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Polhemus D, Almodiel D, Harb T, Ziogos E, Amat-Codina N, Ranek M, Santhanam L, Gerstenblith G, Leucker T. VERICIGUAT RESCUES CYCLIC GUANOSINE MONOPHOSPHATE PRODUCTION IN HUMAN AORTIC VASCULAR SMOOTH MUSCLE CELLS AND AUGMENTS VASORELAXATION IN AORTIC RINGS EXPOSED TO HIGH GLUCOSE. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.06.21.600154. [PMID: 38948704 PMCID: PMC11213137 DOI: 10.1101/2024.06.21.600154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/02/2024]
Abstract
Background Normal endothelial cell dependent vascular smooth muscle cell function is mediated by nitric oxide (NO), which stimulates soluble guanylyl cyclase (sGC) production of the second messenger, cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) leading to increased protein kinase G (PKG) activity and vascular smooth muscle relaxation. NO bioavailability is impaired in inflammatory settings, such as high glucose (HG). We examined whether the direct sGC sensitizer/stimulator vericiguat, augments cGMP production in human vascular smooth muscle cells (HVSMC) exposed to high glucose and explored its effect on vasorelaxation. Methods Aortic HVSMCs were exposed to HG for 24h. In the treatment group, cells also received 1uM vericiguat for 24h. After incubation, cGMP and PKG activity were measured. Additionally, thoracic murine aortas were exposed to HG or to normal glucose (NG) control. The rings were then placed in an organ chamber bath and dose response curves to increasing doses of acetylcholine (Ach) and sodium nitroprusside were constructed for three groups: control (normal glucose), HG alone, and HG + vericiguat. Results HVSMCs exposed to HG produced significantly less cGMP than those exposed to NG. cGMP production in the presence of HG was rescued when treated with 1uM vericiguat. Additionally, PKG activity was impaired in the presence of HG and enzyme activity was restored with vericiguat. In isolated mouse aortic rings, ACh mediated relaxation was impaired following treatment with HG, but was improved when a HG group was treated with vericiguat. Conclusions The sGC sensitizer/stimulator vericiguat restored cGMP production and PKG activity in the setting of HG. Vericiguat enhanced ACh-mediated vasorelaxation in the setting of HG. The findings suggest clinical studies are warranted to investigate the potential of sGC sensitization/stimulation as a therapeutic intervention to improve vascular endothelial-dependent function that is impaired in pro-inflammatory settings that are associated with the development of atherosclerotic disease.
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Pepin ME, Gupta RM. The Role of Endothelial Cells in Atherosclerosis: Insights from Genetic Association Studies. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2024; 194:499-509. [PMID: 37827214 PMCID: PMC10988759 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2023.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2023] [Revised: 08/21/2023] [Accepted: 09/01/2023] [Indexed: 10/14/2023]
Abstract
Endothelial cells (ECs) mediate several biological functions that are relevant to atherosclerosis and coronary artery disease (CAD), regulating an array of vital processes including vascular tone, wound healing, reactive oxygen species, shear stress response, and inflammation. Although which of these functions is linked causally with CAD development and/or progression is not yet known, genome-wide association studies have implicated more than 400 loci associated with CAD risk, among which several have shown EC-relevant functions. Given the arduous process of mechanistically interrogating single loci to CAD, high-throughput variant characterization methods, including pooled Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats screens, offer exciting potential to rapidly accelerate the discovery of bona fide EC-relevant genetic loci. These discoveries in turn will broaden the therapeutic avenues for CAD beyond lipid lowering and behavioral risk modification to include EC-centric modalities of risk prevention and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark E Pepin
- Cardiovascular Disease Initiative, The Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts; Divisions of Genetics and Cardiovascular Medicine, Brigham & Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Rajat M Gupta
- Cardiovascular Disease Initiative, The Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts; Divisions of Genetics and Cardiovascular Medicine, Brigham & Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts.
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3
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Yazıcı D, Demir SÇ, Sezer H. Insulin Resistance, Obesity, and Lipotoxicity. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2024; 1460:391-430. [PMID: 39287860 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-63657-8_14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/19/2024]
Abstract
Lipotoxicity, originally used to describe the destructive effects of excess fat accumulation on glucose metabolism, causes functional impairments in several metabolic pathways, both in adipose tissue and peripheral organs, like liver, heart, pancreas, and muscle. Ectopic lipid accumulation in the kidneys, liver, and heart has important clinical counterparts like diabetic nephropathy in type 2 diabetes mellitus, obesity-related glomerulopathy, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, and cardiomyopathy. Insulin resistance due to lipotoxicity indirectly lead to reproductive system disorders, like polycystic ovary syndrome. Lipotoxicity has roles in insulin resistance and pancreatic beta-cell dysfunction. Increased circulating levels of lipids and the metabolic alterations in fatty acid utilization and intracellular signaling have been related to insulin resistance in muscle and liver. Different pathways, like novel protein kinase c pathways and the JNK-1 pathway, are involved as the mechanisms of how lipotoxicity leads to insulin resistance in nonadipose tissue organs, such as liver and muscle. Mitochondrial dysfunction plays a role in the pathogenesis of insulin resistance. Endoplasmic reticulum stress, through mainly increased oxidative stress, also plays an important role in the etiology of insulin resistance, especially seen in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Visceral adiposity and insulin resistance both increase the cardiometabolic risk, and lipotoxicity seems to play a crucial role in the pathophysiology of these associations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dilek Yazıcı
- Koç University Medical School, Section of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Koç University Hospital, Topkapi, Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Selin Çakmak Demir
- Koç University Medical School, Section of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Koç University Hospital, Topkapi, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Havva Sezer
- Koç University Medical School, Section of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Koç University Hospital, Topkapi, Istanbul, Turkey
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4
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Arman Y, Atici A, Altun O, Sarikaya R, Yoldemir SA, Akarsu M, Kutlu O, Ozturk GZ, Demir P, Ozcan M, Bayraktarli RY, Tukek T. Can the Serum Endocan Level Be Used as a Biomarker to Predict Subclinical Atherosclerosis in Patients with Prediabetes? Arq Bras Cardiol 2022; 119:544-550. [PMID: 35946756 PMCID: PMC9563878 DOI: 10.36660/abc.20210797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Patients with prediabetes have an increased risk of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease; therefore, early detection is important. OBJECTIVE The present study aimed to reveal the usability of serum endocan levels as a biomarker in the diagnosis of subclinical atherosclerosis in patients with prediabetes, based on CIMT measurements. METHODS Participants were classified according to the presence (n=42) or absence (n=42) of prediabetes. Serum endocan, fasting blood sugar, fasting insulin, and glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) values of patients were examined, and CIMT was measured. The level of significance for statistical analysis was 0.05. RESULTS While serum endocan levels were found to be lower in patients with prediabetes, when compared to the control group (p=0.042), CIMT values were found to be higher (p=0.046). When evaluated by multivariate regression analysis, the serum endocan level was found to be associated with CIMT, regardless of other parameters (p=0.007). A negative correlation was found between plasma fasting insulin and endocan levels (r=-0.320, p=0.001). CONCLUSIONS Carotid intima media thickness was found to be high and the serum endocan level was low in patients with prediabetes. Decreased serum endocan levels in patients with prediabetes may be a contributing factor to atherosclerosis formation mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yucel Arman
- University of Health Sciences, Prof Dr Cemil Tascioglu City Hospital, Department of Internal Medicine, Istanbul - Turquia
| | - Adem Atici
- Istanbul Medeniyet University, Goztepe Prof. Dr. Suleyman Yalcin City Hospital, Department of Cardiology, Istanbul - Turquia
| | - Ozgur Altun
- University of Health Sciences, Prof Dr Cemil Tascioglu City Hospital, Department of Internal Medicine, Istanbul - Turquia
| | - Remzi Sarikaya
- University of Health Sciences, Van Education and Research Hospital, Department of Cardiology, Van - Turquia
| | - Sengül Aydin Yoldemir
- University of Health Sciences, Istanbul Bakirkoy Dr Sadi Konuk Training and Research Hospital, Department of İnternal Medicine, Istanbul - Turquia
| | - Murat Akarsu
- University of Health Sciences, Kanunİ Sultan Suleiman Traİnİng and Research Hospİtal, Department of İnternal Medicine, Istanbul - Turquia
| | - Orkide Kutlu
- University of Health Sciences, Prof Dr Cemil Tascioglu City Hospital, Department of Internal Medicine, Istanbul - Turquia
| | - Guzin Zeren Ozturk
- University of Health Sciences, Sisli Hamidiye Etfal Training and Research Hospital, Department of Family Medicine, Istanbul - Turquia
| | - Pinar Demir
- University of Health Sciences, Prof Dr Cemil Tascioglu City Hospital, Department of Internal Medicine, Istanbul - Turquia
| | - Mustafa Ozcan
- University of Health Sciences, Prof Dr Cemil Tascioglu City Hospital, Department of Internal Medicine, Istanbul - Turquia
| | - Recep Yilmaz Bayraktarli
- University of Health Sciences, Prof Dr Cemil Tascioglu City Hospital, Department of Radiology, Istanbul - Turquia
| | - Tufan Tukek
- Istanbul University, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Department of İnternal Medicine, Istanbul - Turquia
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5
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Tehrani AY, White Z, Tung LW, Zhao RRY, Milad N, Seidman MA, Sauge E, Theret M, Rossi FMV, Esfandiarei M, van Breemen C, Bernatchez P. Pleiotropic activation of endothelial function by angiotensin II receptor blockers is crucial to their protective anti-vascular remodeling effects. Sci Rep 2022; 12:9771. [PMID: 35697767 PMCID: PMC9192586 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-13772-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
There are no therapeutics that directly enhance chronic endothelial nitric oxide (NO) release, which is typically associated with vascular homeostasis. In contrast, angiotensin II (AngII) receptor type 1 (AT1R) blockers (ARBs) can attenuate AngII-mediated oxidative stress, which often leads to increased endothelial NO bioavailability. Herein, we investigate the potential presence of direct, AngII/AT1R-independent ARB class effects on endothelial NO release and how this may result in enhanced aortic wall homeostasis and endothelial NO-specific transcriptome changes. Treatment of mice with four different ARBs induced sustained, long-term inhibition of vascular contractility by up to 82% at 16 weeks and 63% at 2 weeks, an effect reversed by L-NAME and absent in endothelial NO synthase (eNOS) KO mice or angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor captopril-treated animals. In absence of AngII or in tissues with blunted AT1R expression or incubated with an AT2R blocker, telmisartan reduced vascular tone, supporting AngII/AT1R-independent pleiotropism. Finally, telmisartan was able to inhibit aging- and Marfan syndrome (MFS)-associated aortic root widening in NO-sensitive, BP-independent fashions, and correct aberrant TGF-β signaling. RNAseq analyses of aortic tissues identified early eNOS-specific transcriptome reprogramming of the aortic wall in response to telmisartan. This study suggests that ARBs are capable of major class effects on vasodilatory NO release in fashions that may not involve blockade of the AngII/AT1R pathway. Broader prophylactic use of ARBs along with identification of non-AngII/AT1R pathways activated by telmisartan should be investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arash Y Tehrani
- Centre for Heart Lung Innovation, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Department of Anesthesiology, Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of British Columbia, 2176 Health Sciences Mall, Room 217, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Zoe White
- Centre for Heart Lung Innovation, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Department of Anesthesiology, Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of British Columbia, 2176 Health Sciences Mall, Room 217, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Lin Wei Tung
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Roy Ru Yi Zhao
- Centre for Heart Lung Innovation, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Department of Anesthesiology, Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of British Columbia, 2176 Health Sciences Mall, Room 217, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Nadia Milad
- Centre for Heart Lung Innovation, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Department of Anesthesiology, Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of British Columbia, 2176 Health Sciences Mall, Room 217, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Michael A Seidman
- Centre for Heart Lung Innovation, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Laboratory Medicine Program, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Elodie Sauge
- Centre for Heart Lung Innovation, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Department of Anesthesiology, Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of British Columbia, 2176 Health Sciences Mall, Room 217, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Marine Theret
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Fabio M V Rossi
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Mitra Esfandiarei
- Department of Anesthesiology, Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of British Columbia, 2176 Health Sciences Mall, Room 217, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z3, Canada.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Graduate Studies, Midwestern University, Glendale, AZ, USA
| | - Casey van Breemen
- Department of Anesthesiology, Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of British Columbia, 2176 Health Sciences Mall, Room 217, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Pascal Bernatchez
- Centre for Heart Lung Innovation, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada. .,Department of Anesthesiology, Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of British Columbia, 2176 Health Sciences Mall, Room 217, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z3, Canada.
