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Patil RS, Kovacs-Kasa A, Gorshkov BA, Fulton DJR, Su Y, Batori RK, Verin AD. Serine/Threonine Protein Phosphatases 1 and 2A in Lung Endothelial Barrier Regulation. Biomedicines 2023; 11:1638. [PMID: 37371733 PMCID: PMC10296329 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11061638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Revised: 05/28/2023] [Accepted: 06/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Vascular barrier dysfunction is characterized by increased permeability and inflammation of endothelial cells (ECs), which are prominent features of acute lung injury (ALI), acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), and sepsis, and a major complication of the SARS-CoV-2 infection and COVID-19. Functional impairment of the EC barrier and accompanying inflammation arises due to microbial toxins and from white blood cells of the lung as part of a defensive action against pathogens, ischemia-reperfusion or blood product transfusions, and aspiration syndromes-based injury. A loss of barrier function results in the excessive movement of fluid and macromolecules from the vasculature into the interstitium and alveolae resulting in pulmonary edema and collapse of the architecture and function of the lungs, and eventually culminates in respiratory failure. Therefore, EC barrier integrity, which is heavily dependent on cytoskeletal elements (mainly actin filaments, microtubules (MTs), cell-matrix focal adhesions, and intercellular junctions) to maintain cellular contacts, is a critical requirement for the preservation of lung function. EC cytoskeletal remodeling is regulated, at least in part, by Ser/Thr phosphorylation/dephosphorylation of key cytoskeletal proteins. While a large body of literature describes the role of phosphorylation of cytoskeletal proteins on Ser/Thr residues in the context of EC barrier regulation, the role of Ser/Thr dephosphorylation catalyzed by Ser/Thr protein phosphatases (PPases) in EC barrier regulation is less documented. Ser/Thr PPases have been proposed to act as a counter-regulatory mechanism that preserves the EC barrier and opposes EC contraction. Despite the importance of PPases, our knowledge of the catalytic and regulatory subunits involved, as well as their cellular targets, is limited and under-appreciated. Therefore, the goal of this review is to discuss the role of Ser/Thr PPases in the regulation of lung EC cytoskeleton and permeability with special emphasis on the role of protein phosphatase 1 (PP1) and protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) as major mammalian Ser/Thr PPases. Importantly, we integrate the role of PPases with the structural dynamics of the cytoskeleton and signaling cascades that regulate endothelial cell permeability and inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahul S. Patil
- Vascular Biology Center, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
| | - Anita Kovacs-Kasa
- Vascular Biology Center, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
| | - Boris A. Gorshkov
- Vascular Biology Center, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
| | - David J. R. Fulton
- Vascular Biology Center, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
| | - Yunchao Su
- Department of Pharmacology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
| | - Robert K. Batori
- Vascular Biology Center, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
| | - Alexander D. Verin
- Vascular Biology Center, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
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Shi X, Seidle KA, Simms KJ, Dong F, Chilian WM, Zhang P. Endothelial progenitor cells in the host defense response. Pharmacol Ther 2023; 241:108315. [PMID: 36436689 PMCID: PMC9944665 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2022.108315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2022] [Revised: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Extensive injury of endothelial cells in blood vasculature, especially in the microcirculatory system, frequently occurs in hosts suffering from sepsis and the accompanied systemic inflammation. Pathological factors, including toxic components derived from invading microbes, oxidative stress associated with tissue ischemia/reperfusion, and vessel active mediators generated during the inflammatory response, are known to play important roles in mediating endothelial injury. Collapse of microcirculation and tissue edema developed from the failure of endothelial barrier function in vital organ systems, including the lung, brain, and kidney, are detrimental, which often predict fatal outcomes. The host body possesses a substantial capacity for maintaining vascular homeostasis and repairing endothelial damage. Bone marrow and vascular wall niches house endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs). In response to septic challenges, EPCs in their niche environment are rapidly activated for proliferation and angiogenic differentiation. In the meantime, release of EPCs from their niches into the blood stream and homing of these vascular precursors to tissue sites of injury are markedly increased. The recruited EPCs actively participate in host defense against endothelial injury and repair of damage in blood vasculature via direct differentiation into endothelial cells for re-endothelialization as well as production of vessel active mediators to exert paracrine and autocrine effects on angiogenesis/vasculogenesis. In recent years, investigations on significance of EPCs in host defense and molecular signaling mechanisms underlying regulation of the EPC response have achieved substantial progress, which promotes exploration of vascular precursor cell-based approaches for effective prevention and treatment of sepsis-induced vascular injury as well as vital organ system failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Shi
- Department of Integrative Medical Sciences, Northeast Ohio Medical University College of Medicine, Rootstown, OH 44272, United States of America
| | - Kelly A Seidle
- Department of Integrative Medical Sciences, Northeast Ohio Medical University College of Medicine, Rootstown, OH 44272, United States of America
| | - Kevin J Simms
- Department of Integrative Medical Sciences, Northeast Ohio Medical University College of Medicine, Rootstown, OH 44272, United States of America
| | - Feng Dong
- Department of Integrative Medical Sciences, Northeast Ohio Medical University College of Medicine, Rootstown, OH 44272, United States of America
| | - William M Chilian
- Department of Integrative Medical Sciences, Northeast Ohio Medical University College of Medicine, Rootstown, OH 44272, United States of America
| | - Ping Zhang
- Department of Integrative Medical Sciences, Northeast Ohio Medical University College of Medicine, Rootstown, OH 44272, United States of America.
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Raghavan S, Brishti MA, Collier DM, Leo MD. Hypoxia induces purinergic receptor signaling to disrupt endothelial barrier function. Front Physiol 2022; 13:1049698. [PMID: 36479340 PMCID: PMC9720161 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.1049698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 11/10/2022] [Indexed: 09/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Blood-brain-barrier permeability is regulated by endothelial junctional proteins and is vital in limiting access to and from the blood to the CNS. When stressed, several cells, including endothelial cells, can release nucleotides like ATP and ADP that signal through purinergic receptors on these cells to disrupt BBB permeability. While this process is primarily protective, unrestricted, uncontrolled barrier disruption during injury or inflammation can lead to serious neurological consequences. Purinergic receptors are broadly classified into two families: the P1 adenosine and P2 nucleotide receptors. The P2 receptors are further sub-classified into the P2XR ion channels and the P2YR GPCRs. While ATP mainly activates P2XRs, P2YRs have a broader range of ligand selectivity. The P2Y1R, essential for platelet function, is reportedly ubiquitous in its expression. Prior studies using gene knockout and specific antagonists have shown that these approaches have neuroprotective effects following occlusive stroke. Here we investigated the expression of P2Y1R in primary cultured brain endothelial cells and its relation to the maintenance of BBB function. Results show that following in vitro hypoxia and reoxygenation, P2Y1R expression is upregulated in both control and diabetic cells. At the same time, endothelial junctional markers, ZO-1 and VE-cadherin, were downregulated, and endothelial permeability increased. siRNA knockdown of P2Y1R and MRS 2500 effectively blocked this response. Thus, we show that P2Y1R signaling in endothelial cells leads to the downregulation of endothelial barrier function.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - M. Dennis Leo
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, United States
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Zhang Y, Yang J, Liu P, Zhang RJ, Li JD, Bi YH, Li Y. Regulatory role of ncRNAs in pulmonary epithelial and endothelial barriers: Molecular therapy clues of influenza-induced acute lung injury. Pharmacol Res 2022; 185:106509. [DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2022.106509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2022] [Revised: 09/23/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
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Zhou X, Wang X, Lu L, Deng M, Shi X. FGF21 improves LPS-induced pulmonary microvascular endothelial cell dysfunction and inflammatory response through SIRT1-mediated NF-κB deacetylation. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 2022; 100:492-499. [PMID: 35395162 DOI: 10.1139/cjpp-2021-0454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Pneumonia is a common infectious disease of the respiratory system in children. It often leads to death in children by causing acute lung injury. Fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) is a peptide hormone that plays important role in the regulation of energy homeostasis. This study aimed to investigate the role of FGF21 in alleviating the lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced human pulmonary microvascular endothelial cell (HPMEC) injury, as well as the underlying mechanism. The expression of SIRT1, NF-κB p65, Ac-NF-κB p65, apoptosis-related proteins, tight junction proteins and adhesion molecules in HPMECs. The viability and apoptosis of HPMECs was detected by CCK-8 and Tunel assays. LDH level and levels of inflammatory factors were respectively determined by assay kits. The mRNA expression of adhesion molecules in HPMECs was analyzed by RT-qPCR. As a result, SIRT1 expression was decreased and expression of NF-κB p65 and Ac-NF-κB p65 was increased in LPS-induced HPMECs, which were reversed by rFGF21. rFGF21 increased the viability and inhibited the apoptosis, inflammatory response, permeability and release of cell adhesion molecules of LPS-induced HPMECs. In addition, EX527 as SIRT1 inhibitor, could reversed the effect of rFGF21 on LPS-induced HPMECs. In conclusion, FGF21 improved LPS-induced HPMECs dysfunction and inflammatory response through SIRT1-mediated NF-κB deacetylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuemei Zhou
- Affiliated Hospital of Jiangnan University, Department of Pediatrics, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China;
| | - Xinhua Wang
- The Affiliated Wuxi No.2 people's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Departmt of Respiratory Medicine, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China;
| | - Lidong Lu
- Affiliated Hospital of Jiangnan University, Department of Pediatrics, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China;
| | - Minchao Deng
- Affiliated Hospital of Jiangnan University, Department of Pediatrics, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China;
| | - Xinglei Shi
- The People's Hospital of Suichang County, Department of Pediatrics, Lishui, Zhejiang, China;
