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Deng T, Li K, Du L, Liang M, Qian L, Xue Q, Qiu S, Xu L, Zhang L, Gao X, Lan X, Li J, Gao H. Genome-Wide Gene-Environment Interaction Analysis Identifies Novel Candidate Variants for Growth Traits in Beef Cattle. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:1695. [PMID: 38891742 PMCID: PMC11171348 DOI: 10.3390/ani14111695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2024] [Revised: 05/24/2024] [Accepted: 05/30/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Complex traits are widely considered to be the result of a compound regulation of genes, environmental factors, and genotype-by-environment interaction (G × E). The inclusion of G × E in genome-wide association analyses is essential to understand animal environmental adaptations and improve the efficiency of breeding decisions. Here, we systematically investigated the G × E of growth traits (including weaning weight, yearling weight, 18-month body weight, and 24-month body weight) with environmental factors (farm and temperature) using genome-wide genotype-by-environment interaction association studies (GWEIS) with a dataset of 1350 cattle. We validated the robust estimator's effectiveness in GWEIS and detected 29 independent interacting SNPs with a significance threshold of 1.67 × 10-6, indicating that these SNPs, which do not show main effects in traditional genome-wide association studies (GWAS), may have non-additive effects across genotypes but are obliterated by environmental means. The gene-based analysis using MAGMA identified three genes that overlapped with the GEWIS results exhibiting G × E, namely SMAD2, PALMD, and MECOM. Further, the results of functional exploration in gene-set analysis revealed the bio-mechanisms of how cattle growth responds to environmental changes, such as mitotic or cytokinesis, fatty acid β-oxidation, neurotransmitter activity, gap junction, and keratan sulfate degradation. This study not only reveals novel genetic loci and underlying mechanisms influencing growth traits but also transforms our understanding of environmental adaptation in beef cattle, thereby paving the way for more targeted and efficient breeding strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianyu Deng
- Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; (T.D.); (K.L.); (L.D.); (M.L.); (L.Q.); (Q.X.); (S.Q.); (L.X.); (L.Z.); (X.G.)
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Agriculture, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Xianyang 712100, China;
| | - Keanning Li
- Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; (T.D.); (K.L.); (L.D.); (M.L.); (L.Q.); (Q.X.); (S.Q.); (L.X.); (L.Z.); (X.G.)
| | - Lili Du
- Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; (T.D.); (K.L.); (L.D.); (M.L.); (L.Q.); (Q.X.); (S.Q.); (L.X.); (L.Z.); (X.G.)
| | - Mang Liang
- Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; (T.D.); (K.L.); (L.D.); (M.L.); (L.Q.); (Q.X.); (S.Q.); (L.X.); (L.Z.); (X.G.)
| | - Li Qian
- Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; (T.D.); (K.L.); (L.D.); (M.L.); (L.Q.); (Q.X.); (S.Q.); (L.X.); (L.Z.); (X.G.)
| | - Qingqing Xue
- Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; (T.D.); (K.L.); (L.D.); (M.L.); (L.Q.); (Q.X.); (S.Q.); (L.X.); (L.Z.); (X.G.)
| | - Shiyuan Qiu
- Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; (T.D.); (K.L.); (L.D.); (M.L.); (L.Q.); (Q.X.); (S.Q.); (L.X.); (L.Z.); (X.G.)
| | - Lingyang Xu
- Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; (T.D.); (K.L.); (L.D.); (M.L.); (L.Q.); (Q.X.); (S.Q.); (L.X.); (L.Z.); (X.G.)
| | - Lupei Zhang
- Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; (T.D.); (K.L.); (L.D.); (M.L.); (L.Q.); (Q.X.); (S.Q.); (L.X.); (L.Z.); (X.G.)
| | - Xue Gao
- Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; (T.D.); (K.L.); (L.D.); (M.L.); (L.Q.); (Q.X.); (S.Q.); (L.X.); (L.Z.); (X.G.)
| | - Xianyong Lan
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Agriculture, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Xianyang 712100, China;
| | - Junya Li
- Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; (T.D.); (K.L.); (L.D.); (M.L.); (L.Q.); (Q.X.); (S.Q.); (L.X.); (L.Z.); (X.G.)
| | - Huijiang Gao
- Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; (T.D.); (K.L.); (L.D.); (M.L.); (L.Q.); (Q.X.); (S.Q.); (L.X.); (L.Z.); (X.G.)
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Jablonská E, Mrázková L, Kubásek J, Vojtěch D, Paulin I, Ruml T, Lipov J. Characterization of hFOB 1.19 Cell Line for Studying Zn-Based Degradable Metallic Biomaterials. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 17:915. [PMID: 38399166 PMCID: PMC10890055 DOI: 10.3390/ma17040915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2023] [Revised: 01/30/2024] [Accepted: 02/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024]
Abstract
In vitro testing is the first important step in the development of new biomaterials. The human fetal osteoblast cell line hFOB 1.19 is a very promising cell model; however, there are vast discrepancies in cultivation protocols, especially in the cultivation temperature and the presence of the selection reagent, geneticin (G418). We intended to use hFOB 1.19 for the testing of Zn-based degradable metallic materials. However, the sensitivity of hFOB 1.19 to zinc ions has not yet been studied. Therefore, we compared the toxicity of zinc towards hFOB 1.19 under different conditions and compared it with that of the L929 mouse fibroblast cell line. We also tested the cytotoxicity of three types of Zn-based biomaterials in two types of media. The presence of G418 used as a selection reagent decreased the sensitivity of hFOB 1.19 to Zn2+. hFOB 1.19 cell line was more sensitive to Zn2+ at elevated (restrictive) temperatures. hFOB 1.19 cell line was less sensitive to Zn2+ than L929 cell line (both as ZnCl2 and extracts of alloys). Therefore, the appropriate cultivation conditions of hFOB 1.19 during biomaterial testing should be chosen with caution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Jablonská
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague, Technická 5, 166 28 Prague 6, Czech Republic; (L.M.); (T.R.); (J.L.)
| | - Lucie Mrázková
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague, Technická 5, 166 28 Prague 6, Czech Republic; (L.M.); (T.R.); (J.L.)
| | - Jiří Kubásek
- Department of Metals and Corrosion Engineering, University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague, Technická 5, 166 28 Prague 6, Czech Republic; (J.K.); (D.V.)
| | - Dalibor Vojtěch
- Department of Metals and Corrosion Engineering, University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague, Technická 5, 166 28 Prague 6, Czech Republic; (J.K.); (D.V.)
| | - Irena Paulin
- Institute of Metals and Technology, Ljubljana, Lepi pot 11, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia;
| | - Tomáš Ruml
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague, Technická 5, 166 28 Prague 6, Czech Republic; (L.M.); (T.R.); (J.L.)
| | - Jan Lipov
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague, Technická 5, 166 28 Prague 6, Czech Republic; (L.M.); (T.R.); (J.L.)
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Vongsakulpaisarn P, Sangkhamanee SS, Rassameemasmaung S, Sritanaudomchai H. Effect of Periodontal Ligament Stem Cells-Derived Conditioned Medium on Gene Expression and Differentiation of Tumor Necrosis Factor-α-Challenged Osteoblasts. Eur J Dent 2024; 18:378-386. [PMID: 37562430 PMCID: PMC10959631 DOI: 10.1055/s-0043-1771337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/12/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) causes bone resorption in periodontitis. It induces the production of receptor activator of NF-κB ligand (RANKL) from osteoblasts, leading to the disturbance of bone homeostasis through RANKL, RANK, and osteoprotegerin (OPG) axis. This study aimed to explore the effect of periodontal ligament stem cells-derived conditioned medium (PDLSCs-CM) on gene expression related to bone homeostasis and the differentiation of TNF-α-challenged osteoblasts. MATERIALS AND METHODS Human osteoblasts were cultured with 50 ng/mL of TNF-α and 0, 1, 10, and 100 µg/ mL of PDLSCs-CM. Osteoblasts cultured without TNF-α and PDLSCs-CM were served as control. Gene expression of RANKL, OPG, and interleukin-1β (IL-1β) was evaluated by reverse transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction at 48 hours. The early-stage and late-stage differentiation of TNF-α-challenged osteoblasts without or with PDLSCs-CM was explored by alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity and alizarin red staining, respectively, at day 1, 3, 6, 9, and 12. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS Mann-Whitney U test was used to analyze the differences in gene expression of TNF-α-challenged osteoblasts at 24 and 48 hours, and Kruskal-Wallis test was used to analyze the effect of PDLSCs-CM on gene expression and ALP activity among all experimental groups using SPSS software version 21.0. Statistical significance was considered with p-value less than 0.05. RESULTS Expression of RANKL, OPG and IL-1β was significantly upregulated in TNF-α-challenged osteoblasts compared to the untreated control. The PDLSCs-CM at 1 and 10 μg/mL downregulated gene expression of TNF-α-challenged osteoblasts compared to the group without PDLSCs-CM, but the difference did not reach statistical significance. The ALP activity was decreased in TNF-α-challenged osteoblasts. The addition of PDLSCs-CM did not alter ALP activity of TNF-α-challenged osteoblasts. Alizarin red staining was comparable in the TNF-α-challenged osteoblasts cultured without or with PDLSCs-CM. CONCLUSIONS The PDLSCs-CM did not alter gene expression involved in bone homeostasis and differentiation of TNF-α-challenged osteoblasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Poranee Vongsakulpaisarn
- Department of Oral Medicine and Periodontology, Faculty of Dentistry, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | | | - Supanee Rassameemasmaung
- Department of Oral Medicine and Periodontology, Faculty of Dentistry, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
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Wee CY, Lim QRT, Xu X, Yang Z, Wang D, Thian ES. Characterization and in-vitro assessment of silicon-based apatite microspheres for bone tissue engineering applications. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater 2024; 112:e35349. [PMID: 38247239 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.b.35349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2023] [Revised: 10/15/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024]
Abstract