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6
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Norton L, Shannon C, Gastaldelli A, DeFronzo RA. Insulin: The master regulator of glucose metabolism. Metabolism 2022; 129:155142. [PMID: 35066003 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2022.155142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Revised: 01/13/2022] [Accepted: 01/16/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Insulin is the master regulator of glucose, lipid, and protein metabolism. Following ingestion of an oral glucose load or mixed meal, the plasma glucose concentration rises, insulin secretion by the beta cells is stimulated and the hyperinsulinemia, working in concert with hyperglycemia, causes: (i) suppression of endogenous (primarily reflects hepatic) glucose production, (ii) stimulation of glucose uptake by muscle, liver, and adipocytes, (iii) inhibition of lipolysis leading to a decline in plasma FFA concentration which contributes to the suppression of hepatic glucose production and augmentation of muscle glucose uptake, and (iv) vasodilation in muscle, which contributes to enhanced muscle glucose disposal. Herein, the integrated physiologic impact of insulin to maintain normal glucose homeostasis is reviewed and the molecular basis of insulin's diverse actions in muscle, liver, adipocytes, and vasculature are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luke Norton
- Diabetes Division, UT Health, San Antonio, TX, United States of America
| | - Chris Shannon
- Diabetes Division, UT Health, San Antonio, TX, United States of America
| | - Amalia Gastaldelli
- Diabetes Division, UT Health, San Antonio, TX, United States of America; Cardiometabolic Risk Unit Institute of Clinical Physiology, CNR, Pisa, Italy
| | - Ralph A DeFronzo
- Diabetes Division, UT Health, San Antonio, TX, United States of America.
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7
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Kithas AC, Broxterman RM, Trinity JD, Gifford JR, Kwon OS, Hydren JR, Nelson AD, Jessop JE, Bledsoe AD, Morgan DE, Richardson RS. Nitric oxide synthase inhibition with N(G)-monomethyl-l-arginine: Determining the window of effect in the human vasculature. Nitric Oxide 2020; 104-105:51-60. [PMID: 32979497 DOI: 10.1016/j.niox.2020.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Revised: 09/07/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Nitric oxide synthase (NOS) inhibition with N(G)-monomethyl-l-arginine (L-NMMA) is often used to assess the role of NO in human cardiovascular function. However, the window of effect for L-NMMA on human vascular function is unknown, which is critical for designing and interpreting human-based studies. This study utilized the passive leg movement (PLM) assessment of vascular function, which is predominantly NO-mediated, in 7 young male subjects under control conditions, immediately following intra-arterial L-NMMA infusion (0.24 mg⋅dl-1⋅min-1), and at 45-60 and 90-105 min post L-NMMA infusion. The leg blood flow (LBF) and leg vascular conductance (LVC) responses to PLM, measured with Doppler ultrasound and expressed as the change from baseline to peak (ΔLBFpeak and ΔLVCpeak) and area under the curve (LBFAUC and LVCACU), were assessed. PLM-induced robust control ΔLBFpeak (1135 ± 324 ml⋅min-1) and ΔLVCpeak (10.7 ± 3.6 ml⋅min-1⋅mmHg-1) responses that were significantly attenuated (704 ± 196 ml⋅min-1 and 6.7 ± 2 ml⋅min-1⋅mmHg-1) immediately following L-NMMA infusion. Likewise, control condition PLM ΔLBFAUC (455 ± 202 ml) and ΔLVCAUC (4.0 ± 1.4 ml⋅mmHg-1) were significantly attenuated (141 ± 130 ml and 1.3 ± 1.2 ml⋅mmHg-1) immediately following L-NMMA infusion. However, by 45-60 min post L-NMMA infusion all PLM variables were not significantly different from control, and this was still the case at 90-105 min post L-NMMA infusion. These findings reveal that the potent reduction in NO bioavailability afforded by NOS inhibition with L-NMMA has a window of effect of less than 45-60 min in the human vasculature. These data are particularly important for the commonly employed approach of pharmacologically inhibiting NOS with L-NMMA in the human vasculature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew C Kithas
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Ryan M Broxterman
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA; Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center, Salt Lake City, VAMC, UT, USA
| | - Joel D Trinity
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA; Department of Nutrition and Integrative Physiology, USA; Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center, Salt Lake City, VAMC, UT, USA
| | - Jayson R Gifford
- Department of Exercise Sciences, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, USA
| | - Oh Sung Kwon
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA
| | - Jay R Hydren
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA; Department of Nutrition and Integrative Physiology, USA; Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center, Salt Lake City, VAMC, UT, USA
| | - Ashley D Nelson
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Jacob E Jessop
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Amber D Bledsoe
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - David E Morgan
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Russell S Richardson
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA; Department of Nutrition and Integrative Physiology, USA; Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center, Salt Lake City, VAMC, UT, USA.
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8
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Abdul-Ghani MA, Jayyousi A, DeFronzo RA, Asaad N, Al-Suwaidi J. Insulin Resistance the Link between T2DM and CVD: Basic Mechanisms and Clinical Implications. Curr Vasc Pharmacol 2020; 17:153-163. [PMID: 29032755 DOI: 10.2174/1570161115666171010115119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2017] [Revised: 09/05/2017] [Accepted: 09/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Insulin resistance (IR) is a cardinal feature of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). It also is associated with multiple metabolic abnormalities which are known cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors. Thus, IR not only contributes to the development of hyperglycemia in T2DM patients, but also to the elevated CVD risk. Improving insulin sensitivity is anticipated to both lower the plasma glucose concentration and decrease CVD risk in T2DM patients, independent of glucose control. We review the molecular mechanisms and metabolic consequences of IR in T2DM patients and discuss the importance of addressing IR in the management of T2DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad A Abdul-Ghani
- Division of Diabetes, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, 78229, United States.,Academic Health System, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
| | - Amin Jayyousi
- Cardio-Metabolic Institute, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
| | - Ralph A DeFronzo
- Division of Diabetes, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, 78229, United States
| | - Nidal Asaad
- Cardio-Metabolic Institute, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
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9
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Di Pino A, DeFronzo RA. Insulin Resistance and Atherosclerosis: Implications for Insulin-Sensitizing Agents. Endocr Rev 2019; 40:1447-1467. [PMID: 31050706 PMCID: PMC7445419 DOI: 10.1210/er.2018-00141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 213] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2018] [Accepted: 10/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) are at high risk for macrovascular complications, which represent the major cause of mortality. Despite effective treatment of established cardiovascular (CV) risk factors (dyslipidemia, hypertension, procoagulant state), there remains a significant amount of unexplained CV risk. Insulin resistance is associated with a cluster of cardiometabolic risk factors known collectively as the insulin resistance (metabolic) syndrome (IRS). Considerable evidence, reviewed herein, suggests that insulin resistance and the IRS contribute to this unexplained CV risk in patients with T2DM. Accordingly, CV outcome trials with pioglitazone have demonstrated that this insulin-sensitizing thiazolidinedione reduces CV events in high-risk patients with T2DM. In this review the roles of insulin resistance and the IRS in the development of atherosclerotic CV disease and the impact of the insulin-sensitizing agents and of other antihyperglycemic medications on CV outcomes are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonino Di Pino
- Diabetes Division, University of Texas Health Science Center and Texas Diabetes Institute, San Antonio, Texas
| | - Ralph A DeFronzo
- Diabetes Division, University of Texas Health Science Center and Texas Diabetes Institute, San Antonio, Texas
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10
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Yunn NO, Kim J, Kim Y, Leibiger I, Berggren PO, Ryu SH. Mechanistic understanding of insulin receptor modulation: Implications for the development of anti-diabetic drugs. Pharmacol Ther 2018; 185:86-98. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2017.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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11
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Anti inflammatory effect of asiaticoside on human umbilical vein endothelial cells induced by ox-LDL. Cytotechnology 2018; 70:855-864. [PMID: 29460197 DOI: 10.1007/s10616-018-0198-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2017] [Accepted: 01/24/2018] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Early diagnosis and changes associated with atherosclerosis are crucial in clinical medicine. However, atherosclerosis is a multifactorial disease. Asiaticoside (AA), a triterpenoid derived from Centella asiatica, has anti-inflammatory activity. Endothelium-derived nitric oxide is important in modulating vascular tone in a distinct vessel size-dependent manner; it plays a dominant role in conduit arteries and endothelium-dependent hyperpolarisation in resistance vessels. This study evaluated the effects of AA administration on human umbilical endothelial cells with oxidised low-density lipoprotein-induced inflammation. We measured the levels of intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) and vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1). Our results indicated that 10-30 μM AA modulated endothelial hyper permeability, adenosine triphosphate levels, ICAM-1 expression, VCAM-1 expression, E-selectin levels, and PECAM-1 expression to 90% (p < 0.005), 80% (p < 0.05), 105% (p < 0.01), 65% (p < 0.005), 70% (p < 0.05), and 105% (p < 0.01), respectively. Taken together, our data suggest that AA inhibits the augmentation of endothelial permeability, thus preventing the early events of atherosclerosis.