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Kiser JN, Neibergs HL. Identifying Loci Associated With Bovine Corona Virus Infection and Bovine Respiratory Disease in Dairy and Feedlot Cattle. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:679074. [PMID: 34409086 PMCID: PMC8364960 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.679074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Bovine coronavirus (BCoV) is associated with respiratory and enteric infections in both dairy and beef cattle worldwide. It is also one of a complex of pathogens associated with bovine respiratory disease (BRD), which affects millions of cattle annually. The objectives of this study were to identify loci and heritability estimates associated with BCoV infection and BRD in dairy calves and feedlot cattle. Dairy calves from California (n = 1,938) and New Mexico (n = 647) and feedlot cattle from Colorado (n = 915) and Washington (n = 934) were tested for the presence of BCoV when classified as BRD cases or controls following the McGuirk scoring system. Two comparisons associated with BCoV were investigated: (1) cattle positive for BCoV (BCoV+) were compared to cattle negative for BCoV (BCoV-) and (2) cattle positive for BCoV and affected with BRD (BCoV+BRD+) were compared to cattle negative for BCoV and BRD (BCoV-BRD-). The Illumina BovineHD BeadChip was used for genotyping, and genome-wide association analyses (GWAA) were performed using EMMAX (efficient mixed-model association eXpedited). The GWAA for BCoV+ identified 51 loci (p < 1 × 10-5; 24 feedlot, 16 dairy, 11 combined) associated with infection with BCoV. Three loci were associated with BCoV+ across populations. Heritability estimates for BCoV+ were 0.01 for dairy, 0.11 for feedlot cattle, and 0.03 for the combined population. For BCoV+BRD+, 80 loci (p < 1 × 10-5; 26 feedlot, 25 dairy, 29 combined) were associated including 14 loci across populations. Heritability estimates for BCoV+BRD+ were 0.003 for dairy, 0.44 for feedlot cattle, and 0.07 for the combined population. Several positional candidate genes associated with BCoV and BRD in this study have been associated with other coronaviruses and respiratory infections in humans and mice. These results suggest that selection may reduce susceptibility to BCoV infection and BRD in cattle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer N Kiser
- Department of Animal Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States
| | - Holly L Neibergs
- Department of Animal Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States
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Song X, Liu Y, Dong L, Wang Y. Stromal-Interacting Molecule 1 (Stim1)/Orai1 Modulates Endothelial Permeability in Ventilator-Induced Lung Injury. Med Sci Monit 2018; 24:9413-9423. [PMID: 30589833 PMCID: PMC6322368 DOI: 10.12659/msm.911268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Increased endothelial permeability is involved in ventilator-induced lung injury (VILI). Stim1/Orai1 mediates store-operated Ca2+ activation, which modulates endothelial permeability. However, the underlying mechanisms of the Stim1/Orai1 pathway in VILI are poorly understood. Material/Methods Wistar rats were exposed to low tidal volume (7 mL/kg) or high tidal volume (40 mL/kg) ventilation. Human Lung Microvascular Endothelial Cells (HULEC) were subjected to 8% or 18% cyclic stretching (CS). BTP2 pretreatment was performed. Lung wet/dry weight ratio, histological changes of lung injury, and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) protein were measured. Endothelial permeability and intracellular calcium concentration were evaluated in HULECs. Protein expression was determined by Western blotting. Results High tidal volume mechanical ventilation-induced lung injury (such as severe congestion and hemorrhage) and BTP2 pretreatment protected lungs from injury. The expression of Stim1, Orai1, and PKCα, lung wet/dry weight ratio, and BALF protein level significantly increased in the high tidal volume group compared to the control group and low tidal volume group. Importantly, BTP2 pretreatment alleviated the above-mentioned effects. Compared with exposure to 8% CS, the protein levels of Stim1, Orai1, and PKCα in HULECs significantly increased after exposure to 18% CS for 4 h, whereas BTP2 pretreatment significantly inhibited the increase (P<0.05). BTP2 pretreatment also suppressed increase of endothelial permeability and the intracellular calcium induced by 18% CS (P<0.05). Conclusions When exposed to high tidal volume or large-magnitude CS, Stim1 and Orai1 expression are upregulated, which further activates calcium-sensitive PKCα and results in calcium overload, endothelial hyperpermeability, and, finally, lung injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiumei Song
- Department of Anesthesiology, Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China (mainland)
| | - Yang Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China (mainland)
| | - Ling Dong
- Department of Anesthesiology, Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China (mainland)
| | - Yuelan Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China (mainland)
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8
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Yu H, Wang C, Wang X, Wang H, Zhang C, You J, Wang P, Feng C, Xu G, Zhao R, Wu X, Zhang G. Long-term exposure to ethanol downregulates tight junction proteins through the protein kinase Cα signaling pathway in human cerebral microvascular endothelial cells. Exp Ther Med 2017; 14:4789-4796. [PMID: 29201181 PMCID: PMC5704308 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2017.5180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2017] [Accepted: 07/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Brain microvascular endothelial cells (BMECs) are the primary component of the blood-brain barrier (BBB). Tight junction (TJ) proteins, including claudin, occludin and zonula occludens (ZO)-1, ZO-2 and ZO-3, maintain the structural integrity of BMECs. Ethanol activates the assembly and disassembly of TJs, which is a process that is regulated by protein kinase C (PKC). In addition, ethanol treatment leads to the loss of structural integrity, which damages the permeability of the BBB and subsequently affects central nervous system homeostasis, thus allowing additional substances to enter the brain. However, the mechanisms underlying ethanol-induced loss of BBB structure remain unknown. It has been hypothesized that long-term exposure to ethanol reduces the expression of claudin-5, occludin and ZO-1 via the PKC signaling pathway, thereby affecting BBB structural integrity. In the current study, the human cerebral microvascular endothelial cell line, HCMEC/D3, was treated with 50, 100, 200 and 400 mM ethanol for 24, 48 and 72 h. Cell viability was determined using an MTS assay. The expression of claudin-5, occludin and ZO-1 protein and mRNA was measured using western blot analysis and reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction, respectively. Following the pretreatment of HCMEC/D3 cells with the PKCα-specific inhibitor, safingol (10 µmol/l), the expression of claudin-5, occludin, ZO-1 and phosphorylated (p)-PKCα was measured using western blot analysis, and PKCα localization was determined by immunofluorescence. With increasing concentrations of ethanol, the expression of claudin-5, occludin and ZO-1 protein decreased, while the expression of claudin-5, occludin and ZO-1 mRNA increased. Exposure to ethanol significantly increased the expression of p-PKCα, whereas no significant effect on the expression of PKCα was observed. Following 48 h treatment with 200 mM ethanol, the expression of claudin-5, occludin and ZO-1 protein was significantly decreased when compared with the control. By contrast, the expression of p-PKCα was increased, and increased translocation of PKCα from the cytoplasm to the nuclear membrane and nucleus was observed. In addition, the results demonstrated that safingol significantly reversed these effects of ethanol. In conclusion, long-term exposure to ethanol downregulates the expression of claudin-5, occludin and ZO-1 protein in HCMEC/D3 s, and this effect may be mediated via activation of PKCα.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Yu
- Department of Forensic Pathology, School of Forensic Medicine, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110122, P.R. China
| | - Changliang Wang
- Department of Forensic Pathology, School of Forensic Medicine, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110122, P.R. China
| | - Xiaolong Wang
- Department of Forensic Pathology, School of Forensic Medicine, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110122, P.R. China
| | - Hongbo Wang
- Department of Forensic Pathology, School of Forensic Medicine, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110122, P.R. China
| | - Chunan Zhang
- Department of Forensic Pathology, School of Forensic Medicine, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110122, P.R. China
| | - Jiabin You
- Department of Forensic Pathology, School of Forensic Medicine, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110122, P.R. China
| | - Pengfei Wang
- Department of Forensic Pathology, School of Forensic Medicine, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110122, P.R. China
| | - Chunmei Feng
- Department of Forensic Pathology, School of Forensic Medicine, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110122, P.R. China
| | - Guohui Xu
- Department of Forensic Pathology, School of Forensic Medicine, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110122, P.R. China
| | - Rui Zhao
- Department of Forensic Pathology, School of Forensic Medicine, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110122, P.R. China
| | - Xu Wu
- Department of Forensic Pathology, School of Forensic Medicine, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110122, P.R. China
| | - Guohua Zhang
- Department of Forensic Pathology, School of Forensic Medicine, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110122, P.R. China
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Bentzer P, Fisher J, Kong HJ, Mörgelin M, Boyd JH, Walley KR, Russell JA, Linder A. Heparin-binding protein is important for vascular leak in sepsis. Intensive Care Med Exp 2016; 4:33. [PMID: 27704481 PMCID: PMC5050173 DOI: 10.1186/s40635-016-0104-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2016] [Accepted: 09/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Elevated plasma levels of heparin-binding protein (HBP) are associated with risk of organ dysfunction and mortality in sepsis, but little is known about causality and mechanisms of action of HBP. The objective of the present study was to test the hypothesis that HBP is a key mediator of the increased endothelial permeability observed in sepsis and to test potential treatments that inhibit HBP-induced increases in permeability. METHODS Association between HBP at admission with clinical signs of increased permeability was investigated in 341 patients with septic shock. Mechanisms of action and potential treatment strategies were investigated in cultured human endothelial cells and in mice. RESULTS Following adjustment for comorbidities and Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation (APACHE) II, plasma HBP concentrations were weakly associated with fluid overload during the first 4 days of septic shock and the degree of hypoxemia (PaO2/FiO2) as measures of increased systemic and lung permeability, respectively. In mice, intravenous injection of recombinant human HBP induced a lung injury similar to that observed after lipopolysaccharide injection. HBP increased permeability of vascular endothelial cell monolayers in vitro, and enzymatic removal of luminal cell surface glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) using heparinase III and chondroitinase ABC abolished this effect. Similarly, unfractionated heparins and low molecular weight heparins counteracted permeability increased by HBP in vitro. Intracellular, selective inhibition of protein kinase C (PKC) and Rho-kinase pathways reversed HBP-mediated permeability effects. CONCLUSIONS HBP is a potential mediator of sepsis-induced acute lung injury through enhanced endothelial permeability. HBP increases permeability through an interaction with luminal GAGs and activation of the PKC and Rho-kinase pathways. Heparins are potential inhibitors of HBP-induced increases in permeability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Bentzer
- Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Helsingborg Hospital, Helsingborg, Sweden.,Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.,Centre for Heart Lung Innovation, Division of Critical Care Medicine, St. Paul's Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Jane Fisher
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Lund and Skåne University Hospital, Getingevägen, Lund, SE-221 85, Sweden.,Centre for Heart Lung Innovation, Division of Critical Care Medicine, St. Paul's Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - HyeJin Julia Kong
- Centre for Heart Lung Innovation, Division of Critical Care Medicine, St. Paul's Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Mattias Mörgelin
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Lund and Skåne University Hospital, Getingevägen, Lund, SE-221 85, Sweden
| | - John H Boyd
- Centre for Heart Lung Innovation, Division of Critical Care Medicine, St. Paul's Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Keith R Walley
