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Naffaa MM. Neurogenesis dynamics in the olfactory bulb: deciphering circuitry organization, function, and adaptive plasticity. Neural Regen Res 2025; 20:1565-1581. [PMID: 38934393 DOI: 10.4103/nrr.nrr-d-24-00312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2024] [Accepted: 05/31/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Adult neurogenesis persists after birth in the subventricular zone, with new neurons migrating to the granule cell layer and glomerular layers of the olfactory bulb, where they integrate into existing circuitry as inhibitory interneurons. The generation of these new neurons in the olfactory bulb supports both structural and functional plasticity, aiding in circuit remodeling triggered by memory and learning processes. However, the presence of these neurons, coupled with the cellular diversity within the olfactory bulb, presents an ongoing challenge in understanding its network organization and function. Moreover, the continuous integration of new neurons in the olfactory bulb plays a pivotal role in regulating olfactory information processing. This adaptive process responds to changes in epithelial composition and contributes to the formation of olfactory memories by modulating cellular connectivity within the olfactory bulb and interacting intricately with higher-order brain regions. The role of adult neurogenesis in olfactory bulb functions remains a topic of debate. Nevertheless, the functionality of the olfactory bulb is intricately linked to the organization of granule cells around mitral and tufted cells. This organizational pattern significantly impacts output, network behavior, and synaptic plasticity, which are crucial for olfactory perception and memory. Additionally, this organization is further shaped by axon terminals originating from cortical and subcortical regions. Despite the crucial role of olfactory bulb in brain functions and behaviors related to olfaction, these complex and highly interconnected processes have not been comprehensively studied as a whole. Therefore, this manuscript aims to discuss our current understanding and explore how neural plasticity and olfactory neurogenesis contribute to enhancing the adaptability of the olfactory system. These mechanisms are thought to support olfactory learning and memory, potentially through increased complexity and restructuring of neural network structures, as well as the addition of new granule granule cells that aid in olfactory adaptation. Additionally, the manuscript underscores the importance of employing precise methodologies to elucidate the specific roles of adult neurogenesis amidst conflicting data and varying experimental paradigms. Understanding these processes is essential for gaining insights into the complexities of olfactory function and behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moawiah M Naffaa
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
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2
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Zhao W, Ju H, Zhu K. Meta-analysis of the intervention effects of tai chi on fasting blood glucose, blood pressure and triglyceride in middle-aged and elderly people. Aging Male 2024; 27:2282977. [PMID: 38259166 DOI: 10.1080/13685538.2023.2282977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hypertension, hyperlipidemia, and hyperglycemia have emerged as global health concerns of paramount significance. With the burgeoning popularity of mind-body therapy, cardiovascular patients have increasingly exhibited a vested interest in the practice of Tai Chi. The objective of this study seeks to quantitatively assess the impact of Tai Chi interventions on blood pressure, lipid levels, and glucose concentrations among the elderly population, thereby explaining the optimal intervention protocol. METHODS An extensive search was conducted across multiple databases, including Web of Science, PubMed, CNKI, WANFANG DATA, RISS, KISS, and DBPIA, comprising English, Korean, and Chinese literature. The search strategy employed a retrieval method of subject term 1 + subject term 2, which included both full names and abbreviations of the terms. Specifically, "taijiquan" or "Tai Chi" were set as the Term 1, while Term 2 was set as "blood pressure," "BP," "Fasting blood glucose," "FBG," "Triglyceride," and "TG." Thereafter, the retrieved articles were filtered in accordance with the PICOS method. Risk of bias assessment was performed using RoB 2.0, while data analysis was conducted using Comprehensive Meta-Analysis 3.7. RESULTS A total of 57 studies, including 3,856 research subjects, were eligible for inclusion. The findings of the primary effect quantitative synthesis demonstrated that Tai Chi exerted an improvement on systolic blood pressure (SBP) (ES = -0.764, p < .001), diastolic blood pressure (DBP) (ES = -0.426, p = .001), triglyceride (TG) (ES = -0.452, p < .001), and fasting blood glucose concentrations (FBG) (ES = -0.552, p = .002) among middle-aged and elderly individuals. Subgroup analysis further revealed that the intervention effects were significantly influenced by the characteristics of the research subjects and the specific intervention protocol employed. CONCLUSION Tai Chi, as a gentle form of aerobic exercise, exerts a profound impact on reducing blood pressure, fasting blood glucose levels, and triglyceride concentrations among middle-aged and elderly individuals. Notably, the intervention effect is particularly pronounced among male patients afflicted with hypertension, hyperglycemia, and hyperlipidemia. Based on the collective advantages underscored by this research, we strongly recommend engaging in Tai Chi exercises for a minimum duration of 16 weeks, with each session lasting 30-50 min and conducted 6-7 times per week, without any restrictions on the style employed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenzheng Zhao
- Department of Sports Science, Kyonggi University, Suwon, South Korea
| | - Hanyu Ju
- Department of Sports Science, Kyonggi University, Suwon, South Korea
| | - Kaituo Zhu
- Department of Sports Science, Kyonggi University, Suwon, South Korea
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Robledo-Castro C, Ramírez-Suarez GR, Rodríguez-Rodríguez LH. Effects of computer-based cognitive training vs. paper-and-pencil-based training on the cognitive development of typically developing children: Protocol for a randomized controlled trial. MethodsX 2024; 13:102877. [PMID: 39176150 PMCID: PMC11340614 DOI: 10.1016/j.mex.2024.102877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2024] [Accepted: 07/23/2024] [Indexed: 08/24/2024] Open
Abstract
The research aims to evaluate the effectiveness of a computerized cognitive training program in improving executive functions and attention in elementary school children, compared to a traditional paper-and-pencil intervention. The study has been formulated as a randomized controlled trial with pre- and post-intervention measures. For the study, third-grade children with typical development aged between 7 and 9 years will be recruited. Participants will be randomly assigned to the two study arms (control and experimental). The experimental group will participate in a computerized intervention using the NeuronUp cognitive stimulation platform for 8 weeks, twice a week. Sessions will be conducted using computers in the computer lab of the participating educational institution. The active control group will engage in paper-and-pencil cognitive training for the same duration and intensity as the experimental group. Evaluators will be blinded to the assignment, and participants will be blinded to the target intervention. Hypothesis testing will be conducted through ANOVA-MR, and logistic regressions will be implemented to assess the effect of socioeconomic variables on children's performance. These results are expected to contribute to the discussion on the opportunities and benefits offered by cognitive training programs on the cognitive development of typically developing children.
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Byrne ME, Kirschner S, Harrewijn A, Abend R, Lazarov A, Liuzzi L, Kircanski K, Haller SP, Bar-Haim Y, Pine DS. Eye-tracking measurement of attention bias to social threat among youth: A replication and extension study. JOURNAL OF MOOD AND ANXIETY DISORDERS 2024; 8:100075. [PMID: 39007026 PMCID: PMC11238819 DOI: 10.1016/j.xjmad.2024.100075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/16/2024]
Abstract
Attentional bias to social threat cues has been linked to heightened anxiety and irritability in youth. Yet, inconsistent methodology has limited replication and led to mixed findings. The current study aims to 1) replicate and extend two previous pediatric studies demonstrating a relationship between negative affectivity and attentional bias to social threat and 2) examine the test-retest reliability of an eye-tracking paradigm among a subsample of youth. Attention allocation to negative versus non-negative emotional faces was measured using a free-viewing eye-tracking task among youth (N=185 total, 60% female, M age=13.10 years, SD age=2.77) with three face-pair conditions: happy-angry, neutral-disgust, sad-happy. Replicating procedures of two previous studies, linear mixed-effects models compared attention bias between children with anxiety disorders and healthy controls. Bifactor analysis was used to parse shared versus unique facets of general negative affectivity (i.e., anxiety, irritability), which were then examined in relation to attention bias. Test-retest reliability of the bias-index was estimated among a subsample of youth (N=36). No significant differences in attention allocation or bias emerged between anxiety and healthy control groups. While general negative affectivity across the sample was not associated with attention bias, there was a positive relationship for anxiety and irritability on duration of attention allocation toward negative faces. Test-retest reliability for attention bias was moderate (r=0.50, p<.01). While anxiety-related findings from the two previous studies were not replicated, the relationship between attention bias and facets of negative affect suggests a potential target for treatment. Evidence for test-retest reliability encourages future use of the eye-tracking task for researchers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meghan E Byrne
- Section on Development and Affective Neuroscience, Emotion and Development Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Sara Kirschner
- Section on Development and Affective Neuroscience, Emotion and Development Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Anita Harrewijn
- Department of Psychology, Education & Child Studies, Erasmus University Rotterdam, 3000 DR Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Rany Abend
- Baruch Ivcher School of Psychology, Reichman University, 8 Ha'Universita St., Herzliya 4610101, Israel
| | - Amit Lazarov
- School of Psychological Sciences, Tel Aviv University, P.O. Box 39040, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel
| | - Lucrezia Liuzzi
- Section on Development and Affective Neuroscience, Emotion and Development Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Katharina Kircanski
- Section on Development and Affective Neuroscience, Emotion and Development Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Simone P Haller
- Section on Development and Affective Neuroscience, Emotion and Development Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Yair Bar-Haim
- School of Psychological Sciences, Tel Aviv University, P.O. Box 39040, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel
| | - Daniel S Pine
- Section on Development and Affective Neuroscience, Emotion and Development Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
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Naumann E, Svaldi J. Effects of exposure to plus-size fashion models on weight-related attitudes in bulimia nervosa: Findings from an exploratory study. J Behav Ther Exp Psychiatry 2024; 85:101976. [PMID: 38955021 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbtep.2024.101976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2023] [Revised: 05/20/2024] [Accepted: 06/22/2024] [Indexed: 07/04/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Eating disorders are often linked to the internalization of the thin-ideal and weight stigma. The present exploratory study investigates the effects of plus-sized fashion media on weight-related attitudes in bulimia nervosa (BN). METHODS Women with BN (n=27) and without an eating disorder (n=28) were exposed to 17 pictures of plus-size fashion models. Participants rated the attractiveness of the models. Before and after the exposure task, participants completed questionnaires on their attitudes towards people with higher weight as well as thin-ideal media. RESULTS The BN group rated the bodies of the plus-size fashion models as less attractive than controls, whereas no group differences were found in attractiveness ratings for the models' faces or full images. In both groups, negative attitudes about people with higher weight significantly decreased after viewing plus-size model pictures. Attitudes toward thin-ideal media remained unchanged, with scores higher for BN than controls. LIMITATIONS This exploratory study has several limitations, such as the lack of a control condition, small sample size, and reliance on only self-report data. CONCLUSIONS These exploratory results imply that the positive effects of plus-sized model images on reducing negative assumptions about people with high weight may not be limited to healthy individuals but also seem to extend to women with BN. Further controlled studies with larger samples and long-term assessments are needed to confirm these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Naumann
- University of Tuebingen, Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Schleichstraße 4, 72076, Tuebingen, Germany.
| | - Jennifer Svaldi
- University of Tuebingen, Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Schleichstraße 4, 72076, Tuebingen, Germany.
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Wang Y, Luo Y, Chen H. Sex difference in the relationship between environmental unpredictability and depressive symptom in Chinese adolescents: The chain mediating role of sense of control and fast life history strategies. J Affect Disord 2024; 364:178-187. [PMID: 39142584 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2024.08.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2024] [Revised: 07/24/2024] [Accepted: 08/11/2024] [Indexed: 08/16/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adolescents are at a high risk of depressive symptom. A substantial body of literature indicates that early environmental unpredictability (EU) significantly affects the likelihood of developing depressive symptom. However, only a few studies have focused on the mediating mechanisms underlying this relationship. Based on life history (LH) theory and the adaptive calibration model, this study constructed a chain-mediating model to examine whether the association between EU and depressive symptom among Chinese adolescents is mediated by sense of control and fast life history strategies. METHODS In total, 1838 Chinese adolescents (47.8 % women, mean age = 13.17 ± 0.99 years) participated in this study and responded to self-report measures of EU, fast LH strategies, sense of control, and depressive symptom. RESULTS (1) There were significant correlations between EU, sense of control, fast LH strategies, and depressive symptom. (2) After controlling for the effects of sex, age and socioeconomic status, EU still had a significant positive effect on depressive symptom. (3) Adolescent depressive symptom was partly influenced by EU through three different pathways: the mediating role of sense of control, the mediating role of fast LH strategies, and the chain-mediating role of both sense of control and fast LH strategies. (4) There are significant gender differences in the above chain mediation models. LIMITATIONS The analysis is cross-sectional, which limits causal inference. CONCLUSIONS These findings contribute to a more comprehensive understanding of risk factors for adolescent depressive symptom. The chain-mediating effect of a sense of control and fast LH strategies plays an important role in the occurrence of depressive symptom.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuwansu Wang
- Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China; Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality (SWU), Ministry of Education, Chongqing 400715, China; China Research Center of Psychology and Social Development, Chongqing 400715, China; Southwest University Children and Adolescents Mental Health Collaborative Innovation Team, China
| | - Yijun Luo
- Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China; Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality (SWU), Ministry of Education, Chongqing 400715, China; China Research Center of Psychology and Social Development, Chongqing 400715, China; Southwest University Children and Adolescents Mental Health Collaborative Innovation Team, China
| | - Hong Chen
- Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China; Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality (SWU), Ministry of Education, Chongqing 400715, China; China Research Center of Psychology and Social Development, Chongqing 400715, China; Southwest University Children and Adolescents Mental Health Collaborative Innovation Team, China.
