillong, India
- Department of Zoology, North-Eastern Hill University, Shillong, India
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19
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Dremel SE, Didychuk AL. Better late than never: A unique strategy for late gene transcription in the beta- and gammaherpesviruses. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2023; 146:57-69. [PMID: 36535877 PMCID: PMC10101908 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2022.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Revised: 12/01/2022] [Accepted: 12/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
During lytic replication, herpesviruses express their genes in a temporal cascade culminating in expression of "late" genes. Two subfamilies of herpesviruses, the beta- and gammaherpesviruses (including human herpesviruses cytomegalovirus, Epstein-Barr virus, and Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus), use a unique strategy to facilitate transcription of late genes. They encode six essential viral transcriptional activators (vTAs) that form a complex at a subset of late gene promoters. One of these vTAs is a viral mimic of host TATA-binding protein (vTBP) that recognizes a strikingly minimal cis-acting element consisting of a modified TATA box with a TATTWAA consensus sequence. vTBP is also responsible for recruitment of cellular RNA polymerase II (Pol II). Despite extensive work in the beta/gammaherpesviruses, the function of the other five vTAs remains largely unknown. The vTA complex and Pol II assemble on the promoter into a viral preinitiation complex (vPIC) to facilitate late gene transcription. Here, we review the properties of the vTAs and the promoters on which they act.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah E Dremel
- HIV and AIDS Malignancy Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Allison L Didychuk
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA.
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20
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Pennisi R, Maria Teresa S. HSV-1 Triggers an Antiviral Transcriptional Response during Viral Replication That Is Completely Abrogated in PKR -/- Cells. Pathogens 2023; 12:1126. [PMID: 37764935 PMCID: PMC10536113 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12091126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Revised: 08/29/2023] [Accepted: 09/01/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The activation of the innate immune response during HSV-1 infection stimulates several transcription factors, such as NF-κB and IRF3, which are critical regulators of IFN-β expression. The released IFN-β activates the ISGs, which encode antiviral effectors such as the PKR. We found that HSV-1 triggers an antiviral transcriptional response during viral replication by activating TBK1-IRF3-NF-κB network kinetically. In contrast, we reported that infected PKR-/- cells fail to activate the transcription of TBK1. Downstream, TBK1 was unable to activate the transcription of IRF3 and NF-κB. These data suggested that in PKR-/- cells, HSV-1 replication counteracts TBK1-IRF3-NF-κB network. In this scenario, a combined approach of gene knockout and gene silencing was used to determine how the lack of PKR facilitates HSV-1 replication. We reported that in HEp-2-infected cells, PKR can influence the TBK1-IRF3-NF-κB network, consequently interfering with viral replication. Otherwise, an abrogated PKR-mediated signaling sustains the HSV-1 replication. Our result allows us to add additional information on the complex HSV-host interaction network by reinforcing the concept of the PKR role in the innate response-related networks during HSV replication in an in vitro model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosamaria Pennisi
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale Ferdinando Stagno d’Alcontres 31, 98166 Messina, Italy
| | - Sciortino Maria Teresa
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale Ferdinando Stagno d’Alcontres 31, 98166 Messina, Italy
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21
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Jansens RJ, Olarerin-George A, Verhamme R, Mirza A, Jaffrey S, Favoreel HW. Alphaherpesvirus-mediated remodeling of the cellular transcriptome results in depletion of m6A-containing transcripts. iScience 2023; 26:107310. [PMID: 37575180 PMCID: PMC10415716 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.107310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2023] [Revised: 06/04/2023] [Accepted: 07/04/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The mechanisms by which viruses regulate host mRNAs during infection are still poorly understood. Several host transcripts that encode proteins that contribute to the anti-viral response contain the N6-methyladenosine nucleotide (m6A). In this study, we investigated if and how viruses from different (sub) families specifically affect m6A-containing host transcripts. Systematic analysis of host transcriptomes after infection with diverse types of viruses showed that m6A-methylated transcripts are selectively downregulated during infection with Sendai virus, African swine fever virus and the alphaherpesviruses herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) and pseudorabies virus (PRV). Focusing on PRV and HSV-1, we found that downregulation of m6A-methylated transcripts depends on the YTHDF family of m6A-binding proteins, and correlates with localization of these proteins to enlarged P-bodies. Knockdown of YTHDF proteins in primary cells reduced PRV protein expression and increased expression of antiviral interferon-stimulated genes, suggesting that virus-induced depletion of host m6A-containing transcripts constitutes an immune evasion strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert J.J. Jansens
- Department of Translational Physiology, Infectiology and Public Health
- Department of Pharmacology, Weill Medical College, Cornell University, New York NY 10021, USA
| | - Anthony Olarerin-George
- Department of Pharmacology, Weill Medical College, Cornell University, New York NY 10021, USA
| | - Ruth Verhamme
- Department of Translational Physiology, Infectiology and Public Health
| | - Aashiq Mirza
- Department of Pharmacology, Weill Medical College, Cornell University, New York NY 10021, USA
| | - Samie Jaffrey
- Department of Pharmacology, Weill Medical College, Cornell University, New York NY 10021, USA
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22
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Pennisi R, Trischitta P, Tamburello MP, Barreca D, Mandalari G, Sciortino MT. Mechanistic Understanding of the Antiviral Properties of Pistachios and Zeaxanthin against HSV-1. Viruses 2023; 15:1651. [PMID: 37631995 PMCID: PMC10459438 DOI: 10.3390/v15081651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The search for alternative clinical treatments to fight resistance and find alternative antiviral treatments for the herpes simplex virus (HSV) is of great interest. Plants are rich sources of novel antiviral, pharmacologically active agents that provide several advantages, including reduced side effects, less resistance, low toxicity, and different mechanisms of action. In the present work, the antiviral activity of Californian natural raw (NRRE) and roasted unsalted (RURE) pistachio polyphenols-rich extracts was evaluated against HSV-1 using VERO cells. Two different extraction methods, with or without n-hexane, were used. Results showed that n-hexane-extracted NRRE and RURE exerted an antiviral effect against HSV-1, blocking virus binding on the cell surface, affecting viral DNA synthesis as well as accumulation of ICP0, UL42, and Us11 viral proteins. Additionally, the identification and quantification of phenolic compounds by RP-HPLC-DAD confirmed that extraction with n-hexane exclusively accumulated tocopherols, carotenoids, and xanthophylls. Amongst these, zeaxanthin exhibited strong antiviral activity against HSV-1 (CC50: 16.1 µM, EC50 4.08 µM, SI 3.96), affecting both the viral attachment and penetration and viral DNA synthesis. Zeaxanthin is a dietary carotenoid that accumulates in the retina as a macular pigment. The use of pistachio extracts and derivates should be encouraged for the topical treatment of ocular herpetic infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosamaria Pennisi
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale Ferdinando Stagno d’Alcontres 31, 98166 Messina, Italy; (P.T.); (M.P.T.); (D.B.); (M.T.S.)
| | - Paola Trischitta
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale Ferdinando Stagno d’Alcontres 31, 98166 Messina, Italy; (P.T.); (M.P.T.); (D.B.); (M.T.S.)
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, University of Perugia, Via Elce di Sotto 8, 06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - Maria Pia Tamburello
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale Ferdinando Stagno d’Alcontres 31, 98166 Messina, Italy; (P.T.); (M.P.T.); (D.B.); (M.T.S.)
| | - Davide Barreca
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale Ferdinando Stagno d’Alcontres 31, 98166 Messina, Italy; (P.T.); (M.P.T.); (D.B.); (M.T.S.)
| | - Giuseppina Mandalari
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale Ferdinando Stagno d’Alcontres 31, 98166 Messina, Italy; (P.T.); (M.P.T.); (D.B.); (M.T.S.)
| | - Maria Teresa Sciortino
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale Ferdinando Stagno d’Alcontres 31, 98166 Messina, Italy; (P.T.); (M.P.T.); (D.B.); (M.T.S.)