In the field of bone tissue engineering, silicon (Si) has been found as an essential element for bone growth. However, the use of silicon in bioceramics microspheres remains limited. In this work, different weight percentages (0.8, 1.6, and 2.4 wt %) of silicon was incorporated into hydroxyapatite and fabricated into microspheres. 2.4 wt % of Si incorporated into HAp microspheres (2.4 SiHAp) were found to enhance functional properties of the microspheres which resulted in improved cell viability of human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs), demonstrating rapid cell proliferation rates resulting in high cell density accumulated on the surface of the microspheres which in turn permitted better hMSCs differentiation into osteoblasts when validated by bone marker assays (Type I collagen, alkaline phosphatase, osteocalcin, and osteopontin) compared to apatite microspheres of lower wt % of Si incorporated and non-substituted HAp (2.4 SiHAp >1.6 SiHAp >0.8 SiHAp > HAp). SEM images displayed the densest cell population on 2.4 SiHAp surfaces with the greatest degree of cell stretching and bridging between neighboring microspheres. Incorporation of silicon into apatite microspheres was found to accelerate the rate and number of apatite nucleation sites formed when subjected to physiological conditions improving the interface between the microsphere scaffolds and bone forming cells, facilitating better adhesion and proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chien Yi Wee
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Quentin Ray Tjieh Lim
- Department of Material Science and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Xin Xu
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering of Hainan Province, School of Biomedical Engineering, Hainan University, Haikou, China
| | - Zhijie Yang
- Zhejiang Biocare Biotechnology Co. Ltd, Shaoxing, China
| | - Dong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering of Hainan Province, School of Biomedical Engineering, Hainan University, Haikou, China
| | - Eng San Thian
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
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Hoppock GA, Buettmann EG, Denisco JA, Goldscheitter GM, Condyles SN, Juhl OJ, Friedman MA, Zhang Y, Donahue HJ. Connexin 43 and cell culture substrate differentially regulate OCY454 osteocytic differentiation and signaling to primary bone cells. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2023; 325:C907-C920. [PMID: 37602413 PMCID: PMC10635658 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00220.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Revised: 08/10/2023] [Accepted: 08/12/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023]
Abstract
Connexin 43 (Cx43), the predominate gap junction protein in bone, is essential for intercellular communication and skeletal homeostasis. Previous work suggests that osteocyte-specific deletion of Cx43 leads to increased bone formation and resorption; however, the cell-autonomous role of osteocytic Cx43 in promoting increased bone remodeling is unknown. Recent studies using three-dimensional (3D) culture substrates in OCY454 cells suggest that 3D cultures may offer increased bone remodeling factor expression and secretion, such as sclerostin and receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB ligand (RANKL). In this study, we compared culturing OCY454 osteocytes on 3D Alvetex scaffolds with traditional 2D tissue culture, both with [wild-type (WT)] and without Cx43 (Cx43 KO). Conditioned media from OCY454 cell cultures were used to determine soluble signaling to differentiate primary bone marrow cells into osteoblasts and osteoclasts. OCY454 cells cultured on 3D portrayed a mature osteocytic phenotype, relative to cells on 2D, shown by increased osteocytic gene expression and reduced cell proliferation. In contrast, OCY454 differentiation based on these same markers was not affected by Cx43 deficiency in 3D. Interestingly, increased sclerostin secretion was found in 3D cultured WT cells compared with that of Cx43 KO cells. Conditioned media from Cx43 KO cells promoted increased osteoblastogenesis and osteoclastogenesis, with maximal effects from 3D cultured Cx43 KO cells. These results suggest that Cx43 deficiency promotes increased bone remodeling in a cell-autonomous manner with minimal changes in osteocyte differentiation. Finally, 3D cultures appear better suited to study mechanisms from Cx43-deficient OCY454 osteocytes in vitro due to their ability to promote osteocyte differentiation, limit proliferation, and increase bone remodeling factor secretion.NEW & NOTEWORTHY 3D cell culture of OCY454 cells promoted increased differentiation compared with traditional 2D culture. Although Cx43 deficiency did not affect OCY454 differentiation, it resulted in increased signaling, promoting osteoblastogenesis and osteoclastogenesis. Our results suggest that Cx43 deficiency promotes increased bone remodeling in a cell-autonomous manner with minimal changes in osteocyte differentiation. Also, 3D cultures appear better suited to study mechanisms in Cx43-deficient OCY454 osteocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel A Hoppock
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, United States
| | - Evan G Buettmann
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, United States
| | - Joseph A Denisco
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, United States
| | - Galen M Goldscheitter
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, United States
| | - Sebastian N Condyles
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, United States
| | - Otto J Juhl
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, United States
| | - Michael A Friedman
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, United States
| | - Yue Zhang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, United States
| | - Henry J Donahue
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, United States
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Hoppock GA, Buettmann EG, Denisco JA, Goldscheitter GM, Condyles SN, Juhl OJ, Friedman MA, Zhang Y, Donahue HJ. Connexin 43 and Cell Culture Substrate Differentially Regulate OCY454 Osteocytic Differentiation and Signaling to Primary Bone Cells. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.06.23.546276. [PMID: 37425674 PMCID: PMC10326966 DOI: 10.1101/2023.06.23.546276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/11/2023]
Abstract
Connexin 43 (Cx43), the predominate gap junction protein in bone, is essential for intercellular communication and skeletal homeostasis. Previous work suggests osteocyte-specific deletion of Cx43 leads to increased bone formation and resorption, however the cell-autonomous role of osteocytic Cx43 in promoting increased bone remodeling is unknown. Recent studies using 3D culture substrates in OCY454 cells suggest 3D cultures may offer increased bone remodeling factor expression and secretion, such as sclerostin and RANKL. In this study, we compared culturing OCY454 osteocytes on 3D Alvetex scaffolds to traditional 2D tissue culture, both with (WT) and without Cx43 (Cx43 KO). Conditioned media from OCY454 cell cultures was used to determine soluble signaling to differentiate primary bone marrow stromal cells into osteoblasts and osteoclasts. OCY454 cells cultured on 3D portrayed a mature osteocytic phenotype, relative to cells on 2D, shown by increased osteocytic gene expression and reduced cell proliferation. In contrast, OCY454 differentiation based on these same markers was not affected by Cx43 deficiency in 3D. Interestingly, increased sclerostin secretion was found in 3D cultured WT cells compared to Cx43 KO cells. Conditioned media from Cx43 KO cells promoted increased osteoblastogenesis and increased osteoclastogenesis, with maximal effects from 3D cultured Cx43 KO cells. These results suggest Cx43 deficiency promotes increased bone remodeling in a cell autonomous manner with minimal changes in osteocyte differentiation. Finally, 3D cultures appear better suited to study mechanisms from Cx43-deficient OCY454 osteocytes in vitro due to their ability to promote osteocyte differentiation, limit proliferation, and increase bone remodeling factor secretion. New and Noteworthy 3D cell culture of OCY454 cells promoted increased differentiation compared to traditional 2D culture. While Cx43 deficiency did not affect OCY454 differentiation, it resulted in increased signaling, promoting osteoblastogenesis and osteoclastogenesis. Our results suggest Cx43 deficiency promotes increased bone remodeling in a cell autonomous manner with minimal changes in osteocyte differentiation. Also, 3D cultures appear better suited to study mechanisms in Cx43-deficient OCY454 osteocytes.
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Hua R, Gu S, Jiang JX. Connexin 43 Hemichannels Regulate Osteoblast to Osteocyte Differentiation. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:892229. [PMID: 35693933 PMCID: PMC9184820 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.892229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 04/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Connexin 43 (Cx43) is the predominant connexin subtype expressed in osteocytes. Osteocytes, accounting for 90%–95% of total bone cells, function as orchestrators coordinating balanced activity between bone-resorbing osteoclasts and bone-forming osteoblasts. In this study, two newly developed osteocytic cell lines, OCY454 and IDG-SW3, were used to determine the role of Cx43 gap junctions and hemichannels (HCs) in the regulation of osteoblast to osteocyte differentiation. We found that the Cx43 level was substantially increased during the differentiation of IDG-SW3 cells and is also much higher than that of OCY454 cells. We knocked down Cx43 expression using the lentiviral CRISPR/Cas9 approach and inhibition of Cx43 HCs using Cx43 (E2) antibody in IDG-SW3 cells. Cx43 knockdown (KD) or Cx43 HC inhibition decreased gene expression for osteoblast and osteocyte markers, including alkaline phosphatase, type I collagen, dentin matrix protein 1, sclerostin, and fibroblast growth factor 23, whereas increasing the osteoclastogenesis indicator and the receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-B ligand (RANKL)/osteoprotegerin (OPG) ratio at early and late differentiation stages. Moreover, mineralization was remarkably attenuated in differentiated Cx43-deficient IDG-SW3 cells compared to ROSA26 control. The conditioned medium collected from fully differentiated IDG-SW3 cells with Cx43 KD promoted osteoclastogenesis of RAW264.7 osteoclast precursors. Our results demonstrated that Cx43 HCs play critical roles in osteoblast to osteocyte differentiation process and regulate osteoclast differentiation via secreted factors.