- Centre for Heart Lung Innovation, Division of Critical Care Medicine, St. Paul's Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - James A Russell
- Centre for Heart Lung Innovation, Division of Critical Care Medicine, St. Paul's Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Adam Linder
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Lund and Skåne University Hospital, Getingevägen, Lund, SE-221 85, Sweden. .,Centre for Heart Lung Innovation, Division of Critical Care Medicine, St. Paul's Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
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10
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Ahn JJ, Jung JP, Park SE, Lee M, Kwon B, Cho HR. Involvement of Protein Kinase C-δ in Vascular Permeability in Acute Lung Injury. Immune Netw 2015; 15:206-11. [PMID: 26330807 PMCID: PMC4553259 DOI: 10.4110/in.2015.15.4.206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2015] [Revised: 07/27/2015] [Accepted: 07/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary edema is a major cause of mortality due to acute lung injury (ALI). The involvement of protein kinase C-δ (PKC-δ) in ALI has been a controversial topic. Here we investigated PKC-δ function in ALI using PKC-δ knockout (KO) mice and PKC inhibitors. Our results indicated that although the ability to produce proinflammatory mediators in response to LPS injury in PKC-δ KO mice was similar to that of control mice, they showed enhanced recruitment of neutrophils to the lung and more severe pulmonary edema. PKC-δ inhibition promoted barrier dysfunction in an endothelial cell layer in vitro, and administration of a PKC-δ-specific inhibitor significantly increased steady state vascular permeability. A neutrophil transmigration assay indicated that the PKC-δ inhibition increased neutrophil transmigration through an endothelial monolayer. This suggests that PKC-δ inhibition induces structural changes in endothelial cells, allowing extravasation of proteins and neutrophils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jong J Ahn
- Department of Internal Medicine, Ulsan University Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Ulsan, Ulsan 44033, Korea
| | - Jong P Jung
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Ulsan University Hospital, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Ulsan 44033, Korea
| | - Soon E Park
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Ulsan University Hospital, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Ulsan 44033, Korea
| | - Minhyun Lee
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Ulsan University Hospital, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Ulsan 44033, Korea
| | - Byungsuk Kwon
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Ulsan, Ulsan 44610, Korea. ; Biomedical Research Center, Ulsan University Hospital, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Ulsan 44033, Korea
| | - Hong R Cho
- Biomedical Research Center, Ulsan University Hospital, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Ulsan 44033, Korea. ; Department of Surgery, Ulsan University Hospital, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Ulsan 44033, Korea
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11
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Bodiga VL, Kudle MR, Bodiga S. Silencing of PKC-α, TRPC1 or NF-κB expression attenuates cisplatin-induced ICAM-1 expression and endothelial dysfunction. Biochem Pharmacol 2015; 98:78-91. [PMID: 26300057 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2015.08.101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2015] [Accepted: 08/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Platinum-based chemotherapy has been associated with increased long-term cardiovascular events. Also noteworthy is the accumulating awareness of early vascular toxicity occurring at the time of chemotherapy or immediately thereafter. The objective of the study was to delineate the molecular mechanisms associated with the early vascular toxicity and test the molecular silencing approach towards attenuating the endothelial dysfunction during platinum-based chemotherapy. Human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) were treated with varying concentrations of cisplatin (1.0-10.0μg/ml) or vehicle control (0.1% dimethyl sulfoxide) for monitoring the changes in Intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) mRNA and protein expression viz. a viz. altered activation of protein kinase C (PKC) isoforms, transient receptor potential channel (TRPC) 1 expression, Nuclear factor 'kappa-light-chain-enhancer' of activated B-cells (NF-κB), Store Operated Ca(2+) Entry (SOCE) in cisplatin-induced endothelial permeability and adherence of the activated endothelial cells to human monocyte-like U937 cells. Silencing of either PKC-α, TRPC1 or p65 subunit of NF-κB, all resulted in significant alleviation of cisplatin-induced endothelial dysfunction. At concentrations ≥8μg/ml, cisplatin induced a significant increase in the expression of ICAM-1 mRNA as well as protein. This was mediated by changes in PKC-α membrane translocation, NF-κB activation, increased expression as well as phosphorylation of TRPC1 and enhanced SOCE, leading to hyperpermeability and leakage of albumin. Increased adherence of U937 monocytes to cisplatin-activated endothelial cells was evident. Cisplatin challenge activates PKC-α, which in turn phosphorylated TRPC1 resulting in enhanced Ca(2+) entry. Increased Ca(2+) flux is required for activation of NF-κB and ICAM-1 expression. Enhanced ICAM-1 expression promotes monocyte binding to endothelial cells and increased endothelial hyperpermeability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vijaya Lakshmi Bodiga
- Department of Molecular Biology, Institute of Genetics & Hospital for Genetic Diseases, Begumpet, Osmania University, Hyderabad 500016, Telangana, India
| | - Madhukar Rao Kudle
- Department of Biochemistry, Kakatiya University, Vidyaranyapuri, Warangal 506009, Telangana, India
| | - Sreedhar Bodiga
- Department of Biochemistry, Kakatiya University, Vidyaranyapuri, Warangal 506009, Telangana, India
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Mehta D, Ravindran K, Kuebler WM. Novel regulators of endothelial barrier function. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2014; 307:L924-35. [PMID: 25381026 PMCID: PMC4269690 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00318.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2014] [Accepted: 11/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Endothelial barrier function is an essential and tightly regulated process that ensures proper compartmentalization of the vascular and interstitial space, while allowing for the diffusive exchange of small molecules and the controlled trafficking of macromolecules and immune cells. Failure to control endothelial barrier integrity results in excessive leakage of fluid and proteins from the vasculature that can rapidly become fatal in scenarios such as sepsis or the acute respiratory distress syndrome. Here, we highlight recent advances in our understanding on the regulation of endothelial permeability, with a specific focus on the endothelial glycocalyx and endothelial scaffolds, regulatory intracellular signaling cascades, as well as triggers and mediators that either disrupt or enhance endothelial barrier integrity, and provide our perspective as to areas of seeming controversy and knowledge gaps, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dolly Mehta
- Department of Pharmacology and Center for Lung and Vascular Biology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois;
| | - Krishnan Ravindran
- Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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13
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Weidert E, Pohler SE, Gomez EW, Dong C. Actinomyosin contraction, phosphorylation of VE-cadherin, and actin remodeling enable melanoma-induced endothelial cell-cell junction disassembly. PLoS One 2014; 9:e108092. [PMID: 25225982 PMCID: PMC4167543 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0108092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2014] [Accepted: 08/25/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
During melanoma cell extravasation through the vascular endothelium, melanoma cells interact with endothelial cells through secretion of cytokines and by adhesion between proteins displayed on opposing cell surfaces. How these tumor cell associated signals together regulate the dynamics of intracellular signaling pathways within endothelial cells leading to endothelial cell-cell junction disruption is not well understood. Here, we used a combination of experimental and computational approaches to examine the individual and combined effects of activation of the vascular cell adhesion molecule (VCAM)-1, interleukin (IL)-8, and IL-1β signaling pathways on the integrity of vascular junctions. Our simulations predict a multifaceted interplay of signaling resulting from individual activation of VCAM-1, IL-8 and IL-1β pathways that is neither synergistic nor additive compared to all inputs turned on simultaneously. Furthermore, we show that the levels of phosphorylated proteins associated with actinomyosin contractility and junction disassembly peak prior to those related to actin remodeling. The results of this work provide insight into the dynamics of tumor-mediated endothelial junction disassembly and suggest that targeting proteins downstream of several interaction pathways may be the most effective therapeutic approach to reduce melanoma extravasation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Weidert
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Steven E. Pohler
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Esther W. Gomez
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- * E-mail: (EWG); (CD)
| | - Cheng Dong
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- * E-mail: (EWG); (CD)
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Zhang C, Wu Y, Xuan Z, Zhang S, Wang X, Hao Y, Wu J, Zhang S. p38MAPK, Rho/ROCK and PKC pathways are involved in influenza-induced cytoskeletal rearrangement and hyperpermeability in PMVEC via phosphorylating ERM. Virus Res 2014; 192:6-15. [PMID: 25150189 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2014.07.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2013] [Revised: 07/04/2014] [Accepted: 07/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Severe influenza infections are featured by acute lung injury, a syndrome of pulmonary microvascular leak. A growing number of evidences have shown that the pulmonary microvascular endothelial cells (PMVEC) are critical target of influenza virus, promoting microvascular leak. It is reported that there are multiple mechanisms by which influenza virus could elicit increased pulmonary endothelial permeability, in both direct and indirect manners. Ezrin/radixin/moesin family proteins, the linkers between plasma membrane and actin cytoskeleton, have been reported to be involved in cell adhesion, motility and may modulate endothelial permeability. Studies have also shown that ERM is phosphorylated in response to various stimuli via p38MAPK, Rho/ROCK or PKC pathways. However, it is unclear that whether influenza infection could induce ERM phosphorylation and its relocalization. In the present study, we have found that there are cytoskeletal reorganization and permeability increases in the course of influenza virus infection, accompanied by upregulated levels of p-ERM. p-ERM's aggregation along the periphery of PMVEC upon influenza virus infection was detected via confocal microscopy. Furthermore, we sought to determine the role of p38MAPK, Rho/ROCK and PKC pathways in ERM phosphorylation as well as their involvement in influenza virus-induced endothelial malfunction. The activation of p38MAPK, Rho/ROCK and PKC pathways upon influenza virus stimulation were observed, as evidenced by the evaluation of phosphorylated p38 (p-p38), phosphorylated MKK (p-MKK) in p38MAPK pathway, ROCK1 in Rho/ROCK pathway and phosphorylated PKC (p-PKC) in PKC pathway. We also showed that virus-induced ERM phosphorylation was reduced by using p38MAPK inhibitor, SB203580 (20 μM), Rho/ROCK inhibitor, Y27632 (20 μM), PKC inhibitor, LY317615 (10 μM). Additionally, influenza virus-induced F-actin reorganization and hyperpermeability were attenuated by pretreatment with SB203580, Y27632 and LY317615. Taken together, we provide the first evidence that p38MAPK, Rho/ROCK and PKC are involved in influenza-induced cytoskeletal changes and permeability increases in PMVEC via phosphorylating ERM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenyue Zhang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, PR China
| | - Ying Wu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, PR China.