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23
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Packard JE, Williams MR, Fromuth DP, Dembowski JA. Proliferating cell nuclear antigen inhibitors block distinct stages of herpes simplex virus infection. PLoS Pathog 2023; 19:e1011539. [PMID: 37486931 PMCID: PMC10399828 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1011539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Revised: 08/03/2023] [Accepted: 07/05/2023] [Indexed: 07/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) forms a homotrimer that encircles replicating DNA and is bound by DNA polymerases to add processivity to cellular DNA synthesis. In addition, PCNA acts as a scaffold to recruit DNA repair and chromatin remodeling proteins to replicating DNA via its interdomain connecting loop (IDCL). Despite encoding a DNA polymerase processivity factor UL42, it was previously found that PCNA associates with herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) replication forks and is necessary for productive HSV-1 infection. To define the role that PCNA plays during viral DNA replication or a replication-coupled process, we investigated the effects that two mechanistically distinct PCNA inhibitors, PCNA-I1 and T2AA, have on the HSV-1 infectious cycle. PCNA-I1 binds at the interface between PCNA monomers, stabilizes the homotrimer, and may interfere with protein-protein interactions. T2AA inhibits select protein-protein interactions within the PCNA IDCL. Here we demonstrate that PCNA-I1 treatment results in reduced HSV-1 DNA replication, late gene expression, and virus production, while T2AA treatment results in reduced late viral gene expression and infectious virus production. To pinpoint the mechanisms by which PCNA inhibitors affect viral processes and protein recruitment to replicated viral DNA, we performed accelerated native isolation of proteins on nascent DNA (aniPOND). Results indicate that T2AA inhibits recruitment of the viral uracil glycosylase UL2 and transcription regulatory factors to viral DNA, likely leading to a defect in viral base excision repair and the observed defect in late viral gene expression and infectious virus production. In addition, PCNA-I1 treatment results in decreased association of the viral DNA polymerase UL30 and known PCNA-interacting proteins with viral DNA, consistent with the observed block in viral DNA replication and subsequent processes. Together, we conclude that inhibitors of cellular PCNA block recruitment of key viral and cellular factors to viral DNA to inhibit viral DNA synthesis and coupled processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica E. Packard
- Department of Biological Sciences, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Maya R. Williams
- Department of Biological Sciences, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Daniel P. Fromuth
- Department of Biological Sciences, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Jill A. Dembowski
- Department of Biological Sciences, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
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Pheasant K, Perry D, Wise EL, Cheng V, Elliott G. Dysregulated metabolism of the late herpes simplex virus 1 transcriptome through the vhs-VP22 axis uncouples virus cytopathic effect and virus production. PLoS Pathog 2023; 19:e1010966. [PMID: 37343008 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1010966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV1) expresses its genes in a classical cascade culminating in the production of large amounts of structural proteins to facilitate virus assembly. HSV1 lacking the virus protein VP22 (Δ22) exhibits late translational shutoff, a phenotype that has been attributed to the unrestrained activity of the virion host shutoff (vhs) protein, a virus-encoded endoribonuclease which induces mRNA degradation during infection. We have previously shown that vhs is also involved in regulating the nuclear-cytoplasmic compartmentalisation of the virus transcriptome, and in the absence of VP22 a number of virus transcripts are sequestered in the nucleus late in infection. Here we show that despite expressing minimal amounts of structural proteins and failing to plaque on human fibroblasts, the strain 17 Δ22 virus replicates and spreads as efficiently as Wt virus, but without causing cytopathic effect (CPE). Nonetheless, CPE-causing virus spontaneously appeared on Δ22-infected human fibroblasts, and four viruses isolated in this way had all acquired point mutations in vhs which rescued late protein translation. However, unlike a virus deleted for vhs, these viruses still induced the degradation of both cellular and viral mRNA suggesting that vhs mutation in the absence of VP22 is necessary to overcome a more complex disturbance in mRNA metabolism than mRNA degradation alone. The ultimate outcome of secondary mutations in vhs is therefore the rescue of virus-induced CPE caused by late protein synthesis, and while there is a clear selective pressure on HSV1 to mutate vhs for optimal production of late structural proteins, the purpose of this is over and above that of virus production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen Pheasant
- Section of Virology, Department of Microbial Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, United Kingdom
| | - Dana Perry
- Section of Virology, Department of Microbial Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, United Kingdom
| | - Emma L Wise
- Section of Virology, Department of Microbial Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, United Kingdom
| | - Vivian Cheng
- Section of Virology, Department of Microbial Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, United Kingdom
| | - Gillian Elliott
- Section of Virology, Department of Microbial Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, United Kingdom
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25
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Duan Y, Sun L, Li Q. Herpes Simplex Virus 1 MicroRNAs: An Update. Intervirology 2023; 66:97-110. [PMID: 37285807 PMCID: PMC10389796 DOI: 10.1159/000531348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/09/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1), an important human pathogen, is capable of latent infection in neurons and productive (lytic) infection in other tissue cells. Once infected with HSV-1, the immune system of the organism cannot eliminate the virus and carries it lifelong. HSV-1 possesses approximately 150 kb of double-stranded linear genomic DNA and can encode at least 70 proteins and 37 mature microRNAs (miRNAs) derived from 18 precursor miRNAs (pre-miRNAs). SUMMARY These HSV-1-encoded miRNAs are widely involved in multiple processes in the life cycle of the virus and the host cell, including viral latent and lytic infection, as well as host cell immune signaling, proliferation, and apoptosis. KEY MESSAGE In this review, we focused primarily on recent advances in HSV-1-encoded miRNA expression, function, and mechanism, which may provide new research ideas and feasible research methods systemically and comprehensively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongzhong Duan
- Academy of Biomedical Engineering, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China,
| | - Le Sun
- Basic Medical College, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Qihan Li
- Department of Viral Immunology, Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, China
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26
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Habibi MA, Nezhad Shamohammadi F, Rajaei T, Namdari H, Pashaei MR, Farajifard H, Ahmadpour S. Immunopathogenesis of viral infections in neurological autoimmune disease. BMC Neurol 2023; 23:201. [PMID: 37221459 DOI: 10.1186/s12883-023-03239-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2022] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Autoimmune diseases develop due to self-tolerance failure in recognizing self and non-self-antigens. Several factors play a role in inducing autoimmunity, including genetic and environmental elements. Several studies demonstrated the causative role of viruses; however, some studies showed the preventive effect of viruses in the development of autoimmunity. Neurological autoimmune diseases are classified based on the targets of autoantibodies, which target intracellular or extracellular antigens rather than neurons. Several theories have been hypothesized to explain the role of viruses in the pathogenesis of neuroinflammation and autoimmune diseases. This study reviewed the current data on the immunopathogenesis of viruses in autoimmunity of the nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Amin Habibi
- Multiple Sclerosis Research Center, Neuroscience Institut, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Pediatric Cell and Gene Therapy Research Center, Gene, Cell and Tissue Research Institute , Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Taraneh Rajaei
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Haideh Namdari
- Iranian Tissue Bank and Research Center, Imam Khomeini Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Reza Pashaei
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Patient Safety Research Center, Clinical Research Institute, Urmia University of Medical Science, Urmia, Iran
| | - Hamid Farajifard
- Pediatric Cell and Gene Therapy Research Center, Gene, Cell and Tissue Research Institute , Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Sajjad Ahmadpour
- Patient Safety Research Center, Clinical Research Institute, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran.