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Juhl OJ, Latifi SM, Donahue HJ. Effect of carbonated hydroxyapatite submicron particles size on osteoblastic differentiation. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater 2021; 109:1369-1379. [PMID: 33506619 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.b.34797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Revised: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 01/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Synthetic biomimetic carbonated hydroxyapatite (CHA) has shown significant promise in bone tissue engineering for its mechanical and chemical biocompatibility and osteogenic potential. Variations in the size of hydroxyapatite particles have also been shown to contribute to the hydroxyapatite's osteogenic success. However, synthesizing biomimetic CHA with optimal osteogenic properties using a simple synthesis methodology to make highly reproducible, biomimetic, and osteogenic CHA has not been evaluated fully. The objective of this study was to synthesize submicron CHA particles using a nanoemulsion method. We hypothesized that by varying the synthesis technique we could control particle size while still creating highly biomimetic CHA typically produced during nanoemulsion synthesis. Furthermore, we hypothesized that 500 nm CHA particles would induce greater osteoblastic differentiation compared to larger or smaller CHA particles. X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and dynamic light scattering were used to characterize the chemical composition, shape, and size of CHA synthesized through variations in pH, temperature and stirring speed during synthesis. Manipulation of pH showed the ability to selectively tailor CHA particle size from 200-900 nm in a reproducible manner while maintaining the chemical composition. In addition, 500 nm particles elicited the most rapid increase in osteoblastic differentiation and did not decrease cell viability compared to 200 and 900 nm particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Otto J Juhl
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Institute for Engineering and Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Seyed Mohsen Latifi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Institute for Engineering and Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Henry J Donahue
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Institute for Engineering and Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA
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Juhl OJ, Merife AB, Zhang Y, Lemmon CA, Donahue HJ. Hydroxyapatite Particle Density Regulates Osteoblastic Differentiation Through β-Catenin Translocation. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2021; 8:591084. [PMID: 33490047 PMCID: PMC7820766 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2020.591084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Substrate surface characteristics such as roughness, wettability and particle density are well-known contributors of a substrate's overall osteogenic potential. These characteristics are known to regulate cell mechanics as well as induce changes in cell stiffness, cell adhesions, and cytoskeletal structure. Pro-osteogenic particles, such as hydroxyapatite, are often incorporated into a substrate to enhance the substrates osteogenic potential. However, it is unknown which substrate characteristic is the key regulator of osteogenesis. This is partly due to the lack of understanding of how these substrate surface characteristics are transduced by cells. In this study substrates composed of polycaprolactone (PCL) and carbonated hydroxyapatite particles (HAp) were synthesized. HAp concentration was varied, and a range of surface characteristics created. The effect of each substrate characteristic on osteoblastic differentiation was then examined. We found that, of the characteristics examined, only HAp density, and indeed a specific density (85 particles/cm2), significantly increased osteoblastic differentiation. Further, an increase in focal adhesion maturation and turnover was observed in cells cultured on this substrate. Moreover, β-catenin translocation from the membrane bound cell fraction to the nucleus was more rapid in cells on the 85 particle/cm2 substrate compared to cells on tissue culture polystyrene. Together, these data suggest that particle density is one pivotal factor in determining a substrates overall osteogenic potential. Additionally, the observed increase in osteoblastic differentiation is a at least partly the result of β-catenin translocation and transcriptional activity suggesting a β-catenin mediated mechanism by which substrate surface characteristics are transduced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Otto J Juhl
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Institute for Engineering and Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States
| | - Anna-Blessing Merife
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Institute for Engineering and Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States
| | - Yue Zhang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Institute for Engineering and Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States
| | - Christopher A Lemmon
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Institute for Engineering and Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States
| | - Henry J Donahue
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Institute for Engineering and Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States
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Nagai T, Hasegawa T, Yimin, Yamamoto T, Hongo H, Abe M, Yoshida T, Yokoyama A, de Freitas PHL, Li M, Yokoyama A, Amizuka N. Immunocytochemical assessment of cell differentiation of podoplanin-positive osteoblasts into osteocytes in murine bone. Histochem Cell Biol 2020; 155:369-380. [PMID: 33175185 DOI: 10.1007/s00418-020-01937-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we examined the immunolocalization of podoplanin/E11, CD44, actin filaments, and phosphorylated ezrin in the osteoblasts on the verge of differentiating into osteocytes in murine femora and tibiae. When observing under stimulated emission depletion microscopy, unlike podoplanin-negative osteoblasts, podoplanin-positive osteoblasts showed a rearranged assembly of actin filaments along the cell membranes which resembled that of embedded osteocytes. In the metaphysis, i.e., the bone remodeling site, CD44-bearing osteoclasts were either proximal to or in contact with podoplanin-positive osteoblasts, but the podoplanin-positive osteoblasts also localized CD44 on their own cell surface. These podoplanin-positive osteoblasts, which either possessed CD44 on their cell surface or were close to CD44-bearing osteoclasts, showed phosphorylated ezrin-positivity on the cell membranes. Therefore, the CD44/podoplanin interaction on the cell surface may be involved in the osteoblastic differentiation into osteocytes in the metaphyses, via the mediation of podoplanin-driven ezrin phosphorylation and the subsequent reorganized assembly of actin filaments. Consistently, the protein expression of phosphorylated ezrin was increased after CD44 administration in calvarial culture. Conversely, in modeling sites such as the cortical bones, podoplanin-positive osteoblasts were uniformly localized at certain intervals even without contact with CD44-positive bone marrow cells; furthermore, they also exhibited phosphorylated ezrin immunoreactivity along their cell membranes. Taken together, it seems likely that the CD44/podoplanin interaction is involved in osteoblastic differentiation into osteocytes in the bone remodeling area but not in modeling sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoya Nagai
- Developmental Biology of Hard Tissue, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Graduate School of Dental Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita 13, Nishi 7, Kita-Ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-8586, Japan.,Oral Functional Prosthodontics, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Graduate School of Dental Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Tomoka Hasegawa
- Developmental Biology of Hard Tissue, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Graduate School of Dental Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita 13, Nishi 7, Kita-Ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-8586, Japan.
| | - Yimin
- Central Research Institute, Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Tomomaya Yamamoto
- Department of Dentistry, Camp Asaka, Japan Ground Self-Defense Force, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiromi Hongo
- Developmental Biology of Hard Tissue, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Graduate School of Dental Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita 13, Nishi 7, Kita-Ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-8586, Japan
| | - Miki Abe
- Developmental Biology of Hard Tissue, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Graduate School of Dental Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita 13, Nishi 7, Kita-Ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-8586, Japan
| | - Taiji Yoshida
- Developmental Biology of Hard Tissue, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Graduate School of Dental Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita 13, Nishi 7, Kita-Ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-8586, Japan
| | - Ayako Yokoyama
- Developmental Biology of Hard Tissue, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Graduate School of Dental Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita 13, Nishi 7, Kita-Ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-8586, Japan.,Gerodontology, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Graduate School of Dental Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | | | - Minqi Li
- Division of Basic Science of Stomatology, The School of Stomatology, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Atsuro Yokoyama
- Oral Functional Prosthodontics, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Graduate School of Dental Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Norio Amizuka
- Developmental Biology of Hard Tissue, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Graduate School of Dental Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita 13, Nishi 7, Kita-Ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-8586, Japan
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11
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Tang Q, Li X, Lai C, Li L, Wu H, Wang Y, Shi X. Fabrication of a hydroxyapatite-PDMS microfluidic chip for bone-related cell culture and drug screening. Bioact Mater 2020; 6:169-178. [PMID: 32913926 PMCID: PMC7453124 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2020.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Revised: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Bone is an important part of the human body structure and plays a vital role in human health. A microfluidic chip that can simulate the structure and function of bone will provide a platform for bone-related biomedical research. Hydroxyapatite (HA), a bioactive ceramic material, has a similar structure and composition to bone mineralization products. In this study, we used HA as a microfluidic chip component to provide a highly bionic bone environment. HA substrates with different microchannel structures were printed by using ceramic stereolithography (SLA) technology, and the minimum trench width was 50 μm. The HA substrate with microchannels was sealed by a thin polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) layer to make a HA-PDMS microfluidic chip. Cell culture experiments demonstrated that compared with PDMS, HA was more conducive to the proliferation and osteogenic differentiation of the human foetal osteoblast cell line (hFOB). In addition, the concentration gradient of the model drug doxorubicin hydrochloride (DOX) was successfully generated on a Christmas tree structure HA-PDMS chip, and the half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) of DOX was determined. The findings of this study indicate that the HA-PDMS microfluidic chip has great potential in the field of high-throughput bone-related drug screening and bone-related research. 3D printing of the hydroxyapatite (HA) substrate with microchannel networks. Fabrication of HA-PDMS microfluidic chips. (3) Provided a new microfluidic platform for studying bone and bone-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiangqiang Tang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, PR China.,National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China
| | - Xiaoyu Li
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, PR China.,National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China
| | - Chen Lai
- Peking University Shenzhen Institute, Peking University, Shenzhen, 518055, PR China
| | - Lei Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Cryogenics, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, PR China
| | - Hongkai Wu
- Department of Chemistry, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yingjun Wang
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering of Guangdong Province, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China.,Key Laboratory of Biomedical Materials and Engineering of the Ministry of Education, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China
| | - Xuetao Shi
- Peking University Shenzhen Institute, Peking University, Shenzhen, 518055, PR China.,School of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, PR China.,National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China.,Guangzhou Regenerative Medicine and Health Guangdong Laboratory, 510005, Guangzhou, PR China
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12
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Bose S, Ke D, Vu AA, Bandyopadhyay A, Goodman SB. Thermal Oxide Layer Enhances Crystallinity and Mechanical Properties for Plasma-Sprayed Hydroxyapatite Biomedical Coatings. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:33465-33472. [PMID: 32530603 PMCID: PMC8009493 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c05035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The stability of plasma-sprayed hydroxyapatite (HA) coatings on metallic implants in vivo remains a significant challenge for load-bearing orthopedic implants despite their excellent mechanical and osteoconductive properties. This study focuses on oxide layer formation on the surface of Ti6Al4V samples through furnace heating at 600, 700, and 800 °C for 10 min for optimization of the most effective oxide layer to increase plasma coating crystallinity and improve plasma coating bond strength with the metal surface. The 800 °C heat treatment shows an effective oxide layer which increases coating crystallinity from 64 to 75% and coating adhesive bond strength from 25.9 ± 2.3 to 30.7 ± 1.1 MPa, while simultaneously reducing the dissolution rate of HA coatings. The addition of biologically relevant dopants, MgO and SiO2, show negligible effects on crystallinity and adhesive bond strength on plasma-sprayed HA coatings and additionally show an enhancement effect on osteoblast proliferation and differentiation. Moreover, the inclusion of these additivess shows an increase in osteogenesis in a rat distal femur model after 6 and 10 weeks of implantation. Overall, this study provides a direct solution to improve the crystallinity, adhesive bond strength, and osteogenic properties of plasma-sprayed HA coatings on orthopedic implants that is more manufacturable and translational from research to an industrial scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susmita Bose
- W. M. Keck Biomedical Materials Research Laboratory, School of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99163, United States
| | - Dongxu Ke
- W. M. Keck Biomedical Materials Research Laboratory, School of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99163, United States
| | - Ashley A Vu
- W. M. Keck Biomedical Materials Research Laboratory, School of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99163, United States
| | - Amit Bandyopadhyay
- W. M. Keck Biomedical Materials Research Laboratory, School of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99163, United States
| | - Stuart B Goodman
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Stanford Medicine Outpatient Center, Redwood City, California 94063, United States
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13
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Effects of rutin on the oxidative stress, proliferation and osteogenic differentiation of periodontal ligament stem cells in LPS-induced inflammatory environment and the underlying mechanism. J Mol Histol 2020; 51:161-171. [DOI: 10.1007/s10735-020-09866-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2020] [Accepted: 03/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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14
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Altinoz MA, Bilir A, Elmaci İ. Erucic acid, a component of Lorenzo's oil and PPAR-δ ligand modifies C6 glioma growth and toxicity of doxorubicin. Experimental data and a comprehensive literature analysis. Chem Biol Interact 2018; 294:107-117. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2018.08.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2018] [Revised: 08/03/2018] [Accepted: 08/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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15
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Miller WB. Biological information systems: Evolution as cognition-based information management. PROGRESS IN BIOPHYSICS AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2017; 134:1-26. [PMID: 29175233 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2017.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2017] [Revised: 11/16/2017] [Accepted: 11/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
An alternative biological synthesis is presented that conceptualizes evolutionary biology as an epiphenomenon of integrated self-referential information management. Since all biological information has inherent ambiguity, the systematic assessment of information is required by living organisms to maintain self-identity and homeostatic equipoise in confrontation with environmental challenges. Through their self-referential attachment to information space, cells are the cornerstone of biological action. That individualized assessment of information space permits self-referential, self-organizing niche construction. That deployment of information and its subsequent selection enacted the dominant stable unicellular informational architectures whose biological expressions are the prokaryotic, archaeal, and eukaryotic unicellular forms. Multicellularity represents the collective appraisal of equivocal environmental information through a shared information space. This concerted action can be viewed as systematized information management to improve information quality for the maintenance of preferred homeostatic boundaries among the varied participants. When reiterated in successive scales, this same collaborative exchange of information yields macroscopic organisms as obligatory multicellular holobionts. Cognition-Based Evolution (CBE) upholds that assessment of information precedes biological action, and the deployment of information through integrative self-referential niche construction and natural cellular engineering antecedes selection. Therefore, evolutionary biology can be framed as a complex reciprocating interactome that consists of the assessment, communication, deployment and management of information by self-referential organisms at multiple scales in continuous confrontation with environmental stresses.