| | - Zinan Xuan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, PR China
| | - Shujing Zhang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, PR China
| | - Xudan Wang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, PR China
| | - Yu Hao
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, PR China
| | - Jun Wu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, PR China
| | - Shu Zhang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, PR China
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15
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Schier R, El-Zein R, Cortes A, Liu M, Collins M, Rafat N, Teschendorf P, Wu HK, Heymach J, Mehran R, Riedel B. Endothelial progenitor cell mobilization by preoperative exercise: a bone marrow response associated with postoperative outcome. Br J Anaesth 2014; 113:652-60. [PMID: 24880828 DOI: 10.1093/bja/aeu135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Preoperative anaemia is associated with increased morbidity in patients undergoing major surgery. Whether erythrocytes are the only bone-marrow-derived cell lineage that associates with increased surgical complications is unknown. This prospective observational trial studied the mobilization of endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) in response to exercise in association with postoperative complications. METHODS After IRB approval, 60 subjects undergoing major thoracic surgery were exercised to exhaustion (peak V̇(O₂)). Peripheral blood collected before and after peak exercise was quantified for EPC lineages by fluorescence-activated cell sorter analysis. Complication analysis was based on the Clavien-Dindo classification. RESULTS Exhaustive exercise increased EPC [CD45-133+34+ cells=150 (0.00-5230) to 220 (0.00-1270) cells μl(-1); median change (range)=20 (-4,180-860) cells μl(-1); P=0.03] but not mature endothelial cell (EC) subpopulations. Pre-exercise levels [odds ratio (OR)=0.86, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.37-2.00, P=0.72), change after exercise as a continuous variable (OR=0.95, 95% CI: 0.41-2.22, P=0.91) and a positive response after exercise (change >0 cells μl(-1); OR=0.41, 95% CI: 0.13-1.28, P=0.12) were not statistically significantly associated with the incidence of postoperative complications. Post-hoc receiver operating characteristic curve analyses revealed that subjects with a CD45-133+34+ increase ≥60 cells μl(-1) in response to exercise suffered fewer postoperative complications [86% sensitivity, 48% specificity and AUC=0.67 (95% CI: 0.52-0.81)]. CONCLUSIONS Preoperative exercise induces EPC into the peripheral circulation. Subjects with a poor EPC response had a pre-existing propensity for postoperative complications. This warrants further research into the role of bone marrow function as a critical component to endothelial repair mechanisms. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION IRB 2003-0434 (University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA).
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Affiliation(s)
- R Schier
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | | | | | - M Liu
- Department of Epidemiology
| | - M Collins
- Centre for Biostatistics and Clinical Trials and
| | - N Rafat
- Department of Pediatrics I, University Children's Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - P Teschendorf
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Hospital of Osnabrueck, Osnabrueck, Germany
| | - Hua-Kang Wu
- Department of Thoracic/Head and Neck Oncology, and
| | - J Heymach
- Department of Thoracic/Head and Neck Oncology, and
| | - R Mehran
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The University of Texas, M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - B Riedel
- Department of Cancer Anaesthetics and Pain Medicine, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
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16
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Abstract
The acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is a major public health problem and a leading source of morbidity in intensive care units. Lung tissue in patients with ARDS is characterized by inflammation, with exuberant neutrophil infiltration, activation, and degranulation that is thought to initiate tissue injury through the release of proteases and oxygen radicals. Treatment of ARDS is supportive primarily because the underlying pathophysiology is poorly understood. This gap in knowledge must be addressed to identify urgently needed therapies. Recent research efforts in anti-inflammatory drug development have focused on identifying common control points in multiple signaling pathways. The protein kinase C (PKC) serine-threonine kinases are master regulators of proinflammatory signaling hubs, making them attractive therapeutic targets. Pharmacological inhibition of broad-spectrum PKC activity and, more importantly, of specific PKC isoforms (as well as deletion of PKCs in mice) exerts protective effects in various experimental models of lung injury. Furthermore, PKC isoforms have been implicated in inflammatory processes that may be involved in the pathophysiologic changes that result in ARDS, including activation of innate immune and endothelial cells, neutrophil trafficking to the lung, regulation of alveolar epithelial barrier functions, and control of neutrophil proinflammatory and prosurvival signaling. This review focuses on the mechanistic involvement of PKC isoforms in the pathogenesis of ARDS and highlights the potential of developing new therapeutic paradigms based on the selective inhibition (or activation) of specific PKC isoforms.
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17
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Abstract
Increased endothelial permeability and reduction of alveolar liquid clearance capacity are two leading pathogenic mechanisms of pulmonary edema, which is a major complication of acute lung injury, severe pneumonia, and acute respiratory distress syndrome, the pathologies characterized by unacceptably high rates of morbidity and mortality. Besides the success in protective ventilation strategies, no efficient pharmacological approaches exist to treat this devastating condition. Understanding of fundamental mechanisms involved in regulation of endothelial permeability is essential for development of barrier protective therapeutic strategies. Ongoing studies characterized specific barrier protective mechanisms and identified intracellular targets directly involved in regulation of endothelial permeability. Growing evidence suggests that, although each protective agonist triggers a unique pattern of signaling pathways, selected common mechanisms contributing to endothelial barrier protection may be shared by different barrier protective agents. Therefore, understanding of basic barrier protective mechanisms in pulmonary endothelium is essential for selection of optimal treatment of pulmonary edema of different etiology. This article focuses on mechanisms of lung vascular permeability, reviews major intracellular signaling cascades involved in endothelial monolayer barrier preservation and summarizes a current knowledge regarding recently identified compounds which either reduce pulmonary endothelial barrier disruption and hyperpermeability, or reverse preexisting lung vascular barrier compromise induced by pathologic insults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantin G Birukov
- Lung Injury Center, Section of Pulmonary and Critical Care, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA.
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18
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Yu H, Huang X, Ma Y, Gao M, Wang O, Gao T, Shen Y, Liu X. Interleukin-8 regulates endothelial permeability by down-regulation of tight junction but not dependent on integrins induced focal adhesions. Int J Biol Sci 2013; 9:966-79. [PMID: 24155670 PMCID: PMC3805902 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.6996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2013] [Accepted: 08/29/2013] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Interleukin-8 (IL-8) is a common inflammatory factor, which involves in various non-specific pathological processes of inflammation. It has been found that increased endothelial permeability accompanied with high expression of IL-8 at site of injured endothelium and atherosclerotic plaque at early stages, suggesting that IL-8 participated in regulating endothelial permeability in the developing processes of vascular disease. The purpose of this study is to investigate the regulation effects of IL-8 on the vascular endothelial permeability, and the mRNA and protein expression of tight junction components (i.e., ZO-1, Claudin-5 and Occludin). Endothelial cells were stimulated by IL-8 with the dose of 50, 100 and 200 ng/mL, and duration of 2, 4, 6, 8h, respectively. The mRNA and protein expression level of tight junction components with IL-8 under different concentration and duration was examined by RT-PCR and Western blot, respectively. Meanwhile, the integrins induced focal adhesions event with IL-8 stimulation was also investigated. The results showed that IL-8 regulated the permeability of endothelium by down-regulation of tight junction in a dose- and time-dependence manner, but was not by integrins induced focal adhesions. This finding reveals the molecular mechanism in the increase of endothelial cell permeability induced by IL-8, which is expected to provide a new idea as a therapeutic target in vascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongchi Yu
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, School of Preclinical and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
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19
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Lucas R, Czikora I, Sridhar S, Zemskov EA, Oseghale A, Circo S, Cederbaum SD, Chakraborty T, Fulton DJ, Caldwell RW, Romero MJ. Arginase 1: an unexpected mediator of pulmonary capillary barrier dysfunction in models of acute lung injury. Front Immunol 2013; 4:228. [PMID: 23966993 PMCID: PMC3736115 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2013.00228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2013] [Accepted: 07/19/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The integrity of epithelial and endothelial barriers in the lower airspaces of the lungs has to be tightly regulated, in order to prevent leakage and to assure efficient gas exchange between the alveoli and capillaries. Both G− and G+ bacterial toxins, such as lipopolysaccharide and pneumolysin, respectively, can be released in high concentrations within the pulmonary compartments upon antibiotic treatment of patients suffering from acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) or severe pneumonia. These toxins are able to impair endothelial barrier function, either directly, or indirectly, by induction of pro-inflammatory mediators and neutrophil sequestration. Toxin-induced endothelial hyperpermeability can involve myosin light chain phosphorylation and/or microtubule rearrangement. Endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) was proposed to be a guardian of basal barrier function, since eNOS knock-out mice display an impaired expression of inter-endothelial junction proteins and as such an increased vascular permeability, as compared to wild type mice. The enzyme arginase, the activity of which can be regulated by the redox status of the cell, exists in two isoforms – arginase 1 (cytosolic) and arginase 2 (mitochondrial) – both of which can be expressed in lung microvascular endothelial cells. Upon activation, arginase competes with eNOS for the substrate l-arginine, as such impairing eNOS-dependent NO generation and promoting reactive oxygen species generation by the enzyme. This mini-review will discuss recent findings regarding the interaction between bacterial toxins and arginase during acute lung injury and will as such address the role of arginase in bacterial toxin-induced pulmonary endothelial barrier dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rudolf Lucas
- Vascular Biology Center, Medical College of Georgia, Georgia Regents University , Augusta, GA , USA ; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Georgia, Georgia Regents University , Augusta, GA , USA ; Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Georgia Regents University , Augusta, GA , USA
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Song JS, Kang CM, Park CK, Yoon HK. Thrombin induces epithelial-mesenchymal transition via PAR-1, PKC, and ERK1/2 pathways in A549 cells. Exp Lung Res 2013; 39:336-48. [PMID: 23919450 PMCID: PMC3793269 DOI: 10.3109/01902148.2013.820809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Thrombin activates protease-activated receptor (PAR)-1 and induces a myofibroblast phenotype in normal lung fibroblasts. The origins of myofibroblasts are resident fibroblasts, fibrocytes, and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). We investigated the effects of thrombin, an important mediator of interstitial lung fibrosis, on EMT in A549 human alveolar epithelial cells. We show that thrombin induced EMT and collagen I secretion through the activation of PAR-1, and PKC and ERK1/2 phosphorylation in A549 cells. These effects were largely prevented by a specific PAR-1 antagonist, short interfering RNA (siRNA) directed against PAR-1, or specific PKCα/β, δ, and ε inhibitors. These data indicated that interaction with thrombin and alveolar epithelial cells might directly contribute to the pathogenesis of pulmonary fibrosis through EMT. Targeting PAR-1 on the pulmonary epithelium or specific inhibitors to PKCα/β, δ, and ε might stop the fibrotic processes in human idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis by preventing thrombin-induced EMT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeong Sup Song
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yeouido St Mary's Hospital, Catholic University Medical College , Seoul, Korea
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21
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Mini-review: novel therapeutic strategies to blunt actions of pneumolysin in the lungs. Toxins (Basel) 2013; 5:1244-60. [PMID: 23860351 PMCID: PMC3737495 DOI: 10.3390/toxins5071244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2013] [Revised: 06/25/2013] [Accepted: 06/27/2013] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Severe pneumonia is the main single cause of death worldwide in children under five years of age. The main etiological agent of pneumonia is the G+ bacterium Streptococcus pneumoniae, which accounts for up to 45% of all cases. Intriguingly, patients can still die days after commencing antibiotic treatment due to the development of permeability edema, although the pathogen was successfully cleared from their lungs. This condition is characterized by a dramatically impaired alveolar epithelial-capillary barrier function and a dysfunction of the sodium transporters required for edema reabsorption, including the apically expressed epithelial sodium channel (ENaC) and the basolaterally expressed sodium potassium pump (Na+-K+-ATPase). The main agent inducing this edema formation is the virulence factor pneumolysin, a cholesterol-binding pore-forming toxin, released in the alveolar compartment of the lungs when pneumococci are being lysed by antibiotic treatment or upon autolysis. Sub-lytic concentrations of pneumolysin can cause endothelial barrier dysfunction and can impair ENaC-mediated sodium uptake in type II alveolar epithelial cells. These events significantly contribute to the formation of permeability edema, for which currently no standard therapy is available. This review focuses on discussing some recent developments in the search for the novel therapeutic agents able to improve lung function despite the presence of pore-forming toxins. Such treatments could reduce the potentially lethal complications occurring after antibiotic treatment of patients with severe pneumonia.
