Identification of miR-29a as a novel biomarker for lumpy skin disease virus exposure in cattle

Micro RNAs (miRNAs) have been implicated in the regulation of maturation, proliferation, differentiation, and activation of immune cells. In this study, we demonstrated that miR-29a antagonizes IFN-γ production at early times post-LSDV infection in cattle. miR-29a was predicted to target upstream IFN-γ regulators, and its inhibition resulted in enhanced IFN-γ production in sensitized peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). Further, stimulation of PBMCs with LSDV antigen exhibited lower levels of miR-29a, concomitant with a potent cell-mediated immune response (CMI), characterized by an increase in LSDV-specific CD8+ T cell counts and enhanced levels of IFN-γ, which eventually facilitated virus clearance. In addition, a few immunocompromised cattle (developed secondary LSDV infection at ~ 6 months) that failed to mount a potent cell-mediated immune response, were shown to maintain higher miR-29a levels. Furthermore, as compared to the sensitized crossbred cattle, PBMCs from sensitized Rathi (a native Indian breed) animals exhibited lower levels of miR-29a along with an increase in CD8+ T cell counts and enhanced levels of IFN-γ. Finally, we analysed that a ≥ 60% decrease in miR-29a expression levels in the PBMCs of sensitized cattle correlated with a potent CMI response. In conclusion, miR-29a expression is involved in antagonizing the IFN-γ response in LSDV-infected cattle and may serve as a novel biomarker for the acute phase of LSDV infection, as well as predicting the functionality of T cells in sensitized cattle. In addition, Rathi cattle mount a more potent CMI response against LSDV than crossbred cattle.

Pathogenicity and virulence of African swine fever virus

African swine fever (ASF) is a devastating disease with a high impact on the pork industry worldwide. ASF virus (ASFV) is a very complex pathogen, the sole member of the family Asfaviridae, which induces a state of immune suppression in the host through infection of myeloid cells and apoptosis of lymphocytes. Moreover, haemorrhages are the other main pathogenic effect of ASFV infection in pigs, related to the infection of endothelial cells, as well as the activation and structural changes of this cell population by proinflammatory cytokine upregulation within bystander monocytes and macrophages. There are still many gaps in the knowledge of the role of proteins produced by the ASFV, which is related to the difficulty in producing a safe and effective vaccine to combat the disease, although few candidates have been approved for use in Southeast Asia in the past couple of years.

Persistence of pesticide residues in weathered avian droppings

Avian droppings (combination of fecal matter and urates) provide a non-lethal and non-invasive matrix for measuring pesticide exposures. In the field, droppings may be collected days or weeks after excretion and the persistence of pesticide residues in weathered droppings is not known. Thus, we studied the effects of weathering on pesticide residues in droppings. Domestic chicken (Gallus gallus domesticus) hens were used as a representative species for Order Galliformes. We collected droppings from hens before they were exposed to the pesticides (reference or pre-dose droppings ). Thereafter, the hens were orally administered encapsulated wheat seeds coated with Raxil® PRO Shield (containing the active ingredients imidacloprid, prothioconazole, metalaxyl, and tebuconazole) for consecutive 7 days. During this time, their droppings were collected on days 3, 5, and 8 from the start of the exposure period (post-dose droppings ). The pre-dose and post-dose droppings were weathered for up to 30 days in autumn and spring in shrubsteppe habitat. Droppings were analyzed using HPLC coupled to triple quad LC/MS for parent compound and metabolite residues. No pesticide or its metabolite residues were detected in the weathered reference droppings. No parent pesticide compounds were detected in weathered post-dose droppings but imidacloprid metabolites, imidacloprid-5-hydroxy and imidacloprid-olefin, and the prothioconazole metabolite, desthio-prothioconazole, were detected in all post-dose weathered samples from both seasons. The active ingredients metalaxyl and tebuconazole and their metabolites were not detected in any of the samples. Our results suggest that, depending on the pesticide, its concentration, and the environmental conditions, residues of some pesticides can be detected in droppings weathered for at least 30 days. Knowledge of pesticide persistence in weathered droppings can help refine the quality and quantity of fecal samples that are collected for monitoring pesticide exposures to birds.

Prevalence and serotype of poultry salmonellosis in Africa: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Salmonellosis represents a significant economic and public health concern for the poultry industry in Africa, leading to substantial economic losses due to mortality, reduced productivity, and food safety problems. However, comprehensive information on the burden of poultry salmonellosis at the continental level is scarce. To address this gap, a systematic review and meta-analysis were conducted to consolidate information on the prevalence and circulating serotypes of poultry salmonellosis in African countries. This involved the selection and review of 130 articles published between 1984 and 2021. A detailed systematic review protocol was structured according to Cochrane STROBE and PRISMA statement guideline. From the 130 selected articles from 23 different African countries, the overall pooled prevalence estimate (PPE) of poultry salmonellosis in Africa was found to be 14.4% (95% CI = 0.145-0.151). Cameroon reported the highest PPE at 71.9%. The PPE was notably high in meat and meat products at 23%. The number of research papers reporting poultry salmonellosis in Africa has shown a threefold increase from 1984 to 2021. Salmonella Enteritidis and Typhimurium were the two most prevalent serotypes reported in 18 African countries. Besides, Salmonella Kentucky, Virchow, Gallinarum, and Pullorum were also widely reported. Western Africa had the highest diversity of reported Salmonella serotypes (141), in contrast to southern Africa, which reported only 27 different serotypes. In conclusion, poultry salmonellosis is highly prevalent across Africa, with a variety of known serotypes circulating throughout the continent. Consequently, it is crucial to implement strategic plans for the prevention and control of Salmonella in Africa.RESEARCH HIGHLIGHTS The pooled sample prevalence of poultry salmonellosis in Africa is high (14.4%).The highest PPE was recorded in meat and meat products.Salmonella serotypes of zoonotic importance were found in all sample types.Salmonella Enteritidis and Typhimurium are common serotypes spreading in Africa.

Designing and development of efficient multi-epitope-based peptide vaccine candidate against emerging avian rotavirus strains: A vaccinomic approach

BACKGROUND

Enteric avian rotavirus (ARV) is the etiological agent of several health problems that pose a global threat to commercial chickens. Therefore, to avoid these widespread epidemics and high mortality rates, only vaccine and strict biosecurity are required.

METHOD

The present study employs computational techniques to design a unique multi-epitope-based vaccine candidate that successfully activates immune cells against the ARV by combining adjuvant, linker, and B and T-cell epitopes. Starting, homologous sequences in the various ARV serotypes were revealed in the NCBI BLAST database, and then the two surface proteins (VP4 and VP7) of the ARV were retrieved from the UniprotKB database. The Clustal Omega server was then used to identify the conserved regions among the homologous sequences, and the B and T-cell epitopes were predicted using IEDB servers. Then, superior epitopes-2 MHC-1 epitopes, 2 MHC-2 epitopes, and 3B-cell epitopes-were combined with various adjuvants to create a total of four unique vaccine candidates. Afterward, the designed vaccine candidates underwent computational validation to assess their antigenicity, allergenicity, and stability. The vaccine candidate (V2) that demonstrated non-antigenicity, a high VaxiJen score, and non-allergenicity was ultimately chosen for molecular docking and dynamic simulation.

RESULTS

Although the V2 and V4 vaccine candidates were highly immunogenic, V2 had a higher solubility rate. The predicted values of the aliphatic index and GRAVY value were 30.4 and 0.417, respectively. In terms of binding energy, V2 outperformed V4. Being successfully docked with TLRs, V2 was praised as the finest. After adaptation, the sequence's 50.73 % GC content outside of the BglII or ApaI restriction sites indicated that it was equivalently safe to clone. The chosen sequence was then inserted into the pET28a(+) vector within the BglII and ApaI restriction sites. This resulted in a final clone that was 4914 base pairs long, with the inserted sequence accounting for 478 bp and the vector accounting for the remainder.

CONCLUSIONS

The immune-mediated simulation results for the selected vaccine construct showed significant response; thus, the study confirmed that the selected V2 vaccine candidate could enhance the immune response against ARV.

Seroprevalence of infectious bursal disease in backyard chickens of selected districts of Buno Bedelle zone, Southwestern Ethiopia

BACKGROUND

Infectious bursal disease (IBD) is a viral infectious disease that affects young chicks. A cross-sectional study was conducted from October 2020 to June 2021 to determine seroprevalence and associated risk factors of IBD on backyard chickens of purposively selected three districts of Buno Bedelle Zone, Southwestern Ethiopia.

METHODS

The study was carried out via a collection of serum samples, questionnaire surveys, and a total of 768 serum samples were collected from randomly selected backyard chickens of the study areas and examined for the presence of IBD virus. These serum samples were processed by using an indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay test procedure in laboratories. SPSS version 20 was used for data analysis and descriptive statics techniques were used.

RESULTS

Out of a total serum samples collected, 361 of them were found positive for the disease with an overall seroprevalence of 47%. Different seroprevalence rates of IBD with 55.9%, 43.3% and 41.2% were recorded in Didessa, Chora and Gechi districts, respectively. The result indicated that there was statistically significant difference (p < 0.05) of the disease among the three districts. Among the nine Peasant Associations (PAs) observed for seroprevalence of IBD, highest (62.9%) and lowest (34.20%) seroprevalence of the disease was recorded in Yembero and Shengela PAs, respectively. However, IBD was statistically significant in only Shengela PA of Chora district (p = 0.04, OR = 1.93 and 95% CI 1.04-3.58) and Seko PA of Gechi district (p = 0.05, OR = 1.79 and 95% CI 1.01-3.16). Even though sex, breed, age, source and management-based seroprevalence was observed in the present study, the result indicated that there was only statistical significant difference (p = 0.004, OR = 0.62 and 95% CI 0.45-0.86) seen in which higher seroprevalence of IBD was determined in exotic (50.3%) than in local (38.6%) chickens breeds of the study areas.