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12
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Bentzon JF, Daemen M, Falk E, Garcia-Garcia HM, Herrmann J, Hoefer I, Jukema JW, Krams R, Kwak BR, Marx N, Naruszewicz M, Newby A, Pasterkamp G, Serruys PWJC, Waltenberger J, Weber C, Tokgözoglu L, Ylä-Herttuala S. Stabilisation of atherosclerotic plaques. Thromb Haemost 2017; 106:1-19. [DOI: 10.1160/th10-12-0784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2010] [Accepted: 04/29/2011] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
SummaryPlaque rupture and subsequent thrombotic occlusion of the coronary artery account for as many as three quarters of myocardial infarctions. The concept of plaque stabilisation emerged about 20 years ago to explain the discrepancy between the reduction of cardiovascular events in patients receiving lipid lowering therapy and the small decrease seen in angiographic evaluation of atherosclerosis. Since then, the concept of a vulnerable plaque has received a lot of attention in basic and clinical research leading to a better understanding of the pathophysiology of the vulnerable plaque and acute coronary syndromes. From pathological and clinical observations, plaques that have recently ruptured have thin fibrous caps, large lipid cores, exhibit outward remodelling and invasion by vasa vasorum. Ruptured plaques are also focally inflamed and this may be a common denominator of the other pathological features. Plaques with similar characteristics, but which have not yet ruptured, are believed to be vulnerable to rupture. Experimental studies strongly support the validity of anti-inflammatory approaches to promote plaque stability. Unfortunately, reliable non-invasive methods for imaging and detection of such plaques are not yet readily available. There is a strong biological basis and supportive clinical evidence that low-density lipoprotein lowering with statins is useful for the stabilisation of vulnerable plaques. There is also some clinical evidence for the usefulness of antiplatelet agents, beta blockers and renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system inhibitors for plaque stabilisation. Determining the causes of plaque rupture and designing diagnostics and interventions to prevent them are urgent priorities for current basic and clinical research in cardiovascular area.
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13
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Insulin Resistance, Obesity and Lipotoxicity. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2017; 960:277-304. [PMID: 28585204 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-48382-5_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 275] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Lipotoxicity , originally used to describe the destructive effects of excess fat accumulation on glucose metabolism, causes functional impairments in several metabolic pathways, both in adipose tissue and peripheral organs, like liver, heart, pancreas and muscle. Lipotoxicity has roles in insulin resistance and pancreatic beta cell dysfunction. Increased circulating levels of lipids and the metabolic alterations in fatty acid utilization and intracellular signaling, have been related to insulin resistance in muscle and liver. Different pathways, like novel protein kinase c pathways and the JNK-1 pathway are involved as the mechanisms of how lipotoxicity leads to insulin resistance in nonadipose tissue organs, such as liver and muscle. Mitochondrial dysfunction plays a role in the pathogenesis of insulin resistance. Endoplasmic reticulum stress, through mainly increased oxidative stress, also plays important role in the etiology of insulin resistance, especially seen in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Visceral adiposity and insulin resistance both increase the cardiometabolic risk and lipotoxicity seems to play a crucial role in the pathophysiology of these associations.
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Erythrocyte Alterations and Increased Cardiovascular Risk in Chronic Renal Failure. Nephrourol Mon 2017. [DOI: 10.5812/numonthly.45866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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15
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Yagi H, Sumino H, Aoki T, Tsunekawa K, Araki O, Kimura T, Nara M, Ogiwara T, Murakami M. Impaired blood rheology is associated with endothelial dysfunction in patients with coronary risk factors. Clin Hemorheol Microcirc 2016; 62:139-50. [PMID: 26444592 PMCID: PMC4927888 DOI: 10.3233/ch-151960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
To investigate the relationship between blood rheology and endothelial function in patients with coronary risk factors, brachial arterial flow-mediated vasodilatation (FMD), an index of endothelial function and blood passage time (BPT), an index of blood rheology, and fasting blood cell count, glucose metabolism, and plasma fibrinogen, lipid, C-reactive protein, and whole blood viscosity levels were measured in 95 patients with coronary risk factors and 37 healthy controls. Brachial arterial FMD after reactive hyperemia was assessed by ultrasonography. BPT was assessed using the microchannel method. In healthy controls, BPT significantly correlated with FMD (r = - 0.325, p < 0.05), HDL cholesterol (r = - 0.393, p < 0.05), body mass index (BMI; r = 0.530, p < 0.01), and plasma fibrinogen concentration (r = 0.335, p < 0.05). In a multivariate regression analysis adjusted for all clinical variables, BPT remained significantly associated with BMI and fibrinogen, but not with FMD, in healthy controls. In patients with coronary risk factors, BPT significantly correlated with FMD (r = - 0.331, p < 0.01), HDL cholesterol (r = - 0.241, p < 0.05), BMI (r = 0.290, p < 0.01), hematocrit (r = 0.422, p < 0.001), white blood cell count (r = 0.295, p < 0.01), platelet count (r = 0.204, p < 0.05), and insulin (r = 0.210, p < 0.05). In a multivariate regression analysis adjusted for all clinical variables, BPT remained strongly associated with FMD and hematocrit in patients with coronary risk factors. These data indicate that BPT is closely associated with FMD in patients with coronary risk factors and suggest that the measurement of blood rheology using the microchannel method may be useful in evaluating brachial arterial endothelial function as a marker of atherosclerosis in these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hiroyuki Sumino
- Corresponding author: Hiroyuki Sumino, MD, Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, 3-39-15 Showa-machi, Maebashi, Gunma 371-8511, Japan. Tel.: +81 27 220 8576; Fax: +81 27 220 8583; E-mail:
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Sukhovershin RA, Yepuri G, Ghebremariam YT. Endothelium-Derived Nitric Oxide as an Antiatherogenic Mechanism: Implications for Therapy. Methodist Debakey Cardiovasc J 2016; 11:166-71. [PMID: 26634024 DOI: 10.14797/mdcj-11-3-166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Endothelium-derived nitric oxide (eNO) is a multifunctional signaling molecule critically involved in the maintenance of metabolic and cardiovascular homeostasis. In addition to its role as a potent endogenous vasodilator, eNO suppresses key processes in vascular lesion formation and opposes atherogenesis. This review discusses eNO as an antiatherogenic molecule and highlights factors that influence its bioavailability and therapeutic approaches to restore or enhance its levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roman A Sukhovershin
- Houston Methodist DeBakey Heart & Vascular Center, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, Texas
| | - Gautham Yepuri
- Houston Methodist DeBakey Heart & Vascular Center, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, Texas
| | - Yohannes T Ghebremariam
- Houston Methodist DeBakey Heart & Vascular Center, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, Texas
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Gilinsky MA, Johnston TP, Zhukova NA, Dubrovina NI, Latysheva TV, Naumenko SE, Sukhovershin RA. Methylated arginine analogues: their potential role in atherosclerosis and cognition using the poloxamer-407-induced mouse model of dyslipidemia. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 2016; 94:1122-1131. [PMID: 27454106 DOI: 10.1139/cjpp-2016-0104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
An experimental mouse model of dyslipidemia and atherosclerosis was utilized to study the generation of methylarginines in vivo, as well as any potential behavioral changes in mice associated with the production of excess methylarginines. Following 14 weeks of poloxamer 407 treatment, mice developed atherosclerosis and the plasma concentrations of monomethylarginine and asymmetric dimethylarginine were found to be significantly greater than corresponding concentrations in control mice. This finding may have contributed to the development of aortic atherosclerotic lesions in poloxamer-treated mice by interfering with nitric oxide availability and, hence, normal function of vascular endothelium. Poloxamer-407-treated mice also showed a significant decrease in locomotor and exploratory activity, together with signs of emotional stress and anxiety relative to controls. Passive avoidance testing to assess learning and memory provided suggestive evidence that poloxamer-treated mice could potentially be characterized as having undergone a disruption in the process of forgetting about an aversive event, specifically, a foot shock, when compared with control mice. Thus, it is also suggested that the increase in both plasma monomethylarginine and asymmetric dimethylarginine in poloxamer-407-treated mice may somehow influence learning and memory, because endothelial dysfunction caused by reduced nitric oxide availability has been hypothesized to negatively influence cognitive function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael A Gilinsky
- a Scientific Research Institute of Physiology and Basic Medicine, 4 Timakova St., 630117, Novosibirsk, Russian Federation
| | - Thomas P Johnston
- b Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, MO 64108-2718, USA
| | - Natalia A Zhukova
- c Voroztzov N.N. Institute of Organic Chemistry, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Prosp. Acad. Lavrentjev, 630090, Novosibirsk, Russian Federation
| | - Nina I Dubrovina
- a Scientific Research Institute of Physiology and Basic Medicine, 4 Timakova St., 630117, Novosibirsk, Russian Federation
| | - Tatyana V Latysheva
- a Scientific Research Institute of Physiology and Basic Medicine, 4 Timakova St., 630117, Novosibirsk, Russian Federation
| | - Sergey E Naumenko
- a Scientific Research Institute of Physiology and Basic Medicine, 4 Timakova St., 630117, Novosibirsk, Russian Federation
| | - Roman A Sukhovershin
- a Scientific Research Institute of Physiology and Basic Medicine, 4 Timakova St., 630117, Novosibirsk, Russian Federation
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Song CY, Ghafoor K, Ghafoor HU, Khan NS, Thirunavukkarasu S, Jennings BL, Estes AM, Zaidi S, Bridges D, Tso P, Gonzalez FJ, Malik KU. Cytochrome P450 1B1 Contributes to the Development of Atherosclerosis and Hypertension in Apolipoprotein E-Deficient Mice. Hypertension 2015; 67:206-13. [PMID: 26573711 PMCID: PMC4672747 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.115.06427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2015] [Accepted: 10/20/2015] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Supplemental Digital Content is available in the text. Cytochrome P450 (CYP) 1B1 contributes to vascular smooth muscle cell growth and hypertension in male mice. This study was conducted to determine the contribution of CYP1B1 to the development of atherosclerosis and hypertension and associated pathogenesis in 8-week-old male apolipoprotein E–deficient (ApoE−/−/Cyp1b1+/+), and ApoE- and CYP1B1-deficient (ApoE−/−/Cyp1b1−/−) mice fed a normal or atherogenic diet for 12 weeks. A separate group of ApoE−/−/Cyp1b1+/+ mice on an atherogenic diet was injected every third day with the CYP1B1 inhibitor, 2,3′,4,5′-tetramethoxystilbene (300 μg/kg), or its vehicle, dimethyl sulfoxide (30 μL, IP); systolic blood pressure was measured by the tail cuff method. After 12 weeks, mice were euthanized, blood collected for lipid analysis, and aortas harvested for measuring lesions and remodeling, and for infiltration of inflammatory cells by histological and immunohistochemical analysis, respectively, and for reactive oxygen species production. Blood pressure, areas of lipids and collagen deposition, elastin breaks, infiltration of macrophages and T lymphocytes, reactive oxygen species generation in the aorta, and plasma lipid levels were increased in ApoE−/−/Cyp1b1+/+ mice on an atherogenic diet; these changes were minimized in mice given 2,3′,4,5′-tetramethoxystilbene, and in ApoE−/−/Cyp1b1−/− mice on an atherogenic diet; absorption/production of lipids remained unaltered in these mice. These data suggest that aortic lesions, hypertension, and associated pathogenesis in ApoE−/−/Cyp1b1+/+ mice on an atherogenic diet are most likely dependent on CYP1B1-generated oxidative stress and increased plasma lipid levels independent of blood pressure and absorption of lipids. CYP1B1 could serve as a novel target for developing drugs to treat atherosclerosis and hypertension caused by hypercholesterolemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi Young Song
- From the Department of Pharmacology (C.Y.S., K.G., H.U.G., N.S.K., S.T., B.L.J., A.M.E., S.Z., K.U.M.) and Department of Physiology and Pediatrics (D.B.), College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis; Department of Pathobiology and Molecular Medicine, University of Cincinnati, OH (P.T.); and Center for Cancer Research, Laboratory of Metabolism, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD (F.J.G.)