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16
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Ke D, Bose S. Doped tricalcium phosphate bone tissue engineering scaffolds using sucrose as template and microwave sintering: enhancement of mechanical and biological properties. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2017; 78:398-404. [DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2017.03.167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2016] [Revised: 03/16/2017] [Accepted: 03/17/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Chin-Quee K, Donahue HJ. MDA-MET-conditioned-medium augments the chemoattractant-dependent migration of MDA-MET cells towards hFOB-conditioned medium and increases collagenase activity. BMC Cancer 2017; 17:324. [PMID: 28494752 PMCID: PMC5426062 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-017-3315-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2015] [Accepted: 05/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Metastasis of breast cancer displays site-specificity towards bone. Recently, studies have emerged indicating that primary tumors may remotely influence creation of a pre-metastatic niche. In this study, we used human fetal osteoblastic cells and MDA-MET, a metastatic and preferentially bone homing derivative of the breast cancer cell line MDA-MB-231. We examined 1) whether secreted factors from MDA-MET cells increase generation of chemoattractants by human foetal osteoblastic cells 2) whether MDA-MET cells were responsive to these chemoattractants and 3) the identity of these chemoattractants. Methods Human foetal osteoblastic cells were treated with conditioned medium of MDA-MET cells for 24 hours and then washed with phosphate-buffered saline. Serum-free replacement medium was conditioned by treated hFOB cells for 18 hours, before its use in in vitro quantification of MDA-MET migration. We also quantified collagen levels and collagenase activity in conditioned medium from human foetal osteoblastic cells. Results Conditioned medium from human foetal osteoblastic cells that had been treated with MDA-MET-conditioned medium attracted more MDA-MET cells than hFOB cells pre-exposed to their own medium. This conditioned medium had increased collagenase activity. The addition of bacterial collagenase removed the ability of conditioned medium from human foetal osteoblastic cells to attract MDA-MET cells. Conclusions Our data suggest that an increase in collagenase activity in osteoblastic cells induced by their exposure to breast cancer cell–secreted factors may increase their ability to attract breast cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karis Chin-Quee
- Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, 17033-2391, USA
| | - Henry J Donahue
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Institute of Engineering and Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, 601 West Main Street, Richmond, VA, 23284-3067, USA.
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18
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Inglis S, Christensen D, Wilson DI, Kanczler JM, Oreffo ROC. Human endothelial and foetal femur-derived stem cell co-cultures modulate osteogenesis and angiogenesis. Stem Cell Res Ther 2016; 7:13. [PMID: 26781715 PMCID: PMC4717648 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-015-0270-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2015] [Revised: 05/22/2015] [Accepted: 12/21/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background A dynamic vasculature is a prerequisite for bone formation where the interaction of bone cells and endothelial cells is essential for both the development and the healing process of bone. Enhanced understanding of the specific mediators involved in bone cell and endothelial cell interactions offers new avenues for skeletal regenerative applications. This study has investigated the osteogenic and angiogenic potential of co-cultures of human foetal diaphyseal or epiphyseal cells with human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) in the presence and absence of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) supplementation. Methods Early osteogenic activities of the co-cultures (±VEGF) were assessed by alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity. Osteogenic and angiogenic gene expression was measured using quantitative polymerase chain reaction. An ex vivo organotypic embryonic chick (E11) femur culture model was used to determine the osteogenic effects of VEGF as determined using micro-computed tomography (μCT) and Alcian blue/Sirius red histochemistry and immunocytochemistry for expression of CD31. Results ALP activity and gene expression of ALP and Type-1 collagen was enhanced in foetal skeletal/HUVECs co-cultures. In foetal diaphyseal/HUVECs co-cultures, VEGF reduced the levels of ALP activity and displayed a negligible effect on von Willebrand factor (vWF) and VEGF gene expression. In contrast, VEGF supplementation was observed to significantly increase FLT-1 and KDR gene expression in co-cultures with modulation of expression enhanced, compared to VEGF skeletal monocultures. In the organotypic chick model, addition of VEGF significantly enhanced bone formation, which coincided with elevated levels of CD31-positive cells in the mid-diaphyseal region of the femurs. Conclusion These studies demonstrate a differential skeletal response of early foetal skeletal cells, when co-cultured with endothelial cells and the potential of co-culture models for bone repair. The differential effect of VEGF supplementation on markers of angiogenesis and osteogenesis in co-cultures and organ cultures, demonstrate the importance of the intricate temporal coordination of osteogenic and angiogenic processes during bone formation and implications therein for effective approaches to bone regenerative therapies. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13287-015-0270-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie Inglis
- Bone & Joint Research Group, Centre for Human Development, Stem Cells and Regeneration, Human Development and Health, Institute of Developmental Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO16 6YD, UK.
| | - David Christensen
- Human Development and Health, Centre for Human Development, Stem Cells and Regeneration, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO16 6YD, UK.
| | - David I Wilson
- Human Development and Health, Centre for Human Development, Stem Cells and Regeneration, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO16 6YD, UK.
| | - Janos M Kanczler
- Bone & Joint Research Group, Centre for Human Development, Stem Cells and Regeneration, Human Development and Health, Institute of Developmental Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO16 6YD, UK.
| | - Richard O C Oreffo
- Bone & Joint Research Group, Centre for Human Development, Stem Cells and Regeneration, Human Development and Health, Institute of Developmental Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO16 6YD, UK.
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19
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Bouet G, Marchat D, Cruel M, Malaval L, Vico L. In VitroThree-Dimensional Bone Tissue Models: From Cells to Controlled and Dynamic Environment. TISSUE ENGINEERING PART B-REVIEWS 2015; 21:133-56. [DOI: 10.1089/ten.teb.2013.0682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Guenaelle Bouet
- Laboratoire de Biologie du Tissu Osseux, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale—U1059, Université de Lyon—Université Jean Monnet, Saint-Etienne, France
| | - David Marchat
- Center for Biomedical and Healthcare Engineering, Ecole Nationale Supérieure des Mines, CIS-EMSE, CNRS:UMR 5307, Saint-Etienne, France
| | - Magali Cruel
- University of Lyon, LTDS, UMR CNRS 5513, Ecole Centrale de Lyon, Ecully, France
| | - Luc Malaval
- Laboratoire de Biologie du Tissu Osseux, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale—U1059, Université de Lyon—Université Jean Monnet, Saint-Etienne, France
| | - Laurence Vico
- Laboratoire de Biologie du Tissu Osseux, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale—U1059, Université de Lyon—Université Jean Monnet, Saint-Etienne, France
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20
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Oyefusi A, Olanipekun O, Neelgund GM, Peterson D, Stone JM, Williams E, Carson L, Regisford G, Oki A. Hydroxyapatite grafted carbon nanotubes and graphene nanosheets: promising bone implant materials. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2014; 132:410-6. [PMID: 24892524 PMCID: PMC4096586 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2014.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2013] [Revised: 03/28/2014] [Accepted: 04/01/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
In the present study, hydroxyapatite (HA) was successfully grafted to carboxylated carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and graphene nanosheets. The HA grafted CNTs and HA-graphene nanosheets were characterized using FT-IR, TGA, SEM and X-ray diffraction. The HA grafted CNTs and graphene nanosheets (CNTs-HA and Gr-HA) were further used to examine the proliferation and differentiation rate of temperature-sensitive human fetal osteoblastic cell line (hFOB 1.19). Total protein assays and western blot analysis of osteocalcin expression were used as indicators of cell proliferation and differentiation. Results indicated that hFOB 1.19 cells proliferate and differentiate well in treatment media containing CNTs-HA and graphene-HA. Both CNTs-HA and graphene-HA could be promising nanomaterials for use as scaffolds in bone tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adebola Oyefusi
- Department of Chemistry, Prairie View A&M University, Prairie View, TX 77446, United States
| | - Opeyemi Olanipekun
- Department of Chemistry, Prairie View A&M University, Prairie View, TX 77446, United States
| | - Gururaj M Neelgund
- Department of Chemistry, Prairie View A&M University, Prairie View, TX 77446, United States
| | - Deforest Peterson
- Cooperative Agricultural Research Center, Prairie View A&M University, Prairie View, TX 77446, United States
| | - Julia M Stone
- Cooperative Agricultural Research Center, Prairie View A&M University, Prairie View, TX 77446, United States
| | - Ebonee Williams
- Cooperative Agricultural Research Center, Prairie View A&M University, Prairie View, TX 77446, United States
| | - Laura Carson
- Cooperative Agricultural Research Center, Prairie View A&M University, Prairie View, TX 77446, United States
| | - Gloria Regisford
- Department of Biology, Prairie View A&M University, Prairie View, TX 77446, United States
| | - Aderemi Oki
- Department of Chemistry, Prairie View A&M University, Prairie View, TX 77446, United States.
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Lim PN, Chang L, Tay BY, Guneta V, Choong C, Ho B, Thian ES. Proposed mechanism of antibacterial action of chemically modified apatite for reduced bone infection. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2014; 6:17082-17092. [PMID: 25198775 DOI: 10.1021/am504716g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Surface-bound silver ions were demonstrated to be responsible for the antibacterial action of silver, silicon-containing hydroxyapatite (Ag,Si-HA). X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy, and induced coupled plasma spectroscopy results suggested that silver ions in the crystal structure diffused toward the crystal surface of Ag,Si-HA, and interacted with adherent Staphylococcus aureus bacteria, thus damaging the cell wall and inducing leakage of potassium ions. All these steps constitute the mechanism of antibacterial action for Ag,Si-HA. Consequently, Ag,Si-HA gave rise to a 7-log reduction of the adherent bacteria as compared to HA and Si-HA at 168 h. Silicon in Ag,Si-HA helped to mitigate the reduced effect of bone differentiation in Ag-HA as shown in the alkaline phosphatase, type I collagen and osteocalcin results, promoting enhanced biological response, without compromising the antibacterial property. On the whole, Ag,Si-HA containing an optimized content of 0.5 wt % silver and 0.7 wt % silicon provides antibacterial properties and enhanced biological response.