CONCLUSION

Generally, higher seroprevalence of IBD in the present study indicates a widely distribution of the disease and one of the potential threats for poultry production in the study areas. So, chicken vaccination and improved management system should be warranted in order to control the disease effectively.

Spirocerca lupi draft genome, vaccine and anthelmintic targets

Spirocerca lupi is a parasitic nematode affecting predominantly domestic dogs. It causes spirocercosis, a disease that is often fatal. The assembled draft genome of S. lupi consists of 13,627 predicted protein-coding genes and is approximately 150 Mb in length. Several known anthelmintic gene targets such as for β-Tubulin, glutamate, and GABA receptors as well as known vaccine gene targets such as cysteine protease inhibitor and cytokines were identified in S. lupi by comparing orthologs of C. elegans anthelmintic gene targets as well as orthologs to known vaccine candidates. New anthelmintic targets were predicted through an inclusion-exclusion strategy and new vaccine targets were predicted through an immunoinformatics approach. New anthelminthic targets include DNA-directed RNA polymerases, chitin synthase, polymerases, and other enzymes. New vaccine targets include cuticle collagens. These gene targets provide a starting platform for new drug identification and vaccine design.

A systematic review and meta-analysis of the efficacy of platelet-rich plasma products for treatment of equine joint disease

BACKGROUND

Equine joint disease including septic arthritis (SA) and osteoarthritis (OA) is a critical cause of equine lameness. Platelet-rich plasma (PRP) is one of the most popular regenerative therapies to treat equine OA, even SA, but the evidence in support of the treatment is conflicting.

OBJECTIVES

The aim of the study was to systematically review the current evidence on PRP products used for SA and OA, as well as the efficacy of PRP products as treatment for OA on the basis of a meta-analysis of the available literature.

STUDY DESIGN

Systematic review and meta-analysis.

METHODS

A systematic search of relevant databases (PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus) was performed to identify studies published from 2013 to 2023, in accordance with the PRISMA guidelines. Randomised controlled trials, non-randomised trials and controlled laboratory studies that used at least one type of PRP products were included. Dichotomous outcomes were presented using odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs).

RESULTS

A total of 21 publications were identified in the systematic review and 5 of them in the meta-analysis. These publications involved various types of PRP products and reported different outcomes. Although most of the studies were associated with a high risk of bias, the overall estimated effect was consistent with a significant improvement in the PRP products treatment group compared with the control group (OR: 15.32; 95% CI: 3.00-78.15; p < 0.05). There was a significant improvement in clinical performance outcomes between the groups (OR: 36.64; 95% CI: 3.69-364.30; p < 0.05).

CONCLUSION

PRP products as intra-articular treatment are likely efficacious for treatment of equine OA and have potential for treating SA. These conclusions might be affected by the limited number of randomised controlled studies and high variability of different types of PRP products. To better evaluate the efficacy of PRP, a widely recognised classification system and the utilisation of randomised, blinded, equivalency or non-inferiority trials are required.

Epidemiology and antibiotic resistance of staphylococci on commercial pig farms in Cape Town, South Africa

Staphylococci are responsible for a wide range of infections in animals. The most common species infecting animals include Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis and Staphylococcus intermedius. Recent increases in antibiotic use and antibiotic resistance in animals highlight the need to understand the potential role of commercial livestock as a reservoir of staphylococci and antibiotic resistance genes. Nasal swabs were collected from 143 apparently healthy pigs and 21 pig farm workers, and 45 environmental swabs of feed and water troughs, from two commercial pig farms in the Western Cape, South Africa. Staphylococci were isolated, identified using mass-spectrometry, and antimicrobial susceptibility testing and Illumina whole genome sequencing were performed. One hundred and eighty-five (185) Staphylococcus spp. isolates were obtained, with Mammalicoccus sciuri (n = 57; 31%) being the most common, followed by S. hyicus (n = 40; 22%) and S. aureus (n = 29; 16%). S. epidermidis was predominantly identified in the farm workers (n = 18; 86%). Tetracycline resistance was observed across all species, with rates ranging from 67 to 100%. Majority of M. sciuri isolates (n = 40; 70%) were methicillin resistant, with 78% (n = 31) harbouring mecA. M. sciuri isolates had genes/elements which were associated with SCCmec_type_III (3A) and SCCmec_type_VIII(4A) and were mostly observed in ST61 strains. ST239 strains were associated with SCCmec_type_III(3A). High rates of tetracycline resistance were identified among staphylococci in the pig farms in Western Cape, South Africa. This highlights the need for policy makers to regulate the use of this antibiotic in pig farming.

Farm size and biosecurity measures associated with Strongylus vulgaris infection in horses

BACKGROUND

Selective anthelmintic treatment, advocated due to evolving anthelmintic resistance, has been associated with an increase in Strongylus vulgaris prevalence. Reverting to routine interval anthelmintic treatments is not viable and therefore, identifying other management factors correlated with S. vulgaris infection is vital.

OBJECTIVES

To investigate possible risk factors associated with the presence of S. vulgaris infection in resident horses on Swedish horse establishments.

STUDY DESIGN

Internet-based questionnaire survey.

METHODS

A questionnaire, created using the internet-based survey platform Netigate, was distributed to owners of equine establishments throughout Sweden via established equine platforms and social media channels. The survey was available for response from 21 May until 1 September 2022. Questions were closed ended with branching logic paths.

RESULTS

Four factors were significantly associated with S. vulgaris infection, with an increased odds of infection seen in livery yards (odds ratio [OR] 1.67, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.18-2.36, p = 0.004) and premises with more than 10 resident horses (OR 2.42, 95% CI 1.64-3.56, p < 0.001). A lower odds of infection were seen in establishments using quarantine routines (OR 0.69, 95% CI 0.50-0.96, p = 0.03) and anthelmintic treatment of new horses prior to arrival at the premise (OR 0.37, 95% CI 0.18-0.74, p = 0.005).

MAIN LIMITATION

Due to the presence of S. vulgaris infection in the present study being based on S. vulgaris diagnostics performed at the farm level, any association between faecal diagnostic use and risk of infection could not be investigated.

CONCLUSIONS

Although the use of diagnostics for S. vulgaris can keep infection rates low, large farms or livery yards with many different horse owners, and those with low use of biosecurity measures as regards to new horses arriving at the premise, are associated with a higher risk of infection.

Modelling bluetongue and African horse sickness vector (Culicoides spp.) distribution in the Western Cape in South Africa using random forest machine learning

BACKGROUND

Culicoides biting midges exhibit a global spatial distribution and are the main vectors of several viruses of veterinary importance, including bluetongue (BT) and African horse sickness (AHS). Many environmental and anthropological factors contribute to their ability to live in a variety of habitats, which have the potential to change over the years as the climate changes. Therefore, as new habitats emerge, the risk for new introductions of these diseases of interest to occur increases. The aim of this study was to model distributions for two primary vectors for BT and AHS (Culicoides imicola and Culicoides bolitinos) using random forest (RF) machine learning and explore the relative importance of environmental and anthropological factors in a region of South Africa with frequent AHS and BT outbreaks.

METHODS

Culicoides capture data were collected between 1996 and 2022 across 171 different capture locations in the Western Cape. Predictor variables included climate-related variables (temperature, precipitation, humidity), environment-related variables (normalised difference vegetation index-NDVI, soil moisture) and farm-related variables (livestock densities). Random forest (RF) models were developed to explore the spatial distributions of C. imicola, C. bolitinos and a merged species map, where both competent vectors were combined. The maps were then compared to interpolation maps using the same capture data as well as historical locations of BT and AHS outbreaks.

RESULTS

Overall, the RF models performed well with 75.02%, 61.6% and 74.01% variance explained for C. imicola, C. bolitinos and merged species models respectively. Cattle density was the most important predictor for C. imicola and water vapour pressure the most important for C. bolitinos. Compared to interpolation maps, the RF models had higher predictive power throughout most of the year when species were modelled individually; however, when merged, the interpolation maps performed better in all seasons except winter. Finally, midge densities did not show any conclusive correlation with BT or AHS outbreaks.

CONCLUSION

This study yielded novel insight into the spatial abundance and drivers of abundance of competent vectors of BT and AHS. It also provided valuable data to inform mathematical models exploring disease outbreaks so that Culicoides-transmitted diseases in South Africa can be further analysed.

Radiotherapy in Equine Practice

Radiotherapy is a valuable treatment option for equine tumors that have a high rate of recurrence or where complete surgical resection may damage vital structures. Teletherapy, brachytherapy, and plesiotherapy have been used successfully for the treatment of a variety of tumors and locations in the horse. Radiobiology, treatment protocols, side effects, and patient management are reviewed, with a focus on linear accelerator-based teletherapy. There is evidence of good success rates for treatment of periocular sarcoids and squamous cell carcinoma but teletherapy treatment is often limited to tumors on the head and distal extremities.