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27
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Hoang HD, Said A, Vaidya N, Gilchrist VH, Malone K, Kabilan U, Topshee S, Xiang X, Yang AD, Olagnier D, Mossman K, Beug ST, Jafarnejad SM, Workenhe ST, Graber TE, Alain T. Adaptation of transgene mRNA translation boosts the anticancer efficacy of oncolytic HSV1. J Immunother Cancer 2023; 11:jitc-2022-006408. [PMID: 36958764 PMCID: PMC10040010 DOI: 10.1136/jitc-2022-006408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/03/2023] [Indexed: 03/25/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Transgenes deliver therapeutic payloads to improve oncolytic virus immunotherapy. Transgenes encoded within oncolytic viruses are designed to be highly transcribed, but protein synthesis is often negatively affected by viral infection, compromising the amount of therapeutic protein expressed. Studying the oncolytic herpes simplex virus-1 (HSV1), we found standard transgene mRNAs to be suboptimally translated in infected cells. METHODS Using RNA-Seq reads, we determined the transcription start sites and 5'leaders of HSV1 genes and uncovered the US11 5'leader to confer superior activity in translation reporter assays. We then incorporated this 5'leader into GM-CSF expression cassette in oncolytic HSV1 and compared the translationally adapted oncolytic virus with the conventional, leaderless, virus in vitro and in mice. RESULTS Inclusion of the US11 5'leader in the GM-CSF transgene incorporated into HSV1 boosted translation in vitro and in vivo. Importantly, treatment with US11 5'leader-GM-CSF oncolytic HSV1 showed superior antitumor immune activity and improved survival in a syngeneic mouse model of colorectal cancer as compared with leaderless-GM-CSF HSV1. CONCLUSIONS Our study demonstrates the therapeutic value of identifying and integrating platform-specific cis-acting sequences that confer increased protein synthesis on transgene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huy-Dung Hoang
- Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
- Centre for Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Ottawa Faculty of Medicine, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Aida Said
- Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
- Centre for Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Ottawa Faculty of Medicine, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Nasana Vaidya
- Department Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Victoria H Gilchrist
- Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
- Centre for Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Ottawa Faculty of Medicine, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Kyle Malone
- Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
- Centre for Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Ottawa Faculty of Medicine, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Usha Kabilan
- Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
- Centre for Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Ottawa Faculty of Medicine, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Serena Topshee
- Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
- Centre for Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Ottawa Faculty of Medicine, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Xiao Xiang
- Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
- Centre for Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Ottawa Faculty of Medicine, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - An-Dao Yang
- Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - David Olagnier
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Karen Mossman
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Shawn T Beug
- Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
- Centre for Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Ottawa Faculty of Medicine, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Samuel T Workenhe
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Tyson E Graber
- Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Tommy Alain
- Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
- Centre for Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Ottawa Faculty of Medicine, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
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28
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Sutter J, Bruggeman PJ, Wigdahl B, Krebs FC, Miller V. Manipulation of Oxidative Stress Responses by Non-Thermal Plasma to Treat Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 Infection and Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:4673. [PMID: 36902102 PMCID: PMC10003306 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24054673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Revised: 02/16/2023] [Accepted: 02/24/2023] [Indexed: 03/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) is a contagious pathogen with a large global footprint, due to its ability to cause lifelong infection in patients. Current antiviral therapies are effective in limiting viral replication in the epithelial cells to alleviate clinical symptoms, but ineffective in eliminating latent viral reservoirs in neurons. Much of HSV-1 pathogenesis is dependent on its ability to manipulate oxidative stress responses to craft a cellular environment that favors HSV-1 replication. However, to maintain redox homeostasis and to promote antiviral immune responses, the infected cell can upregulate reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (RONS) while having a tight control on antioxidant concentrations to prevent cellular damage. Non-thermal plasma (NTP), which we propose as a potential therapy alternative directed against HSV-1 infection, is a means to deliver RONS that affect redox homeostasis in the infected cell. This review emphasizes how NTP can be an effective therapy for HSV-1 infections through the direct antiviral activity of RONS and via immunomodulatory changes in the infected cells that will stimulate anti-HSV-1 adaptive immune responses. Overall, NTP application can control HSV-1 replication and address the challenges of latency by decreasing the size of the viral reservoir in the nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Sutter
- Center for Molecular Virology and Gene Therapy, Institute for Molecular Medicine and Infectious Disease, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19129, USA
| | - Peter J. Bruggeman
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Brian Wigdahl
- Center for Molecular Virology and Gene Therapy, Institute for Molecular Medicine and Infectious Disease, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19129, USA
| | - Fred C. Krebs
- Center for Molecular Virology and Gene Therapy, Institute for Molecular Medicine and Infectious Disease, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19129, USA
| | - Vandana Miller
- Center for Molecular Virology and Gene Therapy, Institute for Molecular Medicine and Infectious Disease, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19129, USA
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Tien YT, Akbar H, Jarosinski KW. Temperature-induced reactivation of Marek's disease virus-transformed T cells ex vivo. Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1145757. [PMID: 36968465 PMCID: PMC10030735 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1145757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Marek's disease virus (MDV) establishes latency in chicken T lymphocytes that can lead to T cell transformation and cancer. Transformed Marek's disease chicken cell lines (MDCCs) can be expanded ex vivo and provide a valuable model to study latency, transformation, and reactivation. Here, we developed MDCCs from chickens infected with MDV that fluoresce during lytic replication and reactivation. Sodium butyrate treatment increased fluorescent protein expression as evidenced by fluorescent microscopy, flow cytometry, and western blotting; however, it caused significant apoptosis and necrosis. Treatment of MDCCs by decreasing the temperature resulted in robust MDV reactivation without significant induction of apoptosis and necrosis. Furthermore, MDV reactivation was significantly affected by the time in culture that can affect downstream reactivation analyses. In all, our data show that fluorescent protein expression during reactivation is a robust tool to examine viral replication in live cells ex vivo, and temperature treatment is an efficient technique to induce reactivation without punitive effects on cell viability seen with chemical treatment.