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Lukanowska M, Howl J, Jones S. Bioportides: Bioactive cell-penetrating peptides that modulate cellular dynamics. Biotechnol J 2013; 8:918-30. [DOI: 10.1002/biot.201200335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2013] [Revised: 06/10/2013] [Accepted: 06/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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23
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Bálint Z, Zabini D, Konya V, Nagaraj C, Végh AG, Váró G, Wilhelm I, Fazakas C, Krizbai IA, Heinemann A, Olschewski H, Olschewski A. Double-stranded RNA attenuates the barrier function of human pulmonary artery endothelial cells. PLoS One 2013; 8:e63776. [PMID: 23755110 PMCID: PMC3670875 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0063776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2013] [Accepted: 04/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Circulating RNA may result from excessive cell damage or acute viral infection and can interact with vascular endothelial cells. Despite the obvious clinical implications associated with the presence of circulating RNA, its pathological effects on endothelial cells and the governing molecular mechanisms are still not fully elucidated. We analyzed the effects of double stranded RNA on primary human pulmonary artery endothelial cells (hPAECs). The effect of natural and synthetic double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) on hPAECs was investigated using trans-endothelial electric resistance, molecule trafficking, calcium (Ca2+) homeostasis, gene expression and proliferation studies. Furthermore, the morphology and mechanical changes of the cells caused by synthetic dsRNA was followed by in-situ atomic force microscopy, by vascular-endothelial cadherin and F-actin staining. Our results indicated that exposure of hPAECs to synthetic dsRNA led to functional deficits. This was reflected by morphological and mechanical changes and an increase in the permeability of the endothelial monolayer. hPAECs treated with synthetic dsRNA accumulated in the G1 phase of the cell cycle. Additionally, the proliferation rate of the cells in the presence of synthetic dsRNA was significantly decreased. Furthermore, we found that natural and synthetic dsRNA modulated Ca2+ signaling in hPAECs by inhibiting the sarco-endoplasmic Ca2+-ATPase (SERCA) which is involved in the regulation of the intracellular Ca2+ homeostasis and thus cell growth. Even upon synthetic dsRNA stimulation silencing of SERCA3 preserved the endothelial monolayer integrity. Our data identify novel mechanisms by which dsRNA can disrupt endothelial barrier function and these may be relevant in inflammatory processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoltán Bálint
- Experimental Anesthesiology, Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Lung Vascular Research, Graz, Austria
| | - Diana Zabini
- Experimental Anesthesiology, Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Viktoria Konya
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Chandran Nagaraj
- Experimental Anesthesiology, Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Attila G. Végh
- Institute of Biophysics, Biological Research Centre of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Szeged, Hungary
| | - György Váró
- Institute of Biophysics, Biological Research Centre of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Imola Wilhelm
- Institute of Biophysics, Biological Research Centre of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Csilla Fazakas
- Institute of Biophysics, Biological Research Centre of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Szeged, Hungary
| | - István A. Krizbai
- Institute of Biophysics, Biological Research Centre of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Akos Heinemann
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Horst Olschewski
- Division of Pulmonology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Andrea Olschewski
- Experimental Anesthesiology, Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Lung Vascular Research, Graz, Austria
- * E-mail:
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Ruiz-Loredo AY, López E, López-Colomé AM. Thrombin stimulates stress fiber assembly in RPE cells by PKC/CPI-17-mediated MLCP inactivation. Exp Eye Res 2012; 96:13-23. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2012.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2011] [Revised: 01/11/2012] [Accepted: 01/17/2012] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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25
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Soukup B, Benjamin A, Orogo-Wenn M, Walters D. Physiological effect of protein kinase C on ENaC-mediated lung liquid regulation in the adult rat lung. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2011; 302:L133-9. [PMID: 21949158 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00031.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Tight control of lung liquid (LL) regulation is vital for pulmonary function. The aim of this work was to determine whether PKC activation is involved in the physiological regulation of LL volume in a whole lung preparation. Rat lungs were perfused with a modified Ringer solution, and the lumen was filled with the same solution without glucose. LL volume was measured during a control period and after modulating drugs were administered, and net LL transepithelial movement (J(v)) was calculated. When the PKC activator PMA (10(-5) M) and the Ca(2+) ionophore ionomycin (10(-6) M) were instilled into the lung together, J(v) was significantly reduced (P = 0.03). This reduction was blocked by the PKC inhibitor chelerythrine chloride (10(-6) M; P = 0.56) and by a second PKC inhibitor GF109203X (10(-5) M; P = 0.98). When PMA and ionomycin were added with the β-adrenergic agonist terbutaline, the terbutaline-induced increase in J(v) was abolished. Addition of PMA and ionomycin with the epithelial Na(+) channel (ENaC) blocker amiloride had no additional inhibitory effect. Together, these results suggest that PKC is likely to be involved in LL absorption, and the ability of PMA/ionomycin to block the terbutaline-induced increase in J(v) suggests that the downstream target of PKC is ENaC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Soukup
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, St. George's University of London, London, United Kingdom
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Chavez A, Smith M, Mehta D. New Insights into the Regulation of Vascular Permeability. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2011; 290:205-48. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-386037-8.00001-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Acute Lung Injury: The Injured Lung Endothelium, Therapeutic Strategies for Barrier Protection, and Vascular Biomarkers. TEXTBOOK OF PULMONARY VASCULAR DISEASE 2010. [PMCID: PMC7120335 DOI: 10.1007/978-0-387-87429-6_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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Kondrikov D, Elms S, Fulton D, Su Y. eNOS-beta-actin interaction contributes to increased peroxynitrite formation during hyperoxia in pulmonary artery endothelial cells and mouse lungs. J Biol Chem 2010; 285:35479-87. [PMID: 20826796 PMCID: PMC2975172 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.140269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2010] [Revised: 08/09/2010] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxygen toxicity is the most severe side effect of oxygen therapy in neonates and adults. Pulmonary damage of oxygen toxicity is related to the overproduction of reactive oxygen species (ROS). In the present study, we investigated the effect of hyperoxia on the production of peroxynitrite in pulmonary artery endothelial cells (PAEC) and mouse lungs. Incubation of PAEC under hyperoxia (95% O(2)) for 24 h resulted in an increase in peroxynitrite formation. Uric acid, a peroxynitrite scavenger, prevented hyperoxia-induced increase in peroxynitrite. The increase in peroxynitrite formation is accompanied by increases in nitric oxide (NO) release and endothelial NO synthase (eNOS) activity. We have previously reported that association of eNOS with β-actin increases eNOS activity and NO production in lung endothelial cells. To study whether eNOS-β-actin association contributes to increased peroxynitrite production, eNOS-β-actin interaction were inhibited by reducing β-actin availability or by using a synthetic peptide (P326TAT) containing a sequence corresponding to the actin binding site on eNOS. We found that disruption of eNOS-β-actin interaction prevented hyperoxia-induced increases in eNOS-β-actin association, eNOS activity, NO and peroxynitrite production, and protein tyrosine nitration. Hyperoxia failed to induce the increases in eNOS activity, NO and peroxynitrite formation in COS-7 cells transfected with plasmids containing eNOS mutant cDNA in which amino acids leucine and tryptophan were replaced with alanine in the actin binding site on eNOS. Exposure of mice to hyperoxia resulted in significant increases in eNOS-β-actin association, eNOS activity, and protein tyrosine nitration in the lungs. Our data indicate that increased association of eNOS with β-actin in PAEC contributes to hyperoxia-induced increase in the production of peroxynitrite which may cause nitrosative stress in pulmonary vasculature.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - David Fulton
- From the Departments of Pharmacology and Toxicology and
- Vascular Biology Center, and
| | - Yunchao Su
- From the Departments of Pharmacology and Toxicology and
- Medicine
- Vascular Biology Center, and
- Center for Biotechnology & Genomic Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, Georgia 30912
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Role of src-suppressed C kinase substrate in rat pulmonary microvascular endothelial hyperpermeability stimulated by inflammatory cytokines. Inflamm Res 2010; 59:949-58. [PMID: 20454828 DOI: 10.1007/s00011-010-0207-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2009] [Revised: 04/04/2010] [Accepted: 04/21/2010] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of the study was to investigate the role of src-suppressed C kinase substrate (SSeCKS) in the modulation of rat pulmonary microvascular endothelial cells (RPMVEC) permeability elicited by interleukin (IL)-1β and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α. METHODS The gene expression of SSeCKS was analyzed by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. Immunoblotting was used to determine the SSeCKS protein expression and the activation of the protein kinase C (PKC) signaling pathway. A RPMVEC monolayer was constructed to determine changes of transendothelial electrical resistance (TER) and FITC-dextran flux (P (d)) across the monolayer. SSeCKS-specific small interfering RNA was transfected into RPMVEC. RESULTS IL-1β and TNF-α activated the PKC signaling pathway in RPMVEC, and up-regulated the gene and protein expression of SSeCKS. Depletion of endogenous SSeCKS in RPMVEC significantly attenuated cytokine-induced decrease in TER and increase in P (d), but not to the basal levels. PKC inhibitors also significantly decreased cytokine-induced hyperpermeability and SSeCKS expression. CONCLUSIONS SSeCKS is involved in the endothelial hyperpermeability induced by IL-1β and TNF-α in inflammatory process.