Challenges in Assessing Repellency via the Behavioral Response by the Global Pest Tribolium castaneum to Protect Stored Grains

BACKGROUND

Food security is an increasingly pressing global issue, and by 2050, food production will not be sufficient to feed the growing population. Part of global food insecurity can be attributed to post-harvest losses, including quantity and quality losses caused by stored-product pests like insects. It is thus timely to find management strategies to mitigate these losses and counteract food insecurity. The red flour beetle, Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae), a global stored-product pest with a wide range of food sources, was used in this study to assess repellency to a selection of essential oils.

METHODS

Multiple behaviorally relevant methods were used to determine the efficacy of the essential oils in assays to pinpoint the most promising repellents. Experiments were used to assess individual and group behaviors with or without airflow and examined the behavioral variation in distance moved and the time spent away from the oil.

RESULTS

It was found that exposure to essential oils and conditions of experimentation considerably influenced T. castaneum's behavioral response, but a clear candidate for repellency could not be chosen based on the collected data.

CONCLUSIONS

Follow-up research is needed to pinpoint repellents for integrated pest management practices to protect grains from stored-product pests and to justify their use in and around commodities.

Comparison of two bedding types on the breeding fecundity of C57BL/6J mice

One of the favored options for generating complex transgenic laboratory mice is through in-house breeding and management strategies. One consideration in the management of these colonies is how the animals' environment may affect reproductive success. Several aspects of the microenvironment can be controlled or manipulated, including cage type, bedding, enrichment, diet, and temperature and humidity. This study sought to evaluate reproductive outcomes for C57BL/6J mice that were randomly assigned to one of two different bedding types: paper based or corncob bedding. Our hypothesis was there would be no significant difference in reproductive outcomes between the two bedding types. A total of 10 males and 10 females were paired at 45 days of age. Animals were allowed to breed for 15 consecutive weeks. Cages were checked daily for the presence of pups and a pup count was performed at 7 days of age. Weaning occurred at 20 or 21 days of age, at which time a final pup count, pup weight, and sex were recorded. All litters born and pups weaned in the 15-week timeframe were used for data analysis. Statistical analysis compared cannibalization between the two groups and the results showed no statistical difference between groups (p > 0.05). Other parameters analyzed included average litter size, average weaning weight, and number of litters per group. All pups counted at Day 7 survived to weaning age in both groups. We concluded that both bedding types produced similar success regarding breeding fecundity in C57BL/6J mice.

Proper micro-environment alleviates mortality in laboratory mouse breeding induced by litter overlap and older dams

The ongoing worldwide effort to reduce animal numbers in research often omits the issue of pre-weaning mortality in mouse breeding. A conservative estimate of 20% mortality would mean approximately 1.1 M mice die annually in the EU before scientific use. We hypothesize that pre-weaning mortality in laboratory mouse breeding is associated with cage social and macro/micro-environment conditions. Here we count pups from 509 C57BL/6J litters daily for accurate detection of mortality, and monitor cage micro-environment for 172 C57BL/6J litters. Probability of pups to die increases with the increase in dam age, number and age of older pups in the cage (of overlapped/cohabitating litters), and in small (<6 pups) and large (>11 pups) focal litters. Higher temperatures (>23.6 °C) and nest scores (>3.75) compensate for some of the socially-associated risks for pup death. These findings can be implemented in strategies for reducing pre-weaning mouse mortality, a more welfare-friendly and sustainable approach for science.

Unveiling the molecular epidemiology of canine distemper virus in Namibia: An expected pathogen showing an unexpected origin

Objective

Canine distemper virus (CDV) is a highly infectious virus that represents a threat for domestic dogs and several wild species. Despite recognized in several African countries, current knowledge of its molecular epidemiology is scarce and poorly updated.

Design

Twenty-two hemagglutinin sequences, obtained from symptomatic Namibian dogs from 2020 to 2023, were analysed through phylogenetic and phylodynamic analysis to characterize the local CDV epidemiology and contextualize it in the international scenario.

Results

Two unrelated clades were identified, including strains sampled in different Namibian towns, in the absence of a strong geographical clustering. The ancestors of the two clades were estimated to have originated from South America, likely Brazil, and South Africa, approximately in 2000 and 2006, respectively. While the introduction from South Africa was predictable, the introduction from Brazil was unexpected. The mediation of other African countries, particularly Angola, appears to be the most likely importation pathway.

Conclusions

The occurrence of multiple introduction events, likely originating from cross-border illegal animal trade between African countries, and the absence of any geographical clustering within Namibian regions, suggest a need for further investigation into its spreading pattern, as well as improved biosecurity measures to limit foreign viral introduction into the country.

Seroprevalence and associated risk factors for Neospora caninum infection in dairy cattle in South Africa

Bovine neosporosis is a widespread parasitic disease associated with significant economic losses. Its effects on the reproductive performance of cows have resulted in losses that run into the hundreds of millions of US dollars in dairy industries in various countries (Reichel et al., Int J Parasitol 43:133-142, 2013). Due to outdated and scant information on the occurrence of Neospora caninum infection in South Africa, the study aimed to determine the seroprevalence and risk factors associated with infection in dairy cattle in South Africa. A total of 1401 blood samples were randomly collected from cattle on 48 dairy farms in seven of the nine provinces in South Africa. A close-ended questionnaire was used in a cross-sectional study to obtain farm-level and animal-level data. Serological testing was done using a commercial IDvet Screen® Neospora caninum Indirect ELISA. An overall seroprevalence, adjusted for test sensitivity and specificity, of 2.3% (95% CI, 1.3-4.1) was detected and 48% (23/48) of sampled farms had at least one animal testing positive. The highest seroprevalence of N. caninum was in the KwaZulu-Natal province with 7.5% (95% CI, 3.8-14.3), and the lowest in Western Cape with 0.1% (95% CI, 0-1.2). The highest within-farm seroprevalence of 25% was detected on a farm in the North West Province. In a multivariable logistic regression model, the odds of N. caninum seropositivity were higher in Holstein-Friesian cattle when compared to other breeds. Good hygiene was identified as a protective factor. Cattle left out on pasture had increased odds of testing positive for N. caninum compared to those that were penned. The odds of testing seropositive for N. caninum was higher on farms that practised segregation of cattle into different age groups. The purchase of replacement animals was a significant risk factor, as open herds had increased odds of N. caninum seropositivity. Cattle on farms that did not have a specific calving location were more likely to be seropositive. This is the first such study in South Africa and shows that N. caninum is widely distributed in the country at a low seroprevalence, but it may be a cause of concern on certain farms.

Host-microbe interactions in the nasal cavity of dogs with chronic idiopathic rhinitis

Chronic rhinitis (CR) is a frustrating clinical syndrome in dogs and our understanding of the disease pathogenesis in is limited. Increasingly, host-microbe interactions are considered key drives of clinical disease in sites of persistent mucosal inflammation such as the nasal and oral cavities. Therefore, we applied next generation sequencing tools to interrogate abnormalities present in the nose of dogs with CR and compared immune and microbiome profiles to those of healthy dogs. Host nasal cell transcriptomes were evaluated by RNA sequencing, while microbial communities were assessed by 16S rRNA sequencing. Correlation analysis was then used to identify significant interactions between nasal cell transcriptomes and the nasal microbiome and how these interactions were altered in animals with CR. Notably, we observed significant downregulation of multiple genes associated with ciliary function in dogs with CR, suggesting a previously undetected role for ciliary dysfunction in this syndrome. We also found significant upregulation of immune genes related to the TNF-α and interferon pathways. The nasal microbiome was also significantly altered in CR dogs, with overrepresentation of several potential pathobionts. Interactome analysis revealed significant correlations between bacteria in the genus Porphyromonas and the upregulated host inflammatory responses in dogs with CR, as well as defective ciliary function which was correlated with Streptococcus abundance. These findings provide new insights into host-microbe interactions in a canine model of CR and indicate the presence of potentially causal relationships between nasal pathobionts and the development of nasal inflammation and ciliary dysfunction.

Treatment of moderate-to-severe canine atopic dermatitis with modified-release mycophenolate (OKV-1001): A pilot open-label, single-arm multicentric clinical trial

BACKGROUND

Mycophenolate is an immunomodulating agent successfully used for the treatment of moderate-to-severe atopic dermatitis (AD) in people. Mycophenolate is an effective steroid-sparing treatment option for use in dogs with inflammatory skin diseases.

OBJECTIVE

To evaluate whether once-daily modified-release mycophenolate (OKV-1001) is safe and effective for treating moderate-to-severe canine AD.

ANIMALS

Client-owned atopic dogs (n = 9) were enrolled.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

In an open-label multicentre pilot study, OKV-1001 (30 mg/kg every 24 h) was given orally for ≤84 days. Concomitant tapering doses of glucocorticoids were administered up to Day (D)28. Clinicians assessed Canine Atopic Dermatitis Extent and Severity Index, 4th iteration (CADESI-04) on D0, D14, D28, D56 and D84. Body weight and clinical pathological parameters were measured at baseline and at the end of the study.

RESULTS

Treatment with OKV-1001 combined with glucocorticoids significantly reduced the severity of AD within two weeks in seven of nine (77.8%) dogs. The mean percentage change from baseline in the CADESI-04 score was 29% (p = 0.009) at D14 (n = 9), 39% (p = 0.008) at D28 (n = 9) and 49% (p = 0.03) at D56 (n = 7) at which point glucocorticoids had been withdrawn. In two dogs the improvement in CADESI-04 was 62% and 23% (respectively) on D84. No significant adverse events including clinical pathological findings were reported.

CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE

Modified-release mycophenolate (OKV-1001) may represent a promising alternative treatment option for dogs with moderate-to-severe AD. The safety and efficacy profile of OKV-1001 will need to be established in larger, placebo-controlled clinical trials.

Integrating multi-wet laboratory diagnostics to study staphylococci in animals in Uganda

BACKGROUND

Several diagnostic environments in Uganda lack real-time, robust and high-throughput technologies for comprehensive typing of microbes, which is a setback to infectious disease surveillance. This study combined various wet laboratory diagnostics to understand the epidemiology of pathogenic staphylococci isolated from animals in Uganda and the implications for global health security priorities.

METHODS

A retrospective study was conducted employing records and pathogenic staphylococci (from animals) archived at the Central Diagnostic Laboratory (CDL), Makerere University, Uganda, between January 2012 and December 2019. The bacteria were speciated by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) and tested for virulence factors [beta lactamases, lecithinase, deoxyribonuclease (DNase), haemolysins] and resistance to ten antimicrobials of clinical and veterinary relevance. Tetracycline and methicillin resistance genes were also tested.

RESULTS

The prevalent diseases were mastitis in cattle and skin infections in dogs. Of the 111 staphylococci tested by MALDI-TOF MS, 79 (71.2%) were Staphylococcus aureus, 27 (24.3%) were Staphylococcus pseudintermedius and 5 (4.5%) were Staphylococcus schleiferi. All these strains expressed haemolysins. The prevalence of strains with lecithinase, penicillinase, cephalosporinase and DNase was 35.9% (14/39), 89.7% (35/39), 0.0% (0/39) and 87.2% (34/39), respectively. Staphylococci were primarily resistant to early penicillins (over 80%), tetracycline (57.7%), and chloramphenicol (46.2%). Minimal resistance was noted with cloxacillin (0.0%), ciprofloxacin (9.6%), and cefoxitin (3.8%). The prevalence of multidrug resistance (MDR) was 78.8% for general staphylococci, 82.2% for S. aureus, 73.1% for S. pseudintermedius, and 60.0% for S. schleiferi. Multidrug resistant staphylococci were significantly more prevalent in the cattle isolates than in the dog isolates (P < 0.05). The prevalence of methicillin-resistant staphylococci (MRS) tested by resistance to cefoxitin and mecA carriage was 3.8%. These four strains were all isolated from dog skin infections. The tetK gene was the most predominant (35.4%), followed by tetM (25.0%).

CONCLUSION

In resource-constrained settings, the approach of integrated diagnostics promises sustainable disease surveillance and the addressing of current capacity gaps. The emergence of MRS (zoonotic bacteria) in companion animals creates a likelihood of reduced treatment options for related human infections, a threat to global health.

Freeze-drying protocols and methods of maintaining the in-vitro biological activity of horse platelet lysate

Platelet lysate, derived from platelets, are valuable biological products rich in bioactive molecules. Their use promotes tissue healing and modulates inflammation. However, maintaining the stability and bioactivity of platelet lysate is challenging since they degrade rapidly at room temperature. This study focused on the possibility to confer enhanced stability to freeze-dried equine platelet lysate as an alternative to platelet-rich plasma (PRP). Platelet lysate (PL) was derived from PRP and freeze-dried either as such or using various adjuvants. Primary cell cultures of porcine Vascular Wall-Mesenchymal Stem Cells were treated with different PL formulations, and cell viability was assessed using an MTT assay. Overall, the addition of PL significantly improved cell viability as compared to controls without growth factor supplementation or with foetal bovine serum. Notably, the freeze-drying process maintained the effectiveness of the PL for at least a week. Furthermore, the study revealed that varying the horse as the source of PL could yield varying effects on cell viability. Detailed freeze-drying protocols were established, including freezing, primary drying and secondary drying phases, and the type of adjuvant. This study demonstrated the potential of freeze-dried equine PL as a viable alternative to PRP and highlighted the importance of precise freeze-drying protocols and adjuvants for standardization. Equine PL showed promise for medical treatment in horses, offering advantages such as extended shelf life, ease of handling, and reduced transportation costs, with the potential for broadened therapeutic usage.

Identification of two novel linear epitopes on the E165R protein of African swine fever virus recognized by monoclonal antibodies

African swine fever (ASF) is a highly fatal infectious disease in pigs, caused by the African swine fever virus (ASFV). It is characterized by short disease duration and high morbidity and mortality. In August 2018, ASF was first reported in China and it subsequently spread rapidly throughout the country, causing serious economic losses for the Chinese pig industry. Early detection plays a critical role in preventing and controlling ASF because there is currently no effective vaccine or targeted therapeutic medication available. Additionally, identifying conserved protective antigenic epitopes of ASFV is essential for the development of diagnostic reagents. The E165R protein, which is highly expressed in the early stages of ASFV infection, can serve as an important indicator for early detection. In this study, we successfully obtained high purity soluble prokaryotic expression of the E165R protein. We then utilized the purified recombinant E165R protein for immunization in mice to prepare monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) using the hybridoma fusion technique. After three subclonal screens, we successfully obtained three mAbs against ASFV E165R protein in cells named 1B7, 1B8, and 10B8. Through immunofluorescence assay (IFA) and Western blot, we confirmed that the prepared mAbs specifically recognize the baculovirus-expressed E165R protein. By using overlapping truncated E165R protein and overlapping peptide scanning analysis, we tentatively identified two novel linear B cell epitopes (13EAEAYYPPSV22 and 55VACEHMGKKC64) that are highly conserved in genotype I and genotype II of ASFV. Thus, as a detection antibody, it has the capability to detect ASFV across a wide range of genotypes, providing valuable information for the development of related immunodiagnostic reagents.

Evaluation of variants in the ENTPD1 and ENTPD2 genes in athletic horses with exercise-induced pulmonary haemorrhage

BACKGROUND

Exercise-induced pulmonary haemorrhage (EIPH) in athletic horses is characterized by the presence of blood from the lungs in the tracheobronchial tree after intense exercise. Despite the high prevalence of EIPH in horses, the primary aetiology remains unknown. Variants in the genes encoding CD39 and CD39L1 (ENTPD1 and ENTPD2, respectively) were previously reported as potential genetic causes involved in EIPH pathogenesis. However, the role of these variants in haemostatic functions is unknown.

RESULTS

To investigate the association between EIPH and missense variants in the ENTPD1 (rs1152296272, rs68621348, and rs68621347) and ENTPD2 genes (rs782872967), 76 Thoroughbred horses diagnosed with EIPH and 56 without clinical signs of EIPH (control group) by trachea-bronchial endoscopy were genotyped. The rs1152296272 and rs68621347 variants were linked, which explained why the same results were found in all horses. Approximately 96% and 95% of the EIPH and control horses, respectively, carried at least one nonreference allele for these variants. In contrast, 100% of the control horses and 96% of the EIPH horses were homozygous for the reference allele for the rs68621348 variant. In the EIPH group, 1.5% of the horses were homozygotes and 24% were heterozygous for the nonreference allele of the rs782872967 variant. In the control group, the nonreference allele of this variant was observed only in heterozygotes (16%). There were no significant differences between groups for any of the variants.

CONCLUSIONS

The variants previously described in the genes encoding the CD39 and CD39L1 enzymes were highly present in the studied population. However, no association was found between the occurrence of EIPH and the presence of these variants in Thoroughbred horses in this study.

Phenotypic and genotypic characterization of ticks and tick-borne pathogens from cattle in selected villages of Greater Letaba Municipality in Limpopo Province, South Africa

Ticks are blood ectoparasites that feed on domestic, wild animals and humans. They spread a variety of infections such as protozoa, viruses, and bacteria. Moreover, cattle reared by smallholder farmers are susceptible to ticks and tick-borne pathogens. Therefore, accurate identification of ticks and detection of tick-borne pathogens is crucial. The main aim of this study was to identify and characterize ticks and tick-borne pathogens from selected villages in Greater Letaba Municipality, Limpopo Province, using morphological and molecular techniques. A total of 233 ticks were collected from cattle and identified morphologically using appropriate morphological keys. The following tick species were identified: Amblyomma hebraeum, Hyalomma rufipes, Hyalomma truncatum, Rhipicephalus appendiculatus, Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) decoloratus, Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus, Rhipicephalus evertsi evertsi, and Rhipicephalus sanguineus. Rhipicephalus spp. was the most common species accounting to 73.8% of the identified ticks. The genomic DNA was extracted from the whole tick for tick identification and from midguts of the ticks for the detection of tick-borne pathogens, followed by amplification and sequencing. A total of 27 samples were positive for tick-borne pathogens: 23 samples tested positive for Theileria and four samples tested positive for Ehrlichia. Anaplasma and Rickettsial OmpB could not be detected from any of the samples. There was no obvious grouping of ticks and tick-borne pathogens on the bases of their locality. The findings of this study confirm previous reports that indicated that cattle reared by smallholder farmers harbor various ticks and tick-borne pathogens of veterinary, public health, and economic importance. Regular monitoring of tick infestations in villages around the study areas is recommended to avoid disease outbreaks.