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Affiliation(s)
- P N Lim
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, National University of Singapore , 9 Engineering Drive 1, Singapore 117 576, Singapore
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22
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Zhang R, Pan YL, Hu SJ, Kong XH, Juan W, Mei QB. Effects of total lignans from Eucommia ulmoides barks prevent bone loss in vivo and in vitro. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2014; 155:104-112. [PMID: 24786573 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2014.04.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2013] [Revised: 03/17/2014] [Accepted: 04/17/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE The present study systematically investigate the in vivo and in vitro effect of total lignans (TL) extracted from Eucommia ulmoides Oliv. barks on bone formation using ovariectomy rat model and primary cultures of rat osteoblasts. MATERIALS AND METHODS Eighty 3-month-old female Sprague-Dawley rats were used and randomly assigned into sham-operated group (SHAM) and five ovariectomy (OVX) subgroups, i.e. OVX with vehicle (OVX); OVX with 17α-ethinylestradiol (E2, 25 μg/kg/day); OVX with TL of graded doses (20, 40, or 80 mg/kg/day). The treatment began 4 weeks after the surgery and lasted for 16 weeks. in vitro experiments were performed to determine the potential mechanisms of the anti-osteoporotic effect of TL. RESULTS Treatment with TL significantly prevent OVX-induced decrease in biomechanical quality of femur such as maximum stress and Young׳s modulus. The mechanical changes were associated with the prevention of a further BMD decrease or even with some improvements in microarchitecture. TL inhibited BMD decrease in the femur caused by OVX, which was accompanied by a significant decrease in skeletal remodeling, as was evidenced by the decreased levels of the bone turnover markers. μCT analysis of the femoral metaphysis showed how to prevent the deterioration of trabecular microarchitecture. TL induced primary osteoblastic cell proliferation and differentiation, inhibition of osteoclastogenesis through an increase in osteoprotegrin (OPG) and a decrease in NF-κB ligand (RANKL) expression in vitro. CONCLUSIONS We concluded that TL treatment can effectively suppress the loss of bone mass induced by OVX and in vitro evidence suggests this could be through actions on both osteoblasts and osteoclasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Zhang
- Institute of Neurosurgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi׳an 710032, China
| | - Ya-Lei Pan
- School of Life Science, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi׳an 710072, China
| | - Shi-Jie Hu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi׳an 710032, China
| | - Xiang-He Kong
- School of Life Science, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi׳an 710072, China
| | - Wang Juan
- School of Life Science, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi׳an 710072, China
| | - Qi-Bing Mei
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi׳an 710032, China; School of Life Science, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi׳an 710072, China.
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Gemini-Piperni S, Milani R, Bertazzo S, Peppelenbosch M, Takamori ER, Granjeiro JM, Ferreira CV, Teti A, Zambuzzi W. Kinome profiling of osteoblasts on hydroxyapatite opens new avenues on biomaterial cell signaling. Biotechnol Bioeng 2014; 111:1900-5. [PMID: 24668294 DOI: 10.1002/bit.25246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2014] [Revised: 03/07/2014] [Accepted: 03/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
In degenerative diseases or lesions, bone tissue replacement and regeneration are important clinical goals. The most used bone substitutes today are hydroxyapatite (HA) scaffolds. These scaffolds, developed over the last few decades, present high porosity and good osteointegration, but haven't completely solved issues related to bone defects. Moreover, the exact intracellular mechanisms involved in the response to HA have yet to be addressed. This prompted us to investigate the protein networks responsible for signal transduction during early osteoblast adhesion on synthetic HA scaffolds. By performing a global kinase activity assay, we showed that there is a specific molecular machinery responding to HA contact, immediately triggering pathways leading to cytoskeleton rearrangement due to activation of Adducin 1 (ADD1), protein kinase A (PKA), protein kinase C (PKC), and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). Moreover, we found a significantly increased phosphorylation of the activating site Ser-421 in histone deacetylase 1 (HDAC1), a substrate of Cyclin-Dependent Kinase 5 (CDK5). These phosphorylation events are hallmarks of osteoblast differentiation, pointing to HA surfaces ability to promote differentiation. We also found that AKT was kept active, suggesting the maintenance of survival pathways. Interestingly, though, the substrate sequence of CDK5 also presented higher phosphorylation levels when compared to control conditions. To our knowledge, this kinase has never before been related to osteoblast biology, opening a new avenue of investigation for novel pathways involved in this matter. These results suggest that HA triggers a specific intracellular signal transduction cascade during early osteoblast adhesion, activating proteins involved with cytoskeleton rearrangement, and induction of osteoblast differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Gemini-Piperni
- Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
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Lloyd SA, Loiselle AE, Zhang Y, Donahue HJ. Shifting paradigms on the role of connexin43 in the skeletal response to mechanical load. J Bone Miner Res 2014; 29:275-86. [PMID: 24588015 PMCID: PMC5949871 DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.2165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Gap junctions (GJs) are membrane-spanning channels that allow for the movement of small molecules across cell membranes. Connexin43 (Cx43) is the predominant GJ protein in bone. In vitro studies suggest that gap junctional intercellular communication (GJIC) sensitizes bone cells to mechanical signals. Additionally, mechanical signals detected by osteocytes are communicated to osteoblasts via GJIC, and osteocytic Cx43 hemichannels release anabolic factors, such as PGE2 and ATP, in response to mechanical load. These findings and others have led to near consensus among researchers in the field that GJIC, hemichannels or connexins facilitate the anabolic response of bone to mechanical load and, in their absence, bone would be less sensitive to load. However, recent in vivo evidence suggests the opposite is true. Studies from our laboratory and others demonstrate that Cx43-deficient mice have an increased anabolic response to mechanical load and are protected against the catabolic effects of mechanical unloading. These developments suggest a paradigm shift in our understanding of connexins, GJIC, and mechanotransduction in bone. That is, inhibiting bone cell Cx43 expression or GJIC has a beneficial effect on bone's response to its mechanical environment, preserving bone during unloading and enhancing its formation during loading. Here, we review literature in support of this hypothesis and suggest a mechanism by which Cx43, through interaction with WNT/β-catenin signaling, moderates both arms of bone remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shane A Lloyd
- Division of Musculoskeletal Sciences, Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation; Penn State College of Medicine; Hershey PA USA
| | - Alayna E Loiselle
- Division of Musculoskeletal Sciences, Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation; Penn State College of Medicine; Hershey PA USA
| | - Yue Zhang
- Division of Musculoskeletal Sciences, Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation; Penn State College of Medicine; Hershey PA USA
| | - Henry J Donahue
- Division of Musculoskeletal Sciences, Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation; Penn State College of Medicine; Hershey PA USA
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Stains JP, Watkins MP, Grimston SK, Hebert C, Civitelli R. Molecular mechanisms of osteoblast/osteocyte regulation by connexin43. Calcif Tissue Int 2014; 94:55-67. [PMID: 23754488 PMCID: PMC3815501 DOI: 10.1007/s00223-013-9742-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2013] [Accepted: 04/23/2013] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Osteoblasts, osteocytes, and osteoprogenitor cells are interconnected into a functional network by gap junctions formed primarily by connexin43 (Cx43). Over the past two decades, it has become clear that Cx43 is important for the function of osteoblasts and osteocytes. This connexin contributes to the acquisition of peak bone mass and is a major modulator of cortical modeling. We review key data from human and mouse genetics on the skeletal consequences of ablation or mutation of the Cx43 gene (Gja1) and the molecular mechanisms by which Cx43 regulates the differentiation, function, and survival of osteogenic lineage cells. We also discuss putative second messengers that are communicated by Cx43 gap junctions, the role of hemichannels, and the function of Cx43 as a scaffold for signaling molecules. Current knowledge demonstrates that Cx43 is more than a passive channel; rather, it actively participates in the generation and modulation of cellular signals that drive skeletal development and homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph P Stains
- Department of Orthopaedics, University of Maryland, School of Medicine, 100 Penn Street, Allied Health Building, Room 540E, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA,
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Tang Y, Zhao Y, Wang X, Lin T. Layer-by-layer assembly of silica nanoparticles on 3D fibrous scaffolds: enhancement of osteoblast cell adhesion, proliferation, and differentiation. J Biomed Mater Res A 2013; 102:3803-12. [PMID: 24288259 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.35050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2013] [Revised: 11/25/2013] [Accepted: 11/27/2013] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Silica nanoparticles were applied onto the fiber surface of an interbonded three-dimensional polycaprolactone fibrous tissue scaffold by an electrostatic layer-by-layer self-assembly technique. The nanoparticle layer was found to improve the fiber wettability and surface roughness. Osteoblast cells were cultured on the fibrous scaffolds to evaluate the biological compatibility. The silica nanoparticle coated scaffold showed enhanced cell attachment, proliferation, and alkaline phosphatase activities. The overall results suggested that interbonded fibrous scaffold with silica nanoparticulate coating could be a promising scaffolding candidate for various applications in bone repair and regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanwei Tang
- Institute for Frontier Materials, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, 3216, Australia
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Hu Y, Chen IP, de Almeida S, Tiziani V, Do Amaral CMR, Gowrishankar K, Passos-Bueno MR, Reichenberger EJ. A novel autosomal recessive GJA1 missense mutation linked to Craniometaphyseal dysplasia. PLoS One 2013; 8:e73576. [PMID: 23951358 PMCID: PMC3741164 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0073576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2013] [Accepted: 07/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Craniometaphyseal dysplasia (CMD) is a rare sclerosing skeletal disorder with progressive hyperostosis of craniofacial bones. CMD can be inherited in an autosomal dominant (AD) trait or occur after de novo mutations in the pyrophosphate transporter ANKH. Although the autosomal recessive (AR) form of CMD had been mapped to 6q21-22 the mutation has been elusive. In this study, we performed whole-exome sequencing for one subject with AR CMD and identified a novel missense mutation (c.716G>A, p.Arg239Gln) in the C-terminus of the gap junction protein alpha-1 (GJA1) coding for connexin 43 (Cx43). We confirmed this mutation in 6 individuals from 3 additional families. The homozygous mutation cosegregated only with affected family members. Connexin 43 is a major component of gap junctions in osteoblasts, osteocytes, osteoclasts and chondrocytes. Gap junctions are responsible for the diffusion of low molecular weight molecules between cells. Mutations in Cx43 cause several dominant and recessive disorders involving developmental abnormalities of bone such as dominant and recessive oculodentodigital dysplasia (ODDD; MIM #164200, 257850) and isolated syndactyly type III (MIM #186100), the characteristic digital anomaly in ODDD. However, characteristic ocular and dental features of ODDD as well as syndactyly are absent in patients with the recessive Arg239Gln Cx43 mutation. Bone remodeling mechanisms disrupted by this novel Cx43 mutation remain to be elucidated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Hu
- Department of Reconstructive Sciences, Center for Regenerative Medicine and Developmental Biology, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - I-Ping Chen
- Department of Oral Health and Diagnostic Sciences, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Salome de Almeida
- Medical Genetics Service, Centro Hospitalar de Lisboa, Central, Portugal
| | | | | | - Kalpana Gowrishankar
- Department of Medical Genetics, Kanchi Kamakoti Childs Trust Hospital, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | | | - Ernst J. Reichenberger
- Department of Reconstructive Sciences, Center for Regenerative Medicine and Developmental Biology, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Loiselle AE, Jiang JX, Donahue HJ. Gap junction and hemichannel functions in osteocytes. Bone 2013; 54:205-12. [PMID: 23069374 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2012.08.132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2012] [Revised: 07/30/2012] [Accepted: 08/20/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Cell-to-cell and cell-to-matrix communication in bone cells mediated by gap junctions and hemichannels, respectively, maintains bone homeostasis. Gap junctional communication between cells permits the passage of small molecules including calcium and cyclic AMP. This cell-to-cell communication occurs between bone cells including osteoblasts, osteoclasts and osteocytes, and is important in both bone formation and bone resorption. Connexin (Cx) 43 is the predominant gap junction protein in bone cells, and facilitates the communication of cellular signals either through docking of gap junctions between two cells, or through the formation of un-paired hemichannels. Systemic deletion of Cx43 results in perinatal lethality, so conditional deletion models are necessary to study the postnatal role of gap junctions in bone. These models provide the opportunity to determine the role of gap junctions in specific bone cells, notably the osteocyte. In this review, we summarize the key roles that gap junctions and hemichannels in osteocytes play in bone cell response to many stimuli including mechanical loading, intracellular and extracellular stimuli, such as parathyroid hormone, PGE2, plasma calcium levels and pH, as well as in maintaining osteocyte survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alayna E Loiselle