| | - Khuzema Ghafoor
- From the Department of Pharmacology (C.Y.S., K.G., H.U.G., N.S.K., S.T., B.L.J., A.M.E., S.Z., K.U.M.) and Department of Physiology and Pediatrics (D.B.), College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis; Department of Pathobiology and Molecular Medicine, University of Cincinnati, OH (P.T.); and Center for Cancer Research, Laboratory of Metabolism, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD (F.J.G.)
| | - Hafiz U Ghafoor
- From the Department of Pharmacology (C.Y.S., K.G., H.U.G., N.S.K., S.T., B.L.J., A.M.E., S.Z., K.U.M.) and Department of Physiology and Pediatrics (D.B.), College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis; Department of Pathobiology and Molecular Medicine, University of Cincinnati, OH (P.T.); and Center for Cancer Research, Laboratory of Metabolism, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD (F.J.G.)
| | - Nayaab S Khan
- From the Department of Pharmacology (C.Y.S., K.G., H.U.G., N.S.K., S.T., B.L.J., A.M.E., S.Z., K.U.M.) and Department of Physiology and Pediatrics (D.B.), College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis; Department of Pathobiology and Molecular Medicine, University of Cincinnati, OH (P.T.); and Center for Cancer Research, Laboratory of Metabolism, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD (F.J.G.)
| | - Shyamala Thirunavukkarasu
- From the Department of Pharmacology (C.Y.S., K.G., H.U.G., N.S.K., S.T., B.L.J., A.M.E., S.Z., K.U.M.) and Department of Physiology and Pediatrics (D.B.), College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis; Department of Pathobiology and Molecular Medicine, University of Cincinnati, OH (P.T.); and Center for Cancer Research, Laboratory of Metabolism, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD (F.J.G.)
| | - Brett L Jennings
- From the Department of Pharmacology (C.Y.S., K.G., H.U.G., N.S.K., S.T., B.L.J., A.M.E., S.Z., K.U.M.) and Department of Physiology and Pediatrics (D.B.), College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis; Department of Pathobiology and Molecular Medicine, University of Cincinnati, OH (P.T.); and Center for Cancer Research, Laboratory of Metabolism, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD (F.J.G.)
| | - Anne M Estes
- From the Department of Pharmacology (C.Y.S., K.G., H.U.G., N.S.K., S.T., B.L.J., A.M.E., S.Z., K.U.M.) and Department of Physiology and Pediatrics (D.B.), College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis; Department of Pathobiology and Molecular Medicine, University of Cincinnati, OH (P.T.); and Center for Cancer Research, Laboratory of Metabolism, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD (F.J.G.)
| | - Sahar Zaidi
- From the Department of Pharmacology (C.Y.S., K.G., H.U.G., N.S.K., S.T., B.L.J., A.M.E., S.Z., K.U.M.) and Department of Physiology and Pediatrics (D.B.), College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis; Department of Pathobiology and Molecular Medicine, University of Cincinnati, OH (P.T.); and Center for Cancer Research, Laboratory of Metabolism, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD (F.J.G.)
| | - Dave Bridges
- From the Department of Pharmacology (C.Y.S., K.G., H.U.G., N.S.K., S.T., B.L.J., A.M.E., S.Z., K.U.M.) and Department of Physiology and Pediatrics (D.B.), College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis; Department of Pathobiology and Molecular Medicine, University of Cincinnati, OH (P.T.); and Center for Cancer Research, Laboratory of Metabolism, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD (F.J.G.)
| | - Patrick Tso
- From the Department of Pharmacology (C.Y.S., K.G., H.U.G., N.S.K., S.T., B.L.J., A.M.E., S.Z., K.U.M.) and Department of Physiology and Pediatrics (D.B.), College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis; Department of Pathobiology and Molecular Medicine, University of Cincinnati, OH (P.T.); and Center for Cancer Research, Laboratory of Metabolism, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD (F.J.G.)
| | - Frank J Gonzalez
- From the Department of Pharmacology (C.Y.S., K.G., H.U.G., N.S.K., S.T., B.L.J., A.M.E., S.Z., K.U.M.) and Department of Physiology and Pediatrics (D.B.), College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis; Department of Pathobiology and Molecular Medicine, University of Cincinnati, OH (P.T.); and Center for Cancer Research, Laboratory of Metabolism, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD (F.J.G.)
| | - Kafait U Malik
- From the Department of Pharmacology (C.Y.S., K.G., H.U.G., N.S.K., S.T., B.L.J., A.M.E., S.Z., K.U.M.) and Department of Physiology and Pediatrics (D.B.), College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis; Department of Pathobiology and Molecular Medicine, University of Cincinnati, OH (P.T.); and Center for Cancer Research, Laboratory of Metabolism, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD (F.J.G.).
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Ghebremariam YT, Huang NF, Kambhampati S, Volz KS, Joshi GG, Anslyn EV, Cooke JP. Characterization of a fluorescent probe for imaging nitric oxide. J Vasc Res 2013; 51:68-79. [PMID: 24335468 DOI: 10.1159/000356445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2013] [Accepted: 10/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nitric oxide (NO), a potent vasodilator and anti-atherogenic molecule, is synthesized in various cell types, including vascular endothelial cells (ECs). The biological importance of NO enforces the need to develop and characterize specific and sensitive probes. To date, several fluorophores, chromophores and colorimetric techniques have been developed to detect NO or its metabolites (NO(2) and NO(3)) in biological fluids, viable cells or cell lysates. METHODS Recently, a novel probe (NO(550)) has been developed and reported to detect NO in solutions and in primary astrocytes and neuronal cells with a fluorescence signal arising from a nonfluorescent background. RESULTS Here, we report further characterization of this probe by optimizing conditions for the detection and imaging of NO products in primary vascular ECs, fibroblasts, and embryonic stem cell- and induced pluripotent stem cell-derived ECs in the absence and presence of pharmacological agents that modulate NO levels. In addition, we studied the stability of this probe in cells over time and evaluated its compartmentalization in reference to organelle-labeling dyes. Finally, we synthesized an inherently fluorescent diazo ring compound (AZO(550)) that is expected to form when the nonfluorescent NO(550) reacts with cellular NO, and compared its cellular distribution with that of NO(550). CONCLUSION NO(550) is a promising agent for imaging NO at baseline and in response to pharmacological agents that modulate its levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yohannes T Ghebremariam
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, Tex., USA
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Cardioprotective effects of methanol/methylene chloride extract of Vitex cienkowskii (Verbebaceae) in l-NAME induced hypertension in rats. Eur J Integr Med 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eujim.2013.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Blueberry intervention improves vascular reactivity and lowers blood pressure in high-fat-, high-cholesterol-fed rats. Br J Nutr 2012; 109:1746-54. [PMID: 23046999 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114512003911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Growing evidence suggests that intake of flavonoid-containing foods may exert cardiovascular benefits in human subjects. We have investigated the effects of a 10-week blueberry (BB) supplementation on blood pressure (BP) and vascular reactivity in rats fed a high-fat/high-cholesterol diet, known to induce endothelial dysfunction. Rats were randomly assigned to follow a control chow diet, a chow diet supplemented with 2 % (w/w) BB, a high-fat diet (10 % lard; 0·5 % cholesterol) or the high fat plus BB for 10 weeks. Rats supplemented with BB showed significant reductions in systolic BP (SBP) of 11 and 14 %, at weeks 8 and 10, respectively, relative to rats fed the control chow diet (week 8 SBP: 107·5 (SEM 4·7) v. 122·2 (SEM 2·1) mmHg, P= 0·018; week 10 SBP: 115·0 (SEM 3·1) v. 132·7 (SEM 1·5) mmHg, P< 0·0001). Furthermore, SBP was reduced by 14 % in rats fed with the high fat plus 2 % BB diet at week 10, compared to those on the high-fat diet only (SBP: 118·2 (SEM 3·6) v. 139·5 (SEM 4·5) mmHg, P< 0·0001). Aortas harvested from BB-fed animals exhibited significantly reduced contractile responses (to L-phenylephrine) compared to those fed the control chow or high-fat diets. Furthermore, in rats fed with high fat supplemented with BB, aorta relaxation was significantly greater in response to acetylcholine compared to animals fed with the fat diet. These data suggest that BB consumption can lower BP and improve endothelial dysfunction induced by a high fat, high cholesterol containing diet.
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Abstract
Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory process in the intima of conduit arteries, which disturbs the endothelium-dependent regulation of the vascular tone by the labile liposoluble radical nitric oxide (NO) formed by the constitutive endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS). This defect predisposes to coronary vasospasm and cardiac ischaemia, with anginal pain as the typical clinical manifestation. It is now appreciated that endothelial dysfunction is an early event in atherogenesis and that it may also involve the microcirculation, in which atherosclerotic lesions do not develop. On the other hand, the inflammatory environment in atherosclerotic plaques may result in the expression of the inducible NO synthase (iNOS) isozyme. Whether the dysfunction in endothelial NO production is causal to, or the result of, atherosclerotic lesion formation is still highly debated. Most evidence supports the hypothesis that constitutive endothelial NO release protects against atherogenesis e.g. by preventing smooth muscle cell proliferation and leukocyte adhesion. Nitric oxide generated by the inducible isozyme may be beneficial by replacing the failing endothelial production but excessive release may damage the vascular wall cells, especially in combination with reactive oxygen intermediates.