Microbiological and Molecular Investigation of Antimicrobial Resistance in Staphylococcus aureus Isolates from Western Romanian Dairy Farms: An Epidemiological Approach

Antimicrobial therapy is the most frequently used medical intervention for bovine mastitis in the dairy industry. This study aims to monitor the extent of the antimicrobial resistance (AMR) problem in Staphylococcus aureus in the dairy industry in Western Romania. Twenty farms were selected by random sampling in a transverse epidemiological study conducted across four counties in Western Romania and divided into livestock units. This study assessed the association between the resistance genes to phenotypic expression of resistance and susceptibility. Isolates of S. aureus were identified and q-PCR reactions were used to detect antibiotic resistance genes. One hundred and fifty bovine and 20 human samples were positive for S. aureus. Twenty five percent of bovine isolates (30/120) and none(0/30) of the human isolates were methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA). All isolates were susceptible to fosfomycin, ciprofloxacin, netilmicin, and resistant to ampicillin and penicillin. S. aureus isolates regarded as phenotypically resistant (R) were influenced by the origin of the samples (human versus bovine, χ2 = 36.510, p = 0.013), whether they were methicillin-resistant S. aureus (χ2 = 108.891, p < 0.000), the county (χ2 = 103.282, p < 0.000) and farm of isolation (χ2 = 740.841, p < 0.000), but not by the size of the farm (χ2 = 65.036, p = 0.306). The multiple antibiotic resistance index was calculated for each sample as the number regarded as phenotypically resistant (R)/total antibiotics tested (MARI = 0.590 ± 0.023) was significantly higher (p < 0.000) inmethicillin-resistant S. aureus (0.898 ± 0.019) than non-methicillin-resistant S. aureus (0.524 ± 0.024) isolates. For the antibiotics tested, the total penetrance (P%) of the resistance genes was 59%, 83% for blaZ, 56% for cfr, 50% for erm(B), 53% for erm(C), 57% for mecA and 32% for tet(K). Penetrance can be used as a parameter for guidance towards a more accurate targeting of chemotherapy. P% in S. aureus was strongly positively correlated with the multiple antibiotic resistance index (r = +0.878, p < 0.000) with the potential to use the same limit value as an antibiotic management decision criterion. Considering cow mastitis, the penetrance value combined with the multiple antibiotic resistance index suggests that penetrance could serve as a useful parameter for more precise targeting of chemotherapy for S. aureus.

Case report: Disseminated Cladophialophora bantiana phaeohyphomycosis in a dog with hepatic dysfunction, and concurrent ehrlichiosis

A 1-year-old mixed breed dog initially presented with marked ascites due to a low-protein transudate resulting from portal hypertension. Laboratory evaluation revealed non-regenerative anemia, lymphopenia, thrombocytopenia, evidence of hepatic insufficiency [hypoalbuminemia, decreased urea, increased post-prandial bile acids, prolonged activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT)] and Ehrlichia canis infection. Approximately a week later, the dog was declining and was euthanized. On autopsy, multifocal hepatic granulomas and acquired portosystemic shunts (APSS) were seen. Imprint cytology revealed fungal hyphae and pyogranulomatous inflammation in the liver and brain. Disseminated Cladophialophora bantiana phaeohyphomycosis was diagnosed by histologic examination, culture and PCR. Immunosuppression due to ehrlichiosis is suspected to have predisposed this animal to fungal infection. To the authors' knowledge, this is the first report of C. bantiana in the West Indies.

Perioperative dobutamine infusion in an African lion (Panthera leo)

Laparoscopic ovariectomy under general anesthesia was planned in a 10-year-old, 146 kg, apparently healthy female African lion (Panthera leo). The lion was immobilized via intramuscular darts containing midazolam (0.033 mg/kg), medetomidine (50 µg/kg) and ketamine (2.5 mg/kg), and intubated using an endotracheal tube (16 mm internal diameter). The anesthesia was maintained using sevoflurane (0.9-2.1% end-tidal concentration), in combination with remifentanil (0.1 µg/kg/min) and ketamine (11 µg/kg/min) at a constant rate infusion (CRI), with Hartmann's solution (5 mL/kg/hr). Surgery was conducted with stable vital signs, but hypotension (mean arterial blood pressure 55 mmHg) developed, requiring dobutamine treatment. The hypotension was effectively controlled by adjusting dobutamine from 5 µg/kg/min to 0.2 to 0.3 µg/kg/min. This case suggests possibilities that dosages in this range can be clinically useful for peri-anesthetic hypotension in lions.

Diagnostic findings in sinonasal aspergillosis in dogs in the United Kingdom: 475 cases (2011-2021)

OBJECTIVES

To describe the diagnostic tests used and their comparative performance in dogs diagnosed with sinonasal aspergillosis in the United Kingdom. A secondary objective was to describe the signalment, clinical findings and common clinicopathologic abnormalities in sinonasal aspergillosis.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

A multi-centre retrospective survey was performed involving 23 referral centres in the United Kingdom to identify dogs diagnosed with sinonasal aspergillosis from January 2011 to December 2021. Dogs were included if fungal plaques were seen during rhinoscopy or if ancillary testing (via histopathology, culture, cytology, serology or PCR) was positive and other differential diagnoses were excluded.

RESULTS

A total of 662 cases were entered into the database across the 23 referral centres. Four hundred and seventy-five cases met the study inclusion criteria. Of these, 419 dogs had fungal plaques and compatible clinical signs. Fungal plaques were not seen in 56 dogs with turbinate destruction that had compatible clinical signs and a positive ancillary test result. Ancillary diagnostics were performed in 312 of 419 (74%) dogs with observed fungal plaques permitting calculation of sensitivity of cytology as 67%, fungal culture 59%, histopathology 47% and PCR 71%.

CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE

The sensitivities of ancillary diagnostics in this study were lower than previously reported challenging the clinical utility of such tests in sinonasal aspergillosis. Treatment and management decisions should be based on a combination of diagnostics including imaging findings, visual inspection, and ancillary testing, rather than ancillary tests alone.

Physiotherapists' adherence to Clinical Practice Guidelines in fibromyalgia: a cross-sectional online survey

To evaluate the level of knowledge and adherence to Clinical Practice Guidelines on fibromyalgia of physiotherapists in Spain. A cross-sectional study using an ad-hoc online survey was implemented to assess aspects on the assessment, treatment, and decision of the length of the therapeutic approach on fibromyalgia. Based on the results, professionals were classified as adherent, partially adherent, or non-adherent. The level of agreement with several statements on the condition was also evaluated across the professionals surveyed to evaluate the potential consensus. A total of 240 physiotherapists met inclusion criteria, amongst which 68 (28.33%) were adherent. The academic level of studies (Chi-square = 48.601, p-value = 0.001) and having had previous training in fibromyalgia (Chi-square = 151.011, p-value = 0.001) displayed statistically significant differences across adherence-based groups. Consensus was reached for 15 out of 24 statements. Our findings highlight the presence of an acceptable level of knowledge and adherence to clinical practice guidelines in the field of fibromyalgia among physiotherapists in Spain.Practice implicationsOur results also reveal the existence of an evidence-to-practice gap in the field, with potential room for improvement: further efforts on promoting and reinforcing the importance of evidence-based therapies are needed, from university teaching plans to clinical updates for daily practice.

Development and mouse model evaluation of a new phage cocktail intended as an alternative to antibiotics for treatment of Staphylococcus aureus-induced bovine mastitis

Bovine mastitis is a prevalent infectious disease in dairy herds worldwide, resulting in substantial economic losses. Staphylococcus aureus is a major cause of mastitis in animals, and its antibiotic resistance poses challenges for treatment. Recently, renewed interest has focused on the development of alternative methods to antibiotic therapy, including bacteriophages (phages), for controlling bacterial infections. In this study, 2 lytic phages, vB_SauM_JDYN (JDYN) and vB_SauM_JDF86 (JDF86), were isolated from the cattle sewage effluent samples collected from dairy farms in Shanghai. The 2 phages have a broad bactericidal spectrum against Staphylococcus of various origins. Genomic and morphological analyses revealed that the 2 phages belonged to the Myoviridae family. Moreover, JDYN and JDF86 remained stable under a wide temperature and pH range and were almost unaffected in chloroform. In this study, we prepared a phage cocktail (PHC-1) which consisted of a 1:1:1 ratio of JDYN, JDF86, and SLPW (a previously characterized phage). We found that PHC-1 showed the strongest bacteriolytic effect and the lowest frequency of emergence of bacteriophage insensitive mutants compared with monophages. Bovine mammary epithelial cells and lactating mice mastitis models were used to evaluate the effectiveness of PHC-1 in vitro and in vivo, respectively. The results demonstrated that PHC-1 treatment significantly reduced bacterial load, alleviated inflammatory response, and improved mastitis pathology. Altogether, these results suggest that PHC-1 has the potential to treat S. aureus-induced bovine mastitis and that phage cocktails can combat antibiotic-resistant S. aureus infections.

Synovial myxosarcoma in the scapulohumeral joint of a dog: a case report

A 12-year-old, 3 kg spayed female mixed-breed dog was evaluated to assess a 1-year history of intermittent right forelimb lameness that did not have adequate response to nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. The radiographic study performed under sedation showed multifocal radiolucent areas affecting both the right humerus and scapula with focal soft tissue swelling; a CT scan confirmed the existence of an aggressive and invasive soft tissue mass affecting the scapulohumeral joint. Fine needle aspiration results suggested a low-grade synovial sarcoma and therefore a scapulectomy was performed. The biopsy showed spindle to stellated cells immersed in a basophilic and mucinous (myxoid) matrix with mild to moderate anisocytosis, moderate anisokaryosis, some binucleated cells and sporadic multinucleated cells. These findings are consistent with low-grade synovial myxosarcoma, a not well described synovial neoplasm that can mimic other commonly seen joint tumors or even septic arthritis on radiographs. The purpose of this case report is to describe the first reported synovial myxosarcoma affecting the scapulohumeral joint of a small dog.