- Division of Musculoskeletal Sciences, Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
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Genetos DC, Zhou Z, Li Z, Donahue HJ. Age-related changes in gap junctional intercellular communication in osteoblastic cells. J Orthop Res 2012; 30:1979-84. [PMID: 22696456 PMCID: PMC3640546 DOI: 10.1002/jor.22172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2012] [Accepted: 05/22/2012] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Aging demonstrates deleterious effects upon the skeleton which can predispose an individual to osteoporosis and related fractures. Despite the well-documented evidence that aging decreases bone formation, there remains little understanding whereby cellular aging alters skeletal homeostasis. We, and others, have previously demonstrated that gap junctions--membrane-spanning channels that allow direct cell-to-cell conductance of small signaling molecules--are critically involved in osteoblast differentiation and skeletal homeostasis. We examined whether the capacity of rat osteoblastic cells to form gap junctions and respond to known modulators of gap junction intercellular communication (GJIC) was dependent on the age of the animal from which they were isolated. We observed no effect of age upon osteoblastic Cx43 mRNA, protein or GJIC. We also examined age-related changes in PTH-stimulated GJIC. PTH demonstrated age-dependent effects upon GJIC: Osteoblastic cells from young rats increased GJIC in response to PTH, whereas there was no change in GJIC in response to PTH in osteoblastic cells from mature or old rats. PTH-stimulated GJIC occurred independently of changes in Cx43 mRNA or protein expression. Cholera toxin significantly increased GJIC in osteoblastic cells from young rats compared to those from mature and old rats. These data demonstrate an age-related impairment in the capacity of osteoblastic cells to generate functional gap junctions in response to PTH, and suggest that an age-related defect in G protein-coupled adenylate cyclase activity at least partially contributes to decreased PTH-stimulated GJIC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damian C. Genetos
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Cell Biology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA
| | - Zhiyi Zhou
- Division of Musculoskeletal Sciences, Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA
| | - Zhongyong Li
- Division of Musculoskeletal Sciences, Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA
| | - Henry J. Donahue
- Division of Musculoskeletal Sciences, Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA
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Pirraco RP, Cerqueira MT, Reis RL, Marques AP. Fibroblasts regulate osteoblasts through gap junctional communication. Cytotherapy 2012; 14:1276-87. [PMID: 22853696 DOI: 10.3109/14653249.2012.701006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AIMS Fibroblasts are present in most tissues of the body, playing an active role in the regulation of homeostasis in such tissues. While fibroblast heterotypic interactions are acknowledged in the regeneration of tissues such as skin and periodontal ligament, their role in bone regeneration is far from being understood. We hypothesized that fibroblasts could influence osteoblasts, and as connexin 43 is the predominant connexin in both cell types, we speculated that those heterotypic interactions could occur through gap junctional communication (GjC). METHODS Direct co-cultures of human mesenchymal stromal cell (hMSC)-derived osteoblasts and human dermal fibroblasts (hDFb) were established in the presence and absence of the GjC inhibitor α-glycyrrhetinic acid. Communication between osteoblasts and hDFb via GjC was verified by transference of the gap junction-permeable dye calcein-AM. Cell proliferation was assessed by dsDNA quantification, while osteogenic differentiation was evaluated by measuring alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity and the expression of osteogenic markers by real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR). RESULTS The amount of calcein-AM transferred between the different cell types decreased when α-glycyrrhetinic acid was used. While the proliferation of the hMSC-derived osteoblasts was not affected by the presence of the hDFb, the level of osteogenic markers such as ALP activity and osteocalcin in transcripts in osteoblasts was severely diminished. This effect was partially reversed by adding α-glycyrrhetinic acid to the co-cultures. CONCLUSIONS The results strongly suggest that fibroblasts regulate osteoblast behavior partially through GjC. This information could be critical for predicting the outcome of strategies aimed at promoting bone regeneration as, for example, in bone tissue-engineering approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rogério Pedro Pirraco
- 3B's Research Group, Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, University of Minho, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Taipas, Guimarães, Portugal.
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Effect of rat brain tissue extracts on osteoblast proliferation and differentiation. INTERNATIONAL ORTHOPAEDICS 2011; 36:887-93. [PMID: 22159657 DOI: 10.1007/s00264-011-1423-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2011] [Accepted: 11/08/2011] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The reason for enhanced fracture healing in traumatic brain injury patients is not clearly understood. It is possible that factors inherent in the brain passing through the blood-brain barrier to the peripheral circulation, or a disruption of central nervous system (CNS) control of the sympathetic nervous system (SNS), stimulates the process of fracture healing. METHODS In this study, we assessed proliferation [using the 3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay] and differentiation [using alkaline phosphatase (ALP)] in rat osteoblasts incubated with gray matter or other tissue extracts with and without the addition of an α- or β-adrenergic receptor blocker (phentolamine or propranolol). RESULTS Gray matter extract from normal brain caused a dose-dependent increase in osteoblast proliferation and differentiation. Serum from normal rats enhanced differentiation but not proliferation. Alpha-receptor blockade had no effect on proliferation or differentiation. Beta-receptor blockade caused a partial, but statistically significant, decrease in gray matter stimulation of osteoblast differentiation. CONCLUSION The results of this study indicate that gray matter extract from normal brain increases osteoblast proliferation and differentiation and that β receptors may be involved in differentiation under these conditions.
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Gredes T, Mack H, Spassov A, Kunert-Keil C, Steele M, Proff P, Mack F, Gedrange T. Changes in condylar cartilage after anterior mandibular displacement in juvenile pigs. Arch Oral Biol 2011; 57:594-8. [PMID: 22041020 DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2011.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2011] [Revised: 09/21/2011] [Accepted: 09/30/2011] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Adaptive remodelling of the mandibular condyle in response to mandibular advancement is the mechanism exploited by orthodontic forward displacement devices. OBJECTIVE This work investigated the expression of collagens, matrix metalloproteinases and vascular endothelial growth factor during this process. DESIGN Twenty juvenile pigs were randomly divided into two experimental groups, where the treatment group was fitted with mandibular advancement splints, and the control group was not. Changes in the mRNA content of condylar cartilage tissue was then were measured by real-time PCR using specific primers after 4weeks of treatment. RESULTS The temporal pattern of the expression of Col1 and MMP13 during condylar adaptation coincided with that during natural condylar growth. The amount of the expression of Col10 during condylar adaptation was significantly lower (p<0.05), whereas the expression of Col2, MMP8 and VEGF was significantly higher compared to natural growth (p<0.05). CONCLUSIONS It is suggested that condylar adaptation in growing pigs triggered by mandibular forward positioning results not only from passive adaptation of cartilage, but also involves growth affected processes. Our results showed that mechanical strain produced by mandibular advancement induced remodelling and revascularization in the posteriocranial mandibular condyle. These results are mostly consistent with former published histological and histomorphometrical analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomasz Gredes
- Department of Orthodontics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany.
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Mostafa NZ, Fitzsimmons R, Major PW, Adesida A, Jomha N, Jiang H, Uludağ H. Osteogenic differentiation of human mesenchymal stem cells cultured with dexamethasone, vitamin D3, basic fibroblast growth factor, and bone morphogenetic protein-2. Connect Tissue Res 2011; 53:117-31. [PMID: 21966879 DOI: 10.3109/03008207.2011.611601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) are pursued for cell-based therapies of bone defects. Successful use of hMSCs will require them to be osteogenically differentiated before transplantation. This study was intended to determine the optimal combination(s) of supplements needed for inducing osteogenesis in hMSCs. METHODS The hMSCs were cultured with combinations of β-glycerophosphate, dexamethasone (Dex), vitamin D3 (Vit-D3), basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF), and bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP-2) to assess cell growth and osteogenesis. Osteogenic responses of the supplements were evaluated by alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity, mineralization, and gene expression of ALP, Runx2, bone sialoprotein, and osteonectin. Adipogenesis was characterized based on Oil Red O staining, gene expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ2, and adipocyte protein-2. RESULTS Dex was found to be essential for mineralization of hMSCs. Cultures treated with Dex (100 nM), Vit-D3 (10/50 nM), and BMP-2 (500 ng/mL) demonstrated maximal calcification and up-regulation of ALP and bone sialoprotein expression. However, adipogenesis was up-regulated in parallel with osteogenesis in these cultures, as evident by the presence of lipid droplets and significant up-regulation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ2 and adipocyte protein-2 expression. An optimal condition was obtained at Dex (10 nM) and BMP-2 (500 ng/mL) for mineralization without increasing adipogenesis-related markers. The bFGF mitigated osteogenesis and enhanced adipogenesis. Vit-D3 appears essential for calcification only in the presence of bFGF. CONCLUSION Treatment of hMSCs with appropriate supplements at optimal doses results in robust osteogenic differentiation with minimal adipogenesis. These findings could be used in the cultivation of hMSCs for cell-based strategies for bone regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nesrine Z Mostafa
- Department of Dentistry, Faculty of Medicine & Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
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Response of osteoblasts to low fluid shear stress is time dependent. Tissue Cell 2011; 43:311-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tice.2011.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2010] [Revised: 05/30/2011] [Accepted: 06/06/2011] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Batra N, Kar R, Jiang JX. Gap junctions and hemichannels in signal transmission, function and development of bone. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2011; 1818:1909-18. [PMID: 21963408 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2011.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2011] [Revised: 09/03/2011] [Accepted: 09/15/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Gap junctional intercellular communication (GJIC) mediated by connexins, in particular connexin 43 (Cx43), plays important roles in regulating signal transmission among different bone cells and thereby regulates development, differentiation, modeling and remodeling of the bone. GJIC regulates osteoblast formation, differentiation, survival and apoptosis. Osteoclast formation and resorptive ability are also reported to be modulated by GJIC. Furthermore, osteocytes utilize GJIC to coordinate bone remodeling in response to anabolic factors and mechanical loading. Apart from gap junctions, connexins also form hemichannels, which are localized on the cell surface and function independently of the gap junction channels. Both these channels mediate the transfer of molecules smaller than 1.2kDa including small ions, metabolites, ATP, prostaglandin and IP(3). The biological importance of the communication mediated by connexin-forming channels in bone development is revealed by the low bone mass and osteoblast dysfunction in the Cx43-null mice and the skeletal malformations observed in occulodentodigital dysplasia (ODDD) caused by mutations in the Cx43 gene. The current review summarizes the role of gap junctions and hemichannels in regulating signaling, function and development of bone cells. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: The Communicating junctions, composition, structure and characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nidhi Batra
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX, USA
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Enhanced osteoclastic resorption and responsiveness to mechanical load in gap junction deficient bone. PLoS One 2011; 6:e23516. [PMID: 21897843 PMCID: PMC3163577 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0023516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2010] [Accepted: 07/20/2011] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Emerging evidence suggests that connexin mediated gap junctional intercellular communication contributes to many aspects of bone biology including bone development, maintenance of bone homeostasis and responsiveness of bone cells to diverse extracellular signals. Deletion of connexin 43, the predominant gap junction protein in bone, is embryonic lethal making it challenging to examine the role of connexin 43 in bone in vivo. However, transgenic murine models in which only osteocytes and osteoblasts are deficient in connexin 43, and which are fully viable, have recently been developed. Unfortunately, the bone phenotype of different connexin 43 deficient models has been variable. To address this issue, we used an osteocalcin driven Cre-lox system to create osteoblast and osteocyte specific connexin 43 deficient mice. These mice displayed bone loss as a result of increased bone resorption and osteoclastogenesis. The mechanism underlying this increased osteoclastogenesis included increases in the osteocytic, but not osteoblastic, RANKL/OPG ratio. Previous in vitro studies suggest that connexin 43 deficient bone cells are less responsive to biomechanical signals. Interestingly, and in contrast to in vitro studies, we found that connexin 43 deficient mice displayed an enhanced anabolic response to mechanical load. Our results suggest that transient inhibition of connexin 43 expression and gap junctional intercellular communication may prove a potentially powerful means of enhancing the anabolic response of bone to mechanical loading.