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30
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White TM, Bonavita CM, Stanfield BA, Farrell HE, Davis-Poynter NJ, Cardin RD. The CMV-encoded G protein-coupled receptors M33 and US28 play pleiotropic roles in immune evasion and alter host T cell responses. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1047299. [PMID: 36569845 PMCID: PMC9768342 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1047299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2022] [Accepted: 11/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is a global health threat due to its ubiquity and lifelong persistence in infected people. During latency, host CD8+ T cell responses to HCMV continue to increase in a phenomenon known as memory inflation. We used murine CMV (MCMV) as a model for HCMV to characterize the memory inflation response to wild-type MCMV (KP) and a latency-defective mutant (ΔM33stop), which lacks M33, an MCMV chemokine receptor homolog. M33 is essential for normal reactivation from latency and this was leveraged to determine whether reactivation in vivo contributes to T cell memory inflation. Methods Mice were infected with wild-type or mutant MCMV and T cell responses were analyzed by flow cytometry at acute and latent time points. Ex vivo reactivation and cytotoxicity assays were carried out to further investigate immunity and virus replication. Quantitative reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (q-RTPCR) was used to examine gene expression during reactivation. MHC expression on infected cells was analyzed by flow cytometry. Finally, T cells were depleted from latently-infected B cell-deficient mice to examine the in vivo difference in reactivation between wild-type and ΔM33stop. Results We found that ΔM33stop triggers memory inflation specific for peptides derived from the immediate-early protein IE1 but not the early protein m164, in contrast to wild-type MCMV. During ex vivo reactivation, gene expression in DM33stop-infected lung tissues was delayed compared to wild-type virus. Normal gene expression was partially rescued by substitution of the HCMV US28 open reading frame in place of the M33 gene. In vivo depletion of T cells in immunoglobulin heavy chain-knockout mice resulted in reactivation of wild-type MCMV, but not ΔM33stop, confirming the role of M33 during reactivation from latency. Further, we found that M33 induces isotype-specific downregulation of MHC class I on the cell surface suggesting previously unappreciated roles in immune evasion. Discussion Our results indicate that M33 is more polyfunctional than previously appreciated. In addition to its role in reactivation, which had been previously described, we found that M33 alters viral gene expression, host T cell memory inflation, and MHC class I expression. US28 was able to partially complement most functions of M33, suggesting that its role in HCMV infection may be similarly pleotropic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy M. White
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, United States
| | - Cassandra M. Bonavita
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, United States
| | - Brent A. Stanfield
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, United States
| | - Helen E. Farrell
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | | | - Rhonda D. Cardin
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, United States,*Correspondence: Rhonda D. Cardin,
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Frejborg F, Kalke K, Hukkanen V. Current landscape in antiviral drug development against herpes simplex virus infections. SMART MEDICINE 2022; 1:e20220004. [PMID: 39188739 PMCID: PMC11235903 DOI: 10.1002/smmd.20220004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2022] [Accepted: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 08/28/2024]
Abstract
Herpes simplex viruses (HSV) are common human pathogens with a combined global seroprevalence of 90% in the adult population. HSV-1 causes orofacial herpes but can cause severe diseases, such as the potentially fatal herpes encephalitis and herpes keratitis, a prevalent cause of infectious blindness. The hallmark of HSV is lifelong latent infections and viral reactivations, leading to recurrent lesions or asymptomatic shedding. HSV-1 and HSV-2 can cause recurrent, painful, and socially limiting genital lesions, which predispose to human immunodeficiency virus infections, and can lead to neonatal herpes infections, a life-threatening condition for the newborn. Despite massive efforts, there is no vaccine against HSV, as both viruses share the capability to evade the antiviral defenses of human and to establish lifelong latency. Recurrent and primary HSV infections are treated with nucleoside analogs, but the treatments do not completely eliminate viral shedding and transmission. Drug-resistant HSV strains can emerge in relation to long-term prophylactic treatment. Such strains are likely to be resistant to other chemotherapies, justifying the development of novel antiviral treatments. The importance of developing new therapies against HSV has been recognized by the World Health Organization. In this review, we discuss the current approaches for developing novel antiviral therapies against HSV, such as small molecule inhibitors, biopharmaceuticals, natural products, gene editing, and oligonucleotide-based therapies. These approaches may have potential in the future to answer the unmet medical need. Furthermore, novel approaches are presented for potential eradication of latent HSV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fanny Frejborg
- Pharmaceutical Sciences LaboratoryFaculty of Science and EngineeringÅbo Akademi UniversityTurkuFinland
- Institute of BiomedicineFaculty of MedicineUniversity of TurkuTurkuFinland
| | - Kiira Kalke
- Institute of BiomedicineFaculty of MedicineUniversity of TurkuTurkuFinland
| | - Veijo Hukkanen
- Institute of BiomedicineFaculty of MedicineUniversity of TurkuTurkuFinland
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Functional Implications of Epstein-Barr Virus Lytic Genes in Carcinogenesis. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14235780. [PMID: 36497262 PMCID: PMC9740547 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14235780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Revised: 11/19/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is associated with a diverse range of tumors of both lymphoid and epithelial origin. Similar to other herpesviruses, EBV displays a bipartite life cycle consisting of latent and lytic phases. Current dogma indicates that the latent genes are key drivers in the pathogenesis of EBV-associated cancers, while the lytic genes are primarily responsible for viral transmission. In recent years, evidence has emerged to show that the EBV lytic phase also plays an important role in EBV tumorigenesis, and the expression of EBV lytic genes is frequently detected in tumor tissues and cell lines. The advent of next generation sequencing has allowed the comprehensive profiling of EBV gene expression, and this has revealed the consistent expression of several lytic genes across various types of EBV-associated cancers. In this review, we provide an overview of the functional implications of EBV lytic gene expression to the oncogenic process and discuss possible avenues for future investigations.
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Immediate Early Proteins of Herpes Simplex Virus Transiently Repress Viral Transcription before Subsequent Activation. J Virol 2022; 96:e0141622. [PMID: 36300939 PMCID: PMC9683018 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01416-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
HSV-1 transcription during productive replication is believed to comprise a series of activation steps leading to a specific sequence of gene expression. Here, we show that virion components and IE gene products ICP0, ICP4, and ICP22 first repress viral gene transcription to various degrees before subsequently activating specific gene subsets.
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Wouk J, Celestino GG, Rodrigues BCD, Malfatti CRM, Cunha MAA, Orsato A, Barbosa-Dekker AM, Dekker RFH, Lonni AASG, Reis Tavares E, Faccin-Galhardi LC. Sulfonated (1 → 6)-β-d-Glucan (Lasiodiplodan): A Promising Candidate against the Acyclovir-Resistant Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 (HSV-1) Strain. Biomacromolecules 2022; 23:4041-4052. [PMID: 36173245 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.2c00156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) is a persistent human pathogen, and the emergence of strains resistant to Acyclovir (ACV, reference drug) shows the urgency to develop new treatments. We report the antiherpetic mechanism of the action of lasiodiplodan (LAS-N, (1 → 6)-β-d-glucan) and its sulfonated derivative (LAS-S3) in vitro and in vivo. LAS-S3 showed anti-HSV-1 action with high selectivity indices for HSV-1 KOS (88.1) and AR (189.2), sensitive and resistant to ACV, respectively. LAS-S3 inhibited >80% of HSV-1 infection in different treatment protocols (virucidal, adsorption inhibition, and post-adsorption effects), even at low doses, and showed a preventive effect and DNA and protein synthesis inhibition. The antiherpetic effect was confirmed in vivo by the cosmetic LAS-S3-CRÈME decreasing cutaneous lesions of HSV-1, including the AR strain. LAS-S3 possessed a broad-spectrum mechanism of action acting in the early and post-adsorption stages of HSV-1 infection, and LAS-S3-CRÈME is a potential antiherpetic candidate for patients infected by HSV-1-resistant strains.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Carlos R M Malfatti
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas (PPGCF), Campus CEDETEG, Universidade Estadual do Centro-Oeste (UNICENTRO), Guarapuava 85040-167, Brazil
| | - Mário A A Cunha
- Departamento de Química, Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná (UTFPR), Pato Branco 85503-390, Brazil
| | | | - Aneli M Barbosa-Dekker
- β-Glucan Produtos Farmoquímicos EIRELI, Lote 24A, Bloco Zircônia, Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná, 731 Avenida João Miguel Caram, Londrina 86036-700, Brazil
| | - Robert F H Dekker
- β-Glucan Produtos Farmoquímicos EIRELI, Lote 24A, Bloco Zircônia, Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná, 731 Avenida João Miguel Caram, Londrina 86036-700, Brazil