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Bettariga F, Taaffe DR, Galvão DA, Lopez P, Bishop C, Markarian AM, Natalucci V, Kim JS, Newton RU. Exercise training mode effects on myokine expression in healthy adults: A systematic review with meta-analysis. JOURNAL OF SPORT AND HEALTH SCIENCE 2024; 13:764-779. [PMID: 38604409 PMCID: PMC11336361 DOI: 10.1016/j.jshs.2024.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2024] [Revised: 03/14/2024] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The benefits of exercise are well known; however, many of the underlying molecular mechanisms are not fully understood. Skeletal muscle secretes myokines, which mediate muscle-organ crosstalk. Myokines regulate satellite-cell proliferation and migration, inflammatory cascade, insulin secretion, angiogenesis, fatty oxidation, and cancer suppression. To date, the effects of different exercise modes (namely, aerobic and resistance exercise) on myokine response remain to be elucidated. This is crucial considering the clinical implementation of exercise to enhance general health and wellbeing and as a medical treatment. METHODS A systematic search was undertaken in PubMed, MEDLINE, CINAHL, Embase, SPORTDiscus, and Web of Science in April 2023. Eligible studies examining the effects of a single bout of exercise on interleukin15 (IL-15), irisin, secreted protein acidic and rich in cysteine (SPARC), oncostatin M (OSM), and decorin were included. A random-effects meta-analysis was also undertaken to quantify the magnitude of change. RESULTS Sixty-two studies were included (n = 1193). Overall, exercise appeared to induce small to large increases in myokine expression, with effects observed immediately after to 60 min post-exercise, although these were mostly not statistically significant. Both aerobic and resistance exercise resulted in changes in myokine levels, without any significant difference between training modes, and with the magnitude of change differing across myokines. Myokine levels returned to baseline levels within 180 min to 24 h post-exercise. However, owing to potential sources of heterogeneity, most changes were not statistically significant, indicating that precise conclusions cannot be drawn. CONCLUSION Knowledge is limited but expanding with respect to the impact of overall and specific effects of exercise on myokine expression at different time points in the systemic circulation. Further research is required to investigate the effects of different exercise modes at multiple time points on myokine response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Bettariga
- Exercise Medicine Research Institute, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA 6027, Australia; School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA 6027, Australia
| | - Dennis R Taaffe
- Exercise Medicine Research Institute, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA 6027, Australia; School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA 6027, Australia
| | - Daniel A Galvão
- Exercise Medicine Research Institute, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA 6027, Australia; School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA 6027, Australia
| | - Pedro Lopez
- Pleural Medicine Unit, Institute for Respiratory Health, Perth, WA 6009, Australia; Medical School, Faculty of Health & Medical Sciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009, Australia; Grupo de Pesquisa em Exercício para Populações Clínicas (GPCLIN), Universidade de Caxias do Sul, Caxias do Sul, Rio Grande do Sul 95070-560, Brazil
| | - Chris Bishop
- London Sport Institute, School of Science and Technology, Middlesex University, London, NW4 4BT, UK
| | - Anna Maria Markarian
- Exercise Medicine Research Institute, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA 6027, Australia; School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA 6027, Australia
| | - Valentina Natalucci
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, Milan 20133, Italy
| | - Jin-Soo Kim
- Exercise Medicine Research Institute, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA 6027, Australia; School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA 6027, Australia
| | - Robert U Newton
- Exercise Medicine Research Institute, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA 6027, Australia; School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA 6027, Australia; School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia.
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Wei Q, Liu J, Yin W, Pan S, Dai C, Zhou L, Jiang X, Wang C, Wu J. Association between childhood emotional abuse and non-suicidal self-injury among Guangxi adolescents in China: A moderated mediation model. J Affect Disord 2024; 363:436-444. [PMID: 39029701 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2024.07.111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2024] [Revised: 06/25/2024] [Accepted: 07/16/2024] [Indexed: 07/21/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Childhood Emotional Abuse (CEA) is a known risk factor for Non Suicidal Self-injury (NSSI), which could have devastating repercussions. This study aimed to establish whether Parent-Child Attachment (PCA) and depressive symptoms mediated the CEA-NSSI relationship, as well as whether school connectedness moderated both the direct and indirect relationships between CEA and NSSI. METHODS Between November and December 2022, 7447 Chinese adolescents in high schools were surveyed through multi-stage cluster random sampling. The participants completed self-reported questionnaires that assessed CEA, PCA, depressive symptoms, school connectedness, and NSSI. Relationships between these variables were examined through moderated mediation analysis using SPSS macro-PROCESS. RESULTS After controlling for sociodemographic variables, we found that CEA correlated positively with NSSI through two different pathways: the mediating role of depressive symptoms and the chain-mediating role of both PCA and depressive symptoms. Moreover, school connectedness could moderate the direct and indirect relationships between CEA and NSSI. LIMITATIONS The study's cross-sectional design does not allow for causal inferences. CONCLUSIONS Overall, PCA, depressive symptoms, and school connectedness could affect the CEA-NSSI relationship.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiaoyue Wei
- Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China; Department of Psychology, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, China
| | - Jianbo Liu
- Department of Child Psychiatry of Shenzhen Kangning Hospital, Shenzhen Mental Health Center, School of mental health, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518003, China
| | - Wenwen Yin
- Department of Psychology, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, China
| | - Shuibo Pan
- Department of Psychology, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, China
| | - Chenyangzi Dai
- Department of Psychology, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, China
| | - Linhua Zhou
- Department of Psychology, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, China
| | - Xiaoyu Jiang
- Department of Psychology, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, China
| | - Chunyan Wang
- Department of Psychology, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, China
| | - Junduan Wu
- Department of Psychology, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, China; Department of Guangxi Medical College, 8 Kunlun Road, Nanning 530023, China.
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Prutean N, Vermeylen L, Kukkonen N, Steendam ST, Eayrs JO, Krebs RM, Wiersema JR, Vassena E, Boehler CN, Notebaert W. Mind the instructions: Reward cues are liked first, wanted later. Cognition 2024; 251:105885. [PMID: 39024843 DOI: 10.1016/j.cognition.2024.105885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Revised: 05/16/2024] [Accepted: 07/09/2024] [Indexed: 07/20/2024]
Abstract
Current theories propose that mental effort is invested only when the anticipated benefits, such as rewards, outweigh the associated costs, like task difficulty. Yet, it remains unclear whether this motivational and mitigating aspect of reward processing is reflected in the evaluation of reward/difficulty cues as such, and to what extent it depends on task experience. In a pre-registered experiment (N = 84), we used the affect misattribution procedure (AMP) to gauge affective evaluations of nonword cues predicting reward and task difficulty levels. Contrary to previous studies, the AMP was administered at the outset, after cue instructions, and after the cues were used in a random dot motion (RDM) task. Compared to baseline, cues predicting a larger reward were evaluated more positively after RDM task experience, and most importantly, already after cue instructions, with no difference between the two phases. This evaluative effect manifested in increased performance after larger reward cues in the RDM task. Our results suggest that AMP effects may generally capture performance expectations which are independent of task experience. Importantly, these instructed expectations of reward and difficulty play a crucial role in the evaluation and subsequent investment of mental effort.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicoleta Prutean
- Department of Experimental Psychology, Ghent University, Belgium.
| | | | - Nanne Kukkonen
- Department of Experimental Psychology, Ghent University, Belgium.
| | | | - Joshua O Eayrs
- Department of Experimental Psychology, Ghent University, Belgium.
| | - Ruth M Krebs
- Department of Experimental Psychology, Ghent University, Belgium.
| | - Jan R Wiersema
- Department of Experimental Clinical and Health Psychology, Ghent University, Belgium.
| | - Eliana Vassena
- Behavioural Science Institute, Radboud University, Nijmegen, the Netherlands.
| | - C Nico Boehler
- Department of Experimental Psychology, Ghent University, Belgium.
| | - Wim Notebaert
- Department of Experimental Psychology, Ghent University, Belgium.
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Marchesi S, De Tommaso D, Kompatsiari K, Wu Y, Wykowska A. Tools and methods to study and replicate experiments addressing human social cognition in interactive scenarios. Behav Res Methods 2024; 56:7543-7560. [PMID: 38782872 DOI: 10.3758/s13428-024-02434-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
In the last decade, scientists investigating human social cognition have started bringing traditional laboratory paradigms more "into the wild" to examine how socio-cognitive mechanisms of the human brain work in real-life settings. As this implies transferring 2D observational paradigms to 3D interactive environments, there is a risk of compromising experimental control. In this context, we propose a methodological approach which uses humanoid robots as proxies of social interaction partners and embeds them in experimental protocols that adapt classical paradigms of cognitive psychology to interactive scenarios. This allows for a relatively high degree of "naturalness" of interaction and excellent experimental control at the same time. Here, we present two case studies where our methods and tools were applied and replicated across two different laboratories, namely the Italian Institute of Technology in Genova (Italy) and the Agency for Science, Technology and Research in Singapore. In the first case study, we present a replication of an interactive version of a gaze-cueing paradigm reported in Kompatsiari et al. (J Exp Psychol Gen 151(1):121-136, 2022). The second case study presents a replication of a "shared experience" paradigm reported in Marchesi et al. (Technol Mind Behav 3(3):11, 2022). As both studies replicate results across labs and different cultures, we argue that our methods allow for reliable and replicable setups, even though the protocols are complex and involve social interaction. We conclude that our approach can be of benefit to the research field of social cognition and grant higher replicability, for example, in cross-cultural comparisons of social cognition mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serena Marchesi
- Social Cognition in Human-Robot Interaction, Italian Institute of Technology, Genova, Italy
- Robotics and Autonomous Systems Department, A*STAR Institute for Infocomm Research, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Davide De Tommaso
- Social Cognition in Human-Robot Interaction, Italian Institute of Technology, Genova, Italy
| | - Kyveli Kompatsiari
- Social Cognition in Human-Robot Interaction, Italian Institute of Technology, Genova, Italy
| | - Yan Wu
- Robotics and Autonomous Systems Department, A*STAR Institute for Infocomm Research, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Agnieszka Wykowska
- Social Cognition in Human-Robot Interaction, Italian Institute of Technology, Genova, Italy.