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Sena K, Angle SR, Kanaji A, Aher C, Karwo DG, Sumner DR, Virdi AS. Low-intensity pulsed ultrasound (LIPUS) and cell-to-cell communication in bone marrow stromal cells. ULTRASONICS 2011; 51:639-644. [PMID: 21333315 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultras.2011.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2010] [Accepted: 01/22/2011] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Low-intensity pulsed ultrasound (LIPUS) is an established therapy for fracture repair and has been used widely in the clinics, but its underlying mechanism of action remains unclear. The aim of the current research was to determine the effect of LIPUS on gap junctional cell-to-cell intercellular communication in rat bone marrow stromal cells (BMSC) in vitro and to determine whether the ability of BMSCs to communicate by gap junctions would affect their response to LIPUS. Single or daily-multiple LIPUS treatment at 1.5MHz, 30mW/cm(2), for 20min was applied to BMSC. We demonstrated that BMSC form functional gap junctions and single LIPUS treatment significantly increased the intracellular dye transfer between BMSC. In addition, activated phosphorylation of ERK1/2 and p38 by LIPUS stimulation was diminished when cells were treated with a gap junction inhibitor 18β-glycyrrhetinic acid (18β). We further demonstrated that 18β diminished the significant increase in alkaline phosphatase activity following LIPUS stimulation. These results suggest a potential role of gap junctional cell-to-cell intercellular communication on the effects of LIPUS in BMSC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kotaro Sena
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, United States.
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Abstract
Communication between osteoblasts, osteoclasts, and osteocytes is integral to their ability to build and maintain the skeletal system and respond to physical signals. Various physiological mechanisms, including nerve communication, hormones, and cytokines, play an important role in this process. More recently, the important role of direct, cell-cell communication via gap junctions has been established. In this review, we demonstrate the integral role of gap junctional intercellular communication (GJIC) in skeletal physiology and bone cell mechanosensing.
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Keogh MB, Partap S, Daly JS, O'Brien FJ. Three hours of perfusion culture prior to 28 days of static culture, enhances osteogenesis by human cells in a collagen GAG scaffold. Biotechnol Bioeng 2011; 108:1203-10. [PMID: 21165906 DOI: 10.1002/bit.23032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2010] [Revised: 11/08/2010] [Accepted: 11/23/2010] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
In tissue engineering, bioreactors can be used to aid in the in vitro development of new tissue by providing biochemical and physical regulatory signals to cells and encouraging them to undergo differentiation and/or to produce extracellular matrix prior to in vivo implantation. This study examined the effect of short term flow perfusion bioreactor culture, prior to long-term static culture, on human osteoblast cell distribution and osteogenesis within a collagen glycosaminoglycan (CG) scaffold for bone tissue engineering. Human fetal osteoblasts (hFOB 1.19) were seeded onto CG scaffolds and pre-cultured for 6 days. Constructs were then placed into the bioreactor and exposed to 3 × 1 h bouts of steady flow (1 mL/min) separated by 7 h of no flow over a 24-h period. The constructs were then cultured under static osteogenic conditions for up to 28 days. Results show that the bioreactor and static culture control groups displayed similar cell numbers and metabolic activity. Histologically, however, peripheral cell-encapsulation was observed in the static controls, whereas, improved migration and homogenous cell distribution was seen in the bioreactor groups. Gene expression analysis showed that all osteogenic markers investigated displayed greater levels of expression in the bioreactor groups compared to static controls. While static groups showed increased mineral deposition; mechanical testing revealed that there was no difference in the compressive modulus between bioreactor and static groups. In conclusion, a flow perfusion bioreactor improved construct homogeneity by preventing peripheral encapsulation whilst also providing an enhanced osteogenic phenotype over static controls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael B Keogh
- Department of Anatomy, Royal College of Surgeons Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
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Ma D, Zhong C, Yao H, Liu Y, Chen F, Li J, Zhao J, Mao T, Ren L. Engineering injectable bone using bone marrow stromal cell aggregates. Stem Cells Dev 2010; 20:989-99. [PMID: 21091305 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2010.0348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
With the increasing popularity of minimally invasive surgery, to develop an injectable bone would be highly preferable for the repair of bone nonunions and defects. However, the use of dissociated cells and exogenous carriers to construct injectable bone faces several drawbacks. To circumvent these limitations, we first harvested a cell sheet from rabbit bone marrow stromal cells using a continuous culture method and a scraping technique. The obtained sheet was then cut into fragments of multicellular aggregates, each of which was composed of a certain number of cells, extracellular matrix, and intercellular connections. The aggregates showed apparent mineralization properties, high alkaline phosphatase activity, increased osteocalcin content, and upregulated bone markers, implying their in vitro osteogenic potential. Then, serum-free medium (the control group), dissociated cell suspension (the cell group), and suspension of multicellular aggregates (the aggregate group) were injected subcutaneously on the back of the nude mice to evaluate ectopic bone formation. The results revealed that the aggregate group showed significantly larger and denser bone at the injection sites than the cell group, whereas bone formation did not occur in the control group. Additionally, when injecting them locally into the mandibular fracture gap of delayed healing in a rabbit model, we observed the most improved bone healing in the aggregate group. More cells survive and retain at the injection sites in the aggregate group than that in the cell group postoperatively. Our study indicates that the multicellular aggregates might be considered a promising strategy to generate injectable bone tissue and improve the efficacy of cell therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongyang Ma
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Lanzhou General Hospital, Lanzhou Command of PLA, Lanzhou, China
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Nakaoka R, Yamakoshi Y, Isama K, Tsuchiya T. Effects of surface chemistry prepared by self-assembled monolayers on osteoblast behavior. J Biomed Mater Res A 2010; 94:524-32. [PMID: 20186768 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.32714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
A surface of biomaterials is known to affect the behavior of cells after their adhesion on the surface, indicating that surface characteristics of biomaterials play an important role in cell adhesion, proliferation, and differentiation. To assess the effects of functional groups on biomaterial surface, normal human osteoblasts (NHOsts) were cultured on surfaces coated with self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) containing various functional groups, and the adhesion, proliferation, differentiation, and gap junctional intercellular communication (GJIC) of the NHOsts were investigated. In the case of SAM with terminal methyl groups (hydrophobic surface), NHOst adhesion and proliferation was less prevalent. In contrast, NHOsts were adhered well on SAMs with hydroxyl, carboxyl, amino, phosphate, and sulfate group, which are relatively hydrophilic, their proliferation and differentiation level were dependent on the type of functional groups. Especially, when they were cultured on either SAMs with phosphate or sulfate group, both their alkaline phosphate activity and the calcium deposition by them were enhanced more than those cultured on a collagen-coated dish. More interestingly, GJIC of NHOsts, which has been reported to play a role in cell differentiation as well as homeostasis of cells, were not significantly different among the SAM surfaces tested. These suggest that a specific functional group on a material surface can regulate NHOst adhesion, proliferation, and differentiation via cell-functional group interaction without influencing their homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryusuke Nakaoka
- Division of Medical Devices, National Institute of Health Sciences, 1-18-1 Kamiyoga, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 158-8501, Japan.
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Reconstruction of Rabbit Critical-size Calvarial Defects Using Autologous Bone Marrow Stromal Cell Sheets. Ann Plast Surg 2010; 65:259-65. [DOI: 10.1097/sap.0b013e3181c9c3f5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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Keogh MB, O' Brien FJ, Daly JS. A novel collagen scaffold supports human osteogenesis--applications for bone tissue engineering. Cell Tissue Res 2010; 340:169-77. [PMID: 20198386 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-010-0939-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2009] [Accepted: 01/27/2010] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Collagen glycosaminoglycan (CG) scaffolds have been clinically approved as an application for skin regeneration. The goal of this study has been to examine whether a CG scaffold is a suitable biomaterial for generating human bone tissue. Specifically, we have asked the following questions: (1) can the scaffold support human osteoblast growth and differentiation and (2) how might recombinant human transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta(1)) enhance long-term in vitro bone formation? We show human osteoblast attachment, infiltration and uniform distribution throughout the construct, reaching the centre within 14 days of seeding. We have identified the fully differentiated osteoblast phenotype categorised by the temporal expression of alkaline phosphatase, collagen type 1, osteonectin, bone sialo protein, biglycan and osteocalcin. Mineralised bone formation has been identified at 35 days post-seeding by using von Kossa and Alizarin S Red staining. Both gene expression and mineral staining suggest the benefit of introducing an initial high treatment of TGF-beta(1) (10 ng/ml) followed by a low continuous treatment (0.2 ng/ml) to enhance human osteogenesis on the scaffold. Osteogenesis coincides with a reduction in scaffold size and shape (up to 70% that of original). A notable finding is core degradation at the centre of the tissue-engineered construct after 49 days of culture. This is not observed at earlier time points. Therefore, a maximum of 35 days in culture is appropriate for in vitro studies of these scaffolds. We conclude that the CG scaffold shows excellent potential as a biomaterial for human bone tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael B Keogh
- Division of Biology, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, 123 St. Stephen's Green, Dublin 2, Ireland.