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Affiliation(s)
- K E Matthys
- University of Antwerp (UIA) Division of Pharmacology Wilrijk Antwerp B2610 Belgium
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Riccioni G, Sblendorio V. Atherosclerosis: from biology to pharmacological treatment. J Geriatr Cardiol 2012; 9:305-17. [PMID: 23097661 PMCID: PMC3470030 DOI: 10.3724/sp.j.1263.2012.02132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2012] [Revised: 05/23/2012] [Accepted: 06/01/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A recent explosion in the amount of cardiovascular risk has swept across the globe. Primary prevention is the preferred method to lower cardiovascular risk. Lowering the prevalence of obesity is the most urgent matter, and is pleiotropic since it affects blood pressure, lipid profiles, glucose metabolism, inflammation, and atherothrombotic disease progression. Given the current obstacles, success of primary prevention remains uncertain. At the same time, the consequences of delay and inaction will inevitably be disastrous, and the sense of urgency mounts. Pathological and epidemiological data confirm that atherosclerosis begins in early childhood, and advances seamlessly and inexorably throughout life. Risk factors in childhood are similar to those in adults, and track between stages of life. When indicated, aggressive treatment should begin at the earliest indication, and be continued for many years. For those patients at intermediate risk according to global risk scores, C-reactive protein, coronary artery calcium, and carotid intima-media thickness are available for further stratification. Using statins for primary prevention is recommended by guidelines, is prevalent, but remains under prescribed. Statin drugs are unrivaled, evidence-based, major weapons to lower cardiovascular risk. Even when low density lipoprotein cholesterol targets are attained, over half of patients continue to have disease progression and clinical events. Though clinical evidence is incomplete, altering or raising the blood high density lipoprotein cholesterol level continues to be pursued. The aim of this review is to point out the attention of key aspects of vulnerable plaques regarding their pathogenesis and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Graziano Riccioni
- Cardiology Unit, San Camillo de Lellis Hospital, Manfredonia, Via Isonzo 71043 Manfredonia (FG), Italy
| | - Valeriana Sblendorio
- Department of General Surgery and Surgical Specialties, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia Medical School, Surgical Clinic, Via Università, 41121 Modena, Italy
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Jia LQ, Yang GL, Ren L, Chen WN, Feng JY, Cao Y, Zhang L, Li XT, Lei P. Tanshinone IIA reduces apoptosis induced by hydrogen peroxide in the human endothelium-derived EA.hy926 cells. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2012; 143:100-108. [PMID: 22750433 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2012.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2012] [Revised: 05/16/2012] [Accepted: 06/06/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Salvia Miltiorrhiza Bunge (also known as herb Danshen in Chinese) is a widely used Chinese herbal medicine. Tanshinone IIA (TSN IIA) is considered to be the most important bioactive ingredient in Danshen and exhibits an anti-atherosclerotic activity. AIM OF STUDY To evaluate the protective effect of TSN IIA on the human endothelial EA.hy926 cells injured by hydrogen peroxide in vitro and its possible mechanism. MATERIALS AND METHODS The EA.hy926 cells were incubated for 24h with different concentrations of TSN IIA (5, 10 and 20 μg/μL ) or DMEM. Subsequently, cells were treated with 300 μmol/L H(2)O(2) for another 4h. Then, the percentage of cell viability was evaluated by 3-(4, 5-di-methylthiazol-2-yl)-2, 5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. The apoptosis of EA.hy926 cells was detected by flow cytometry with AnnexinV-FITC/PI double staining and laser scanning spectral confocal technique. The generation of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation was analyzed by flow cytometry. The mRNA expressions of caspase-3, Bcl-2 and Bax were tested by real time-reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (real time RT-PCR). The protein expression of Bcl-2 and Bax was determined by Western blotting. MDA levels, NO production, LDH leakage, and SOD as well as caspase-3 activities were also measured using standard methods. RESULTS Loss of cell viability and excessive cell apoptosis were observed in EA.hy926 cells after 4h of challenge with H(2)O(2) (300 μmol/L). However, cell apoptosis was attenuated in different concentrations of TSN IIA (5, 10 and 20 μg/μL) pretreated cells. Furthermore, TSN IIA markedly inhibited the elevation of ROS evoked by H(2)O(2). Real time RT-PCR and Western blotting analysis showed that TSN IIA significantly decreased the expressions of pro-apoptotic proteins (Bax and caspase-3) while significantly increased the expression of anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-2, and resulted in obvious reduction of Bax/Bcl-2 ratio in EA.hy926 cells induced by H(2)O(2). CONCLUSION These observations provide preliminary evidence that TSN IIA protects EA.hy926 cells against H(2)O(2) damage, which is mainly associated with the ROS generation, followed by the imbalance of the Bax/Bcl-2 ratio, and caspase-3 activation leading to apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lian-Qun Jia
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shenyang 110847, China
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NF-kB activation as a molecular basis of pathological process by metabolic syndrome. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.15407/fz58.01.093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Atheroprotective effects of dietary L-arginine increase with age in cholesterol-fed rabbits. Br J Nutr 2011; 105:1439-47. [PMID: 21269531 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114510005234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
NO has several putative atheroprotective properties but its precursor, L-arginine, and inhibitors of its synthesis have had inconsistent effects on the extent of experimental atherosclerosis in rabbits. The location and character of experimental atherosclerosis differ between immature and mature rabbits; both phenomena have been attributed to changes with age in the NO pathway. We investigated whether the influence of dietary L-arginine on experimental atherosclerosis is also age-related. The frequency of lesions was mapped in the descending thoracic and upper abdominal aorta of immature and mature rabbits fed 1 % cholesterol, with or without supplementary L-arginine, for 8 weeks. Consistent with earlier data, the distribution of lesions around the branch points changed with age in control rabbits. The mean frequency of lesions was essentially the same at both ages. L-Arginine supplements had no effect on the distribution of lesions at either age. They significantly reduced the mean frequency of lesions in mature animals but not in immature animals. Thus, the atheroprotective effect of dietary L-arginine in cholesterol-fed rabbits increases with age.
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Regulatory effects of sulfur dioxide on the development of atherosclerotic lesions and vascular hydrogen sulfide in atherosclerotic rats. Atherosclerosis 2011; 215:323-30. [PMID: 21300352 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2010.12.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2010] [Revised: 12/04/2010] [Accepted: 12/22/2010] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study was designed to examine the effect of sulfur dioxide (SO(2)) on atherosclerotic progression and endogenous vascular hydrogen sulfide (H(2)S) in rats with atherosclerosis (AS). METHODS Twenty-eight male rats were randomly divided into control, AS and AS+SO(2) groups. Rats were given a single dose of vitamin D(3) and fed a high-cholesterol diet for 8 weeks to induce AS. Plasma lipids, aortic ultrastructure, and atherosclerotic lesions were detected at the termination of experiment. Plasma and aortic SO(2) were measured using high-performance liquid chromatography, and aspartate aminotransferase (AAT) 1 and AAT2 mRNAs were detected by real-time PCR. Plasma and aortic H(2)S levels were determined with a sulfide-sensitive electrode. Cystathionine-γ-lyase (CSE) mRNA and protein expression was detected. Plasma glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities, malondialdehyde (MDA) and nitric oxide (NO) contents, inducible NO synthase (iNOS) and eNOS activities, and aortic SOD1 and SOD2 expressions were detected. RESULTS Marked atherosclerotic lesions with elevated levels of TC and LDL-C were observed in AS rats. While, there were decreased plasma SO(2) levels and aortic SO(2) production, with a reduced aortic AAT activity in atherosclerotic rats. Plasma GSH-Px and SOD activities were decreased but MDA level increased. Plasma NO content and iNOS activity were also increased. SO(2) donor, however, significantly decreased the atherosclerotic lesions with an increased aortic H(2)S/CSE pathway. It elevated plasma GSH-Px and SOD activities, reduced plasma MDA level, and increased NO/NOS pathway. CONCLUSIONS SO(2) has a marked anti-atherogenic effect with an increase in endogenous H(2)S production in rats with AS.
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DeFronzo RA. Insulin resistance, lipotoxicity, type 2 diabetes and atherosclerosis: the missing links. The Claude Bernard Lecture 2009. Diabetologia 2010; 53:1270-87. [PMID: 20361178 PMCID: PMC2877338 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-010-1684-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 575] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2009] [Accepted: 12/22/2009] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Insulin resistance is a hallmark of type 2 diabetes mellitus and is associated with a metabolic and cardiovascular cluster of disorders (dyslipidaemia, hypertension, obesity [especially visceral], glucose intolerance, endothelial dysfunction), each of which is an independent risk factor for cardiovascular disease (CVD). Multiple prospective studies have documented an association between insulin resistance and accelerated CVD in patients with type 2 diabetes, as well as in non-diabetic individuals. The molecular causes of insulin resistance, i.e. impaired insulin signalling through the phosphoinositol-3 kinase pathway with intact signalling through the mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway, are responsible for the impairment in insulin-stimulated glucose metabolism and contribute to the accelerated rate of CVD in type 2 diabetes patients. The current epidemic of diabetes is being driven by the obesity epidemic, which represents a state of tissue fat overload. Accumulation of toxic lipid metabolites (fatty acyl CoA, diacylglycerol, ceramide) in muscle, liver, adipocytes, beta cells and arterial tissues contributes to insulin resistance, beta cell dysfunction and accelerated atherosclerosis, respectively, in type 2 diabetes. Treatment with thiazolidinediones mobilises fat out of tissues, leading to enhanced insulin sensitivity, improved beta cell function and decreased atherogenesis. Insulin resistance and lipotoxicity represent the missing links (beyond the classical cardiovascular risk factors) that help explain the accelerated rate of CVD in type 2 diabetic patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- R A DeFronzo
- Diabetes Division, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, 7703 Floyd Curl Drive-MSC 7886, San Antonio, TX, 78229, USA.