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Elder J, Wilson L, Calanchini J. Estimating the Reliability and Stability of Cognitive Processes Contributing to Responses on the Implicit Association Test. PERSONALITY AND SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY BULLETIN 2024; 50:1451-1470. [PMID: 37204215 DOI: 10.1177/01461672231171256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Implicit measures were initially assumed to assess stable individual differences, but other perspectives posit that they reflect context-dependent processes. This pre-registered research investigates whether the processes contributing to responses on the race Implicit Association Test are temporally stable and reliably measured using multinomial processing tree modeling. We applied two models-the Quad model and the Process Dissociation Procedure-to six datasets (N = 2,036), each collected over two occasions, examined the within-measurement reliability and between-measurement stability of model parameters, and meta-analyzed the results. Parameters reflecting accuracy-oriented processes demonstrate adequate stability and reliability, which suggests these processes are relatively stable within individuals. Parameters reflecting evaluative associations demonstrate poor stability but modest reliability, which suggests that associations are either context-dependent or stable but noisily measured. These findings suggest that processes contributing to racial bias on implicit measures differ in temporal stability, which has practical implications for predicting behavior using the Implicit Association Test.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Liz Wilson
- University of California, Riverside, USA
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12
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Zhang J, Vohs KD, Carlson SM. Imagining the future improves saving in preschoolers. J Exp Child Psychol 2024; 246:105966. [PMID: 38852402 DOI: 10.1016/j.jecp.2024.105966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2023] [Revised: 04/24/2024] [Accepted: 04/24/2024] [Indexed: 06/11/2024]
Abstract
Preschoolers are notoriously poor at delaying gratification and saving limited resources, yet evidence-based methods of improving these behaviors are lacking. Using the marble game saving paradigm, we examined whether young children's saving behavior would increase as a result of engaging in future-oriented imagination using a storyboard. Participants were 115 typically developing 4-year-olds from a midwestern U.S. metropolitan area (Mage = 53.48 months, SD = 4.14, range = 47-60; 54.8% female; 84.5% White; 7.3% Hispanic/Latino ethnicity; median annual household income = $150,000-$174,999). Children were randomly assigned to one of four storyboard conditions prior to the marble game: Positive Future Simulation, Negative Future Simulation, Positive Routine, or Negative Routine. In each condition, children were asked to imagine how they would feel in the future situation using a smiley face rating scale. Results showed that children were significantly more likely to save (and to save more marbles) in the experimental conditions compared with the control conditions (medium effect sizes). Moreover, imagining saving for the future (and how good that would feel) was more effective at increasing saving behaviors than imagining not saving (and how bad that would feel). Emotion ratings were consistent with the assigned condition, but positive emotion alone did not account for these effects. Results held after accounting for game order and verbal IQ. Implications of temporal psychological distancing and emotion anticipation for children's future-oriented decision making are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinyi Zhang
- Institute of Child Development, University of Minnesota-Twin Cities, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
| | - Kathleen D Vohs
- Carlson School of Management, University of Minnesota-Twin Cities, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Stephanie M Carlson
- Institute of Child Development, University of Minnesota-Twin Cities, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
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13
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Smithson CJR, Chow JK, Chang TY, Gauthier I. Measuring object recognition ability: Reliability, validity, and the aggregate z-score approach. Behav Res Methods 2024; 56:6598-6612. [PMID: 38438656 DOI: 10.3758/s13428-024-02372-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/14/2024] [Indexed: 03/06/2024]
Abstract
Measurement of domain-general object recognition ability (o) requires minimization of domain-specific variance. One approach is to model o as a latent variable explaining performance on a battery of tests which differ in task demands and stimuli; however, time and sample requirements may be prohibitive. Alternatively, an aggregate measure of o can be obtained by averaging z-scores across tests. Using data from Sunday et al., Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 151, 676-694, (2022), we demonstrated that aggregate scores from just two such object recognition tests provide a good approximation (r = .79) of factor scores calculated from a model using a much larger set of tests. Some test combinations produced correlations of up to r = .87 with factor scores. We then revised these tests to reduce testing time, and developed an odd one out task, using a unique object category on nearly every trial, to increase task and stimuli diversity. To validate our measures, 163 participants completed the object recognition tests on two occasions, one month apart. Providing the first evidence that o is stable over time, our short aggregate o measure demonstrated good test-retest reliability (r = .77). The stability of o could not be completely accounted for by intelligence, perceptual speed, and early visual ability. Structural equation modeling suggested that our tests load significantly onto the same latent variable, and revealed that as a latent variable, o is highly stable (r = .93). Aggregation is an efficient method for estimating o, allowing investigation of individual differences in object recognition ability to be more accessible in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jason K Chow
- Department of Psychology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Ting-Yun Chang
- Department of Psychology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning & IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Isabel Gauthier
- Department of Psychology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
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14
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Park J, Zahabi M, Huang H, Benden M. A novel approach for predicting usability of upper limb prostheses. APPLIED ERGONOMICS 2024; 120:104344. [PMID: 38991493 DOI: 10.1016/j.apergo.2024.104344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2024] [Revised: 06/23/2024] [Accepted: 07/02/2024] [Indexed: 07/13/2024]
Abstract
Limb amputation can lead to significant functional challenges in daily activities, prompting amputees to use prosthetic devices (PDs). However, the cognitive demands of PDs and usability issues have resulted in user rejections. This study aimed to create a Human Performance Model for Upper-Limb Prosthetic Devices (HPM-UP). The model used formulations of learnability, error rate, memory load, efficiency, and satisfaction to assess usability. The model was validated in an experiment with 30 healthy participants using a bypass prosthetic device. Findings indicated that the HPM-UP successfully predicted the usability of prosthetic devices, aligning with human subject data. This research proposes a quantitative approach to predict upper limb prosthetic device usability by quantifying each dimension and computationally connecting them. The model, available on Github and executable with Rstudio, could enable clinicians to assess and analyze the human performance of various commercial prostheses, aiding in recommending optimal devices for patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junho Park
- Department of General Engineering, Santa Clara University, Santa Clara, CA, USA
| | - Maryam Zahabi
- Wm Michael Barnes '64 Department of Industrial & Systems Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA.
| | - He Huang
- Joint Dept. of Biomedical Engineering, North Carolina State University and University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Mark Benden
- Department of Environmental & Occupational Health, School of Public Health, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
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15
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Rosati AG, Felsche E, Cole MF, Atencia R, Rukundo J. Flexible information-seeking in chimpanzees. Cognition 2024; 251:105898. [PMID: 39059117 PMCID: PMC11343684 DOI: 10.1016/j.cognition.2024.105898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2024] [Revised: 07/11/2024] [Accepted: 07/17/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024]
Abstract
Humans can flexibly use metacognition to monitor their own knowledge and strategically acquire new information when needed. While humans can deploy these skills across a variety of contexts, most evidence for metacognition in animals has focused on simple situations, such as seeking out information about the location of food. Here, we examine the flexibility, breadth, and limits of this skill in chimpanzees. We tested semi-free-ranging chimpanzees on a novel task where they could seek information by standing up to peer into different containers. In Study 1, we tested n = 47 chimpanzees to assess if chimpanzees would spontaneously engage in information-seeking without prior experience, as well as to characterize individual variation in this propensity. We found that many chimpanzees engaged in information-seeking with minimal experience, and that younger chimpanzees and females were more likely to do so. In two subsequent studies, we then further tested chimpanzees who initially showed robust information-seeking on new variations of this task, to disentangle the cognitive processing shaping their behaviors. In Study 2, we examined how a subset of n = 12 chimpanzees applied these skills to seek information about the location versus the identity of rewards, and found that chimpanzees were equally adept at seeking out location and identity information. In Study 3, we examined whether a subset of n = 6 chimpanzees could apply these skills to make more efficacious decisions when faced with uncertainty about reward payoffs. Chimpanzees were able to use information-seeking to resolve risk and choose more optimally when faced with uncertain payoffs, although they often also engaged in information-seeking when it was not strictly necessary. These results identify core features of flexible metacognition that chimpanzees share with humans, as well as constraints that may represent key evolutionary shifts in human cognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra G Rosati
- Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Department of Anthropology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
| | - Elisa Felsche
- Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Department of Comparative Cultural Psychology, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Megan F Cole
- Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Department of Anthropology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | | | - Joshua Rukundo
- Ngamba Island Chimpanzee Sanctuary / Chimpanzee Trust, Entebbe, Uganda
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16
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Gatti D, Rodio F, Rinaldi L, Marelli M. On humans' (explicit) intuitions about the meaning of novel words. Cognition 2024; 251:105882. [PMID: 39024842 DOI: 10.1016/j.cognition.2024.105882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2023] [Revised: 05/06/2024] [Accepted: 07/08/2024] [Indexed: 07/20/2024]
Abstract
Pseudowords offer a unique opportunity to investigate how humans deal with new (verbal) information. Within this framework, previous studies have shown that, at the implicit level, humans exploit systematic associations in the form-meaning interface to process new information by relying on (sub-lexical) contents already mapped in semantic memory. However, whether speakers exploit such processes in explicit decisions about the meanings elicited by unfamiliar terms remains an open, important question. Here, we tested this by leveraging computational models that are able to induce semantic representations for out-of-vocabulary stimuli. Across two experiments, we demonstrate that participants' guesses about pseudoword meanings in a 2AFC task consistently align with the model's predictions. This indicates that humans' ability to extract meaningful knowledge from complex statistical patterns can affect explicit decisions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniele Gatti
- Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy.
| | - Francesca Rodio
- Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy; Institute for Advanced Studies, IUSS, Pavia, Italy
| | - Luca Rinaldi
- Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy; Cognitive Psychology Unit, IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia, Italy
| | - Marco Marelli
- Department of Psychology, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milano, Italy; NeuroMI, Milan Center for Neuroscience, Milano, Italy
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17
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Scheibe DA, Wyatt L, Fitzsimmons CJ, Mielicki MK, Schiller LK, Thompson CA. Impacts of number lines and circle visual displays on caregivers' fraction understanding. J Exp Child Psychol 2024; 246:105983. [PMID: 38909523 DOI: 10.1016/j.jecp.2024.105983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Revised: 05/01/2024] [Accepted: 05/03/2024] [Indexed: 06/25/2024]
Abstract
Playful fraction picture books, together with math instructional content called "back matter," may promote fraction learning, which is crucial because fractions are difficult and often disliked content. However, open questions remain regarding how different types of back matter may affect caregivers' ability to use fraction picture books as a teaching tool. The current study offers a novel investigation into how back matter affects caregivers' (N = 160) fraction understanding (i.e., equivalence and arithmetic) and subjective beliefs about math using a pretest/posttest design. We contrasted existing back matter text with research-informed back matter text crossed with either circle area or number line visual displays. Caregivers' performance improved from pretest to posttest in the Researcher-Generated + Circles condition (fraction equivalence) and in the Existing + Circles, Researcher-Generated + Circles, and Researcher-Generated + Number Lines conditions (fraction arithmetic). In addition, caregivers were aware of their learning; they predicted improvements in their fraction arithmetic performance over time. These findings suggest that brief interventions, such as back matter in children's picture books, may improve adults' fraction understanding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel A Scheibe
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, OH 44240, USA.
| | - Lauren Wyatt
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, OH 44240, USA
| | | | - Marta K Mielicki
- Psychological Sciences, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA; SRI International, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | | | - Clarissa A Thompson
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, OH 44240, USA
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18
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Wu H, Lu B, Xiang N, Qiu M, Da H, Xiao Q, Zhang Y, Shi H. Different activation in dorsolateral prefrontal cortex between anxious depression and non-anxious depression during an autobiographical memory task: A fNIRS study. J Affect Disord 2024; 362:585-594. [PMID: 39019227 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2024.07.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2024] [Revised: 06/06/2024] [Accepted: 07/12/2024] [Indexed: 07/19/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Using functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) previous studies have found that activation differences in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) during an autobiographical memory task (AMT) under the condition of different emotional valences may be neurophysiological markers of depression and different depression subtypes. Additionally, compared with non-anxious depression, anxious depression presents abnormal hemodynamic activation in the DLPFC. This study aimed to use fNIRS to investigate hemodynamic activation in the DLPFC of depression patients with and without anxiety during AMT triggered by different emotional valence stimuli. METHODS We recruited 194 patients with depression (91 with non-anxious depression, 103 with anxious depression) and 110 healthy controls from Chinese college students. A 53-channel fNIRS was used to detect cerebral hemodynamic differences in the three groups during AMT. RESULTS The results showed that: (1) the activation of oxy-Hb in the left DLPFC was significantly higher under positive emotional valence than under negative emotional valence for healthy controls and patients with non-anxious depression, while there was no significant difference between positive and negative emotional valence observed in response to anxious depression; and (2) Oxy-Hb activation under negative emotional valence was significantly higher in the anxious depression group than in the non-anxious depression group. CONCLUSIONS This study revealed that the hemodynamic hyperactivation of negative emotional valence in the left DLPFC may be due to the neurophysiological differences between anxious and non-anxious patients with depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huifen Wu
- School of Education, Hubei Engineering University, Xiaogan 432000, China
| | - Baoquan Lu
- School of Education, Hubei Engineering University, Xiaogan 432000, China; School of Education, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China.
| | - Nian Xiang
- Department of Neurology, Hospital of Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Min Qiu
- Department of Neurology, Hospital of Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Hui Da
- School of Education, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Qiang Xiao
- Department of Neurology, Hospital of Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- School of Education, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China.
| | - Hui Shi
- Department of Clinical Psychology, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100020, China.