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Wei W, Bai L, Yan B, Meng W, Wang H, Zhai J, Si F, Zheng C. When liquid-liquid phase separation meets viral infections. Front Immunol 2022; 13:985622. [PMID: 36016945 PMCID: PMC9395683 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.985622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Eukaryotic cells have both membranous and membraneless organelles. While the formation mechanism of membranous organelles is well understood, the formation mechanism of membraneless organelles remains unknown. Many biomolecules in the cytoplasm transition from the liquid phase to the agglutinated phase are known as liquid-liquid phase separation (LLPS). The biomolecular agglomerates’ physical properties enable them to function as dynamic compartments that respond to external pressures and stimuli. Scientists have gradually recognized the importance of phase separation during viral infections. LLPS provides a powerful new framework for understanding the viral life cycle from viral replication to evasion of host immune surveillance. As a result, this review focuses on the progress of LLPS research in viral infection and immune regulation to provide clues for antiviral therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenqiang Wei
- Kaifeng Key Laboratory of Infection and Biological Safety, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Lu Bai
- Kaifeng Key Laboratory of Infection and Biological Safety, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Bing Yan
- Kaifeng Key Laboratory of Infection and Biological Safety, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Weiquan Meng
- Kaifeng Key Laboratory of Infection and Biological Safety, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Hongju Wang
- Kaifeng Key Laboratory of Infection and Biological Safety, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Jingbo Zhai
- Medical College, Inner Mongolia Minzu University, Tongliao, China
- Key Laboratory of Zoonose Prevention and Control at Universities of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, Tongliao, China
| | - Fusheng Si
- Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genetics and Breeding, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Breeding Pig, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Chunfu Zheng, ; Fusheng Si,
| | - Chunfu Zheng
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
- *Correspondence: Chunfu Zheng, ; Fusheng Si,
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The Nuclear DNA Sensor IFI16 Indiscriminately Binds to and Diminishes Accessibility of the HSV-1 Genome to Suppress Infection. mSystems 2022; 7:e0019822. [PMID: 35575489 PMCID: PMC9239196 DOI: 10.1128/msystems.00198-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Human cells identify invading pathogens and activate immune signaling pathways through a wide array of pattern recognition receptors, including DNA sensors. The interferon-inducible protein 16 (IFI16) is a nuclear DNA sensor that recognizes double-stranded DNA from a number of viral sources, including genomes of nuclear-replicating viruses. Among these is the prevalent human pathogen herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1). Upon binding to the HSV-1 DNA genome, IFI16 both induces antiviral cytokine expression and suppresses virus gene expression. Here, we used a multiomics approach of DNA sequencing techniques paired with targeted mass spectrometry to obtain an extensive view of the interaction between IFI16 and the HSV-1 genome and how this binding affects the viral DNA structure and protein expression. Through chromatin immunoaffinity purification coupled with next-generation DNA sequencing (ChIP-seq), we found that IFI16 binds to the HSV-1 genome in a sequence-independent manner while simultaneously exhibiting broad enrichment at two loci: UL30, the viral DNA polymerase gene, and US1 to US7. The assay for transposase-accessible chromatin with sequencing (ATAC-seq) revealed that these two regions are among the most accessible stretches of DNA on the genome, thereby facilitating IFI16 binding. Accessibility of the entire HSV-1 genome is elevated upon IFI16 knockout, indicating that expression of IFI16 globally induces chromatinization of viral DNA. Deletion of IFI16 also results in a global increase in the expression of HSV-1 proteins, as measured by parallel reaction monitoring-mass spectrometry of viral proteins representing 80% of the HSV-1 genome. Altogether, we demonstrate that IFI16 interacts with the HSV-1 genome in a sequence-independent manner, coordinating epigenetic silencing of the viral genome and decreasing protein expression and virus replication. IMPORTANCE Mammalian host defense against viral infection includes broad-acting cellular restriction factors, as well as effectors of intrinsic and innate immunity. IFI16 is a critical nuclear host defense factor and intrinsic immune protein involved in binding viral DNA genomes, thereby repressing the replication of nucleus-replicating viruses, including the human herpes simplex virus 1. What has remained unclear is where on the viral genome IFI16 binds and how binding affects both viral DNA structural accessibility and viral protein expression. Our study provides a global view of where and how a nuclear restriction factor of DNA viruses associates with viral genomes to exert antiviral functions during early stages of an acute virus infection. Our study can additionally serve as a systems-level model to evaluate nuclear DNA sensor interactions with viral genomes, as well as the antiviral outcomes of transcriptionally silencing pathogen-derived DNA.
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Dochnal S, Merchant HY, Schinlever AR, Babnis A, Depledge DP, Wilson AC, Cliffe AR. DLK-Dependent Biphasic Reactivation of Herpes Simplex Virus Latency Established in the Absence of Antivirals. J Virol 2022; 96:e0050822. [PMID: 35608347 PMCID: PMC9215246 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00508-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 04/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Understanding the molecular mechanisms of herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) latent infection and reactivation in neurons requires the use of in vitro model systems. Establishing a quiescent infection in cultured neurons is problematic, as any infectious virus released can superinfect the cultures. Previous studies have used the viral DNA replication inhibitor acyclovir to prevent superinfection and promote latency establishment. Data from these previous models have shown that reactivation is biphasic, with an initial phase I expression of all classes of lytic genes, which occurs independently of histone demethylase activity and viral DNA replication but is dependent on the cell stress protein DLK. Here, we describe a new model system using HSV-1 Stayput-GFP, a reporter virus that is defective for cell-to-cell spread and establishes latent infections without the need for acyclovir. The establishment of a latent state requires a longer time frame than previous models using DNA replication inhibitors. This results in a decreased ability of the virus to reactivate using established inducers, and as such, a combination of reactivation triggers is required. Using this system, we demonstrate that biphasic reactivation occurs even when latency is established in the absence of acyclovir. Importantly, phase I lytic gene expression still occurs in a histone demethylase and viral DNA replication-independent manner and requires DLK activity. These data demonstrate that the two waves of viral gene expression following HSV-1 reactivation are independent of secondary infection and not unique to systems that require acyclovir to promote latency establishment. IMPORTANCE Herpes simplex virus-1 (HSV-1) enters a latent infection in neurons and periodically reactivates. Reactivation manifests as a variety of clinical symptoms. Studying latency and reactivation in vitro is invaluable, allowing the molecular mechanisms behind both processes to be targeted by therapeutics that reduce the clinical consequences. Here, we describe a novel in vitro model system using a cell-to-cell spread-defective HSV-1, known as Stayput-GFP, which allows for the study of latency and reactivation at the single neuron level. We anticipate this new model system will be an incredibly valuable tool for studying the establishment and reactivation of HSV-1 latent infection in vitro. Using this model, we find that initial reactivation events are dependent on cellular stress kinase DLK but independent of histone demethylase activity and viral DNA replication. Our data therefore further validate the essential role of DLK in mediating a wave of lytic gene expression unique to reactivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Dochnal
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Husain Y. Merchant
- Department of Microbiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Austin R. Schinlever
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Aleksandra Babnis
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Daniel P. Depledge
- Department of Microbiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Angus C. Wilson
- Department of Microbiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Anna R. Cliffe
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph R. Heath
- Department of Biological Sciences, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Jill A. Dembowski
- Department of Biological Sciences, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Wijesekera N, Hazell N, Jones C. Independent Cis-Regulatory Modules within the Herpes Simplex Virus 1 Infected Cell Protein 0 (ICP0) Promoter Are Transactivated by Krüppel-like Factor 15 and Glucocorticoid Receptor. Viruses 2022; 14:v14061284. [PMID: 35746756 PMCID: PMC9228413 DOI: 10.3390/v14061284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2022] [Revised: 05/11/2022] [Accepted: 06/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