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Pang J, Xu Q, Xu X, Yin H, Xu R, Guo S, Hao W, Wang L, Chen C, Cao JM. Hexarelin suppresses high lipid diet and vitamin D3-induced atherosclerosis in the rat. Peptides 2010; 31:630-8. [PMID: 19931584 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2009.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2009] [Revised: 11/10/2009] [Accepted: 11/10/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Growth hormone-releasing peptides (GHRP) and ghrelin are synthetic and natural ligands of growth hormone secretagogue receptor (GHSR) respectively and are shown to exert protective actions on cardiac dysfunction. Because ghrelin has been reported to inhibit proinflammatory responses in human endothelium and GHSR has been identified in blood vessels, we hypothesized that GHRP could alleviate the development of atherosclerosis (As). Atherosclearosis was induced by a short period (4 days) of vitamin D(3) and chronic (three months) intragastric feeding of high fat emulsion (containing 0.5% propylthiouracil) in adult SD rats. Some As rats received chronic hexarelin (a variant of GHRP) injection (SC BID, 30 days) and normal rats received placebo as control. Significant atherosclerosis developed in animals fed with the emulsion. Serum total cholesterol and LDL-c increased, and HDL-c and aortic nitric oxide (NO) decreased significantly in As group. Hexarelin suppressed the formation of atherosclerotic plaques and neointima, partially reversed serum HDL-c/LDL-c ratio and increased the levels of serum NO and aortic mRNAs of eNOS, GHSR and CD36 in As rats. Hexarelin also decreased [(3)H]-TdR incorporation in cultured vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) and calcium sedimentation in aortic wall. Furthermore, foam cell formation induced by ox-LDL was decreased by hexarelin. In conclusion, hexarelin suppresses high lipid diet and vitamin D3-induced atherosclerosis in rats, possibly through upregulating HDL-c/LDL-c ratio, vascular NO production and downregulating the VSMC proliferation, aortic calcium sedimentation and foam cell formation. These novel anti-atherosclerotic actions of hexarelin suggest that the peptide might have a clinical potential in treating atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinjiang Pang
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, 5 Dong Dan San Tiao, Beijing 100005, China
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DeFronzo RA. Current issues in the treatment of type 2 diabetes. Overview of newer agents: where treatment is going. Am J Med 2010; 123:S38-48. [PMID: 20206731 DOI: 10.1016/j.amjmed.2009.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
Impaired insulin secretion (beta-cell), increased hepatic glucose production (liver), and decreased peripheral (muscle) glucose utilization constitute the traditional primary defects responsible for the development and progression of type 2 diabetes mellitus. beta-Cell failure, ultimately leading to decreased insulin secretion, is now known to occur much earlier in the natural history of type 2 diabetes than originally believed. Additionally, a better understanding of the pathophysiology of type 2 diabetes reveals other etiologic mechanisms beyond the classic triad, now referred to as the ominous octet. In addition to the beta-cell, liver, and muscle, other pathogenic mechanisms include adipocyte insulin resistance (increased lipolysis), reduced incretin secretion/sensitivity (gastrointestinal), increased glucagon secretion (alpha-cell), enhanced glucose reabsorption (kidney), and central nervous system insulin resistance resulting from neurotransmitter dysfunction (brain). Currently, the management of type 2 diabetes focuses on glucose control via lowering of blood glucose (fasting and postprandial) and hemoglobin A(1c). However, the goal of therapy should be to delay disease progression and eventual treatment failure. Treatment should target the known pathogenic disturbances of the disease (i.e., reducing the deterioration of beta-cell function and improving insulin sensitivity). In recent years, treatment strategies have focused on the development of novel therapeutic options that affect many of the defects contributing to type 2 diabetes and that provide durable glucose control through a blunting of disease progression. Optimal management of type 2 diabetes should include early initiation of therapy using multiple drugs, with different mechanisms of action, in combination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ralph A DeFronzo
- Diabetes Division, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas 78249-1644, USA.
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Okumura K, Imamura A, Murakami R, Numaguchi Y, Matsui H, Toyoaki M. Endothelial function and early atherosclerotic changes. Future Cardiol 2009; 1:501-8. [PMID: 19804151 DOI: 10.2217/14796678.1.4.501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Endothelial dysfunction, including impaired vasomotor disturbance, abnormal coagulation, and increased vascular proliferation, is closely associated with the development of atherosclerosis and precedes the clinical manifestations of atherosclerosis. The impairment of endothelium-dependent vasodilation, which is chiefly attributed to decreased endothelial nitric oxide (NO) bioavailability, represents the functional characteristic of endothelial dysfunction and a early key step in the occurrence of atherosclerotic complications. An impairment of endothelial vasodilation is attributed to decreased NO production, deficiency of substrate or cofactor availability, and increased NO inactivation, and is not confined to a certain artery such as the coronary artery, but rather represents a systemic disorder that also affects peripheral vascular beds. Noninvasive endothelial function tests using extremities are a new popular method for the detection of endothelial NO bioavailability. The assessment of endothelial function detected before established atherosclerosis may be a more important risk factor to predict future atherosclerotic diseases compared with conventional risk factors such as hypertension and hyperlipidemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenji Okumura
- Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Department of Cardiology, 65 Tsurumai-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan.
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Low arginine/asymmetric dimethylarginine ratio deteriorates systemic hemodynamics and organ blood flow in a rat model. Crit Care Med 2009; 37:2010-7. [DOI: 10.1097/ccm.0b013e31819ffdaf] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Zinellu A, Pinna A, Sotgia S, Zinellu E, Usai MF, Carta F, Gaspa L, Deiana L, Carru C. Increased plasma asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA) levels in retinal venous occlusive disease. Clin Chem Lab Med 2008; 46:387-92. [PMID: 18254706 DOI: 10.1515/cclm.2008.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We investigated the levels of the endogenous nitric oxide synthase inhibitor asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA), as well as homocysteine and cysteine thiols, in a cohort of subjects affected by retinal vein occlusion (RVO) disease. METHODS Capillary electrophoresis analysis was performed in both RVO subjects (n=54) and in a control group (n=32). RESULTS No differences were found between controls and patients; however, after categorisation for RVO type, central RVO (CRVO) patients showed higher levels of ADMA (0.710+/-0.139 micromol/L) than controls (0.635+/-0.117 micromol/L) and branch RVO patients (0.642+/-0.096 micromol/L). Moreover, cysteine plasma levels were also significantly higher in CRVO patients than in controls (265.8+/-46.9 vs. 226.7+/-51.9 micromol/L, p<0.01), while homocysteine plasma concentration was more or less identical in all groups. CONCLUSIONS We hypothesise that the elevated levels of cysteine in CRVO patients may post-translationally inhibit dimethylarginine dimethylaminohydrolase enzyme activity, as already described for homocysteine, thus contributing to the accumulation of ADMA in this patient group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelo Zinellu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sassari, Osilo, Italy.
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Schmid W, Lee A, Son J, Koller E, Volf I. Hypochlorite-oxidized low density lipoproteins reduce production and bioavailability of nitric oxide in RAW 264.7 macrophages by distinct mechanisms. Life Sci 2008; 83:50-8. [PMID: 18558412 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2008.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2007] [Revised: 05/04/2008] [Accepted: 05/04/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Oxidative modification of low density lipoproteins is thought to play a pivotal role in the development and exacerbation of atherosclerosis and atherogenesis, and is believed to be closely associated with alterations in the vascular production of nitric oxide (NO). Previous work has shown that several products emerging from lipid peroxidation (e.g. lipid hydroperoxides, lysophospholipids, oxidized cholesterol) are able to reduce NO production in macrophages. The naturally occurring oxidant hypochlorite has been shown to be responsible for the in vivo formation of hypochlorite-oxidized LDL and such OxLDL are known to lack lipid peroxidation products. In this work we demonstrate that hypochlorite-oxidized LDL mediate profound effects on lipopolysaccharide-induced nitric oxide production in RAW 264.7 macrophages. By means of the membrane-permeable NO indicator 4,5-diaminofluorescein diacetate, we are able to show decreased levels of intracellular authentic nitric oxide following incubation with hypochlorite-oxidized LDL. The observed effects are dose-dependent and comparable to results obtained in the presence of the NOS inhibitor NG-monomethyl-L-arginine. This marked reduction of intracellular NO is accompanied by a dose-dependent inhibition of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) protein and mRNA expression. Furthermore, hyp-OxLDL lead to the generation of peroxynitrite, thereby also reducing bioavailability of NO. By mediating these effects on production and bioavailability of NO, hyp-OxLDL might also contribute to atherogenesis by reducing the antiatherogenic effects of nitric oxide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Werner Schmid
- Center for Physiology and Pathophysiology, Institute of Physiology, Medical University of Vienna, and Department of Urology, Rudolfstiftung Hospital, Vienna, Austria.
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Nier BA, Harrington LS, Carrier MJ, Weinberg PD. Evidence for a specific influence of the nitrergic pathway on the peripheral pulse waveform in rabbits. Exp Physiol 2008; 93:503-12. [PMID: 18223024 DOI: 10.1113/expphysiol.2007.041129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The height of the dicrotic notch between the systolic and diastolic peaks of the peripheral pulse wave, expressed as a fraction of the overall amplitude of the wave, is sensitive to nitric oxide (NO) bioactivity. This phenomenon might form the basis of a simple, non-invasive method for determining endothelial function in vivo. We assessed whether the phenomenon is specific to the NO pathway or whether other vasoactive agents have similar effects. The relative height of the dicrotic notch (RHDN) was determined by photoplethysmography in the rabbit ear. It was dose-dependently decreased by acetylcholine, a stimulator of endothelial NO synthesis, and increased by N(G)-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME), an inhibitor of NO synthesis. There was no effect on RHDN of the alpha-adrenergic blocker phentolamine or the beta-adrenergic blocker propranolol. The cyclo-oxygenase inhibitor indomethacin dose-dependently decreased RHDN but this effect was blocked by L-NAME, suggesting it was mediated by cross-talk with the NO pathway. Changes in RHDN appeared to be independent of heart rate and of the delay between the systolic peak and the notch, but were associated with changes in the slope of the dicrotic limb. Both L-NAME and phentolamine produced multiple diastolic peaks, indicative of wave reflections in the vasculature. These data support the view that changes in RHDN are specific to the NO pathway and provide additional information about the mechanisms involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- B A Nier
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College, London, UK
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Ramchandra R, Barrett CJ, Guild SJ, McBryde F, Malpas SC. Role of renal sympathetic nerve activity in hypertension induced by chronic nitric oxide inhibition. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2007; 292:R1479-85. [PMID: 17218445 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00435.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Nitric oxide levels are diminished in hypertensive patients, suggesting nitric oxide might have an important role to play in the development of hypertension. Chronic blockade of nitric oxide leads to hypertension that is sustained throughout the period of the blockade in baroreceptor-intact animals. It has been suggested that the sympathetic nervous system is involved in the chronic increase in blood pressure; however, the evidence is inconclusive. We measured renal sympathetic nerve activity and blood pressure via telemetry in rabbits over 7 days of nitric oxide blockade. Nitric oxide blockade via Nω-nitro-l-arginine methyl ester (l-NAME) in the drinking water (50 mg·kg−1·day−1) for 7 days caused a significant increase in arterial pressure (7 ± 1 mmHg above control levels; P < 0.05). While the increase in blood pressure was associated with a decrease in heart rate (from 233 ± 6 beats/min before the l-NAME to 202 ± 6 beats/min on day 7), there was no change in renal sympathetic nerve activity (94 ± 4 %baseline levels on day 2 and 96 ± 5 %baseline levels on day 7 of l-NAME; baseline nerve activity levels were normalized to the maximum 2 s of nerve activity evoked by nasopharyngeal stimulation). The lack of change in renal sympathetic nerve activity during the l-NAME-induced hypertension indicates that the renal nerves do not mediate the increase in blood pressure in conscious rabbits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rohit Ramchandra
- Circulatory Control Laboratory, Department of Physiology, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, New Zealand
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Sekalska B, Ciechanowicz A, Dolegowska B, Naruszewicz M. Effect of ibuprofen on the development of fat-induced atherosclerosis in New Zealand rabbits. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jeas.2006.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Chiurlia E, Modena MG. The Cardiovascular Continuum: From Endothelial Dysfunction to Clinical Events. The Role of Organic Nitrates. Heart Int 2007. [DOI: 10.1177/1826186807003003-402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Emilio Chiurlia
- Cattedra di Cardiologia, Università degli Studi di Modena e Reggio Emilia
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Abstract
The discovery that mammalian cells have the ability to synthesize the free radical nitric oxide (NO) has stimulated an extraordinary impetus for scientific research in all the fields of biology and medicine. Since its early description as an endothelial-derived relaxing factor, NO has emerged as a fundamental signaling device regulating virtually every critical cellular function, as well as a potent mediator of cellular damage in a wide range of conditions. Recent evidence indicates that most of the cytotoxicity attributed to NO is rather due to peroxynitrite, produced from the diffusion-controlled reaction between NO and another free radical, the superoxide anion. Peroxynitrite interacts with lipids, DNA, and proteins via direct oxidative reactions or via indirect, radical-mediated mechanisms. These reactions trigger cellular responses ranging from subtle modulations of cell signaling to overwhelming oxidative injury, committing cells to necrosis or apoptosis. In vivo, peroxynitrite generation represents a crucial pathogenic mechanism in conditions such as stroke, myocardial infarction, chronic heart failure, diabetes, circulatory shock, chronic inflammatory diseases, cancer, and neurodegenerative disorders. Hence, novel pharmacological strategies aimed at removing peroxynitrite might represent powerful therapeutic tools in the future. Evidence supporting these novel roles of NO and peroxynitrite is presented in detail in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pál Pacher
- Section on Oxidative Stress Tissue Injury, Laboratory of Physiologic Studies, National Institutes of Health, National Institute of Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.