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19
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Thierry SM, Mondloch CJ. Facial impressions of niceness influence children's interpretations of peers' ambiguous behavior. J Exp Child Psychol 2024; 246:105997. [PMID: 38981332 DOI: 10.1016/j.jecp.2024.105997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2024] [Revised: 04/12/2024] [Accepted: 05/20/2024] [Indexed: 07/11/2024]
Abstract
Children infer personality traits from faces when they are asked explicitly which face appears nice or mean. Less is known about how children use face-trait information implicitly to make behavioral evaluations. We used the Ambiguous Situations Protocol to explore how children use face-trait information to form interpretations of ambiguous situations when the behavior or intention of the target child was unclear. On each trial, children (N = 144, age range = 4-11.95 years; 74 girls, 67 boys, 3 gender not specified; 70% White, 10% other or mixed race, 5% Asian, 4% Black, 1% Indigenous, 9% not specified) viewed a child's face (previously rated high or low in niceness) before seeing the child's face embedded within an ambiguous scene (Scene Task) or hearing a vignette about a misbehavior done by that child (Misbehavior Task). Children described what was happening in each scene and indicated whether each misbehavior was done on purpose or by accident. Children also rated the behavior of each child and indicated whether the child would be a good friend. Facial niceness influenced children's interpretations of ambiguous behavior (Scene Task) by 4 years of age, and ambiguous intentions (Misbehavior Task) by 6 years. Our results suggest that the use of face-trait cues to form interpretations of ambiguous behavior emerges early in childhood, a bias that may lead to differential treatment for peers perceived with a high-nice face versus a low-nice face.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophia M Thierry
- Department of Psychology, Brock University, St. Catharines, Ontario L2S 3A1, Canada.
| | - Catherine J Mondloch
- Department of Psychology, Brock University, St. Catharines, Ontario L2S 3A1, Canada
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20
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Revol J, Lafit G, Ceulemans E. A new sample-size planning approach for person-specific VAR(1) studies: Predictive accuracy analysis. Behav Res Methods 2024; 56:7152-7167. [PMID: 38717682 DOI: 10.3758/s13428-024-02413-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/28/2024] [Indexed: 08/30/2024]
Abstract
Researchers increasingly study short-term dynamic processes that evolve within single individuals using N = 1 studies. The processes of interest are typically captured by fitting a VAR(1) model to the resulting data. A crucial question is how to perform sample-size planning and thus decide on the number of measurement occasions that are needed. The most popular approach is to perform a power analysis, which focuses on detecting the effects of interest. We argue that performing sample-size planning based on out-of-sample predictive accuracy yields additional important information regarding potential overfitting of the model. Predictive accuracy quantifies how well the estimated VAR(1) model will allow predicting unseen data from the same individual. We propose a new simulation-based sample-size planning method called predictive accuracy analysis (PAA), and an associated Shiny app. This approach makes use of a novel predictive accuracy metric that accounts for the multivariate nature of the prediction problem. We showcase how the values of the different VAR(1) model parameters impact power and predictive accuracy-based sample-size recommendations using simulated data sets and real data applications. The range of recommended sample sizes is smaller for predictive accuracy analysis than for power analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordan Revol
- Research Group of Quantitative Psychology and Individual Differences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Ginette Lafit
- Methodology of Educational Sciences Research Group, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Eva Ceulemans
- Research Group of Quantitative Psychology and Individual Differences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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21
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Wu M, Liang X, Dong S, Zhang J, Wang Z. Infants' cortisol reactivity and infant-mother cortisol synchrony in urban Chinese families: The role of maternal control strategy. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2024; 168:107108. [PMID: 38970857 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2024.107108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2023] [Revised: 06/17/2024] [Accepted: 06/17/2024] [Indexed: 07/08/2024]
Abstract
Maternal control strategy refers to a mother's practices used to impel, inhibit, guide, or shape their children's behaviors during mother-child interaction. The present study examined control strategies used by Chinese urban mothers and how they associated with infants' cortisol trajectory and infant-mother cortisol synchrony during a separation task. Participants were 115 infant-mother dyads. Maternal control strategy was assessed during mother-infant free-play when the infants were 6 months (T1) and 1 year (T2) old. Salivary cortisol samples were collected from both infants and mothers during a stress-inducing task at T2. The results indicated that mothers most frequently adopted the moderate power control strategy, at both T1 and T2. T1 maternal low control strategy significantly predicted infants' cortisol response curve, namely infants of mothers who predominantly adopted a low power control strategy had a more dynamic reactivity and recovery in their cortisol response to the separation task. Positive cortisol synchrony was observed between mothers and infants during the separation stress condition. In addition, T2 maternal high power control strategy accounted for inter-individual variations in infant-mother cortisol synchrony, such that mothers who predominantly adopted a high power control strategy exhibited a heightened level of cortisol synchrony with their infants. Our findings suggest that targeted training in maternal control strategies could help mothers calibrate their infants' adrenocortical regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Wu
- School of Psychology, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan, China
| | - Xi Liang
- Research Center of Child Development, Learning and Cognitive Key Laboratory, School of Psychology, Capital Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Shuyang Dong
- Faculty of Education, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of China
| | - Jingyi Zhang
- School of Marxism, China University of Political Science and Law, Beijing, China
| | - Zhengyan Wang
- Research Center of Child Development, Learning and Cognitive Key Laboratory, School of Psychology, Capital Normal University, Beijing, China.
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22
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Duong C, Sung B, Septianto F. Age matters: The effect of regret and loss aversion on cultured meat acceptance. Appetite 2024; 201:107614. [PMID: 39069081 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2024.107614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2024] [Revised: 07/05/2024] [Accepted: 07/25/2024] [Indexed: 07/30/2024]
Abstract
Cultured meat shows great promise as a more sustainable alternative to conventional meat consumption. However, consumer acceptance of cultured meat remains a great challenge as studies indicate a general reluctance to adopt this product. Notably, while existing literature has provided various factors influencing consumer acceptance of cultured meat, there is a limited focus on the use of affective cues. The present research examines the impact of regret appeal on consumers' willingness to try cultured meat. In two experimental studies, the authors investigate (1) the interactive effect between regret and age on willingness to try cultured meat, and (2) the role of loss aversion as a mediating factor between regret and willingness to try cultured meat. The results demonstrate the effectiveness of regret appeal in increasing consumers' willingness to try cultured meat, particularly among older populations. This is because older populations exhibit higher levels of loss aversion. The present study is the first to shed light on the interactive effect of regret and age in influencing sustainable product acceptance. Furthermore, the study establishes the first empirical evidence to demonstrate that loss aversion is a valid self-regulating strategy adopted to cope with the feeling of regret in a consumption context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chien Duong
- Consumer Research Lab, Curtin University, Perth, Australia; School of Management and Marketing, Curtin University, Perth, Australia.
| | - Billy Sung
- Consumer Research Lab, Curtin University, Perth, Australia; School of Management and Marketing, Curtin University, Perth, Australia
| | - Felix Septianto
- School of Business, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
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23
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Eckardt D, Helion C, Schmidt H, Chen J, Murty VP. Storytelling changes the content and perceived value of event memories. Cognition 2024; 251:105884. [PMID: 39047582 DOI: 10.1016/j.cognition.2024.105884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Revised: 04/17/2024] [Accepted: 07/09/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024]
Abstract
Memories are not only stored for personal recall, but also to communicate knowledge to others in service of adaptive decision-making. Prior research shows that goals to share information can change which content is communicated in memory as well as the linguistic style embedded in this communication. Yet, little is known as to how communication-related alterations in memory narration drive differences of value processing in listeners. Here, we test how memory communication alters multi-featural recall for complex events and the downstream consequence on value estimations in naïve listeners. Participants recalled a memory of playing an exploratory videogame at a 24-h delay under instructions to either share (i.e., social condition) or recall (i.e., control condition) their memory. Sharing goals systematically altered the content and linguistic style of recall, such that narrators from the social condition were biased towards recall of non-episodic details and communicated their memories with more clout, less formality, and less authenticity. Across two independent samples of naïve listeners, these features differentially influenced value estimations of the video game. We found that greater clout was associated with greater enjoyment while listening to memories (hedonic value), and that greater inclusion of non-episodic details resulted in greater willingness to purchase the video game (motivational drive). These findings indicate that sharing an experience as a story can change the content and linguistic tone of memory recall, which in turn shape perceived value in naïve listeners.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devlin Eckardt
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19130, United States of America
| | - Chelsea Helion
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19130, United States of America
| | - Helen Schmidt
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19130, United States of America
| | - Janice Chen
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, United States of America
| | - Vishnu P Murty
- Department of Psychology, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR 97043, United States of America.
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24
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Ullman MT, Bulut T, Walenski M. Hijacking limitations of working memory load to test for composition in language. Cognition 2024; 251:105875. [PMID: 39018637 PMCID: PMC11343680 DOI: 10.1016/j.cognition.2024.105875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2023] [Revised: 07/02/2024] [Accepted: 07/03/2024] [Indexed: 07/19/2024]
Abstract
Although language depends on storage and composition, just what is stored or (de)composed remains unclear. We leveraged working memory load limitations to test for composition, hypothesizing that decomposed forms should particularly tax working memory. We focused on a well-studied paradigm, English inflectional morphology. We predicted that (compositional) regulars should be harder to maintain in working memory than (non-compositional) irregulars, using a 3-back production task. Frequency, phonology, orthography, and other potentially confounding factors were controlled for. Compared to irregulars, regulars and their accompanying -s/-ing-affixed filler items yielded more errors. Underscoring the decomposition of only regulars, regulars yielded more bare-stem (e.g., walk) and stem affixation errors (walks/walking) than irregulars, whereas irregulars yielded more past-tense-form affixation errors (broughts/tolded). In line with previous evidence that regulars can be stored under certain conditions, the regular-irregular difference held specifically for phonologically consistent (not inconsistent) regulars, in particular for both low and high frequency consistent regulars in males, but only for low frequency consistent regulars in females. Sensitivity analyses suggested the findings were robust. The study further elucidates the computation of inflected forms, and introduces a simple diagnostic for linguistic composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael T Ullman
- Brain and Language Laboratory, Department of Neuroscience, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, USA.
| | - Talat Bulut
- Neurobiology of Language Department, Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Department of Speech and Language Therapy, Istanbul Medipol University, Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Matthew Walenski
- Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, USA.
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25
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O'Brien ST, Dozo N, Hinton JDX, Moeck EK, Susanto R, Jayaputera GT, Sinnott RO, Vu D, Alvarez-Jimenez M, Gleeson J, Koval P. SEMA 3: A free smartphone platform for daily life surveys. Behav Res Methods 2024; 56:7691-7706. [PMID: 38914788 DOI: 10.3758/s13428-024-02445-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/16/2024] [Indexed: 06/26/2024]
Abstract
Traditionally, behavioral, social, and health science researchers have relied on global/retrospective survey methods administered cross-sectionally (i.e., on a single occasion) or longitudinally (i.e., on several occasions separated by weeks, months, or years). More recently, social and health scientists have added daily life survey methods (also known as intensive longitudinal methods or ambulatory assessment) to their toolkit. These methods (e.g., daily diaries, experience sampling, ecological momentary assessment) involve dense repeated assessments in everyday settings. To facilitate research using daily life survey methods, we present SEMA3 ( http://www.SEMA3.com ), a platform for designing and administering intensive longitudinal daily life surveys via Android and iOS smartphones. SEMA3 fills an important gap by providing researchers with a free, intuitive, and flexible platform with basic and advanced functionality. In this article, we describe SEMA3's development history and system architecture, provide an overview of how to design a study using SEMA3 and outline its key features, and discuss the platform's limitations and propose directions for future development of SEMA3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah T O'Brien
- Melbourne School of Psychological Sciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Nerisa Dozo
- Melbourne School of Psychological Sciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Jordan D X Hinton
- School of Behavioural and Health Sciences, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, Australia
- Australian Research Centre in Sex, and Society, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Ella K Moeck
- Melbourne School of Psychological Sciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
- School of Psychology, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Rio Susanto
- Melbourne eResearch Group, School of Computing and Information Systems, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Glenn T Jayaputera
- Melbourne eResearch Group, School of Computing and Information Systems, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Richard O Sinnott
- Melbourne eResearch Group, School of Computing and Information Systems, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Duy Vu
- Melbourne eResearch Group, School of Computing and Information Systems, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Mario Alvarez-Jimenez
- Orygen, Melbourne, Australia
- Centre for Youth Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - John Gleeson
- Healthy Brain and Mind Research Centre, The School of Behavioural and Health Sciences, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Peter Koval
- Melbourne School of Psychological Sciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia.