Metabolites profiling and cheminformatics bioprospection of selected medicinal plants against the main protease and RNA-dependent RNA polymerase of SARS-CoV-2

Despite the existence of some vaccines, SARS-CoV-2 (S-2) infections persist for various reasons relating to vaccine reluctance, rapid mutation rate, and an absence of specific treatments targeted to the infection. Due to their availability, low cost and low toxicity, research into potentially repurposing phytometabolites as therapeutic alternatives has gained attention. Therefore, this study explored the antiviral potential of metabolites of some medicinal plants [Spondias mombin, Macaranga barteri and Dicerocaryum eriocarpum (Sesame plant)] identified using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LCMS) as possible inhibitory agents against the S-2 main protease (S-2 MP) and RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RP) using computational approaches. Molecular docking was used to identify the compounds with the best affinities for the selected therapeutics targets. Afterwards, compounds with poor physicochemical characteristics, pharmacokinetics, and drug-likeness were screened out. The top-ranked compounds were further subjected to a 120-ns molecular dynamics (MD) simulation. Only quercetin 3-O-rhamnoside (-48.77 kcal/mol) had higher binding free energy than the reference standard (zafirlukast) (-44.99 kcal/mol) against S-2 MP. Conversely, all the top-ranked compounds (ellagic acid hexoside, spiraeoside, apigenin-4'-glucoside and chrysoeriol 7-glucuronide) except gnetin L (-24.24 kcal/mol) had higher binding free energy (-55.19 kcal/mol, -52.75 kcal/mol, -47.22 kcal/mol and -43.35 kcal/mol) respectively, against S-2 RP relative to the reference standard (-34.79 kcal/mol). The MD simulations study further revealed that the investigated inhibitors are thermodynamically stable and form structurally compatible complexes that impede the regular operation of the respective S-2 therapeutic targets. Although, these S-2 therapeutic candidates are promising, further in vitro and in vivo evaluation is required and highly recommended.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.

An analysis of the social, cultural, and ecological factors that affect the implementation of biosecurity measures on smallholder commercial swine farms in Italy in the context of an emerging African Swine Fever outbreak

African Swine Fever (ASF) is a contagious viral disease that infects wild and domesticated swine. In early 2022, the virus was found in wild boar in the Apennine mountains of mainland Italy.2 Since then, it has spread from wild boar to domesticated swine. To control the spread of ASF, an effective surveillance system and the implementation of strict biosecurity measures on farms are required yet are unevenly implemented across husbandry systems. Smallholder farms in particular are known to have low levels of biosecurity. In the Apennine mountains of Italy, small commercial farms have been found to have low levels of biosecurity despite being located in areas with high densities of wild boar, and, hence, being high-risk sites for potential ASF incursion and subsequent diffusion. To address the question as to why the level of biosecurity is low, interviews and participant observation were conducted with smallholder commercial farmers. The interviews identified the social, cultural, and ecological factors that affect the implementation of biosecurity measures in small commercial swine farms in the Apennines. Farmers expressed knowledge of priority biosecurity measures and an overall willingness to follow rules and regulations; however, the application of the measures in practice was uneven across farms. Economic, political, and ecological factors as well as farmer beliefs about biosecurity emerged as important factors affecting the implementation of biosecurity measures. These include economic constraints, challenges posed by the mountain environment, a shifting regulatory environment, and ideas about animal welfare. Other important factors include cultural factors such as the use of traditional agricultural methods and norms about customer access to animals, time constraints and the perceived hassle of implementing the measures, farmer age, farmer relationships with government officials and veterinarians, and the role of pigs in reducing farm waste. The study confirmed that wild boar are present in high numbers and in close proximity to smallholder commercial farms in the Apennines.

Parasitological examination results of zoo animals in Germany between 2012 and 2022

Parasitic infections in zoo animals are a critical concern for both animal health and management. The aim of this study was to assess the occurrence of endo- and ectoparasites among zoo animals in Germany. A retrospective analysis of the submitted samples of a diverse range of zoo animals (5768) from a ten-year period (2012-2022) was conducted. Overall, 31.1% of those samples tested positive for at least one parasite. In the examined samples, helminths (28.4%) were found more often than protozoans (10.3%) or ectoparasites (0.8%). Among the various animal groups the following parasites were found most commonly: Artiodactyla: Coccidia (34.6%), Strongylida (23.4%); Perissodactyla: Strongylida (19.3%), Ascaridida (12.0%); Carnivora: Ascaridida (16.6%), Coccidia (8.1%); Rodentia: Oxyurida (18.2%), Coccidia (10.5%); Marsupialia: Coccidia (9.4%), Oxyurida (5.9%); Primates: Trichuris spp. (9.7%), Oxyurida (2.2%); Aves: Capillaria (7.8%), Ascaridida (7.6%); Reptilia, Amphibia, Insecta: Oxyurida (18.7%); Pisces: Ciliates (6.2%). Furthermore, potentially zoonotic parasites were identified, including Toxoplasma gondii (0.1%), Cryptosporidium sp. (0.1%). By examining the occurrence of specific parasites, these findings demonstrate the importance of parasites in the context of zoo animal health. They also highlight the need for effective strategies to control parasite burden to improve the overall welfare of zoo animals.

Detection of Enterococcus cecorum to identify persistently contaminated locations using faecal and environmental samples in broiler houses of clinically healthy flocks

Worldwide outbreaks make infections with pathogenic strains of Enterococcus cecorum (EC) one of the most important diseases in the broiler industry. Although research has increased knowledge about the pathogen, the transmission is not fully understood. Samples from different locations were collected from two broiler farms in Germany over a total of six production cycles. Samples were collected at days 1, 5, 10, 15, 21, 27, 34, 41 post-hatch and after cleaning and disinfection (C&D). A total of 1017 samples were collected from 25 different locations on the farms. Samples were analysed in the laboratory for EC by quantitative real-time PCR. Overall, 7.5% of the samples were positive. The probabilities for positive and negative samples did not differ between the farms. The number of findings differed significantly between the cycles. Compared to other samples, the chances of detecting EC in faecal samples were significantly higher. Most positive samples were found in the last week of the production periods, indicating an accumulation of EC in the barn environment. After C&D, positive PCR results were obtained in four out of 14 locations. A re-introduction from contaminated environment seemed possible. However, one pooled faecal sample was positive 1 day post-hatch. The locations that showed positive results after C&D and the positive faecal sample 1 day post-hatch indicated the persistence of EC in broiler houses of clinically healthy flocks that could lead to potential horizontal transmission routes. The present study detected potential EC sources and may help to improve hygienic measures to avoid transmissions.RESEARCH HIGHLIGHTSMethodology is suitable to detect EC during production and after C&D.Locations were detected that may serve as a reservoir for EC.Cycles with fewer positive samples were observed.Cleaning and disinfection had a major impact on the detection of EC.

Description of B abesia coryicola sp. nov. from Florida pumas (Puma concolor coryi) from southern Florida, USA

Previously, a high prevalence of piroplasms has been reported from Florida pumas (Puma concolor coryi) from southern Florida. In the current study, we describe the biological characteristics of a novel Babesia species in Florida pumas. Ring-stage trophozoites were morphologically similar to trophozoites of numerous small babesids of felids including B. leo, B. felis, and Cytauxzoon felis. Parasitemias in Florida pumas were very low (<1%) and hematologic values of 25 Babesia-infected Florida pumas were within normal ranges for P. concolor. Phylogenetic analysis of near full-length 18S rRNA gene, β-tubulin, cytochrome c oxidase subunit I, cytochrome c oxidase subunit III, and cytochrome b gene sequences indicated that this Babesia species is a member of the Babesia sensu stricto clade and is related to groups of Babesia spp. from carnivores or ungulates, although the closest group varied by gene target. Internal transcribed spacer (ITS)-1 region sequences from this Babesia sp. from 19 Florida pumas were 85.7-99.5% similar to each other and ∼88% similar to B. odocoilei. Similarly, an ITS-2 sequence from one puma was 96% similar to B. bigemina and 92% similar to a Babesia sp. from a red panda (Ailurus fulgens). Infected pumas were positive for antibodies that reacted with B. odocoilei, B. canis, and B. bovis antigens with titers of 1:256, 1:128, and 1:128, respectively. No serologic reactivity was noted for Theileria equi. No molecular evidence of congenital infection was detected in 24 kittens born to 11 Babesia-infected female pumas. Pumas from other populations in the United States [Louisiana (n = 1), North Dakota (n = 5) and Texas (n = 28)], British Columbia, Canada (n = 9), and Costa Rica (n = 2) were negative for this Babesia sp. Collectively, these data provide morphologic, serologic, genetic, and natural history data for this novel Babesia sp. which we propose the name Babesia coryicola sp. nov. sp. This is the first description of a felid-associated Babesia species in North America.