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Sahinarslan A, Cengel A, Biberoglu G, Hasanoglu A, Turkoglu S, Timurkaynak T. Plasma asymmetric dimethylarginine level and extent of lesion at coronary angiography. Coron Artery Dis 2006; 17:605-9. [PMID: 17047444 DOI: 10.1097/01.mca.0000236282.81985.e2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Given that the endogenous nitric oxide synthase inhibitor, asymmetric dimethylarginine, can decrease nitric oxide bioavailability and lead to atherosclerosis, its concentration can be a good predictor for coronary artery disease. In this study, we investigated the relationship of plasma asymmetric dimethylarginine concentration with lesion distribution and severity at coronary artery angiography. METHOD Ninety-eight patients with stable angina were enrolled prospectively. We divided the patients into two groups. Group I (n=37) included the patients with normal coronary arteries. All the other patients were included in group II (n=61). We calculated coronary atherosclerotic score and coronary vessel score. Plasma asymmetric dimethylarginine, L-arginine and symmetric dimethylarginine concentrations were measured and L-arginine/asymmetric dimethylarginine ratio was calculated. RESULTS Plasma L-arginine and symmetric dimethylarginine concentrations did not differ in the two groups. The plasma asymmetric dimethylarginine level, however, was higher in group II patients than in group I patients (0.43+/-0.26 vs. 0.59+/-0.28 micromol/l, P=0.004) and L-arginine/asymmetric dimethylarginine ratio was lower in group II patients than in group I patients (262.0+/-186.4 vs. 176.6+/-139.8, P=0.019). Asymmetric dimethylarginine was positively correlated with the coronary atherosclerotic score (rs=0.273, P=0.006). Moreover, asymmetric dimethylarginine was an important predictor of angiographically defined coronary artery disease (odds ratio=14.42, P=0.004). CONCLUSION Our findings support the hypothesis that the plasma asymmetric dimethylarginine concentration may be a good indicator of predicting coronary artery disease.
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Hayashi T, Esaki T, Sumi D, Mukherjee T, Iguchi A, Chaudhuri G. Modulating role of estradiol on arginase II expression in hyperlipidemic rabbits as an atheroprotective mechanism. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2006; 103:10485-10490. [PMID: 16801563 PMCID: PMC1502484 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0603918103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
We evaluated the effects of a 0.5% cholesterol-enriched diet (HCD) on nitric-oxide synthase (NOS) and arginase expression and the modulating role of 17beta-estradiol (E(2)) on this phenomenon. Thirty oopherectomized rabbits were divided into three groups and treated for 15 weeks. Group I received normal chow; group II, HCD; and group III, HCD plus E(2) pellets. Animals in group II showed an increase in plasma lipids, and they demonstrated atheromatous lesions as well as expression of arginase I and II accompanied by a significant number of BrdU-positive cells in endothelial cells and intimal muscle cells, suggestive of an increase in cellular proliferation. There was significant expression of inducible NOS and increased staining of nitrotyrosine-positive areas. These were not observed in group I animals. In both groups, E(2) levels were low. In group III animals, E(2) supplementation led to a decrease in atheromatous lesions and BrdU-positive cells and reduced expression of both inducible NOS and arginase I and II accompanied by a decrease in nitrotyrosine staining. E(2) levels were increased. Our results suggest that E(2) was responsible for these effects, despite the animals being hyperlipidemic, similar to those in group II. Because arginase is responsible for cell proliferation by converting l-arginine to polyamines, our results indicate that expression of arginase may play an important role in cellular proliferation in atherosclerosis, and inhibition of arginase expression by E(2) may be another potential mechanism in attenuating atherogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshio Hayashi
- *Department of Geriatrics, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsuruma-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan;
| | - Teiji Esaki
- *Department of Geriatrics, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsuruma-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan
- Department of Geriatrics, Kainan Hospital Aichi Prefectural Welfare Federation of Agricultural Cooperatives, 396 Yatomi-town, Ama-gun, Aichi Prefecture 498-8502, Japan; and
| | - Daigo Sumi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology and Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine, 650 Charles E. Young Drive South, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1735
| | - Tapan Mukherjee
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology and Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine, 650 Charles E. Young Drive South, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1735
| | - Akihisa Iguchi
- *Department of Geriatrics, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsuruma-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan
| | - Gautam Chaudhuri
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology and Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine, 650 Charles E. Young Drive South, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1735
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Aoki R, Ikarugi H, Naemura A, Ijiri Y, Yamashita T, Yamamoto J. Endothelial dysfunction precedes atherosclerotic lesions and platelet activation in high fat diet-induced prothrombotic state. Thromb Res 2006; 117:529-35. [PMID: 15916796 DOI: 10.1016/j.thromres.2005.04.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2005] [Revised: 04/02/2005] [Accepted: 04/14/2005] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Earlier we have demonstrated a prothrombotic state in spontaneously atherogenic rodents kept on Western-style high fat diet. The aim of the present study was to investigate the cellular mechanism of such prothrombotic state. MATERIALS AND METHODS Two kinds of diets, Western-style high fat diet containing 20% fat (w/w) and 0.05% cholesterol (w/w) and low fat diet containing 7% fat without cholesterol based on AIN93G, were added to diet-sensitive apolipoprotein E and low-density lipoprotein receptor double deficient male mice for 12 or 18 weeks from 6 weeks of age. Atherosclerosis was assessed by morphometry of the aortic wall or lipid-stained lesions. Endothelial function was measured by flow-mediated vasodilation (FMV) of the femoral artery. Platelet reactivity was measured ex vivo by a shear-induced platelet aggregation test. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS 12 weeks feeding of mice with high fat diet significantly impaired FMV, as compared with mice fed with low fat diet (P<0.05). In contrast, there was no significant difference in the lipid-stained areas and in the reactivity of platelets between the two groups. 18 weeks feeding with high fat diet significantly impaired FMV (P<0.05) and enhanced both lipid-stained areas (P<0.05) and platelet reactivity (P<0.01). These findings show that in high fat diet-induced prothrombotic state, endothelial dysfunction precedes both the morphologically detectable lesions and the enhancement of platelet reactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rumiko Aoki
- Laboratory of Physiology, Faculty of Nutrition, and High-Technology Research Centre, Kobe Gakuin University, Kobe 651-2180, Japan
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Asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA) and the risk for coronary heart disease: the multicenter CARDIAC study. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 2005. [DOI: 10.1007/s00228-005-0014-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Koebnick C, Garcia AL, Dagnelie PC, Strassner C, Lindemans J, Katz N, Leitzmann C, Hoffmann I. Long-term consumption of a raw food diet is associated with favorable serum LDL cholesterol and triglycerides but also with elevated plasma homocysteine and low serum HDL cholesterol in humans. J Nutr 2005; 135:2372-8. [PMID: 16177198 DOI: 10.1093/jn/135.10.2372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
High consumption of vegetables and fruits is associated with reduced risk for cardiovascular disease. However, little information is available about diets based predominantly on consumption of fruits and their health consequences. We investigated the effects of an extremely high dietary intake of raw vegetables and fruits (70-100% raw food) on serum lipids and plasma vitamin B-12, folate, and total homocysteine (tHcy). In a cross-sectional study, the lipid, folate, vitamin B-12, and tHcy status of 201 adherents to a raw food diet (94 men and 107 women) were examined. The participants consumed approximately 1500-1800 g raw food of plant origin/d mainly as vegetables or fruits. Of the participants, 14% had high serum LDL cholesterol concentrations, 46% had low serum HDL cholesterol, and none had high triglycerides. Of raw food consumers, 38% were vitamin B-12 deficient, whereas 12% had an increased mean corpuscular volume (MCV). Plasma tHcy concentrations were correlated with plasma vitamin B-12 concentrations (r = -0.450, P < 0.001), but not with plasma folate. Plasma tHcy and MCV concentrations were higher in those in the lowest quintile of consumption of food of animal origin (P(trend) < 0.001). This study indicates that consumption of a strict raw food diet lowers plasma total cholesterol and triglyceride concentrations, but also lowers serum HDL cholesterol and increases tHcy concentrations due to vitamin B-12 deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corinna Koebnick
- Dietary Fibre and the Metabolic Syndrome Group, German Institute of Human Nutrition, Potsdam-Rehbruecke, D-14558 Nuthetal, Germany.