A corticosteroid antagonist impairs Herpes Simplex Virus 1 (HSV-1) productive infection and explant-induced reactivation from latency, suggesting corticosteroids and the glucocorticoid receptor (GR) mediate certain aspects of these complex virus-host interactions. GR-hormone complexes regulate transcription positively and negatively, in part, by binding GR response elements (GREs). Recent studies revealed infected cell protein 0 (ICP0), ICP4, and ICP27 promoter/cis-regulatory modules (CRMs) are cooperatively transactivated by GR and Krüppel-like factor 15 (KLF15), which forms a feed-forward transcription loop. We hypothesized the ICP0 promoter contains independent CRMs that are transactivated by GR, KLF15, and the synthetic corticosteroid dexamethasone (DEX). This hypothesis is based on the finding that the ICP0 promoter contains multiple transcription factor binding sites, and GR and KLF15 cooperatively transactivate the full-length ICP0 promoter. ICP0 promoter sequences spanning -800 to -635 (fragment A) were efficiently transactivated by GR, KLF15, and DEX in monkey kidney cells (Vero), whereas GR and DEX significantly enhanced promoter activity in mouse neuroblastoma cells (Neuro-2A). Furthermore, ICP0 fragment B (-458 to -635) was efficiently transactivated by GR, KLF15, and DEX in Vero cells, but not Neuro-2A cells. Finally, fragment D (-232 to -24) was transactivated significantly in Vero cells by GR, KLF15, and DEX, whereas KLF15 and DEX were sufficient for transactivation in Neuro-2A cells. Collectively, these studies revealed efficient transactivation of three independent CRMs within the ICP0 promoter by GR, KLF15, and/or DEX. Finally, GC-rich sequences containing specificity protein 1 (Sp1) binding sites were essential for transactivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nishani Wijesekera
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Oklahoma State University, 208 N McFarland Street, RM 250 McElroy Hall, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA;
| | - Nicholas Hazell
- Experimental Pathology Program, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd, Galveston, TX 77555, USA;
| | - Clinton Jones
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Oklahoma State University, 208 N McFarland Street, RM 250 McElroy Hall, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-405-744-1842
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Lytic Replication and Reactivation from B Cells Is Not Required for Establishing or Maintaining Gammaherpesvirus Latency In Vivo. J Virol 2022; 96:e0069022. [PMID: 35647668 PMCID: PMC9215232 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00690-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Gammaherpesviruses (GHVs) are lymphotropic tumor viruses with a biphasic infectious cycle. Lytic replication at the primary site of infection is necessary for GHVs to spread throughout the host and establish latency in distal sites. Dissemination is mediated by infected B cells that traffic hematogenously from draining lymph nodes to peripheral lymphoid organs, such as the spleen. B cells serve as the major reservoir for viral latency, and it is hypothesized that periodic reactivation from latently infected B cells contributes to maintaining long-term chronic infection. While fundamentally important to an understanding of GHV biology, aspects of B cell infection in latency establishment and maintenance are incompletely defined, especially roles for lytic replication and reactivation in this cell type. To address this knowledge gap and overcome limitations of replication-defective viruses, we generated a recombinant murine gammaherpesvirus 68 (MHV68) in which ORF50, the gene that encodes the essential immediate-early replication and transcription activator protein (RTA), was flanked by loxP sites to enable conditional ablation of lytic replication by ORF50 deletion in cells that express Cre recombinase. Following infection of mice that encode Cre in B cells with this virus, splenomegaly and viral reactivation from splenocytes were significantly reduced; however, the number of latently infected splenocytes was equivalent to WT MHV68. Despite ORF50 deletion, MHV68 latency was maintained over time in spleens of mice at levels approximating WT, reactivation-competent MHV68. Treatment of infected mice with lipopolysaccharide (LPS), which promotes B cell activation and MHV68 reactivation ex vivo, yielded equivalent increases in the number of latently infected cells for both ORF50-deleted and WT MHV68, even when mice were simultaneously treated with the antiviral drug cidofovir to prevent reactivation. Together, these data demonstrate that productive viral replication in B cells is not required for MHV68 latency establishment and support the hypothesis that B cell proliferation facilitates latency maintenance in vivo in the absence of reactivation. IMPORTANCE Gammaherpesviruses establish lifelong chronic infections in cells of the immune system and place infected hosts at risk for developing lymphomas and other diseases. It is hypothesized that gammaherpesviruses must initiate acute infection in these cells to establish and maintain long-term infection, but this has not been directly tested. We report here the use of a viral genetic system that allows for cell-type-specific deletion of a viral gene that is essential for replication and reactivation. We employ this system in an in vivo model to reveal that viral replication is not required to initiate or maintain infection within B cells.
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Pan X, Zhang Y, Zhao Y, Yao S, Guan C, Wang L, Chen L. Inhibitory activity and mechanism of silver nanoparticles against herpes simplex virus type 1. Arch Virol 2022; 167:1619-1636. [PMID: 35648293 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-022-05467-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) is a common pathogen that infects 50-90% of the world's population and causes a variety of diseases, some of which can be life-threatening. Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) have been shown to have broad-spectrum antiviral activity. In this study, we investigated the activity of AgNPs against HSV-1 and found that AgNPs effectively inhibited plaque formation and HSV-1 progeny production, reduced the genomic load, and interfered with HSV-1 mRNA expression and protein synthesis. Transmission electron microscopy showed that AgNPs interacted with HSV-1 and altered the shape of the viral particles. Furthermore, AgNPs affected the entry of HSV-1 into cells as well as their release and cell-to-cell spread. AgNPs were also found to downregulate the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines upon HSV-1 infection. Combined treatment with AgNPs and acyclovir (ACV) confirmed that AgNPs significantly enhanced the inhibitory effect of ACV against HSV-1. Our findings may contribute to an understanding of the mechanism of the antiviral effect of AgNPs against HSV-1 and help to provide a theoretical basis for their clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuanhe Pan
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Liuzhou People's Hospital, Liuzhou, Guangxi, China
| | - Yapeng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Diagnostic Medicine Designated by the Ministry of Education, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yiming Zhao
- Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Central South University, No. 172, Tongzipo road, Yuelu District, Changsha, 410013, Hunan, China
| | - Siqi Yao
- Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Central South University, No. 172, Tongzipo road, Yuelu District, Changsha, 410013, Hunan, China
| | - Chaxiang Guan
- Department of Physiology, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, 410078, Hunan, China
| | - Linqian Wang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, the Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Hunan Cancer Hospital, Central South University, No. 283, Tongzipo Road, Yuelu District, Changsha, 410013, Hunan, China.
| | - Liyu Chen
- Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Central South University, No. 172, Tongzipo road, Yuelu District, Changsha, 410013, Hunan, China.
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Mouse Mx1 Inhibits Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 Genomic Replication and Late Gene Expression In Vitro and Prevents Lesion Formation in the Mouse Zosteriform Model. J Virol 2022; 96:e0041922. [PMID: 35638820 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00419-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Myxovirus resistance (Mx) proteins are dynamin-like GTPases that are inducible by interferons (IFNs) following virus infections. Most studies investigating Mx proteins have focused on their activity against influenza A viruses (IAV), although emerging evidence suggests that some Mx proteins may exhibit broader antiviral activity. Herein, we demonstrate that in addition to IAV, overexpression of mouse Mx1 (mMx1), but not mMx2, resulted in potent inhibition of growth of the human alphaherpesviruses herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) and HSV-2, whereas neither inhibited the mouse betaherpesvirus murine cytomegalovirus (MCMV) in vitro. IFN induction of a functional endogenous mMx1 in primary mouse fibroblasts ex vivo was also associated with inhibition of HSV-1 growth. Using an in vitro overexpression approach, we demonstrate that mutations that result in redistribution of mMx1 from the nucleus to the cytoplasm or in loss of its combined GTP binding and GTPase activity also abrogated its ability to inhibit HSV-1 growth. Overexpressed mMx1 did not inhibit early HSV-1 gene expression but was shown to inhibit both replication of the HSV-1 genome as well as subsequent late gene expression. In a mouse model of cutaneous HSV-1 infection, mice expressing a functional endogenous mMx1 showed significant reductions in the severity of skin lesions as well as reduced HSV-1 titers in both the skin and dorsal root ganglia (DRG). Together, these data demonstrate that mMx1 mediates potent antiviral activity against human alphaherpesviruses by blocking replication of the viral genome and subsequent steps in virus replication. Moreover, endogenous mMx1 potently inhibited pathogenesis in the zosteriform mouse model of HSV-1 infection. IMPORTANCE While a number of studies have demonstrated that human Mx proteins can inhibit particular herpesviruses in vitro, we are the first to report the antiviral activity of mouse Mx1 (mMx1) against alphaherpesviruses both in vitro and in vivo. We demonstrate that both overexpressed mMx1 and endogenous mMx1 potently restrict HSV-1 growth in vitro. mMx1-mediated inhibition of HSV-1 was not associated with inhibition of virus entry and/or import of the viral genome into the nucleus, but rather with inhibition of HSV-1 genomic replication as well as subsequent late gene expression. Therefore, inhibition of human alphaherpesviruses by mMx1 occurs by a mechanism that is distinct from that reported for human Mx proteins against herpesviruses. Importantly, we also provide evidence that expression of a functional endogenous mMx1 can limit HSV-1 pathogenesis in a mouse model of infection.