Identification of two novel B cell epitopes on E184L protein of African swine fever virus using monoclonal antibodies

African swine fever virus (ASFV) is a large double-stranded DNA virus with a complex structural architecture and encodes more than 150 proteins, where many are with unknown functions. E184L has been reported as one of the immunogenic ASFV proteins that may contribute to ASFV pathogenesis and immune evasion. However, the antigenic epitopes of E184L are not yet characterized. In this study, recombinant E184L protein was expressed in prokaryotic expression system and four monoclonal antibodies (mAbs), designated as 1A10, 2D2, 3H6, and 4C10 were generated. All four mAbs reacted specifically with ASFV infected cells. To identify the epitopes of the mAbs, a series of overlapped peptides of E184L were designed and expressed as maltose binding fusion proteins. Accordingly, the expressed fusion proteins were probed with each E184L mAb separately by using Western blot. Following a fine mapping, the minimal linear epitope recognized by mAb 1A10 was identified as 119IQRQGFL125, and mAbs 2D2, 3H6, and 4C10 recognized a region located between 153DPTEFF158. Alignment of amino acids of E184L revealed that the two linear epitopes are highly conserved among different ASFV isolates. Furthermore, the potential application of the two epitopes in ASFV diagnosis was assessed through epitope-based ELISA using 24 ASFV positive and 18 negative pig serum and the method were able to distinguish positive and negative samples, indicating the two epitopes are dominant antigenic sites. To our knowledge, this is the first study to characterize the B cell epitopes of the antigenic E184L protein of ASFV, offering valuable tools for future research, as well as laying a foundation for serological diagnosis and epitope-based marker vaccine development.

Retrospective analysis of laboratory diagnostic data to assess the prevalence and seasonal variation of Ehrlichia ruminantium in commercial farms of Lephalale Municipality, Limpopo, South Africa

Heartwater is an economically important disease of livestock and some wild ruminants in Southern Africa. The study used retrospective laboratory data from Lephalale Veterinary Laboratory, Limpopo to establish the prevalence and seasonal occurrence of heartwater in commercial farms of Lephalale Municipality between 2010 and 2022. A total of 472 brain samples from livestock (cattle, goats, sheep) and game carcasses brought to the laboratory for postmortem examination were subjected to heartwater testing using Giemsa staining technique. The overall prevalence of heartwater in Lephalale Municipality was 34.1% (95% CI = 29.9-38.6, p < 0.001). During the years under investigation, there was a significant (p < 0.001) variation, with the highest and lowest prevalence in 2022 (72.2%) and 2019 (6.3%), respectively. The prevalence of heartwater was high in springbok (57.1%), sheep (49.3%), cattle (36.6%) and goats (32.2%). Heartwater was detected throughout the year with autumn having the highest (40.6%) frequency followed by summer (40.3%), spring (30.5%) and winter (25.5%). This study is the first to establish the prevalence and seasonality of heartwater in Lephalale Municipality which will serve as a baseline for prevention and control strategies as well as future epidemiological studies. Official surveillance programmes, more research on the distribution and genotypes of E. ruminantium in the area need to be undertaken for better understanding of the disease in the area.

Evidence-based practice in canine artificial insemination

A number of methods are currently used to predict the optimal date of insemination of the breeding bitch, particularly with the use of frozen-thawed canine semen which has a far shorter lifespan than fresh semen. Aside from confirming cytological oestrus, vaginal cytology is of no assistance in predicting the most fertile day(s) in a bitch; however, a neglected avenue of research suggests that vaginal cytology may be of great importance in confirming the days of optimal fertility retrospectively. Similarly, vaginoscopy provides clues as to the stage of a bitch's cycle but is inadequate as a sole determinant of her most fertile days. Nevertheless, vaginoscopy is useful to identify very late oestrus and the onset of dioestrus, as well as Stage I of labour (cervical dilatation). Due to variations in the rate at which circulating progesterone concentrations rise in individual bitches, the reliability of circulating progesterone concentrations for determining the optimal day(s) of insemination with frozen-thawed semen decreases as values rise. Moreover, progesterone assay results can vary widely due to extrinsic factors such as the time of blood sampling, sample storage conditions and the assay employed. Finally, this review investigates evidence surrounding various insemination routes and suggests that well-performed vaginal insemination, even with frozen-thawed semen, may be an acceptable approach for cases where transcervical insemination is impractical.

Pharmacology of drugs used in autoimmune dermatopathies in cats and dogs: A narrative review

Immunosuppressive drugs are the mainstay of treatment for many feline and canine autoimmune skin diseases, either as monotherapy or in combination with other drugs. Treatment with these drugs is often lifelong and may have long-term consequences on the affected animal's overall quality-of-life. Clinicians need to understand the pharmacology of immunosuppressants in planning and executing the treatment regimen for the best possible clinical outcome, as well as reducing the risk of adverse effects. This review paper will focus on the mechanism of action, pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics, clinical uses and adverse effects of immunosuppressive drugs used to treat autoimmune dermatoses in cats and dogs. These include glucocorticoids, ciclosporin A, azathioprine, chlorambucil, mycophenolate mofetil, oclacitinib and Bruton's tyrosine kinase inhibitors.

Impact of arthroscopy on post-procedure intra-articular elbow injections: A cadaveric study

OBJECTIVE

To determine the influence of arthroscopy and injection volume on post-procedure intra-articular (IA) injection extravasation.

STUDY DESIGN

Ex vivo prospective study.

SAMPLE POPULATION

A total of 40 paired canine cadaver forelimbs.

METHODS

After radiographs and computed tomography (CT) scans with three-dimensional (3D) digital bone model reconstructions, elbows were randomly assigned to the arthroscopy or control group and randomly assigned to receive an IA injection of 2 or 4 mL of contrast. Elbow arthroscopy was performed on assigned specimens, followed by IA injections of contrast in all elbows, and imaging was repeated. 3D digital model volumes were compared. Images were interpreted and scored for extravasation by a radiologist unaware of treatment and volume assignments.

RESULTS

Based on CT images and regardless of treatment group, IA injections of 4 mL resulted in a mean extravasation score of 2.25 (SD 0.97) versus 1.55 (SD 1.05) (p = .02) for 2 mL IA injections. The change in 3D model volumes after IA injections was a mean of 13.2 cm3 (SD 5.85) after 4 mL injections, compared to 6.97 cm3 (SD 6.28) (p = .003) after 2 mL injections. On radiographic evaluation, but not CT, the mean extravasation scores were 2.45 (SD 1.15) for the arthroscopy group and 1.25 (SD 0.79) for the control group (p < .001).

CONCLUSION

A larger volume of IA injection resulted in higher CT extravasation scores and larger 3D volumes regardless of arthroscopic treatment.

CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE

IA injections performed immediately after arthroscopy resulted in 50% or less extravasation, especially with a smaller IA injection volume.

Vaginitis with purulent vaginal discharge caused by artificial insemination using frozen Histophilus somni-contaminated semen

In April 2020, two cows in Japan, developed reproductive disorders accompanied by vaginitis with purulent discharge within 3 days of artificial insemination (AI) with the same lot of frozen semen. Histophilus somni was isolated from the vaginal swabs of both cows as well as from the same lot of frozen semen used for the AI. This incident marks the first reported case of H. somni infection in cattle through AI. The major outer membrane protein gene sequences and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis profiles of the isolates were identical. Moreover, we investigated the antimicrobial activity of 12 frozen semen straws against an H. somni isolate using a disk diffusion test. These straws were sourced from five AI centers and included the same lot of semen used for the AI. Although the composition of semen diluents from individual AI centers is not publicly available, both the same lot of frozen semen used in the AI and other lots produced by the same manufacturer showed lower antimicrobial activity than semen from other manufacturers. These results strongly suggest that the two vaginitis were caused by AI using H. somni-contaminated frozen semen because of insufficient antimicrobial activity to inhibit bacterial growth. The minimum inhibitory concentrations of the six antimicrobials recommended for addition to frozen semen in isolates were below the recommended concentrations, suggesting that proper addition could have prevented this incident. This highlights the importance of conducting periodical checks on the antibacterial activity of frozen semen to prevent the transmission of pathogens via AI.

Balanced anesthesia in pigeons (Columba livia): a protocol that ensures stable vital parameters and feasibility during long surgeries in cognitive neuroscience

In neuroscience, numerous experimental procedures in animal models require surgical interventions, such as the implantation of recording electrodes or cannulas before main experiments. These surgeries can take several hours and should rely on principles that are common in the field of research and medicine. Considering the characteristics of the avian respiratory physiology, the development of a safe and replicable protocol for birds is necessary to minimize side effects of anesthetic agents, circumvent technical limitations due to the insufficient availability of patient monitoring, and to maintain stable intraoperative anesthesia. Through the consistent and responsible implementation of the three R principle of animal welfare in science ("Replace, Reduce, Refine"), we aimed to optimize experimental methods to minimize the burden on pigeons (Columba livia) during surgical procedures. Here, surgeries were conducted under balanced anesthesia and perioperative monitoring of heart rate, oxygen saturation, body temperature, and the reflex state. The protocol we developed is based on the combination of injectable and inhalative anesthetic drugs [ketamine, xylazine, and isoflurane, supported by the application of an opiate for analgesia (e.g., butorphanol, buprenorphine)]. The combination of ketamine and xylazine with a pain killer is established in veterinary medicine across a vast variety of species. Practicability was verified by survival of the animals, fast and smooth recovery quantified by clinical examination, sufficiency, and stability of anesthesia. Independent of painful stimuli like incision or drilling, or duration of surgery, vital parameters were within known physiological ranges for pigeons. Our approach provides a safe and conservative protocol for surgeries of extended duration for scientific applications as well as for veterinary medicine in pigeons which can be adapted to other bird species.