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Xiong C, Yang G, Kumar S, Aggarwal S, Leustik M, Snead C, Hamacher J, Fischer B, Umapathy NS, Hossain H, Wendel A, Catravas JD, Verin AD, Fulton D, Black SM, Chakraborty T, Lucas R. The lectin-like domain of TNF protects from listeriolysin-induced hyperpermeability in human pulmonary microvascular endothelial cells - a crucial role for protein kinase C-alpha inhibition. Vascul Pharmacol 2010; 52:207-13. [PMID: 20074664 DOI: 10.1016/j.vph.2009.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2009] [Revised: 11/25/2009] [Accepted: 12/24/2009] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Listeriosis can lead to potentially lethal pulmonary complications in newborns and immune compromised patients, characterized by extensive permeability edema. Listeriolysin (LLO), the main virulence factor of Listeria monocytogenes, induces a dose-dependent hyperpermeability in monolayers of human lung microvascular endothelial cells in vitro. The permeability increasing activity of LLO, which is accompanied by an increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, RhoA activation and myosin light chain (MLC) phosphorylation, can be completely inhibited by the protein kinase C (PKC) alpha/beta inhibitor GO6976, indicating a crucial role for PKC in the induction of barrier dysfunction. The TNF-derived TIP peptide, which mimics the lectin-like domain of the cytokine, blunts LLO-induced hyperpermeability in vitro, upon inhibiting LLO-induced protein kinase C-alpha activation, ROS generation and MLC phosphorylation and upon restoring the RhoA/Rac 1 balance. These results indicate that the lectin-like domain of TNF has a potential therapeutic value in protecting from LLO-induced pulmonary endothelial hyperpermeability.
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Stapleton CM, Joo JH, Kim YS, Liao G, Panettieri RA, Jetten AM. Induction of ANGPTL4 expression in human airway smooth muscle cells by PMA through activation of PKC and MAPK pathways. Exp Cell Res 2009; 316:507-16. [PMID: 20025870 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2009.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2005] [Revised: 11/25/2009] [Accepted: 12/05/2009] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we demonstrate that protein kinase C (PKC) activators, including phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate (PMA), 1,2-dioctanoyl-sn-glycerol (DOG), and platelet-derived growth factor alpha are potent inducers of angiopoietin-like protein 4 (ANGPTL4) expression in several normal lung cell types and carcinoma cell lines. In human airway smooth muscle (HASM) cells induction of ANGPTL4 expression is observed as early as 2 h after the addition of PMA. PMA also increases the level of ANGPTL4 protein released in the medium. PKC inhibitors Ro31-8820 and Gö6983 greatly inhibit the induction of ANGPTL4 mRNA by PMA suggesting that this up-regulation involves activation of PKC. Knockdown of several PKCs by corresponding siRNAs suggest a role for PKCalpha. PMA does not activate MAPK p38 and p38 inhibitors have little effect on the induction of ANGPTL4 indicating that p38 is not involved in the regulation of ANGPTL4 by PMA. In contrast, treatment of HASM by PMA induces phosphorylation and activation of Ra, MEK1/2, ERK1/2, JNK, Elk-1, and c-Jun. The Ras inhibitor manumycin A, the MEK1/2 inhibitor U0126, and the JNK inhibitor SP600125, greatly reduce the increase in ANGPTL4 expression by PMA. Knockdown of MEK1/2 and JNK1/2 expression by corresponding siRNAs inhibits the induction of ANGPTL4. Our observations suggest that the induction of ANGPTL4 by PMA in HASM involves the activation of PKC, ERK, and JNK pathways. This induction may play a role in tissue remodeling during lung injury and be implicated in several lung pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cliona M Stapleton
- Cell Biology Section, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
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Shi C, Wang X, Zhao X, Andersson R. Cellular and molecular events in acute pancreatitis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1080/17471060600776858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Zhao X, Shi C, Wang X, Andersson R. A new understanding of pancreatitis-associated pulmonary injury. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1080/17471060600799520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Wray C, Mao Y, Pan J, Chandrasena A, Piasta F, Frank JA. Claudin-4 augments alveolar epithelial barrier function and is induced in acute lung injury. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2009; 297:L219-27. [PMID: 19447895 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00043.2009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Intact alveolar barrier function is associated with better outcomes in acute lung injury patients; however, the regulation of alveolar epithelial paracellular transport during lung injury has not been extensively investigated. This study was undertaken to determine whether changes in tight junction claudin expression affect alveolar epithelial barrier properties and to determine the mechanisms of altered expression. In anesthetized mice exposed to ventilator-induced lung injury, claudin-4 was specifically induced among tight junction structural proteins. Real-time PCR showed an eightfold increase in claudin-4 expression in the lung injury model. To examine the role of this protein in barrier regulation, claudin-4 function was inhibited with small interfering RNA (siRNA) and a blocking peptide derived from the binding domain of Clostridium perfringens enterotoxin (CPE(BD)). Inhibition of claudin-4 decreased transepithelial electrical resistance but did not alter macromolecule permeability in primary rat and human epithelial cells. In mice, CPE(BD) decreased air space fluid clearance >33% and resulted in pulmonary edema during moderate tidal volume ventilation that did not induce edema in control peptide-treated mice. In vitro phorbol ester induced a ninefold increase in claudin-4 expression that was dependent on PKC activation and the JNK MAPK pathway. These data establish that changes in alveolar epithelial claudin expression influence paracellular transport, alveolar fluid clearance rates, and susceptibility to pulmonary edema. We hypothesize that increased claudin-4 expression early in acute lung injury represents a mechanism to limit pulmonary edema and that the regulation of alveolar epithelial claudin expression may be a novel target for acute lung injury therapy.
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Chen HL, Hai CX, Liang X, Zhang XD, Liu R, Qin XJ. Correlation between sPLA2-IIA and phosgene-induced rat acute lung injury. Inhal Toxicol 2009; 21:374-80. [PMID: 19235614 DOI: 10.1080/08958370802449712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Secreted phospholipase A(2) of group IIA (sPLA(2)-IIA) has been involved in a variety of inflammatory diseases, including acute lung injury. However, the specific role of sPLA(2)-IIA in phosgene-induced acute lung injury remains unidentified. The aim of the present study was to investigate the correlation between sPLA(2)-IIA activity and the severity of phosgene-induced acute lung injury. Adult male rats were randomly exposed to either normal room air (control group) or a concentration of 400 ppm phosgene (phosgene-exposed group) for there are 5 phosgene-exposed groups altogether. For the time points of 1, 3, 6, 12 and 24 h post-exposure, one phosgene-exposed group was sacrificed at each time point. The severity of acute lung injury was assessed by Pa(O2)/F(IO2) ratio, wet-to-dry lung-weight ratio, and bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid protein concentration. sPLA(2)-IIA activity in BAL fluid markedly increased between 1 h and 12 h after phosgene exposure, and reached its highest level at 6 h. Moreover, the trend of this elevation correlated well with the severity of lung injury. These results indicate that sPLA(2)-IIA probably participates in phosgene-induced acute lung injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-li Chen
- Department of Toxicology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
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Pendyala S, Usatyuk PV, Gorshkova IA, Garcia JG, Natarajan V. Regulation of NADPH oxidase in vascular endothelium: the role of phospholipases, protein kinases, and cytoskeletal proteins. Antioxid Redox Signal 2009; 11:841-60. [PMID: 18828698 PMCID: PMC2850292 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2008.2231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the vasculature plays a major role in the genesis of endothelial cell (EC) activation and barrier function. Of the several potential sources of ROS in the vasculature, the endothelial NADPH oxidase family of proteins is a major contributor of ROS associated with lung inflammation, ischemia/reperfusion injury, sepsis, hyperoxia, and ventilator-associated lung injury. The NADPH oxidase in lung ECs has most of the components found in phagocytic oxidase, and recent studies show the expression of several homologues of Nox proteins in vascular cells. Activation of NADPH oxidase of nonphagocytic vascular cells is complex and involves assembly of the cytosolic (p47(phox), p67(phox), and Rac1) and membrane-associated components (Noxes and p22(phox)). Signaling pathways leading to NADPH oxidase activation are not completely defined; however, they do appear to involve the cytoskeleton and posttranslation modification of the components regulated by protein kinases, protein phosphatases, and phospholipases. Furthermore, several key components regulating NADPH oxidase recruitment, assembly, and activation are enriched in lipid microdomains to form a functional signaling platform. Future studies on temporal and spatial localization of Nox isoforms will provide new insights into the role of NADPH oxidase-derived ROS in the pathobiology of lung diseases.