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Guo H, Koehler HS, Dix RD, Mocarski ES. Programmed Cell Death-Dependent Host Defense in Ocular Herpes Simplex Virus Infection. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:869064. [PMID: 35464953 PMCID: PMC9023794 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.869064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV1) remains one of the most ubiquitous human pathogens on earth. The classical presentation of HSV1 infection occurs as a recurrent lesions of the oral mucosa commonly refer to as the common cold sore. However, HSV1 also is responsible for a range of ocular diseases in immunocompetent persons that are of medical importance, causing vision loss that may result in blindness. These include a recurrent corneal disease, herpes stromal keratitis, and a retinal disease, acute retinal necrosis, for which clinically relevant animal models exist. Diverse host immune mechanisms mediate control over herpesviruses, sustaining lifelong latency in neurons. Programmed cell death (PCD) pathways including apoptosis, necroptosis, and pyroptosis serve as an innate immune mechanism that eliminates virus-infected cells and regulates infection-associated inflammation during virus invasion. These different types of cell death operate under distinct regulatory mechanisms but all server to curtail virus infection. Herpesviruses, including HSV1, have evolved numerous cell death evasion strategies that restrict the hosts ability to control PCD to subvert clearance of infection and modulate inflammation. In this review, we discuss the key studies that have contributed to our current knowledge of cell death pathways manipulated by HSV1 and relate the contributions of cell death to infection and potential ocular disease outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongyan Guo
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center Shreveport, Shreveport, LA, United States
| | - Heather S. Koehler
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States
- School of Molecular Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Biotechnology Life Sciences, Pullman, WA, United States
| | - Richard D. Dix
- Viral Immunology Center, Department of Biology, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, United States
- Department of Ophthalmology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Edward S. Mocarski
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States
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Abstract
To determine the role of ICP22 in transcription, we performed precise nuclear run-on followed by deep sequencing (PRO-seq) and global nuclear run-on with sequencing (GRO-seq) in cells infected with a viral mutant lacking the entire ICP22-encoding α22 (US1/US1.5) gene and a virus derived from this mutant bearing a restored α22 gene. At 3 h postinfection (hpi), the lack of ICP22 reduced RNA polymerase (Pol) promoter proximal pausing (PPP) on the immediate early α4, α0, and α27 genes. Diminished PPP at these sites accompanied increased Pol processivity across the entire herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) genome in GRO-seq assays, resulting in substantial increases in antisense and intergenic transcription. The diminished PPP on α gene promoters at 3 hpi was distinguishable from effects caused by treatment with a viral DNA polymerase inhibitor at this time. The ICP22 mutant had multiple defects at 6 hpi, including lower viral DNA replication, reduced Pol activity on viral genes, and increased Pol activity on cellular genes. The lack of ICP22 also increased PPP release from most cellular genes, while a minority of cellular genes exhibited decreased PPP release. Taken together, these data indicate that ICP22 acts to negatively regulate transcriptional elongation on viral genes in part to limit antisense and intergenic transcription on the highly compact viral genome. This regulatory function directly or indirectly helps to retain Pol activity on the viral genome later in infection. IMPORTANCE The longstanding observation that ICP22 reduces RNA polymerase II (Pol II) serine 2 phosphorylation, which initiates transcriptional elongation, is puzzling because this phosphorylation is essential for viral replication. The current study helps explain this apparent paradox because it demonstrates significant advantages in negatively regulating transcriptional elongation, including the reduction of antisense and intergenic transcription. Delays in elongation would be expected to facilitate the ordered assembly and functions of transcriptional initiation, elongation, and termination complexes. Such limiting functions are likely to be important in herpesvirus genomes that are otherwise highly transcriptionally active and compact, comprising mostly short, intronless genes near neighboring genes of opposite sense and containing numerous 3'-nested sets of genes that share transcriptional termination signals but differ at transcriptional start sites on the same template strand.
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Gao W, Zhao L, Zheng Y, Wu K, Xu F, Wang H, Lu L, Jiang Y. Generation and application of a monoclonal antibody specific for the ORF121 of cyprinid herpesvirus 2. JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2022; 45:387-394. [PMID: 34871462 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.13566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2021] [Revised: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Cyprinid herpesvirus 2 (CyHV-2) is a viral pathogen worldwide and causing high mortality on goldfish and silver crucian carp (Carassius auratus gibelio). In order to establish a stable and sensitive immunological diagnostic approach, the recombinant ORF121 protein encoded by the CyHV-2 ORF121 gene, was selected as a capture antigen to identify cells and tissues infected with CyHV-2 by immunological methods in this study. Firstly, the open reading frame of CyHV-2 ORF121 was cloned into the PGEX-4T-3 vector and expressed in Escherichia coli. Purified recombinant ORF121 protein was then used as an antigen to prepare monoclonal antibodies, and an efficient hybridoma cell line was selected by dot-blot assay. The resulting mAb-3D9 was applied to detect CyHV-2 in infected caudal fin of Carassius auratus gibelio (GiCF) cells and fish tissues by western blotting, immunofluorescence assays and immunohistological asays. The monoclonal antibody could specifically identify CyHV-2 in infected GiCF cells and the gills, the kidney and the spleen tissues, and it could attenuate CPE by CyHV-2 in vitro, suggesting it can be applied for CyHV-2 detection in the crucian carp and ORF121 may be a candidate vaccine against CyHV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wa Gao
- National Pathogen Collection Center for Aquatic Animals, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Aquaculture, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lupin Zhao
- National Pathogen Collection Center for Aquatic Animals, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Aquaculture, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yihua Zheng
- National Pathogen Collection Center for Aquatic Animals, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Aquaculture, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| | - Kaixuan Wu
- National Pathogen Collection Center for Aquatic Animals, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Aquaculture, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| | - Feiyang Xu
- National Pathogen Collection Center for Aquatic Animals, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Aquaculture, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hao Wang
- National Pathogen Collection Center for Aquatic Animals, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Aquaculture, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| | - Liqun Lu
- National Pathogen Collection Center for Aquatic Animals, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Aquaculture, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yousheng Jiang
- National Pathogen Collection Center for Aquatic Animals, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Aquaculture, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
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46
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Manipulation of RNA polymerase III by Herpes Simplex Virus-1. Nat Commun 2022; 13:623. [PMID: 35110532 PMCID: PMC8810925 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-28144-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2021] [Accepted: 01/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
RNA polymerase III (Pol III) transcribes noncoding RNA, including transfer RNA (tRNA), and is commonly targeted during cancer and viral infection. We find that Herpes Simplex Virus-1 (HSV-1) stimulates tRNA expression 10-fold. Perturbation of host tRNA synthesis requires nuclear viral entry, but not synthesis of specific viral transcripts. tRNA with a specific codon bias were not targeted—rather increased transcription was observed from euchromatic, actively transcribed loci. tRNA upregulation is linked to unique crosstalk between the Pol II and III transcriptional machinery. While viral infection results in depletion of Pol II on host mRNA promoters, we find that Pol II binding to tRNA loci increases. Finally, we report Pol III and associated factors bind the viral genome, which suggests a previously unrecognized role in HSV-1 gene expression. These findings provide insight into mechanisms by which HSV-1 alters the host nuclear environment, shifting key processes in favor of the pathogen. RNA Polymerase III (Pol III) transcribes non-coding RNA, including tRNAs. Applying different RNA-Seq techniques, Dremel et al. provide the Pol III transcriptional landscape of Herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) infected cells. Infection leads to an increase in tRNA expression from host euchromatin and Pol II re-localization to tRNA loci. They also find that Pol III – associated factors bind to the viral genome.