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Ger E, Roebers CM. Monitoring and control processes within executive functions: Is post-error slowing related to pre-error speeding in children? J Exp Child Psychol 2024; 246:105975. [PMID: 38852401 DOI: 10.1016/j.jecp.2024.105975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 03/19/2024] [Accepted: 04/28/2024] [Indexed: 06/11/2024]
Abstract
Both pre-error speeding and post-error slowing reflect monitoring and control strategies. Post-error slowing is relatively well-established in children, whereas pre-error speeding is much less studied. Here we investigated (a) whether kindergarten and first-grade children show pre-error speeding in a cognitive control task (Hearts and Flowers) and, if so, (b) whether post-error slowing is associated with pre-error speeding. We analyzed the data from 153 kindergartners and 468 first-graders. Both kindergartners and first-graders showed significant pre-error speeding and post-error slowing, with no differences between the two samples in the magnitude of each. The magnitude of pre-error speeding and post-error slowing was correlated within individuals in both samples and to a similar extent. That is, children who sped up more extremely toward an error also slowed down more extremely after an error. These findings provide evidence that pre-error speeding and post-error slowing are related in children as early as kindergarten age and may in concert reflect how optimal children's monitoring and control of their performance is in a cognitive control task.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ebru Ger
- Department of Psychology, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland.
| | - Claudia M Roebers
- Department of Psychology, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
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Chen X, Chen Y, Yu X, Wei J, Yang X. The impact of family socioeconomic status on parental involvement and student engagement during COVID-19 in promoting academic achievement: A longitudinal study in Chinese children. J Exp Child Psychol 2024; 246:105992. [PMID: 38917685 DOI: 10.1016/j.jecp.2024.105992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2023] [Revised: 05/05/2024] [Accepted: 05/15/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024]
Abstract
With a three-wave longitudinal design, the current study examined the impact of family socioeconomic status (SES) on parental involvement and student engagement in promoting children's academic achievement during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. We recruited data from 246 mother-primary school student dyads, and the mean age of children at Wave 1 was 10.57 ± 0.97 years (range = 9-13 years). The academic achievement of these children was measured both before and after school closures. Family SES, parental involvement, and student engagement were assessed during the school closures. The results indicated that family SES could predict children's later academic achievement after accounting for their prior academic achievement and other demographics (i.e., the significant total effect in the model). Moreover, parental involvement and student engagement played chain-mediating roles in the effect of family SES on children's later academic achievement. Neither parent involvement nor student involvement alone mediated the relationships between family SES and subsequent academic achievement. Suggestions are provided to minimize the negative impact of low family SES on children's academic achievement during pandemics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Chen
- Faculty of Psychology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China; Institute of Developmental Psychology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Yinghe Chen
- Faculty of Psychology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China; Institute of Developmental Psychology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Xiao Yu
- Faculty of Psychology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China; Department of Psychology, School of Humanities and Social Sciences, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Jun Wei
- Institute of Education, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Xiujie Yang
- Faculty of Psychology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China.
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Yu P, Cheng M, Wang N, Wu C, Qiang K. Pubertal maternal presence reduces anxiety and increases adult neurogenesis in Kunming mice offspring. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2024; 243:173839. [PMID: 39079561 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2024.173839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2024] [Revised: 07/20/2024] [Accepted: 07/24/2024] [Indexed: 08/10/2024]
Abstract
Puberty is a critical period of emotional development and neuroplasticity. However, most studies have focused on early development, with limited research on puberty, particularly the parental presence. In this study, four groups were established, and pubertal maternal presence (PMP) was assessed until postnatal days 21 (PD21), 28 (PD28), 35 (PD35), and 42 (PD42), respectively. The social interaction and anxiety behaviors, as well as the expression of oxytocin (OT) in the paraventricular nucleus (PVN) and supraoptic nucleus (SON), and the number of new generated neurons and the expression of estrogen receptor alpha (ERα) in the dentate gyrus (DG) were assessed. The results suggest that there is a lot of physical contact between the mother and offspring from 21 to 42 days of age, which reduces anxiety in both female and male offspring in adulthood; for example, the PMP increased the amount of time mice spent in the center area in the open field experiment and in the bright area in the light-dark box experiment. PMP increased OT expression in the PVN and SON and the number of newly generated neurons in the DG. However, there was a sexual difference in ERα, with ERα increasing in females but decreasing in males. In conclusion, PMP reduces the anxiety of offspring in adulthood, increases OT in the PVN and SON, and adult neurogenesis; ERα in the DG may be involved in this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Yu
- Institute of Behavioral and Physical Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou 730070, Gansu, China.
| | - Miao Cheng
- Institute of Behavioral and Physical Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou 730070, Gansu, China
| | - Na Wang
- College of Life and Geographic Sciences, Kashi University, Kashi 844099, Xinjiang, China
| | - Chendong Wu
- Institute of Behavioral and Physical Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou 730070, Gansu, China
| | - Keju Qiang
- Institute of Behavioral and Physical Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou 730070, Gansu, China
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29
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Aarons GA, Sklar M, Ehrhart MG, Roesch S, Moullin JC, Carandang K. Randomized trial of the leadership and organizational change for implementation (LOCI) strategy in substance use treatment clinics. JOURNAL OF SUBSTANCE USE AND ADDICTION TREATMENT 2024; 165:209437. [PMID: 38866139 DOI: 10.1016/j.josat.2024.209437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2024] [Revised: 04/28/2024] [Accepted: 05/21/2024] [Indexed: 06/14/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Evidence-based practice (EBP) implementation represents a strategic change that requires alignment of leadership and support throughout organizations. Leadership and Organizational Change for Implementation (LOCI) is a multifaceted implementation strategy that aims to improve implementation leadership and climate within organizations through iterative cycles of leadership and climate assessment and feedback, leadership training and coaching, and strategic planning with upper-level leaders. This study tested the effects of LOCI on transformational and implementation leadership, implementation climate, implementation citizenship behavior, and EBP reach. METHODS A multiple cohort, cluster randomized trial tests the effect of LOCI in 60 clinics across nine behavioral health organizations in California and Arizona, USA. The study randomized clinics within organizations to either LOCI or a leadership training webinar control condition in three consecutive cohorts. Repeated web-based surveys of direct service providers (nLOCI = 201, nControl = 179) assessed leadership, implementation climate, and implementation citizenship over time. Multilevel autoregressive modeling was the primary statistical analysis such that providers (level-1) were nested within clinics (level-2). The study predicted between-condition differences at 4-, 8-, and 12-month follow-up assessments. Provider engagement in a fidelity monitoring process assessed reach of motivational interviewing (i.e., number of sessions recorded/submitted for fidelity coding). An independent sample t-test explored between condition differences in motivational interviewing reach. RESULTS Results indicated between condition differences at 4 months for implementation leadership, implementation climate, and implementation citizenship behavior such that greater improvements were evidenced in the LOCI condition compared to the control condition. Reach of MI was significantly greater in the LOCI vs control condition such that LOCI providers were significantly more likely to engage in the fidelity monitoring process (chi-square (1, n = 370) = 5.59, p = .018). CONCLUSIONS LOCI was developed based on organizational theories of strategic leadership and climate to affect organizational change processes that communicate that innovation implementation is expected, supported, and recognized as a value of the organization. The LOCI implementation strategy resulted in more positive hypothesized outcomes compared to the control condition. Organizational change strategies have utility for implementing health innovations in complex, multilevel contexts and for greater sustainment of facilitative leader behaviors, strategic implementation climate, and improved implementation outcomes. TRIAL REGISTRATION This study is registered with Clinicaltrials.gov gov (NCT03042832, 2 February 2017; retrospectively registered).
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory A Aarons
- University of California San Diego, Department of Psychiatry, 9500 Gilman Drive (0812), La Jolla, CA 92093-0812, United States of America; UC San Diego Altman Clinical and Translational Research Institute Dissemination and Implementation Science Center, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, United States of America; Child and Adolescent Services Research Center, 3665 Kearny Villa Rd., Suite 200N, San Diego, CA 92123, United States of America.
| | - Marisa Sklar
- University of California San Diego, Department of Psychiatry, 9500 Gilman Drive (0812), La Jolla, CA 92093-0812, United States of America; UC San Diego Altman Clinical and Translational Research Institute Dissemination and Implementation Science Center, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, United States of America; Child and Adolescent Services Research Center, 3665 Kearny Villa Rd., Suite 200N, San Diego, CA 92123, United States of America.
| | - Mark G Ehrhart
- University of Central Florida, Department of Psychology, United States of America.
| | - Scott Roesch
- San Diego State University, Department of Psychology, 5500 Campanile Drive, San Diego, CA 92182-4611, United States of America.
| | - Joanna C Moullin
- Curtin University, School of Population Health, Kent Street, Bentley, Western Australia 6102, Australia
| | - Kristine Carandang
- University of California San Diego, Department of Psychiatry, 9500 Gilman Drive (0812), La Jolla, CA 92093-0812, United States of America; Child and Adolescent Services Research Center, 3665 Kearny Villa Rd., Suite 200N, San Diego, CA 92123, United States of America
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30
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Karhu J, Veijola J, Hintsanen M. The bidirectional relationships of optimism and pessimism with depressive symptoms in adulthood - A 15-year follow-up study from Northern Finland Birth Cohorts. J Affect Disord 2024; 362:468-476. [PMID: 39013521 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2024.07.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2024] [Revised: 06/17/2024] [Accepted: 07/12/2024] [Indexed: 07/18/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Low optimism and high pessimism have predicted depressive symptoms in several studies, but the associations in the other direction, from depressive symptoms to future optimism and pessimism, have been unexplored. We examined bidirectional associations of optimism and pessimism with depressive symptoms in adulthood. METHODS A population-based sample of 4011 Finnish adults (55 % women) was analyzed with a 15-year prospective follow-up period from age 31 to age 46. Optimism and pessimism were measured with the Life Orientation Test-Revised, and depressive symptoms were measured with the Symptom Checklist-25. Temporal associations were investigated with cross-lagged panel models. RESULTS According to the model fit indices (RMSEA < 0.04, CFI ≥ 0.97) optimism and pessimism had bidirectional relationships with depressive symptoms: optimism predicted lower depressive symptoms (β = -0.09, p < .001), and depressive symptoms predicted lower optimism (β = -0.10, p < .001) in the follow-up. Also, pessimism predicted higher depressive symptoms (β = 0.08, p < .001), and depressive symptoms predicted higher pessimism (β = 0.09, p < .001) in the follow-up. In the participants with clinically high depressive symptoms at age 31, the predictive associations from optimism and pessimism to depressive symptoms remained, but associations in the other direction were attenuated. LIMITATIONS The follow-up study included only two time points with a 15-year time gap, which does not consider the possible fluctuation in the study variables between the measured times. CONCLUSION Dispositional optimism and pessimism may have bidirectional relationships with depressive symptoms in adulthood when the baseline depressive symptoms are below the clinical level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jutta Karhu
- Unit of Psychology, Faculty of Education and Psychology, University of Oulu, P.O. Box 2000 (Erkki Koiso-Kanttilan katu 1), 90014 Oulu, Finland.
| | - Juha Veijola
- Research Unit of Clinical Neuroscience, University of Oulu, P.O. Box 5000, 90014 Oulu, Finland; Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital of Oulu, 90220 Oulu, Finland; Medical Research Center, University of Oulu & University Hospital of Oulu, 90220 Oulu, Finland.
| | - Mirka Hintsanen
- Unit of Psychology, Faculty of Education and Psychology, University of Oulu, P.O. Box 2000 (Erkki Koiso-Kanttilan katu 1), 90014 Oulu, Finland.
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Hellwig AF, Wroblewski KL, Krol KM, Connelly JJ, Allen JP. Epigenetic regulation of the oxytocin system as an indicator of adaptation to over-controlling parenting and psychosocial functioning in adulthood. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2024; 168:107123. [PMID: 39002450 PMCID: PMC11332246 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2024.107123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2024] [Revised: 06/06/2024] [Accepted: 07/01/2024] [Indexed: 07/15/2024]
Abstract
The oxytocin system plays a role in social stress adaptation, and this role is likely to be particularly important in adolescence. One method of regulating the oxytocin system is through DNA methylation in the promoter of the oxytocin receptor gene (OXTRm), which reduces the gene's expression. This multi-method, longitudinal study, using a diverse community sample of 184 adolescents followed from age 13-28, examined the links between OXTRm and exposure to over-controlling parenting in adolescence and conflict with romantic partners and internalizing symptoms in adulthood. Female, but not male, adolescents who were exposed to psychologically controlling parenting at age 13 had lower levels of OXTRm at site -924 at age 28. Reduced OXTRm at site -924 was associated with greater romantic partner-reported relationship conflict at age 27, and reduced OXTRm at site -934 was marginally associated with greater participant-reported conflict for males. Reduced OXTRm at site -924 was also associated with fewer internalizing symptoms at ages 24-25. These results in adulthood are consistent with an upregulated oxytocin system reducing the salience of negative socioemotional stimuli. Overall, findings are consistent with oxytocin playing a role in the stress response system, and more specifically, by helping us to adapt to social environments like parenting and romantic relationships, reducing the salience of negativity, and reducing risk for common emotional problems.