Molecular testing for equine herpesviruses 1 (EHV-1) in healthy postpartum broodmares

Objective

Our objective was to determine whether equine herpesviruses 1 (EHV-1) viral nucleic acids could be detected immediately after foaling from nasal and vaginal swabs, whole blood, and placental tissue of healthy mares.

Animals procedure and results

Nasal and vaginal swabs, EDTA blood, and placental tissue (296 samples) were collected from 74 clinically healthy postpartum broodmares within 24 h after giving birth to live, clinically healthy foals. All samples were tested (PCR) for nucleic acids of neuropathogenic and non-neuropathogenic strains of EHV-1, and all were negative.

Conclusion and clinical relevance

As EHV-1 was not detected in the immediate postpartum period in healthy mares with uncomplicated foaling, we inferred that EHV-1-positive samples from aborting mares and/or EHV-1 detection in fetal membranes indicate EHV-1-associated abortion.

Faecal egg count reduction tests and nemabiome analysis reveal high frequency of multi-resistant parasites on sheep farms in north-east Germany involving multiple strongyle parasite species

Anthelmintic resistance in sheep parasitic gastrointestinal nematodes is widespread and a severe health and economic issue but prevalence of resistance and involved parasite species are unknown in Germany. Here, the faecal egg count reduction test (FECRT) was performed on eight farms using fenbendazole, ivermectin and moxidectin and on four farms using only moxidectin. A questionnaire was used to obtain data on management practices to potentially identify risk factors for presence of resistance. All requirements of the recently revised WAAVP guideline for diagnosing anthelmintic resistance using the FECRT were applied. Nematode species composition in pre- and post-treatment samples was analysed with the nemabiome approach. Using the eggCounts statistic package, resistance against fenbendazole, ivermectin and moxidectin was found on 7/8, 8/8 and 8/12 farms, respectively. No formal risk factor analysis was conducted since resistance was present on most farms. Comparison with the bayescount R package results revealed substantial agreement between methods (Cohen's κ = 0.774). In contrast, interpretation of data comparing revised and original WAAVP guidelines resulted in moderate agreement (Cohen's κ = 0.444). The FECR for moxidectin was significantly higher than for ivermectin and fenbendazole. Nemabiome data identified 4 to 12 species in pre-treatment samples and treatments caused a small but significant decrease in species diversity (inverse Simpson index). Non-metric multidimensional scaling and k-means clustering were used to identify common patterns in pre- and post-treatment samples. However, post-treatment samples were scattered among the pre-treatment samples. Resistant parasite species differed between farms. In conclusion, the revised FECRT guideline allows robust detection of anthelmintic resistance. Resistance was widespread and involved multiple parasite species. Resistance against both drug classes on the same farm was common. Further studies including additional drugs (levamisole, monepantel, closantel) should combine sensitive FECRTs with nemabiome data to comprehensively characterise the anthelmintic susceptibility status of sheep nematodes in Germany.

Evaluation of longitudinal passive immunity transfer against lumpy skin disease virus in calves by different serological methods

To implement effective lumpy skin disease (LSD) control measures, such as timely vaccination, particularly in calves and serological monitoring, it is necessary to evaluate immune response after vaccination, both in adult cattle and in their calves. The aim of this study was to evaluate passive immunity transfer and duration of maternal antibodies against lumpy skin disease virus (LSDV) in calves born to vaccinated cows by two different serological methods. The longitudinal study was carried out on two farms in Serbia where no cases were reported during LSD outbreak in 2016. Fifteen cows on each farm were vaccinated and revaccinated with attenuated vaccine - Neethling strain. A total of 30 cows and 30 calves on both farms were included in the study. Serum samples from cows were collected on calving day and serum samples from their respective calves on days 10, 20, 30, 45, 60, 75, 90, 105 and 120 after birth. Colostrum samples were collected only from 15 cows on one farm. In order to determine the presence of antibodies against LSDV a total of 30 cow sera samples, 15 colostrum samples and 270 calf sera samples were examined by commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and modified virus neutralization test (VNT). Overall, the performance of both serological tests was very satisfactory. The results of this longitudinal study showed that persistence of passive immunity in calves is less than 4 months, and that most calves are not protected against LSDV at that age. Since the vaccination is the most important control measure against LSDV, the recommended age of six months for vaccination of calves born to vaccinated cows should be reassessed to achieve the most optimal protection against LSD.

[Lameness and swelling of the metatarsus in a Saluki - Could it be an arteriovenous fistula?]

A 12-year-old Saluki was presented with acute lameness and plantar swelling of the right metatarsus following an episode of free running. Radiographs showed soft tissue swelling only, the involved bone and joint structures were unremarkable. The lesion recurred several months later. Ultrasonographic imaging of the lesion revealed a well-vascularized cavernous structure. Subsequent surgical removal and histopathological examination of the structure raised the initial suspicion of an arteriovenous fistula, which was then confirmed histologically following a second surgical removal of another recurrence. The purpose of this case report is to illustrate the potential complexity of what initially appears to be a simple lameness. At the same time, attention is focused on the possibility that arteriovenous fistulas may tend to recur.

In Vivo Approaches to Understand Arrhythmogenic Cardiomyopathy: Perspectives on Animal Models

Arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy (AC) is a hereditary cardiac disorder characterized by the gradual replacement of cardiomyocytes with fibrous and adipose tissue, leading to ventricular wall thinning, chamber dilation, arrhythmias, and sudden cardiac death. Despite advances in treatment, disease management remains challenging. Animal models, particularly mice and zebrafish, have become invaluable tools for understanding AC's pathophysiology and testing potential therapies. Mice models, although useful for scientific research, cannot fully replicate the complexity of the human AC. However, they have provided valuable insights into gene involvement, signalling pathways, and disease progression. Zebrafish offer a promising alternative to mammalian models, despite the phylogenetic distance, due to their economic and genetic advantages. By combining animal models with in vitro studies, researchers can comprehensively understand AC, paving the way for more effective treatments and interventions for patients and improving their quality of life and prognosis.

Clinical Coxiella burnetii infection in sable and roan antelope in South Africa

Various zoonotic microorganisms cause reproductive problems such as abortions and stillbirths, leading to economic losses on farms, particularly within livestock. In South Africa, bovine brucellosis is endemic in cattle, and from 2013-2018, outbreaks of Brucella melitensis occurred in sable. Coxiella burnetii, the agent responsible for the zoonotic disease known as Q-fever and/or coxiellosis, also causes reproductive problems and infects multiple domestic animal species worldwide, including humans. However, little is known of this disease in wildlife. With the expansion of the wildlife industry in South Africa, diseases like brucellosis and coxiellosis can significantly impact herd breeding success because of challenges in identifying, managing and treating diseases in wildlife populations. This study investigated samples obtained from aborted sable and roan antelope, initially suspected to be brucellosis, from game farms in South Africa using serology tests and ruminant VetMAX™ polymerase chain reaction (PCR) abortion kit. The presence of C. burnetii was confirmed with PCR in a sable abortion case, while samples from both sable and roan were seropositive for C. burnetii indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (iELISA). This study represents the initial report of C. burnetii infection in sable and roan antelope in South Africa. Epidemiological investigations are crucial to assess the risk of C. burnetii in sable and roan populations, as well as wildlife and livestock in general, across South Africa. This is important in intensive farming practices, particularly as Q-fever, being a zoonotic disease, poses a particular threat to the health of veterinarians and farm workers as well as domestic animals.Contribution: A report of clinical C. burnetii infection in the wildlife industry contributes towards the limited knowledge of this zoonotic disease in South Africa.

Optic neuropathy from hypovitaminosis A in a series of children with severe dietary restrictions

AIM

Hypovitaminosis A is a leading cause of preventable childhood blindness, especially in developing nations. Vitamin A is a fat-soluble essential micronutrient that serves vital functions in the visual system and in regulating bone resorption. We report on a series of four children with mixed nutritional and compressive optic neuropathy and provide a review of the literature.

METHODS

A retrospective observational study of four males (ages 9-12), three with autism spectrum disorder who presented with loss of vision and multiple vitamin deficiencies including hypovitaminosis A.

RESULTS

Patients presented with unexplained visual loss or a change in visual behaviour. All patients had severely restricted diet comprising of predominantly carbohydrates. Two of the four cases demonstrated optic nerve pallor at initial presentation with marked optic atrophy developing in all patients over time. Electrophysiology available in two patients demonstrated optic nerve dysfunction with preserved retinal function. Extensive investigations revealed profound deficiency in multiple vitamins including vitamin A (<0.1-0.2 μmol/L, normal = 0.9-1.7 μmol/L). Three patients also had low vitamin B12 (90-111 pmol/L, normal = 170-800 pmol/L) with normal folate. All four cases had radiological evidence of skull base thickening indicative of low vitamin A. Genetic testing did not find any relevant pathogenic variants.

CONCLUSIONS

Hypovitaminosis A is a crucial form of nutritional deprivation that results in significant visual loss with potential hyperostosis and optic nerve compression exacerbating nutritional optic neuropathy. Additional micronutrient deficiencies usually co-exist and may contribute. Extra vigilance in vitamin replacement is required of clinicians with patients with autism who have restricted diets.