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Hager S, Lampert FM, Orimo H, Stark GB, Finkenzeller G. Up-regulation of alkaline phosphatase expression in human primary osteoblasts by cocultivation with primary endothelial cells is mediated by p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase-dependent mRNA stabilization. Tissue Eng Part A 2010; 15:3437-47. [PMID: 19409035 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2009.0133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
For the regeneration of bone in tissue engineering applications, it is essential to provide cues that support neovascularization. This can be achieved by cell-based therapies using mature endothelial cells (ECs) or endothelial progenitor cells. In this context, ECs were used in various in vivo studies in combination with primary osteoblasts to enhance neovascularization of bone grafts. In a previous study, we have shown that cocultivation of human primary ECs and human primary osteoblasts (hOBs) leads to a cell contact-dependent up-regulation of alkaline phosphatase (ALP) expression in osteoblasts, indicating that cocultivated ECs may support osteogenic differentiation and osteoblastic cell functions. In the present study, we investigated this effect in more detail, revealing a time and cell number dependency of EC-mediated up-regulation of the early osteoblastic marker ALP, whereas osteocalcin, a late marker of osteogenesis, was down-regulated. The effect on ALP expression was bidirectional specific for both cell types. Functional inhibition of gap junctional communication between ECs and hOBs by 18alpha-glycyrrhetinic acid had only a weak suppressive effect on EC-mediated ALP up-regulation. In contrast, inhibition of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase nearly completely prevented the EC-mediated stimulation of osteoblastic ALP expression. To investigate the molecular mechanism underlying the ALP up-regulation, we examined the effect of EC cocultivation on osteoblastic ALP promoter activity as well as mRNA stability. Cocultivation of ECs with hOBs significantly elevated the half-life of osteoblastic ALP mRNA without affecting its promoter activity. In summary, our data show that EC-mediated up-regulation of osteoblastic ALP expression is cell-type specific and is posttranscriptionally regulated via p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase-dependent mRNA turn-over.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sven Hager
- Department of Plastic and Hand Surgery, University of Freiburg Medical Center, Freiburg, Germany
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Sanches DS, Pires CG, Fukumasu H, Cogliati B, Matsuzaki P, Chaible LM, Torres LN, Ferrigno CRA, Dagli MLZ. Expression of connexins in normal and neoplastic canine bone tissue. Vet Pathol 2009; 46:846-59. [PMID: 19429987 DOI: 10.1354/vp.08-vp-0263-s-fl] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies showed that intercellular communication by gap junctions has a role in bone formation. The main connexin involved in the development, differentiation, and regulation of bone tissue is connexin (Cx) 43. In addition, Cx46 is also expressed, mostly localized within the trans-Golgi region. Alterations in the expression pattern and aberrant location of these connexins are associated with oncogenesis, demonstrating a deficient gap junctional intercellular communication (GJIC) capacity in neoplastic tissues. In this study, we evaluated normal and neoplastic bone tissues regarding the expression of Cx43 and Cx46 by immunofluorescence, gene expression of these connexins by real-time PCR, and their correlation with cell proliferation index and deposition of collagen. Fourteen neoplastic bone lesions, including 13 osteosarcomas and 1 multilobular tumor of bone, were studied. The mRNA levels of Cx43 were similar between normal and neoplastic bone tissue. In normal bone tissue, the Cx43 protein was found mainly in the intercellular membranes. However, in all bone tumors studied here, the Cx43 was present in both cell membranes and also aberrantly in the cytoplasm. Regarding only tumor samples, we determined a possible inverse correlation between Cx43 expression and cellular proliferation, although a positive correlation between Cx43 expression and collagen deposition was also noted. In contrast, Cx46 had lower levels of expression in neoplastic bone tissues when compared with normal bone and was found retained in the perinuclear region. Even though there are differences between these two connexins regarding expression in neoplastic versus normal tissues, we concluded that there are differences regarding the subcellular location of these connexins in normal and neoplastic dog bone tissues and suggest a possible correlation between these findings and some aspects of cellular proliferation and possibly differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- D S Sanches
- Department of Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Dr. Orlando Marques de Paiva, 87-Cidade Universitária-CEP, 05508-900, São Paulo-SP, Brazil.
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Saboori A, Rabiee M, Moztarzadeh F, Sheikhi M, Tahriri M, Karimi M. Synthesis, characterization and in vitro bioactivity of sol-gel-derived SiO2–CaO–P2O5–MgO bioglass. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2008.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Ciovacco WA, Goldberg CG, Taylor AF, Lemieux JM, Horowitz MC, Donahue HJ, Kacena MA. The role of gap junctions in megakaryocyte-mediated osteoblast proliferation and differentiation. Bone 2009; 44:80-6. [PMID: 18848655 PMCID: PMC2659565 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2008.08.117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2007] [Revised: 08/15/2008] [Accepted: 08/21/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Gap junctions (GJs) are membrane-spanning channels that facilitate intercellular communication by allowing small signaling molecules (e.g. calcium ions, inositol phosphates, and cyclic nucleotides) to pass from cell to cell. Over the past two decades, many studies have described a role for GJ intercellular communication (GJIC) in the proliferation and differentiation of many cells, including bone cells. Recently, we reported that megakaryocytes (MKs) enhance osteoblast (OB) proliferation by a juxtacrine signaling mechanism. Here we determine whether this response is facilitated by GJIC. First we demonstrate that MKs express connexin 43 (Cx43), the predominant GJ protein expressed by bone cells, including OBs. Next, we provide data showing that MKs can communicate with OBs via GJIC, and that the addition of two distinct GJ uncouplers, 18alpha-glycyrrhetinic acid (alphaGA) or oleamide, inhibits this communication. We then demonstrate that inhibiting MK-mediated GJIC further enhances the ability of MKs to stimulate OB proliferation. Finally, we show that while culturing MKs with OBs reduces gene expression of several differentiation markers/matrix proteins (type I collagen, osteocalcin, and alkaline phosphatase), reduces alkaline phosphatase enzymatic activity, and decreases mineralization in OBs, blocking GJIC does not result in MK-induced reductions in OB gene expression, enzymatic levels, or mineralized nodule formation. Overall, these data provide evidence that GJIC between MKs and OBs is functional, and that inhibiting GJIC in MK-OB cultures enhances OB proliferation without apparently altering differentiation when compared to similarly treated OB cultures. Thus, these observations regarding MK-OB GJIC inhibition may provide insight regarding potential novel targets for anabolic bone formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wendy A Ciovacco
- Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
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Cho TJ, Seo JB, Lee HR, Yoo WJ, Chung CY, Choi IH. Biologic characteristics of fibrous hamartoma from congenital pseudarthrosis of the tibia associated with neurofibromatosis type 1. J Bone Joint Surg Am 2008; 90:2735-44. [PMID: 19047720 DOI: 10.2106/jbjs.h.00014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fibrous hamartoma is a key pathologic component of congenital pseudarthrosis of the tibia, a challenging and disabling bone disorder. We investigated the biologic characteristics of fibrous hamartoma cells in order to better understand the pathogenesis of this rare disease. METHODS Fibrous hamartoma tissues were surgically excised at the time of osteosynthesis from seven patients with congenital pseudarthrosis of the tibia associated with neurofibromatosis type 1. Distal tibial periosteum was also harvested as control tissue during tibial derotation osteotomy from two other patients with cerebral palsy and one patient with idiopathic internal tibial torsion. Fibroblast-like cells were enzymatically dissociated and cultured from these tissues. Immunophenotypes were investigated for positive (CD44 and CD105) and negative (CD45 and CD14) mesenchymal lineage cell markers, and the mRNA expressions of bone morphogenetic protein(BMP)-2, BMP-4, and their receptors were assayed by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. After rhBMP-2 treatment, the changes in alkaline phosphatase activity, and in the mRNA expressions of type-I collagen (COL1A1), alkaline phosphatase, and osteocalcin genes, were assayed with use of an RNase protection assay. The mRNA expressions of receptor activator of nuclear factor-kappa B ligand (RANKL) and osteoprotegerin (OPG) were quantitatively assayed with use of real-time RT-PCR. Osteoclastic differentiation of RAW(264.7) cells in coculture with fibrous hamartoma cells was evaluated. RESULTS All fibrous hamartoma and tibial periosteal cells tested were CD44+/CD105+/CD45-/CD14- and expressed the mRNAs of BMP-2, BMP-4, and their receptors. The baseline mRNA expressions of COL1A1, alkaline phosphatase, and osteocalcin genes in the fibrous hamartoma cells were diverse. These gene expressions were upregulated by BMP treatment in tibial periosteal cells but did not change or were downregulated in fibrous hamartoma cells. Fibrous hamartoma cells expressed higher levels of RANKL and lower levels of OPG than did tibial periosteal cells. Coculture with fibrous hamartoma cells enhanced osteoclastic differentiation of RAW(264.7) cells. CONCLUSIONS Fibrous hamartoma cells maintain some of the mesenchymal lineage cell phenotypes, but do not undergo osteoblastic differentiation in response to BMP. They are more osteoclastogenic than are tibial periosteal cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tae-Joon Cho
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Seoul National University Children's Hospital, 28 Yeongeon-dong Jongno-gu, Seoul 110-744, South Korea.
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Connexin 43 is required for the anti-apoptotic effect of bisphosphonates on osteocytes and osteoblasts in vivo. J Bone Miner Res 2008; 23:1712-21. [PMID: 18597631 PMCID: PMC2648607 DOI: 10.1359/jbmr.080617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 166] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Connexin (Cx)43 is required for inhibition of osteocyte and osteoblast apoptosis by bisphosphonates in vitro. Herein, we evaluated its requirement for the in vivo actions of bisphosphonates using mice in which Cx43 was deleted specifically from osteocytes and osteoblasts (Cx43(DeltaOb-Ot/-) mice). Effective removal of Cx43 was confirmed by the presence of the deleted form of the gene and by reduced mRNA and protein expression in osteoblastic cells and bones obtained from Cx43(DeltaOb-Ot/-) mice. The amino-bisphosphonate alendronate (2.3 micromol/kg/d) was injected daily into 5-mo-old female mice (n = 6-11) for 31 days, starting 3 days before implantation of pellets releasing the glucocorticoid prednisolone (2.1 mg/kg/d). Cx43(DeltaOb-Ot/-) mice and their littermates (Cx43(fl/-), Cx43(DeltaOb-Ot/+), and Cx43(fl/+)) gained bone with similar kinetics and exhibited identical bone mass from 2 to 4.5 mo of age, indicating that Cx43 deletion from osteocytes and mature osteoblasts does not impair bone acquisition. In addition, prednisolone induced a similar increase in osteocyte and osteoblast apoptosis in Cx43(DeltaOb-Ot/-) or in control Cx43(fl/-) littermates. However, whereas alendronate prevented prednisolone-induced apoptosis in control Cx43(fl/-) mice, it was ineffective in Cx43(DeltaOb-Ot/-) mice. In contrast, alendronate inhibited glucocorticoid-induced bone loss in both type of animals, suggesting that inhibition of resorption is the predominant effect of alendronate against the early phase of glucocorticoid-induced bone loss. Taken together with earlier in vitro evidence, these findings show that Cx43 is required for the anti-apoptotic effect of bisphosphonates on osteocytes and osteoblasts.
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Effect of 17β-estradiol on the in vitro differentiation of murine embryonic stem cells into the osteogenic lineage. In Vitro Cell Dev Biol Anim 2008; 44:368-78. [DOI: 10.1007/s11626-008-9126-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2008] [Accepted: 05/19/2008] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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