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32
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Woodruff Carr K, Waxman SR. The link between non-human primate vocalizations and cognition is not constrained by maturation alone: Evidence from healthy preterm infants. Cognition 2024; 251:105886. [PMID: 39029362 DOI: 10.1016/j.cognition.2024.105886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2024] [Revised: 07/08/2024] [Accepted: 07/09/2024] [Indexed: 07/21/2024]
Abstract
To acquire language, infants must not only identify the signals of their language(s), but also discover how these signals are connected to meaning. By 3 months of age, infants' native language, non-native languages, and vocalizations of non-human primates support infants' formation of object categories-a building block of cognition. But by 6 months, only the native language exerts this cognitive advantage. Prior work with preterm infants indicates that maturation constrains this developing link between the native language and cognition. Here, we assess whether maturation exerts similar constraints on the influence of non-human primate vocalizations on infant categorization. Cross-sectional growth curve analyses of new data from preterm infants and extant data from fullterm infants indicate that developmental tuning of this signal's influence on categorization is best predicted by infants' chronological age, and not gestational status. This evidence, together with prior work, suggests that as infants tune the initially broad set of signals that support early cognition, they are guided by two independent processes: maturation constrains the expression of a link between their native language and cognition, while the influence of non-linguistic signals are guided by other factors, such as postnatal age and experience.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kali Woodruff Carr
- Division of Developmental Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Medical Social Sciences, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA; Department of Psychology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA; Institute for Innovations in Developmental Sciences, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA.
| | - Sandra R Waxman
- Department of Psychology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA; Institute for Innovations in Developmental Sciences, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA; Institute for Policy Research, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
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Wang R, Su Y, O'Donnell K, Caron J, Meaney M, Meng X, Li Y. Differential interactions between gene expressions and stressors across the lifespan in major depressive disorder. J Affect Disord 2024; 362:688-697. [PMID: 39029669 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2024.07.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2024] [Revised: 07/05/2024] [Accepted: 07/14/2024] [Indexed: 07/21/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Both genetic predispositions and exposures to stressors have collectively contributed to the development of major depressive disorder (MDD). To deep dive into their roles in MDD, our study aimed to examine which susceptible gene expression interacts with various dimensions of stressors in the MDD risk among a large population cohort. METHODS Data analyzed were from a longitudinal community-based cohort from Southwest Montreal, Canada (N = 1083). Latent profile models were used to identify distinct patterns of stressors for the study cohort. A transcriptome-wide association study (TWAS) method was performed to examine the interactive effects of three dimensions of stressors (threat, deprivation, and cumulative lifetime stress) and gene expression on the MDD risk in a total of 48 tissues from GTEx. Additional analyses were also conducted to further explore and specify these associations including colocalization, and fine-mapping analyses, in addition to enrichment analysis investigations based on TWAS. RESULTS We identified 3321 genes linked to MDD at the nominal p-value <0.05 and found that different patterns of stressors can amplify the genetic susceptibility to MDD. We also observed specific genes and pathways that interacted with deprivation and cumulative lifetime stressors, particularly in specific brain tissues including basal ganglia, prefrontal cortex, brain amygdala, brain cerebellum, brain cortex, and the whole blood. Colocalization analysis also identified these genes as having a high probability of sharing MDD causal variants. LIMITATIONS The study cohort was composed exclusively of individuals of Caucasians, which restricts the generalizability of the findings to other ethnic population groups. CONCLUSIONS The findings of the study unveiled significant interactions between potential tissue-specific gene expression × stressors in the MDD risk and shed light on the intricate etiological attributes of gene expression and specific stressors across the lifespan in MDD. These genetic and environmental attributes in MDD corroborate the vulnerability-stress theory and direct future stress research to have a closer examination of genetic predisposition and potential involvements of omics studies to specify the intricate relationships between genes and stressful environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruiyang Wang
- Department of Financial and Risk Engineering, New York University, NY, NYC, USA; Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada; Douglas Research Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Yingying Su
- School of Public Health and Emergency Management, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Kieran O'Donnell
- Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada; Douglas Research Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada; Yale Child Study Center, Department of Obstetrics Gynecology & Reproductive Sciences, Yale School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA; Child & Brain Development Program, CIFAR, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Jean Caron
- Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada; Douglas Research Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Michael Meaney
- Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada; Douglas Research Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Xiangfei Meng
- Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada; Douglas Research Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada.
| | - Yue Li
- School of Computer Science, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.
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Thomas LR, Bessette KL, Westlund Schreiner M, Dillahunt AK, Frandsen SB, Pocius SL, Schubert BL, Farstead BW, Roberts H, Watkins ER, Kerig PK, Crowell SE, Langenecker SA. Early Emergence of Rumination has no Association with Performance on a Non-affective Inhibitory Control Task. Child Psychiatry Hum Dev 2024; 55:1308-1324. [PMID: 36637686 PMCID: PMC9839218 DOI: 10.1007/s10578-022-01484-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2022] [Revised: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 12/08/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Rumination is a vulnerability for depression and potentially linked to inhibitory control weaknesses. We aimed to replicate the association observed in adults between inhibitory control and rumination in adolescents, and to examine putative moderating roles of childhood maltreatment and perceived family cohesion in an adolescent sample at risk for depression due to familial/personal history. Ninety adolescents aged 11-17 (M = 14.6, SD = 1.8) completed self-report scales of rumination, maltreatment, and family cohesion, and performed a task assessing inhibitory control. Hierarchical regression models showed no significant relation between inhibitory control and moderator variables on rumination. However, adolescents who reported higher levels of maltreatment and who perceived lower family cohesion tended to indicate higher levels of rumination (BChilhood Maltreatment = 27.52, 95% CIs [5.63, 49.41], BFamily Cohesion = -0.40, 95% CIs [-0.65, -0.15]). These findings demonstrate an alternative understanding of factors that increase depression onset risk and recurrence in adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leah R Thomas
- Department of Psychiatry, Huntsman Mental Health Institute, University of Utah, 501 Chipeta Way, 84108, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.
- Department of Psychology, University of Utah, 84112, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.
| | - Katie L Bessette
- Department of Psychiatry, Huntsman Mental Health Institute, University of Utah, 501 Chipeta Way, 84108, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
- Department of Psychology, University of Illinois at Chicago, 60607, Chicago, IL, USA
- Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California Los Angeles, 90024, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Melinda Westlund Schreiner
- Department of Psychiatry, Huntsman Mental Health Institute, University of Utah, 501 Chipeta Way, 84108, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Alina K Dillahunt
- Department of Psychiatry, Huntsman Mental Health Institute, University of Utah, 501 Chipeta Way, 84108, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Summer B Frandsen
- Department of Psychiatry, Huntsman Mental Health Institute, University of Utah, 501 Chipeta Way, 84108, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Stephanie L Pocius
- Department of Psychiatry, Huntsman Mental Health Institute, University of Utah, 501 Chipeta Way, 84108, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Briana Lee Schubert
- Department of Psychiatry, Huntsman Mental Health Institute, University of Utah, 501 Chipeta Way, 84108, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Brian W Farstead
- Department of Psychiatry, Huntsman Mental Health Institute, University of Utah, 501 Chipeta Way, 84108, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | | | | | - Patricia K Kerig
- Department of Psychology, University of Utah, 84112, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Sheila E Crowell
- Department of Psychiatry, Huntsman Mental Health Institute, University of Utah, 501 Chipeta Way, 84108, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
- Department of Psychology, University of Utah, 84112, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Utah, 84112, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Scott A Langenecker
- Department of Psychiatry, Huntsman Mental Health Institute, University of Utah, 501 Chipeta Way, 84108, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
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Monaghan P, Jago LS, Speyer L, Turnbull H, Alcock KJ, Rowland CF, Cain K. Statistical learning ability at 17 months relates to early reading skills via oral language. J Exp Child Psychol 2024; 246:106002. [PMID: 39002185 DOI: 10.1016/j.jecp.2024.106002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Revised: 05/23/2024] [Accepted: 05/23/2024] [Indexed: 07/15/2024]
Abstract
Statistical learning ability has been found to relate to children's reading skills. Yet, statistical learning is also known to be vital for developing oral language skills, and oral language and reading skills relate strongly. These connections raise the question of whether statistical learning ability affects reading via oral language or directly. Statistical learning is multifaceted, and so different aspects of statistical learning might influence oral language and reading skills distinctly. In a longitudinal study, we determined how two aspects of statistical learning from an artificial language tested on 70 17-month-old infants-segmenting sequences from speech and generalizing the sequence structure-related to oral language skills measured at 54 months and reading skills measured at approximately 75 months. Statistical learning segmentation did not relate significantly to oral language or reading, whereas statistical learning generalization related to oral language, but only indirectly related to reading. Our results showed that children's early statistical learning ability was associated with learning to read via the children's oral language skills.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lana S Jago
- Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YF, UK; Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool L3 5AH, UK
| | | | | | | | - Caroline F Rowland
- University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZX, UK; Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, 6525 XD Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Kate Cain
- Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YF, UK
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Grobe SE, Könen T, David C, Grüneisen L, Dörrenbächer-Ulrich L, Perels F, Karbach J. The factorial structure of executive functions in preschool and elementary school children and relations with intelligence. J Exp Child Psychol 2024; 246:106014. [PMID: 39043117 DOI: 10.1016/j.jecp.2024.106014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Revised: 01/31/2024] [Accepted: 06/03/2024] [Indexed: 07/25/2024]
Abstract
The timing of structural changes in executive functions (EFs) across development is a matter of controversy; whereas some studies suggest a uniform structure of EFs in early childhood, findings in middle and late childhood are mixed. There are results indicating uniformity of EFs as well as several studies suggesting multidimensionality of the construct. In addition, studies demonstrate an age-related differentiation of the relation between EFs and intelligence. We conducted a comparative analysis of the EF structure and relations with fluid intelligence in two distinct age groups. A sample of n = 145 preschool children (5.2-6.7 years of age) and n = 109 elementary school children (8.8-11.8 years) completed measures of working memory, inhibition, cognitive flexibility, and fluid intelligence. Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) revealed that a single-factor model best represented performance on EF tasks in both preschool and elementary school children. Multi-group CFA indicated equivalent and strong relations between EFs and intelligence across both age groups (r = .64 in preschool and elementary school children). Our results confirm that EFs are significantly related to fluid intelligence but might not underlie a uniform pattern of successive differentiation into multiple EF components in childhood. We discuss how methodological artifacts such as simultaneous interference might have contributed to previous findings on differentiation in middle and late childhood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophia Elisabeth Grobe
- Department of Psychology, University of Kaiserslautern-Landau (RPTU), 76829 Landau, Germany.
| | - Tanja Könen
- Department of Psychology, University of Kaiserslautern-Landau (RPTU), 76829 Landau, Germany; Center for Research on Individual Development and Adaptive Education of Children at Risk (IDeA), DIPF | Leipniz Institute for Research and Information in Education, 60323 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Christina David
- Department of Educational Sciences, Saarland University, Saarbrücken Campus, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Lena Grüneisen
- Department of Educational Sciences, Saarland University, Saarbrücken Campus, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Laura Dörrenbächer-Ulrich
- Department of Educational Sciences, Saarland University, Saarbrücken Campus, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Franziska Perels
- Department of Educational Sciences, Saarland University, Saarbrücken Campus, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Julia Karbach
- Department of Psychology, University of Kaiserslautern-Landau (RPTU), 76829 Landau, Germany; Center for Research on Individual Development and Adaptive Education of Children at Risk (IDeA), DIPF | Leipniz Institute for Research and Information in Education, 60323 Frankfurt, Germany
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Goetz SMM, Lucas T, Granger DA. Salivary uric acid dynamics are associated with stress response hormones among African Americans in an urban sample. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2024; 168:107120. [PMID: 39002453 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2024.107120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2024] [Revised: 05/20/2024] [Accepted: 06/27/2024] [Indexed: 07/15/2024]
Abstract
Acute physiological responses to psychosocial stressors are a potential pathway underlying racial disparities in stress-related illnesses. Uric acid (UA) is a potent antioxidant that has been linked to disparities in stress-related illnesses, and recent research has shown that UA is responsive to acute social stress. However, an examination of the relationships between the purinergic system and other commonly measured stress systems is lacking. Here, we measure and characterize associations of salivary uric acid (sUA) with markers of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis activation, sympathetic-adreno-medullar (SAM) axis activation, and acute inflammation. A community sample of 103 African Americans (33 male, 70 female) completed the Trier Social Stress Test to induce social-evaluative threat. Passive drool collected before, during, and after the stressor task provided salivary reactivity measures of UA (sUA), cortisol, dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEAS), salivary alpha amylase (sAA - a surrogate marker of SAM activity) and C-reactive protein (sCRP). Multiple regressions revealed that total activation of cortisol, DHEAS, and sCRP were each positively associated with higher total activation of sUA. Additionally, DHEAS reactivity was positively associated with sUA reactivity. Relationships between HPA-axis markers and sUA were especially observed among younger and male participants. Overall, findings suggest potential coordination of stress systems with sUA in response to acute stress, which may further the contributions of biological stress processes to racial health disparities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan M M Goetz
- Charles Stewart Mott Department of Public Health, College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, 200 East 1st Street, Flint, MI 48502, USA.