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47
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He Q, Wu Y, Wang M, Chen S, Jia R, Yang Q, Zhu D, Liu M, Zhao X, Zhang S, Huang J, Ou X, Mao S, Gao Q, Sun D, Tian B, Cheng A. ICP22/IE63 Mediated Transcriptional Regulation and Immune Evasion: Two Important Survival Strategies for Alphaherpesviruses. Front Immunol 2021; 12:743466. [PMID: 34925320 PMCID: PMC8674840 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.743466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In the process of infecting the host, alphaherpesviruses have derived a series of adaptation and survival strategies, such as latent infection, autophagy and immune evasion, to survive in the host environment. Infected cell protein 22 (ICP22) or its homologue immediate early protein 63 (IE63) is a posttranslationally modified multifunctional viral regulatory protein encoded by all alphaherpesviruses. In addition to playing an important role in the efficient use of host cell RNA polymerase II, it also plays an important role in the defense process of the virus overcoming the host immune system. These two effects of ICP22/IE63 are important survival strategies for alphaherpesviruses. In this review, we summarize the complex mechanism by which the ICP22 protein regulates the transcription of alphaherpesviruses and their host genes and the mechanism by which ICP22/IE63 participates in immune escape. Reviewing these mechanisms will also help us understand the pathogenesis of alphaherpesvirus infections and provide new strategies to combat these viral infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing He
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine of Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ying Wu
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine of Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Mingshu Wang
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine of Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Shun Chen
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine of Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Renyong Jia
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine of Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Qiao Yang
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine of Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Dekang Zhu
- Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine of Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Mafeng Liu
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine of Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xinxin Zhao
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine of Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Shaqiu Zhang
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine of Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Juan Huang
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine of Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xumin Ou
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine of Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Sai Mao
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine of Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Qun Gao
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine of Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Di Sun
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine of Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Bin Tian
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine of Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Anchun Cheng
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine of Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
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48
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Packard JE, Dembowski JA. HSV-1 DNA Replication-Coordinated Regulation by Viral and Cellular Factors. Viruses 2021; 13:v13102015. [PMID: 34696446 PMCID: PMC8539067 DOI: 10.3390/v13102015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Revised: 10/02/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
DNA replication is an integral step in the herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) life cycle that is coordinated with the cellular DNA damage response, repair and recombination of the viral genome, and viral gene transcription. HSV-1 encodes its own DNA replication machinery, including an origin binding protein (UL9), single-stranded DNA binding protein (ICP8), DNA polymerase (UL30), processivity factor (UL42), and a helicase/primase complex (UL5/UL8/UL52). In addition, HSV-1 utilizes a combination of accessory viral and cellular factors to coordinate viral DNA replication with other viral and cellular processes. The purpose of this review is to outline the roles of viral and cellular proteins in HSV-1 DNA replication and replication-coupled processes, and to highlight how HSV-1 may modify and adapt cellular proteins to facilitate productive infection.
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49
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Greenan E, Gallagher S, Khalil R, Murphy CC, Ní Gabhann-Dromgoole J. Advancing Our Understanding of Corneal Herpes Simplex Virus-1 Immune Evasion Mechanisms and Future Therapeutics. Viruses 2021; 13:v13091856. [PMID: 34578437 PMCID: PMC8473450 DOI: 10.3390/v13091856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Revised: 09/10/2021] [Accepted: 09/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Herpes stromal keratitis (HSK) is a disease that commonly affects the cornea and external eye and is caused by Herpes Simplex Virus type 1 (HSV-1). This virus infects approximately 66% of people worldwide; however, only a small portion of these people will develop symptoms in their lifetime. There is no cure or vaccine available for HSV-1; however, there are treatments available that aim to control the inflammation caused by the virus and prevent its recurrence. While these treatments are beneficial to those suffering with HSK, there is a need for more effective treatments to minimise the need for topical steroids, which can have harmful effects, and to prevent bouts of disease reactivation, which can lead to progressive corneal scarring and visual impairment. This review details the current understanding of HSV-1 infection and discusses potential novel treatment options including microRNAs, TLRs, mAbs, and aptamers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Greenan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, D02 XK51 Dublin, Ireland; (E.G.); (C.C.M.)
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences (PBS), RSCI Research Institute, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, D02 XK51 Dublin, Ireland;
| | - Sophie Gallagher
- School of Biological and Health Sciences, Technological University (TU) Dublin, Kevin Street, D02 XK51 Dublin, Ireland;
| | - Rana Khalil
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences (PBS), RSCI Research Institute, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, D02 XK51 Dublin, Ireland;
| | - Conor C. Murphy
- Department of Ophthalmology, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, D02 XK51 Dublin, Ireland; (E.G.); (C.C.M.)
- Department of Ophthalmology, Royal Victoria Eye and Ear Hospital, D02 XK51 Dublin, Ireland
| | - Joan Ní Gabhann-Dromgoole
- Department of Ophthalmology, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, D02 XK51 Dublin, Ireland; (E.G.); (C.C.M.)
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences (PBS), RSCI Research Institute, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, D02 XK51 Dublin, Ireland;
- Correspondence:
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50
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Yong SJ, Yong MH, Teoh SL, Soga T, Parhar I, Chew J, Lim WL. The Hippocampal Vulnerability to Herpes Simplex Virus Type I Infection: Relevance to Alzheimer's Disease and Memory Impairment. Front Cell Neurosci 2021; 15:695738. [PMID: 34483839 PMCID: PMC8414573 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2021.695738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) as a possible infectious etiology in Alzheimer’s disease (AD) has been proposed since the 1980s. The accumulating research thus far continues to support the association and a possible causal role of HSV-1 in the development of AD. HSV-1 has been shown to induce neuropathological and behavioral changes of AD, such as amyloid-beta accumulation, tau hyperphosphorylation, as well as memory and learning impairments in experimental settings. However, a neuroanatomical standpoint of HSV-1 tropism in the brain has not been emphasized in detail. In this review, we propose that the hippocampal vulnerability to HSV-1 infection plays a part in the development of AD and amnestic mild cognitive impairment (aMCI). Henceforth, this review draws on human studies to bridge HSV-1 to hippocampal-related brain disorders, namely AD and aMCI/MCI. Next, experimental models and clinical observations supporting the neurotropism or predilection of HSV-1 to infect the hippocampus are examined. Following this, factors and mechanisms predisposing the hippocampus to HSV-1 infection are discussed. In brief, the hippocampus has high levels of viral cellular receptors, neural stem or progenitor cells (NSCs/NPCs), glucocorticoid receptors (GRs) and amyloid precursor protein (APP) that support HSV-1 infectivity, as well as inadequate antiviral immunity against HSV-1. Currently, the established diseases HSV-1 causes are mucocutaneous lesions and encephalitis; however, this review revises that HSV-1 may also induce and/or contribute to hippocampal-related brain disorders, especially AD and aMCI/MCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shin Jie Yong
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Medical and Life Sciences, Sunway University, Petaling Jaya, Malaysia
| | - Min Hooi Yong
- Department of Psychology, School of Medical and Life Sciences, Sunway University, Petaling Jaya, Malaysia.,Aging Health and Well-being Research Centre, School of Medical and Life Sciences, Sunway University, Petaling Jaya, Malaysia
| | - Seong Lin Teoh
- Department of Anatomy, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Tomoko Soga
- Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Brain Research Institute Monash Sunway, Monash University Malaysia, Subang Jaya, Malaysia
| | - Ishwar Parhar
- Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Brain Research Institute Monash Sunway, Monash University Malaysia, Subang Jaya, Malaysia
| | - Jactty Chew
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Medical and Life Sciences, Sunway University, Petaling Jaya, Malaysia
| | - Wei Ling Lim
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Medical and Life Sciences, Sunway University, Petaling Jaya, Malaysia.,Aging Health and Well-being Research Centre, School of Medical and Life Sciences, Sunway University, Petaling Jaya, Malaysia
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