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Johnson A. TNF-induced activation of pulmonary microvessel endothelial cells: a role for GSK3beta. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2009; 296:L700-9. [PMID: 19218353 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.90566.2008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The hypothesis tested was PKCalpha mediates the phosphorylation of glycogen synthetase kinase 3beta (GSK3beta) and that the GSK3beta inhibition modulates the response to tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF) in rat pulmonary microvessel endothelial cells (PMEC). PMEC were treated with TNF for 4.0 h (100 ng/ml) or vehicle. First, to assess the role of PKCalpha in the phosphorylation of GSK3beta (i.e., an indicator of GSK3beta inhibition), PMEC were pretreated with 1) nonsense-RNA-PKCalpha, 2) siRNA-PKCalpha, and 3) the PKC inhibitor Gö6983. In the nonsense RNA-PKCalpha+TNF and TNF groups, there was increased phosphorylated GSK3beta-Ser9 that did not occur in the Gö6983+TNF group. In the TNF groups, there was a significant correlation between PKCalpha protein and phosphorylated GSK3beta-Ser9 that did not occur in the groups without TNF. Second, to assess the role of GSK3beta in beta-catenin activity, PMEC were pretreated with 1) wild-type (w) GSK3beta plasmid to enhance GSK3beta activity, 2) kinase dead (kd)-GSK3beta plasmid, and 3) the GSK3beta inhibitor SB-216763. In the TNF group, there was increased unphosphorylated beta-catenin-Ser37/33 compared with the control group. In the GSK3beta-inhibited groups (i.e., SB-216763 and kdGSK3beta) +/- TNF, the unphosphorylated beta-catenin-Ser37/33 was similar to the TNF group. In the GSK3beta-enhanced group +/- TNF, the unphosphorylated beta-catenin-Ser37/33 was similar to the control. Finally, PMEC were also treated with TOPflash, a beta-catenin-dependent promoter luciferase reporter, or the mutant construct FOPflash, 2 days before treatment with TNF. In the TNF group, there was an increased TOPflash/FOPflash activity ratio compared with the control group. In the GSK3beta-inhibited groups (i.e., SB-216763 and kdGSK3beta) +/- TNF, the TOPflash/FOPflash activity ratio was similar to the TNF group. In the GSK3beta-enhanced group +/- TNF, the TOPflash/FOPflash activity ratio was similar to the control. The data indicate that TNF induces endothelial activation that is modulated by a PKCalpha-dependent inhibition of GSK3beta.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnold Johnson
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science, Albany College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Albany, NY 12208, USA.
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Mühlfeld C, Liakopoulos OJ, Schaefer IM, Schöndube FA, Richter J, Dörge H. Methylprednisolone Fails to Preserve Pulmonary Surfactant and Blood–Air Barrier Integrity in a Porcine Cardiopulmonary Bypass Model. J Surg Res 2008; 146:57-65. [PMID: 17583746 DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2007.03.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2007] [Revised: 03/01/2007] [Accepted: 03/13/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pulmonary inflammation after cardiac surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) has been linked to respiratory dysfunction and ultrastructural injury. Whether pretreatment with methylprednisolone (MP) can preserve pulmonary surfactant and blood-air barrier, thereby improving pulmonary function, was tested in a porcine CPB-model. MATERIALS AND METHODS After randomizing pigs to placebo (PLA; n = 5) or MP (30 mg/kg, MP; n = 5), animals were subjected to 3 h of CPB with 1 h of cardioplegic cardiac arrest. Hemodynamic data, plasma tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha, ELISA), and pulmonary function parameters were assessed before, 15 min after CPB, and 8 h after CPB. Lung biopsies were analyzed for TNF-alpha (Western blot) or blood-air barrier and surfactant morphology (electron microscopy, stereology). RESULTS Systemic TNF-alpha increased and cardiac index decreased at 8 h after CPB in PLA (P < 0.05 versus pre-CPB), but not in MP (P < 0.05 versus PLA). In both groups, at 8 h after CPB, PaO2 and PaO2/FiO2 were decreased and arterio-alveolar oxygen difference and pulmonary vascular resistance were increased (P < 0.05 versus baseline). Postoperative pulmonary TNF-alpha remained unchanged in both groups, but tended to be higher in PLA (P = 0.06 versus MP). The volume fraction of inactivated intra-alveolar surfactant was increased in PLA (58 +/- 17% versus 83 +/- 6%) and MP (55 +/- 18% versus 80 +/- 17%) after CPB (P < 0.05 versus baseline for both groups). Profound blood-air barrier injury was present in both groups at 8 h as indicated by an increased blood-air barrier integrity score (PLA: 1.28 +/- 0.03 versus 1.70 +/- 0.1; MP: 1.27 +/- 0.08 versus 1.81 +/- 0.1; P < 0.05). CONCLUSION Despite reduction of the systemic inflammatory response and pulmonary TNF-alpha generation, methylprednisolone fails to decrease pulmonary TNF-alpha and to preserve pulmonary surfactant morphology, blood-air barrier integrity, and pulmonary function after CPB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Mühlfeld
- Department of Anatomy, Division of Electron Microscopy, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany.
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Intravascular FC-77 attenuates phorbol myristate acetate-induced acute lung injury in isolated rat lungs. Crit Care Med 2008; 36:1222-9. [DOI: 10.1097/ccm.0b013e31816a04d3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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Hecker M, Walmrath HD, Seeger W, Mayer K. Clinical Aspects of Acute Lung Insufficiency (ALI/TRALI). Transfus Med Hemother 2008; 35:80-88. [PMID: 21512632 PMCID: PMC3076339 DOI: 10.1159/000117582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2007] [Accepted: 01/03/2008] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
SUMMARY: Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is a common clinical disorder caused by a variety of direct and indirect injuries to the lung, characterized by alveolar epithelial and endothelial injury resulting in damage to the pulmonary alveolar-capillary barrier. The cardinal clinical feature of ARDS, refractory arterial hypoxemia, is the result of protein-rich alveolar edema with impaired surfactant function, due to vascular leakage and vascular dysfunction with consequently impaired matching of ventilation to perfusion. Since its first description in 1967, considerable knowledge concerning the pathogenesis of ARDS has been obtained, however, a plethora of questions remain. Better understanding of the pathophysiology of ARDS has lead to the development of novel therapies, pharmacological strategies, and advances in mechanical ventilation. However, lung-protective ventilation is the only confirmed option in ARDS management improving survival, and few other therapies have translated into improved oxygenation or reduced ventilation time. But despite improvement in our understanding of the therapy and supportive care for patients with ARDS, mortality remains high. It is the purpose of this article to provide an overview of the definition, clinical features, and pathogenesis of ARDS, and to present and discuss therapeutic options currently available in order to effectively treat this severe disorder.
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Procoagulant signalling mechanisms in lung inflammation and fibrosis: novel opportunities for pharmacological intervention? Br J Pharmacol 2008; 153 Suppl 1:S367-78. [PMID: 18223674 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjp.0707603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
There is compelling evidence that uncontrolled activation of the coagulation cascade following lung injury contributes to the development of lung inflammation and fibrosis in acute lung injury/acute respiratory distress syndrome (ALI/ARDS) and fibrotic lung disease. This article reviews our current understanding of the mechanisms leading to the activation of the coagulation cascade in response to lung injury and the evidence that excessive procoagulant activity is of pathophysiological significance in these disease settings. Current evidence suggests that the tissue factor-dependent extrinsic pathway is the predominant mechanism by which the coagulation cascade is locally activated in the lungs of patients with ALI/ARDS and pulmonary fibrosis. Whilst, fibrin deposition might contribute to the pathophysiology of ALI/ARDS following systemic insult; current evidence suggests that the cellular effects mediated via activation of proteinase-activated receptors (PARs) may be of particular importance in influencing inflammatory and fibroproliferative responses in experimental models involving direct injury to the lung. In this regard, studies in PAR(1) knockout mice have shown that this receptor plays a major role in orchestrating the interplay between coagulation, inflammation and lung fibrosis. This review will focus on our current understanding of excessive procoagulant signalling in acute and chronic lung injury and will highlight the novel opportunities that this may present for therapeutic intervention.
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Broman MT, Mehta D, Malik AB. Cdc42 regulates the restoration of endothelial adherens junctions and permeability. Trends Cardiovasc Med 2007; 17:151-6. [PMID: 17574122 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcm.2007.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2007] [Accepted: 03/20/2007] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The endothelial adherens junction (AJ) complex consisting of VE-cadherin and its associated catenins is a major determinant of fluid, solute, and plasma protein permeability of the vessel wall endothelial barrier. Impairment of endothelial barrier function contributes to cardiovascular diseases such as vascular inflammation and atherosclerosis. Adherens junctions disassemble in response to proinflammatory mediators, producing an increase in endothelial permeability; however, AJs also have the capacity to reassemble, leading to restoration of endothelial barrier function. Activation of Cdc42, a member of the Rho family of monomeric GTPases, is an essential signal regulating reannealing of AJs and reversal of the increase in endothelial permeability. The possibility of activating Cdc42 therapeutically represents a novel approach to prevent inflammatory diseases resulting from breakdown of the endothelial barrier. This review summarizes recent findings concerning the role of Cdc42 in restoring endothelial barrier integrity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael T Broman
- Department of Pharmacology and the Center for Lung and Vascular Biology, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
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Low B, Liang M, Fu J. p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase mediates sidestream cigarette smoke-induced endothelial permeability. J Pharmacol Sci 2007; 104:225-31. [PMID: 17652909 DOI: 10.1254/jphs.fp0070385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Second-hand smoke is associated with increased risk of cardiovascular diseases. So far, little is known about the signaling mechanisms of second-hand smoke-induced vascular dysfunction. Endothelial junctions are fundamental structures important for maintaining endothelial barrier function. Our study showed that sidestream cigarette smoke (SCS), a major component of second-hand smoke, was able to disrupt endothelial junctions and increase endothelial permeability. Sidestream cigarette smoke stimulated the phosphorylation of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and myosin light chain (MLC). A selective inhibitor of p38 MAPK (SB203580) prevented SCS-induced loss of endothelial barrier integrity as evidenced by transendothelial resistance measurements. Resveratrol, an antioxidant that was able to inhibit SCS-induced p38 MAPK and MLC phosphorylation, also protected endothelial cells from the damage. Thus, p38 MAPK mediates SCS-induced endothelial permeability. Inhibition of p38 MAPK may have therapeutic potential for second-hand smoke-induced vascular injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brad Low
- Center for Biomedical Research, University of Texas Health Center at Tyler, Tyler, Texas 75708, USA
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Su G, Hodnett M, Wu N, Atakilit A, Kosinski C, Godzich M, Huang XZ, Kim JK, Frank JA, Matthay MA, Sheppard D, Pittet JF. Integrin alphavbeta5 regulates lung vascular permeability and pulmonary endothelial barrier function. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2006; 36:377-86. [PMID: 17079779 PMCID: PMC1899321 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2006-0238oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Increased lung vascular permeability is an important contributor to respiratory failure in acute lung injury (ALI). We found that a function-blocking antibody against the integrin alphavbeta5 prevented development of lung vascular permeability in two different models of ALI: ischemia-reperfusion in rats (mediated by vascular endothelial growth factor [VEGF]) and ventilation-induced lung injury (VILI) in mice (mediated, at least in part, by transforming growth factor-beta [TGF-beta]). Knockout mice homozygous for a null mutation of the integrin beta5 subunit were also protected from lung vascular permeability in VILI. In pulmonary endothelial cells, both the genetic absence and blocking of alphavbeta5 prevented increases in monolayer permeability induced by VEGF, TGF-beta, and thrombin. Furthermore, actin stress fiber formation induced by each of these agonists was attenuated by blocking alphavbeta5, suggesting that alphavbeta5 regulates induced pulmonary endothelial permeability by facilitating interactions with the actin cytoskeleton. These results identify integrin alphavbeta5 as a central regulator of increased pulmonary vascular permeability and a potentially attractive therapeutic target in ALI.