| | - Todd Lucas
- Charles Stewart Mott Department of Public Health, College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, 200 East 1st Street, Flint, MI 48502, USA.
| | - Douglas A Granger
- Department of Psychological Science, School of Social Ecology, University of California at Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697-1075, USA; Institute for Interdisciplinary Salivary Bioscience Research, University of California at Irvine, 4201 SBSG, Irvine, CA 92697-7085, USA; John Hopkins University School of Medicine, 615 North Wolfe St., Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
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Kutlu E, Klein-Packard J, Jeppsen C, Tomblin JB, McMurray B. The development of real-time spoken and word recognition derives from changes in ability, not maturation. Cognition 2024; 251:105899. [PMID: 39059118 DOI: 10.1016/j.cognition.2024.105899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2024] [Revised: 07/16/2024] [Accepted: 07/17/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024]
Abstract
In typical adults, recognizing both spoken and written words is thought to be served by a process of competition between candidates in the lexicon. In recent years, work has used eye-tracking in the visual world paradigm to characterize this competition process over development. It has shown that both spoken and written word recognition continue to develop through adolescence (Rigler et al., 2015). It is still unclear what drives these changes in real-time word recognition over the school years, as there are dramatic changes in language, the onset of reading instruction, and gains in domain general function during this time. This study began to address these issues by asking whether changes in real-time word recognition derive from changes in overall language and reading ability or reflect more general age-related development. This cross-sectional study examined 278 school-age children (Grades 1-3) using the Visual World Paradigm to assess both spoken and written word recognition, along with multiple measures of language, reading and phonology. A structural equation model applied to these ability measures found three factors representing language, reading, and phonology. Multiple regression analyses were used to understand how these three factors relate to real-time spoken and written word recognition as well as a non-linguistic variant of the VWP intended to capture decision speed, eye-movement factors, and other non-language/reading differences. We found that for both spoken and written word recognition, the speed of activating target words in both domains was more closely tied to the relevant ability (e.g., reading for written word recognition) than was age. We also examined competition resolution (how fully competitors were suppressed late in processing). Here, spoken word recognition showed only small, developmental effects that were only related to phonological processing, suggesting links to developmental language disorder. However, in written word recognition, competitor resolution showed large impacts of development which were strongly linked to reading. This suggests the dimensionality of real-time lexical processing may differ across domains. Importantly, neither spoken nor written word recognition is fully described by changes in non-linguistic skills assessed with non-linguistic VWP, and the non-linguistic VWP was linked to differences in language and reading. These findings suggest that spoken and written word recognition continue past the first year of life and are mostly driven by ability and not only by overall maturation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ethan Kutlu
- Department of Linguistics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, 52242, USA; Department of Psychological & Brain Sciences, University of Iowa, Iowa City, 52242, USA.
| | - Jamie Klein-Packard
- Department of Psychological & Brain Sciences, University of Iowa, Iowa City, 52242, USA.
| | - Charlotte Jeppsen
- Department of Psychological & Brain Sciences, University of Iowa, Iowa City, 52242, USA.
| | - J Bruce Tomblin
- Department of Communication Sciences & Disorders, University of Iowa, Iowa City, 52242, USA.
| | - Bob McMurray
- Department of Psychological & Brain Sciences, University of Iowa, Iowa City, 52242, USA; Department of Communication Sciences & Disorders, University of Iowa, Iowa City, 52242, USA; Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Iowa, Iowa City, 52242, USA.
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Maslovat D, Bui A, Bui A, Carlsen AN. Switching between task control modes incurs greater reprogramming costs than programming the response de novo. Neuroscience 2024; 556:66-72. [PMID: 39103044 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2024.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2024] [Revised: 07/29/2024] [Accepted: 08/02/2024] [Indexed: 08/07/2024]
Abstract
When performing synchronous hand and foot movements, the way the limbs are synchronized differs depending on the mode of control. When performed in a reaction time (RT) paradigm (reactive control), EMG onsets become synchronized resulting in asynchronous displacement onset. However, when the same movement is performed as an anticipation-timing task (predictive control), displacement onset is synchronized by unconsciously introducing a small delay between EMG onsets. The present experiment investigated the reprogramming costs associated with switching between predictive and reaction control modes. Participants (N = 12, 6F) were asked to simultaneously lift their right heel and right hand in an anticipation-timing task when a rotating clock hand reached a specified target. On some trials, an auditory stimulus was presented either 250 ms or 500 ms before the target and participants were instructed to execute the synchronous movement as quickly as possible after the signal (i.e., switch to reactive mode). Results showed that when the auditory stimulus was delivered 250 ms before the target, participants were unable to switch to a reactive control mode but did switch when the auditory stimulus was presented 500 ms before the target. As expected, the RT on switch trials was substantially longer (∼230 ms) than a simple RT control condition but was also significantly longer (∼130 ms) than a choice RT control condition. These results indicate that switching between control modes for a task involving the same musculature incurs reprogramming costs that are even greater than the time required to program the response de novo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dana Maslovat
- School of Human Kinetics, University of Ottawa, 200 Lees Ave, Ottawa, ON, Canada.
| | - Alex Bui
- School of Human Kinetics, University of Ottawa, 200 Lees Ave, Ottawa, ON, Canada.
| | - Allison Bui
- School of Human Kinetics, University of Ottawa, 200 Lees Ave, Ottawa, ON, Canada.
| | - Anthony N Carlsen
- School of Human Kinetics, University of Ottawa, 200 Lees Ave, Ottawa, ON, Canada.
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Gastelum-Vargas M, Chemero A, Raja V. Places for reasoning. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2024; 379:20230294. [PMID: 39114985 PMCID: PMC11338562 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2023.0294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Revised: 01/16/2024] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 08/23/2024] Open
Abstract
In this article, we explore behaviour settings that enable reasoning and the diversity of constraints that not only limit but also make these behaviour settings possible. We focus specifically on reasoning and surveying how behaviour settings allow for the generation of norms of action that are nevertheless differentiated by geographies and sociocultural systems. These geographies and sociocultural systems involve diverse trajectories for reasoning even within similar behaviour settings. We will touch on places for reasoning like Twitter, social movements, traditional knowledge and laboratories set up for experimentation on our reasoning abilities. We will show how these places and the behaviour settings that emerge in them can be studied in terms of the complexity of the interactions between their participants and in terms of enabling constraints. This article is part of the theme issue 'People, places, things, and communities: expanding behaviour settings theory in the twenty-first century'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melina Gastelum-Vargas
- Department of Philosophy and Literature, Universidad Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, 04510, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Anthony Chemero
- Departments of Philosophy and Psychology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH45221, USA
- Department of Psychology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH45221, USA
| | - Vicente Raja
- Department of Philosophy, Universidad de Murcia, Murcia30100, Spain
- Rotman Insitute of Philosophy, Western University, LondonN6A 5B7, Canada
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Tie B, Xu Y, Cui S, He J. Gay Dating Apps Usage, Body Dissatisfaction, and Disordered Eating in Chinese Young Gay Men. JOURNAL OF HOMOSEXUALITY 2024; 71:2617-2637. [PMID: 37643388 DOI: 10.1080/00918369.2023.2250501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
There is a paucity of research on the links between gay dating apps usage and body dissatisfaction and disordered eating, especially for muscularity dissatisfaction and muscularity-oriented disordered eating in non-Western contexts. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate the associations between gay dating apps usage, body image inflexibility, body dissatisfaction, and disordered eating with the inclusion of both body fat and muscularity dissatisfaction and both thinness-and muscularity-oriented disordered eating in a sample of Chinese young gay men. A total of 247 Chinese young gay men (mean age: 21.92 ± 2.74 years) were recruited. Gay dating apps usage, body fat dissatisfaction, muscularity dissatisfaction, body image inflexibility, and thinness-and muscularity-oriented disordered eating were evaluated. Pearson correlation and mediation analyses were conducted. Gay dating apps usage was positively correlated with body fat dissatisfaction (r = .20, p = .002), muscularity dissatisfaction (r = .17, p = .006), thinness-oriented disordered eating (r = .21, p < .001), and muscularity-oriented disordered eating (r = .29, p < .001), and these relationships could be mediated by body image inflexibility. Findings support technologically-informed prevention and intervention strategies for eating and body image disturbances in gay men in the Chinese context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bijie Tie
- Center for Studies of Education and Psychology of Ethnic Minorities in Southwest China, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- School of Education, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Yinuo Xu
- School of Humanities and Social Science, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Shuqi Cui
- School of Humanities and Social Science, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Jinbo He
- School of Humanities and Social Science, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
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Zwar L, König HH, Hajek A. Views of aging and mental health - The role of informal care provision: Longitudinal findings of the health and retirement study in the US. J Affect Disord 2024; 361:472-479. [PMID: 38901694 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2024.06.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2024] [Revised: 06/06/2024] [Accepted: 06/15/2024] [Indexed: 06/22/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Informal care is a common form of social support, which can vary greatly in its intensity. While views of aging have shown to be relevant to mental health before, we aim to analyze whether the association between views of aging and depressive symptoms is influenced by the provision of informal care and its intensity. METHODS Data of six waves of the Health and Retirement Study in the United States was used. The sample includes up to 41,058 observations pooled over six waves of community-dwelling adults aged ≥50 years. Depressive symptoms were measured with the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CESD) and attitudes towards own aging (ATOA) with the Philadelphia Geriatric Center Morale Scale (higher score indicates positive attitudes); informal caregiving (no/yes) and caregiving intensity (moderate, intense) were surveyed. Adjusted fixed effects regression analysis with robust standard errors, and with caregiving as moderator variable were calculated. RESULTS Informal caregiving did not interact with ATOA. However, transitioning into intense caregiving significantly moderated the association between ATOA and depressive symptoms. Lower depressive symptoms were associated with better ATOA and this association was significantly stronger in the intense caregiving condition than in the non-caregiving condition. No significant interaction effects were found between any form of caregiving and subjective age. LIMITATIONS The possibility of reciprocal effects cannot be excluded. CONCLUSION Internalized ageism and depressive symptoms are more strongly related among caregivers who provide intense care. Thus, interventions to reduce internalized ageism could be helpful in particular among this vulnerable group of informal caregivers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larissa Zwar
- University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Department of Health Economics and Health Services Research, Hamburg, Germany.
| | - Hans-Helmut König
- University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Department of Health Economics and Health Services Research, Hamburg, Germany
| | - André Hajek
- University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Department of Health Economics and Health Services Research, Hamburg, Germany
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Zhu D, He Y, Wang F, Li Y, Wen X, Tong Y, Xie F, Wang G, Su P. Inconsistency in psychological resilience and social support with mental health in early adolescents: A multilevel response surface analysis approach. J Affect Disord 2024; 361:627-636. [PMID: 38925311 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2024.06.086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2024] [Revised: 06/08/2024] [Accepted: 06/22/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Given the high prevalence of adolescent mental health problems, promoting understanding and implementation of protective factors is crucial for prevention and intervention efforts addressing adolescent mental health problems. This study aims to investigate whether consistency and inconsistency in protective factors are associated with adolescent mental health problems and to inform adolescent mental health interventions that target the unique needs of adolescents and promote adolescent mental health. METHODS We used multistage cluster sampling to conduct psychological resilience, social support, and mental health questionnaires from April to June 2023 among 10,653 Chinese adolescents (52.3 % were boys). Data were analyzed using polynomial regressions with response surface analysis. RESULTS The higher levels of psychological resilience and social support in adolescents were associated with fewer mental health problems (anxiety: a1 = -1.83, P < 0.001; depression: a1 = -2.44, P < 0.001; and perceived stress: a1 = -1.20, P < 0.001). When the level of psychological resilience was greater than social support, the greater the discrepancy the higher the perceived stress among adolescents (a3 = 1.19, P < 0.001). Moreover, the consistency of psychological resilience and social support had a greater impact on girls' mental health (anxiety: a1 = -1.97, P < 0.001; depression: a1 = -2.71, P < 0.001; perceived stress: a1 = -1.23, P < 0.001). LIMITATIONS The cross-sectional study design limited the inference of causal relationships between variables. CONCLUSIONS These results emphasize that adolescents need a balanced development of protective factors and targeted intervention programs for different mental health problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongxue Zhu
- School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, No 81 Meishan Road, Hefei 230032, Anhui, China
| | - Yuheng He
- School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, No 81 Meishan Road, Hefei 230032, Anhui, China
| | - Fan Wang
- School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, No 81 Meishan Road, Hefei 230032, Anhui, China
| | - Yonghan Li
- School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, No 81 Meishan Road, Hefei 230032, Anhui, China
| | - Xue Wen
- School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, No 81 Meishan Road, Hefei 230032, Anhui, China
| | - Yingying Tong
- School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, No 81 Meishan Road, Hefei 230032, Anhui, China
| | - Faliang Xie
- School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, No 81 Meishan Road, Hefei 230032, Anhui, China
| | - Gengfu Wang
- School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, No 81 Meishan Road, Hefei 230032, Anhui, China; Key Laboratory of Population Health Across Life Cycle, Anhui Medical University, Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, No 81 Meishan Road, Hefei 230032, Anhui, China; NHC Key Laboratory of study on abnormal gametes and reproductive tract, No 81 Meishan Road, Hefei 230032, Anhui, China.
| | - Puyu Su
- School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, No 81 Meishan Road, Hefei 230032, Anhui, China; Key Laboratory of Population Health Across Life Cycle, Anhui Medical University, Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, No 81 Meishan Road, Hefei 230032, Anhui, China; NHC Key Laboratory of study on abnormal gametes and reproductive tract, No 81 Meishan Road, Hefei 230032, Anhui, China.