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46
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Wakino S, Hayashi K, Tatematsu S, Hasegawa K, Takamatsu I, Kanda T, Homma K, Yoshioka K, Sugano N, Saruta T. Pioglitazone lowers systemic asymmetric dimethylarginine by inducing dimethylarginine dimethylaminohydrolase in rats. Hypertens Res 2005; 28:255-62. [PMID: 16097370 DOI: 10.1291/hypres.28.255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Peroxisome proliferator activated receptor-gamma (PPARgamma) ligands increase nitric oxide (NO) production and reduce systemic blood pressure. Asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA) is an endogenous nitric oxide synthase (NOS) inhibitor degraded by the enzyme dimethylarginine dimethylaminohydrolase (DDAH), which has two isoforms, DDAH-I and -II. In order to elucidate the mechanism whereby PPARgamma ligands affect NO metabolism, their effects on the DDAH-ADMA pathway were investigated. Six-week-old male Wister-Kyoto rats (WKY) and spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) were maintained with or without pioglitazone (PIO), a PPARgamma ligand. After 4 weeks, serum ADMA levels and urinary daily NO excretion were analyzed. Tissue DDAH expression was examined by real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR), immunoblotting, and immunohistochemistry. The results showed that PIO decreased serum ADMA and increased urinary NO excretion in both WKY and SHR. Also in both strains, the expression level of DDAH-II in the kidney was increased at transcriptional levels, although the DDAH-I level was unaffected. PIO lowered blood pressure in SHR, but not in WKY. We also demonstrated that PIO induced DDAH-II protein expression in Marbin-Dubin Canine Kidney (MDCK) cells, a renal tubular cell line. In conclusion, a PPARgamma ligand was here found to increase NO production partly by upregulating tissue DDAH-II expression and decreasing systemic ADMA levels. This mechanism constitutes a direct action on renal tubular cells, but is less likely to be responsible for the blood pressure-lowering effects of PPARgamma ligands. Since ADMA is one of the risk factors for cardiovascular events, this study provides compelling evidence that PPARgamma ligands have the potential for reducing cardiovascular risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu Wakino
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Keio University, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan.
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47
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Bonomini M, Pandolfi A, Di Pietro N, Sirolli V, Giardinelli A, Consoli A, Amoroso L, Gizzi F, De Lutiis MA, Felaco M. Adherence of uremic erythrocytes to vascular endothelium decreases endothelial nitric oxide synthase expression. Kidney Int 2005; 67:1899-906. [PMID: 15840037 DOI: 10.1111/j.1523-1755.2005.00288.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND High prevalence of atherosclerotic cardiovascular events accounts for much of the mortality among patients suffering from end-stage renal disease (ESRD). Endothelial dysfunction as a pathogenic mechanism might contribute to increasing the cardiovascular risk of ESRD. Reduced endothelium-dependent vasodilation has consistently been observed in chronic renal failure patients. Since nitric oxide (NO) is the principal endothelium-derived vasodilator, a reduction in the NO bioavailability may be envisaged in ESRD patients. METHODS To clarify whether exposure to erythrocytes from ESRD patients might modulate NO release by the endothelium, we evaluated endothelial NO synthase (eNOS) protein levels (Western blot), eNOS mRNA quantity (real-time PCR), and NOS activity (conversion of L-[3H] arginine in L-[3H] citruline) in endothelial cultures stimulated by erythrocytes from healthy subjects and ESRD patients. RESULTS A time-dependent decrease in eNOS protein levels was evident in cultures treated with erythrocytes from ESRD patients. This observation was consistent with the decreased eNOS mRNA quantities induced by erythrocytes from such patients. Moreover, compared to controls, NOS activity exhibited a significant reduction after incubation with erythrocytes from ESRD patients. The observed eNOS reduction induced by erytrocytes from ESRD patients was totally abolished by annexin V, able to mask red blood cell (RBC) surface-exposed phosphatidylserine. CONCLUSION These findings suggest that adhesion of erythrocytes from ESRD patients to vascular endothelium may cause a decrease in the levels of eNOS mRNA and protein, and inhibition of NOS activity. This might contribute to endothelial dysfunction, and may play a role in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular disease in ESRD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Bonomini
- Department of Medicine, Institute of Nephrology, University G. d'Annunzio, Chieti-Pescara, Italy.
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48
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Uchida M, Iida H, Iida M, Kumazawa M, Sumi K, Takenaka M, Dohi S. Both milrinone and colforsin daropate attenuate the sustained pial arteriolar constriction seen after unclamping of an abdominal aortic cross-clamp in rabbits. Anesth Analg 2005; 101:9-16, table of contents. [PMID: 15976198 DOI: 10.1213/01.ane.0000158610.76898.5c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
We previously reported that unclamping of an abdominal aortic cross-clamp causes initial dilation of pial arteries followed by sustained constriction. Both milrinone and colforsin daropate have a vasodilator action, and both have been used in such critical conditions as abdominal aortic aneurysmectomy. We measured cerebral pial arteriolar diameters using a rabbit closed cranial window preparation before (baseline) and 15 min after the start of an IV infusion of 0.9% saline (control group), milrinone, or colforsin daropate (0.05 and 0.5 microg . /kg(-1) . min(-1)) (pre-clamp), just after aortic clamping, 20 min after clamping, and at 0 to 60 min after unclamping. In the control group, a significant decrease in diameter persisted for at least 60 min after unclamping (maximum, -15% for large and -26% for small arterioles versus baseline). These values were significantly smaller after both doses of milrinone and the larger dose of colforsin daropate (-5% and -8%, 10% and 12%, and -2% and -5%, respectively vs baseline, at 60 min). In a second experiment, changes in regional cerebral blood flow and tissue oxygen tension reflected changes in vascular variables. Thus, sustained cerebral pial arteriolar constriction induced by aortic unclamping can be attenuated by IV milrinone or colforsin daropate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masayoshi Uchida
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu City, Gifu 501-1194, Japan
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49
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Hayashi T, Juliet PAR, Kano-Hayashi H, Tsunekawa T, Dingqunfang D, Sumi D, Matsui-Hirai H, Fukatsu A, Iguchi A. NADPH oxidase inhibitor, apocynin, restores the impaired endothelial-dependent and -independent responses and scavenges superoxide anion in rats with type 2 diabetes complicated by NO dysfunction. Diabetes Obes Metab 2005; 7:334-43. [PMID: 15955119 DOI: 10.1111/j.1463-1326.2004.00393.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We investigated the effect of apocynin, an NADPH oxidase inhibitor, in the impairment of vascular responses in Otsuka Long-Evans Tokushima Fatty (OLETF) rats (type 2 diabetic rat model) with or without (w/wo) N-nitro-l-arginine methyl ester treatment. METHODS Male OLETF and littermate Long-Evans Tokushima Otsuka (LETO) (28 weeks old) rats were separated as follows: LETO w/wo apocynin (Gp C, Gp C-apo), OLETF w/wo apocynin (Gp DM, Gp DM-apo) and OLETF plus l-nitro arginine acetate ester w/wo apocynin (Gp DMLN, Gp DMLN-apo). Five days after, peritoneal macrophages were stimulated with thioglycolate. Two days after, they were evaluated. RESULTS Plasma glucose and lipid levels remained unchanged. Acetylcholine-induced nitric oxide-dependent (NO-dependent) relaxation and nitroglycerin-induced NO-independent relaxation were improved in the Gp DMLN-apo, compared with that in Gp DMLN. Tone-related basal NO release and plasma NO(2) (-) and NO(3) (-) tended to be lower in Gp DM and Gp DMLN groups. The increased amount of superoxide anion released from macrophages in Gp DM and Gp DMLN was restored by apocynin. Intimal thickening was observed in aortae of Gp DM and Gp DMLN animals; however, there was little in aortae of Gp DM-apo and Gp DMLN(-) apo rats. Increased tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) in the Gp DM and Gp DMLN was also restored by apocynin treatment. CONCLUSION Apocynin restores the impairment of endothelial and non-endothelial function in diabetic angiopathy in OLETF without changing plasma glucose and lipid levels. NO and O(2) (-) may play a role in this process by decreasing TNF-alpha levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Hayashi
- Department of Geriatrics, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan.
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50
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Suvorava T, Lauer N, Kojda G. Physical inactivity causes endothelial dysfunction in healthy young mice. J Am Coll Cardiol 2004; 44:1320-7. [PMID: 15364339 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2004.06.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2004] [Revised: 05/25/2004] [Accepted: 06/07/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES We sought to determine if physical inactivity affects endothelial function in young healthy individuals. BACKGROUND Recent studies have linked exercise training to increased bioavailability of vascular nitric oxide (NO) and to improved endothelial function in patients with cardiovascular disorders. The effects of physical inactivity on normal vascular endothelial function are not known. METHODS Healthy young male C57Bl/6 mice living in groups of five in large cages, where they were running, climbing, and fighting during their active cycle, were randomly assigned to stay there or to live alone in small cages where they were predominantly resting. After five and nine weeks citrate synthase activity (a measure of mitochondrial respiratory chain activity), heart weight/body weight ratio, vascular reactivity, and protein expression of endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) were assessed. RESULTS Singularized mice showed a reduction of citrate synthase activity (p < 0.05), of endothelium-dependent vasorelaxation (to 65 +/- 5% of control levels; p < 0.001), and of eNOS protein expression (to 53 +/- 8% of control levels; p < 0.01). In striking contrast, vascular responses to potassium chloride, phenylephrine, and the NO-donor racemic S-nitroso-N-acetylpenicillamine were unchanged. The alterations of vascular eNOS-activity were completely reversible when singularized mice underwent exercise. In mice living in groups, exercise showed only a small effect on aortic eNOS expression. CONCLUSIONS In young healthy individuals physical inactivity induces endothelial dysfunction, which is completely reversible by a short period of moderate exercise training. We suggest that physical inactivity, the so-called sedentary lifestyle, increases cardiovascular risk in young healthy individuals by inducing endothelial dysfunction.
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MESH Headings
- Acetylcholine/administration & dosage
- Animals
- Aorta/enzymology
- Aorta/physiopathology
- Citrate (si)-Synthase/drug effects
- Citrate (si)-Synthase/metabolism
- Disease Models, Animal
- Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
- Endothelium, Vascular/enzymology
- Endothelium, Vascular/physiopathology
- Heart Ventricles/enzymology
- Heart Ventricles/physiopathology
- Life Style
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Models, Cardiovascular
- Motor Activity/physiology
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/enzymology
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/physiopathology
- Myocardial Contraction/drug effects
- Myocardial Contraction/physiology
- Myocardium/enzymology
- Myocardium/pathology
- Nitric Oxide Synthase/biosynthesis
- Nitric Oxide Synthase/drug effects
- Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II
- Nitric Oxide Synthase Type III
- Vasodilation/drug effects
- Vasodilation/physiology
- Vasodilator Agents/administration & dosage
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatsiana Suvorava
- Institut fuer Pharmakologie und Klinische Pharmakologie, Heinrich-Heine-Universitaet, Duesseldorf, Germany
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