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Affiliation(s)
- George Su
- Lung Biology Center, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Laboratory of Surgical Research, Department of Anesthesia, and Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, California 94158, USA
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Rao RS, Howard CA, Teague TK. Pulmonary endothelial permeability is increased by fluid from packed red blood cell units but not by fluid from clinically-available washed units. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 60:851-8. [PMID: 16612308 DOI: 10.1097/01.ta.0000195727.38068.7d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Massive transfusions are a risk factor for acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) in severely injured patients. Neutrophil priming has been proposed to be an integral part of the early inflammatory response to trauma. To complement that work, we studied another major cell type involved in inflammation: the endothelial cell. Our hypothesis was that soluble factors from units of leukoreduced packed red blood cells (PRBC) directly increase pulmonary endothelial permeability. We also determined whether fluid from clinically-available washed PRBC units affects endothelial permeability. METHODS As a measure of permeability, transendothelial electrical resistance (TER) was determined across monolayers of a human pulmonary microvascular endothelial cell line after addition of full-strength, diluted, and washed PRBC fluid. Monolayers were stained with phalloidin to assess intercellular space. Storage solution Adsol-1 was tested alone to determine additive component effects on TER. RESULTS PRBC fluid decreased TER and increased intercellular space, both of which indicate an increase in endothelial monolayer permeability. PRBC fluid diluted to 2% and washed PRBC fluid did not decrease TER and thereby did not change endothelial permeability. Likewise, Adsol-1 did not duplicate the dramatic decrease in TER seen with the PRBC fluid. CONCLUSIONS Fluid from stored PRBC units contains a soluble, transferable factor that directly increases endothelial permeability. Fluid from washed PRBC units, currently available for patients with immunoglobulin A allergies, does not. This study complements previous work of others that demonstrated that neutrophil priming by PRBC fluid is abrogated by washing. Now that two cell types have been shown to respond more favorably to washed PRBC in vitro, clinical studies should be initiated to investigate whether use of washed PRBC reduces ARDS following transfusions in trauma patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rohini S Rao
- Department of Surgery, University of Oklahoma College of Medicine, Tulsa, 74135, USA
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Zhao X, Shi C, Wang X, Andersson R. Protein kinase C modulates the pulmonary inflammatory response in acute pancreatitis. Respir Physiol Neurobiol 2006; 152:16-26. [PMID: 16214426 DOI: 10.1016/j.resp.2005.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2005] [Revised: 07/11/2005] [Accepted: 07/14/2005] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
The present study aims at evaluating the role of protein kinase C (PKC) in the development of acute lung injury, production of inflammatory mediators and expression of adhesion molecules on leukocytes after induction of acute pancreatitis (AP). AP was induced by the intraductal infusion of 5% sodium taurodeoxycholate in the rat. The animals had the PKC inhibitor polymyxin B administered intraperitoneally 30min prior to induction of AP. Levels of protein content, protease activity, cytokines and chemokines in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) were assessed 1 and 6h after AP induction. Adhesion molecule expression on leukocytes were measured by flowcytometry. Pretreatment with polymyxin B prevented against acute pancreatitis-induced lung injury and the otherwise occurring increases in TNF-alpha, IL-1beta, MCP-1 and IL-10, as well as against the decreases in IL-2, IFNgamma and TIMP-1, decreased protease activity and down-regulation of CD31, CD54 and CD62L on recruited neutrophils and macrophages in BALF. The results indicate that the leukocyte response in acute pancreatitis vary depending on leukocyte subpopulation. It seems that activation of the PKC signalling pathway may play an important role in pancreatitis-associated lung injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xia Zhao
- Departments of Surgery, Lund University Hospital, Clinical Sciences, SE-221 85 Lund, Sweden
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Kuklin V, Sovershaev M, Andreasen T, Skogen V, Ytrehus K, Bjertnaes L. Tezosentan reduces the microvascular filtration coefficient in isolated lungs from rats subjected to cecum ligation and puncture. CRITICAL CARE : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE CRITICAL CARE FORUM 2005; 9:R677-86. [PMID: 16280068 PMCID: PMC1413997 DOI: 10.1186/cc3882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2005] [Revised: 09/08/2005] [Accepted: 09/27/2005] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION We recently demonstrated that the non-selective endothelin-1 (ET-1) receptor blocker tezosentan antagonizes ovine acute lung injury (ALI) following infusion of endotoxin or ET-1 by reducing the enhanced lung microvascular pressure, although we could not exclude the possibility of a simultaneous decline in microvascular permeability. In the present study, our aim was to find out if tezosentan reverses the rise in microvascular filtration coefficient (Kfc) in rat lungs that have been isolated and perfused 12 h after cecum ligation and puncture (CLP) or infusion of ET-1. METHODS Wistar rats (n = 42) were subjected to CLP. Postoperatively, rats were randomized to a CLP group (n = 7) and a CLP + tezosentan group (n = 7); the latter received tezosentan 30 mg/kg. A sham-operated group (n = 5) underwent laparotomy without CLP. Twelve hours postoperatively, the lungs were isolated and perfused with blood from similarly treated rats that also were used to assess plasma concentration of ET-1 and protein kinase Calpha (PKCalpha) in lung tissue. Additionally, isolated blood perfused lungs from healthy rats were randomized to a control group (n = 8), an ET-1 group (n = 7) subjected to pulmonary arterial injection of ET-1 10 nM, and an ET-1 + tezosentan group (n = 7) that received tezosentan 30 mg/kg. All lung preparations received papaverine 0.1 microg/kg added to the perfusate for vasoplegia. Pulmonary hemodynamic variables, Kfc and lung compliance (CL) were assessed. RESULTS After CLP, the plasma concentration of ET-1 increased. Papaverine abolished the vasoconstrictor response to ET-1 and the pulmonary vascular pressures remained close to baseline throughout the experiments. Both CLP and injection of ET-1 caused significant changes in Kfc and CL that were prevented in tezosentan-treated rats. Compared to sham-operated animals, CLP increased the content of PKCalpha by 50% and 70% in the cytosolic and the membrane fractions of lung tissue homogenates, respectively. Tezosentan prevented the upregulation of PKCalpha in the membrane fraction. CONCLUSION In rat lungs isolated and perfused after CLP, tezosentan precludes both the increase in Kfc and the upregulation of PKCalpha in the membrane fraction of lung tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir Kuklin
- Research fellow, Department of Anaesthesiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tromsø, MH building, 9037 Tromsø, Norway
| | - Mikhail Sovershaev
- Research fellow, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tromsø, MH building, 9037 Tromsø, Norway
| | - Thomas Andreasen
- Departmental engineer, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tromsø, MH building, 9037 Tromsø, Norway
| | - Vegard Skogen
- Associate professor, Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital of Tromsø, MH building, 9037 Tromsø, Norway
| | - Kirsti Ytrehus
- Professor, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tromsø, MH building, 9037 Tromsø, Norway
| | - Lars Bjertnaes
- Professor, Chairman of the Department of Anaesthesiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tromsø, MH building, 9037 Tromsø, Norway
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Howell DCJ, Johns RH, Lasky JA, Shan B, Scotton CJ, Laurent GJ, Chambers RC. Absence of proteinase-activated receptor-1 signaling affords protection from bleomycin-induced lung inflammation and fibrosis. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2005; 166:1353-65. [PMID: 15855637 PMCID: PMC1606391 DOI: 10.1016/s0002-9440(10)62354-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Activation of the coagulation cascade is commonly observed in the lungs of patients with both acute and chronic inflammatory and fibrotic lung disorders, as well as in animal models of these disorders. The aim of this study was to examine the contribution of the major thrombin receptor, proteinase-activated receptor-1 (PAR-1), during the acute inflammatory and chronic fibrotic phases of lung injury induced by intratracheal instillation of bleomycin in mice. Inflammatory cell recruitment and increases in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) protein were attenuated by 56 +/- 10% (P < 0.05) and 53 +/- 12% (P < 0.05), respectively, in PAR-1-deficient (PAR-1-/-) mice compared with wild-type (WT) mice. PAR-1-/- mice were also protected from bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis with total lung collagen accumulation reduced by 59 +/- 5% (P < 0.05). The protection afforded by PAR-1 deficiency was accompanied by significant reductions in pulmonary levels of the potent PAR-1-inducible proinflammatory and profibrotic mediators, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), transforming growth factor-beta-1 (TGF-beta1), and connective tissue growth factor/fibroblast-inducible secreted protein-12 (CTGF/FISP12). In addition, PAR-1 was highly expressed in inflammatory and fibroproliferative lesions in lung sections obtained from patients with fibrotic lung disease. These data show for the first time that PAR-1 signaling plays a key role in experimentally induced lung injury, and they further identify PAR-1 as one of the critical receptors involved in orchestrating the interplay between coagulation, inflammation, and remodeling in response to tissue injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- David C J Howell
- Centre for Respiratory Research, University College London, The Rayne Institute, 5 University Street, London WC1E 6JJ, United Kingdom
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Leeman M. Endothelin antagonists: new bullets against lung injury? CRITICAL CARE : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE CRITICAL CARE FORUM 2005; 9:245-6. [PMID: 15987411 PMCID: PMC1175897 DOI: 10.1186/cc3525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Acute lung injury is a syndrome of inflammation and of increased permeability of the blood–gas barrier. Endothelins are thought to exert proinflammatory effects. Kuklin and colleagues show that the endothelin receptor antagonist tezosentan reduces pulmonary edema in endotoxemic sheep, in parallel with a prevention of protein kinase C-α activation. In turn, the level of some cytokines increased after tezosentan treatment. Whether these contrasting effects of endothelin blockade on inflammatory mechanisms have clinical relevance and whether these agents might benefit patients with acute lung injury is unknown.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Leeman
- Laboratory of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Erasme Campus, Free University of Brussels, Belgium.
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