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Fenerci C, Setton R, Baracchini G, Snytte J, Spreng RN, Sheldon S. Lifespan differences in hippocampal subregion connectivity patterns during movie watching. Neurobiol Aging 2024; 141:182-193. [PMID: 38968875 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2024.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2023] [Revised: 05/17/2024] [Accepted: 06/22/2024] [Indexed: 07/07/2024]
Abstract
Age-related episodic memory decline is attributed to functional alternations in the hippocampus. Less clear is how aging affects the functional connections of the hippocampus to the rest of the brain during episodic memory processing. We examined fMRI data from the CamCAN dataset, in which a large cohort of participants watched a movie (N = 643; 18-88 years), a proxy for naturalistic episodic memory encoding. We examined connectivity profiles across the lifespan both within the hippocampus (anterior, posterior), and between the hippocampal subregions and cortical networks. Aging was associated with reductions in contralateral (left, right) but not ipsilateral (anterior, posterior) hippocampal subregion connectivity. Aging was primarily associated with increased coupling between the anterior hippocampus and regions affiliated with Control, Dorsal Attention and Default Mode networks, yet decreased coupling between the posterior hippocampus and a selection of these regions. Differences in age-related hippocampal-cortical, but not within-hippocampus circuitry selectively predicted worse memory performance. Our findings comprehensively characterize hippocampal functional topography in relation to cognition in older age, suggesting that shifts in cortico-hippocampal connectivity may be sensitive markers of age-related episodic memory decline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Can Fenerci
- Department of Psychology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.
| | - Roni Setton
- Department of Psychology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Giulia Baracchini
- Montreal Neurological Institute, Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Jamie Snytte
- Department of Psychology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - R Nathan Spreng
- Department of Psychology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada; Department of Psychology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA; Montreal Neurological Institute, Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Signy Sheldon
- Department of Psychology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.
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Cheng TW, Mills KL, Pfeifer JH. Revisiting adolescence as a sensitive period for sociocultural processing. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2024; 164:105820. [PMID: 39032845 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2024.105820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2023] [Revised: 07/05/2024] [Accepted: 07/17/2024] [Indexed: 07/23/2024]
Abstract
Waves of research and public discourse have characterized adolescence as periods of developmental risk and opportunity. Underlying this discussion is the recognition that adolescence is a period of major biological and social transition when experience may have an outsized effect on development. This article updates and expands upon prior work suggesting that adolescence may be a sensitive period for sociocultural processing specifically. By integrating evidence from developmental psychology and neuroscience, we identify how trajectories of social and neurobiological development may relate to adolescents' ability to adapt to and learn from their social environments. However, we also highlight gaps in the literature, including challenges in attributing developmental change to adolescent experiences. We discuss the importance of better understanding variability in biology (e.g., pubertal development) and cultural environments, as well as distinguishing between sensitive periods and periods of heightened sensitivity. Finally, we look toward future directions and translational implications of this research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theresa W Cheng
- Department of Psychology, University of Oregon, 1227 University of Oregon, Eugene, OR 97403-1227, USA; Department of Psychology, Harvard University, 33 Kirkland St., Cambridge, MA 02138, USA.
| | - Kathryn L Mills
- Department of Psychology, University of Oregon, 1227 University of Oregon, Eugene, OR 97403-1227, USA.
| | - Jennifer H Pfeifer
- Department of Psychology, University of Oregon, 1227 University of Oregon, Eugene, OR 97403-1227, USA.
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Fernandez LB, Pickering MJ, Naylor G, Hadley LV. Uses of Linguistic Context in Speech Listening: Does Acquired Hearing Loss Lead to Reduced Engagement of Prediction? Ear Hear 2024; 45:1107-1114. [PMID: 38880953 PMCID: PMC11325976 DOI: 10.1097/aud.0000000000001515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 04/01/2024] [Indexed: 06/18/2024]
Abstract
Research investigating the complex interplay of cognitive mechanisms involved in speech listening for people with hearing loss has been gaining prominence. In particular, linguistic context allows the use of several cognitive mechanisms that are not well distinguished in hearing science, namely those relating to "postdiction", "integration", and "prediction". We offer the perspective that an unacknowledged impact of hearing loss is the differential use of predictive mechanisms relative to age-matched individuals with normal hearing. As evidence, we first review how degraded auditory input leads to reduced prediction in people with normal hearing, then consider the literature exploring context use in people with acquired postlingual hearing loss. We argue that no research on hearing loss has directly assessed prediction. Because current interventions for hearing do not fully alleviate difficulty in conversation, and avoidance of spoken social interaction may be a mediator between hearing loss and cognitive decline, this perspective could lead to greater understanding of cognitive effects of hearing loss and provide insight regarding new targets for intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leigh B. Fernandez
- Department of Social Sciences, Psycholinguistics Group, University of Kaiserslautern-Landau, Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Martin J. Pickering
- Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Graham Naylor
- Hearing Sciences—Scottish Section, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Lauren V. Hadley
- Hearing Sciences—Scottish Section, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Glasgow, United Kingdom
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Koch FS, Sundqvist A, Birberg Thornberg U, Barr R, Heimann M. Toddler's memory and media-Picture book reading and watching video content are associated with memory at 2 years of age. INFANCY 2024; 29:729-749. [PMID: 39024123 DOI: 10.1111/infa.12609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2022] [Revised: 05/02/2024] [Accepted: 06/07/2024] [Indexed: 07/20/2024]
Abstract
Memory develops across the course of the first years of life and is influenced by daily experiences, such as exposure to media like books and television. Memory as tapped by Deferred imitation (DI) requires that toddlers form a representation of the target actions that they can later use to reproduce the actions and in addition to measuring memory for real live events, it can also be used to measure memory for events viewed through media. Toddlers are frequently exposed to multiple forms of digital media in addition to more traditional forms of picture book reading. In a within-subjects design, memory was assessed with a DI task in 2-year-olds (n = 89) using the Frankfurt Imitation Test. Deferred imitation was assessed after live and video demonstrations. Parents completed a survey about children's media use. Picture book reading for less than 30 min a day predicted lower memory scores for actions demonstrated live. Watching video content for more than 1 h a day predicted lower memory scores for actions demonstrated on video. Results are interpreted in terms of individual differences in experiences of traditional and digital media and the development of symbolic understanding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix-Sebastian Koch
- Infant and Child Lab, Department of Behavioural Sciences and Learning, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Annette Sundqvist
- Infant and Child Lab, Department of Behavioural Sciences and Learning, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Ulrika Birberg Thornberg
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
- Department of Health, Medicine and Caring Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Rachel Barr
- Georgetown University, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
| | - Mikael Heimann
- Infant and Child Lab, Department of Behavioural Sciences and Learning, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
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48
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Radcliffe PJ, Patihis L. Judges and lawyers' beliefs in repression and dissociative amnesia may imperil justice: further guidance required. Memory 2024; 32:1083-1099. [PMID: 39146469 DOI: 10.1080/09658211.2024.2383311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2024] [Accepted: 07/17/2024] [Indexed: 08/17/2024]
Abstract
This article examines continuing misunderstanding about memory function especially for trauma, across three UK samples (N = 717). Delayed allegations of child sexual and physical abuse are prevalent in Western legal systems and often rely upon uncorroborated memory testimony to prove guilt. U.K. legal professionals and jurors typically assess the reliability of such memory recall via common sense, yet decades of scientific research show common sense beliefs often conflict with science. Recent international surveys show controversial notions of repression and accurate memory recovery remain strongly endorsed. In historical cases, these notions may lead to wrongful convictions. The current study surveyed the U.K. public, lawyers, and mental health professionals' beliefs about repression, dissociative amnesia and false memories. Study findings give unique data on judges' and barristers' beliefs. Overall, the study findings reinforce international scientists' concerns of a science - knowledge-gap. Repression was strongly endorsed by lay, legal and clinical participants (> 78%) as was dissociative amnesia (> 87%). Moreover, suboptimal professional legal education and juror guidance may increase misunderstanding. Correcting beliefs about memory function, and extending the contribution of memory science in the courtroom remains an important quest for cognitive scientists.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lawrence Patihis
- Department of Psychology, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, UK
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49
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Huber BN, Fulton EK, Gray D. Meta-prospective memory accuracy in young adults with and without depressive symptoms. APPLIED NEUROPSYCHOLOGY. ADULT 2024; 31:754-765. [PMID: 35531892 DOI: 10.1080/23279095.2022.2068372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Prospective memory (PM) is the ability to remember an intention in the future. Individuals with depression are candidates for PM failures, resulting in detrimental consequences, such as forgetting to take a medication or implement therapeutic techniques; inaccurate assessments of one's PM abilities can exacerbate these issues. The current study examined if appraisals about one's prospective memory (meta-PM) performance differs between healthy and depressed adults. Data were gathered from 137 adults and included self-reported depression, PM beliefs, objective PM, and assessment of executive functions (EFs). Participants were separated into depressed/healthy categories based on a self-report measure. There was a non-significant correlation between self-reported PM and objective PM for both depressed (r = .06, p = .61) and healthy (r = .08, p = .52) groups, suggesting both groups had inaccurate meta-PM. There were non-significant differences in meta-PM between these groups (Fisher's Z = -0.09, p = .93), but exploratory gender analyses revealed women's meta-PM was significantly less accurate than men's. Women had higher reports of depression and PM complaints compared to men. This study lends evidence that depression is not necessarily related to worse meta-PM accuracy, despite depression's association with memory complaints, and that women are at greater risk for inaccurate meta-PM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Becca N Huber
- Department of Psychology, Idaho State University, Pocatello, ID, USA
| | - Erika K Fulton
- Department of Psychology, Idaho State University, Pocatello, ID, USA
| | - Daniel Gray
- Department of Psychology, Idaho State University, Pocatello, ID, USA
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50
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Revels-Strother O, Suhr JA. Relationship of psychological/mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) history and invalid reporting to self-reported executive function. APPLIED NEUROPSYCHOLOGY. ADULT 2024; 31:1073-1077. [PMID: 35948008 DOI: 10.1080/23279095.2022.2109029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Individuals with mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) often complain of executive functioning (EF) difficulties. There is a discrepancy between self-reported EF impairment and EF deficits on neuropsychological tests, with some arguing that self-report EF is more related to real-world functioning than EF tests. However, research suggests that self-reported EF may be related more to emotional distress and is vulnerable to invalid reporting. We examined the vulnerability of the short form Barkley Deficits in Executive Functioning Scale (BDEFS) to invalid reporting, using a simulated mTBI paradigm. We included four groups: individuals simulating mTBI with (N = 24) and without (N = 21) histories of mTBI/other psychological conditions and controls with (N = 21) and without (N = 25) histories of mTBI/other psychological conditions. As hypothesized, simulators performed worse on the BDEFS Total Score and EF Symptom Count relative to controls; however, this effect was larger within those who had no self-reported history of mTBI/other psychological conditions. We identified a preliminary cutoff on the EF Symptom Count that detected 42.8% of simulators, with 95% specificity relative to the controls with histories of mTBI/other psychological conditions. The present study emphasizes the need for validity scales on self-report EF measures such as the BDEFS.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Julie A Suhr
- Department of Psychology, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA
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