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Masone A, Zucchelli C, Caruso E, Musco G, Chiesa R. Therapeutic targeting of cellular prion protein: toward the development of dual mechanism anti-prion compounds. Neural Regen Res 2025; 20:1009-1014. [PMID: 38845221 DOI: 10.4103/nrr.nrr-d-24-00181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2024] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 07/12/2024] Open
Abstract
PrP Sc , a misfolded, aggregation-prone isoform of the cellular prion protein (PrP C ), is the infectious prion agent responsible for fatal neurodegenerative diseases of humans and other mammals. PrP Sc can adopt different pathogenic conformations (prion strains), which can be resistant to potential drugs, or acquire drug resistance, posing challenges for the development of effective therapies. Since PrP C is the obligate precursor of any prion strain and serves as the mediator of prion neurotoxicity, it represents an attractive therapeutic target for prion diseases. In this minireview, we briefly outline the approaches to target PrP C and discuss our recent identification of Zn(II)-BnPyP, a PrP C -targeting porphyrin with an unprecedented bimodal mechanism of action. We argue that in-depth understanding of the molecular mechanism by which Zn(II)-BnPyP targets PrP C may lead toward the development of a new class of dual mechanism anti-prion compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Masone
- Laboratory of Prion Neurobiology, Department of Neuroscience, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Chiara Zucchelli
- Biomolecular NMR Unit, Division of Genetics and Cell Biology, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - Enrico Caruso
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | - Giovanna Musco
- Biomolecular NMR Unit, Division of Genetics and Cell Biology, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - Roberto Chiesa
- Laboratory of Prion Neurobiology, Department of Neuroscience, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Milan, Italy
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2
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Izquierdo JM. Mitochondria-cGAS-STING axis is a potential therapeutic target for senescence-dependent inflammaging-associated neurodegeneration. Neural Regen Res 2025; 20:805-807. [PMID: 38886948 DOI: 10.4103/nrr.nrr-d-24-00245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2024] [Accepted: 04/21/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024] Open
Affiliation(s)
- José M Izquierdo
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa (CBM), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (CSIC-UAM), Madrid, Spain
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3
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Sola-Sevilla N, Garmendia-Berges M, Mera-Delgado MC, Puerta E. Context-dependent role of sirtuin 2 in inflammation. Neural Regen Res 2025; 20:682-694. [PMID: 38886935 DOI: 10.4103/nrr.nrr-d-23-02063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 03/30/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Sirtuin 2 is a member of the sirtuin family nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+)-dependent deacetylases, known for its regulatory role in different processes, including inflammation. In this context, sirtuin 2 has been involved in the modulation of key inflammatory signaling pathways and transcription factors by deacetylating specific targets, such as nuclear factor κB and nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-leucine-rich-repeat and pyrin domain-containing protein 3 (NLRP3). However, whether sirtuin 2-mediated pathways induce a pro- or an anti-inflammatory response remains controversial. Sirtuin 2 has been implicated in promoting inflammation in conditions such as asthma and neurodegenerative diseases, suggesting that its inhibition in these conditions could be a potential therapeutic strategy. Conversely, arthritis and type 2 diabetes mellitus studies suggest that sirtuin 2 is essential at the peripheral level and, thus, its inhibition in these pathologies would not be recommended. Overall, the precise role of sirtuin 2 in inflammation appears to be context-dependent, and further investigation is needed to determine the specific molecular mechanisms and downstream targets through which sirtuin 2 influences inflammatory processes in various tissues and pathological conditions. The present review explores the involvement of sirtuin 2 in the inflammation associated with different pathologies to elucidate whether its pharmacological modulation could serve as an effective strategy for treating this prevalent symptom across various diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noemí Sola-Sevilla
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Division of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
- Navarra Institute for Health Research (IdiSNA), Pamplona, Spain
| | - Maider Garmendia-Berges
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Division of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - MCarmen Mera-Delgado
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Division of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Elena Puerta
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Division of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
- Navarra Institute for Health Research (IdiSNA), Pamplona, Spain
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4
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Piacentini R, Grassi C. Interleukin 1β receptor and synaptic dysfunction in recurrent brain infection with Herpes simplex virus type-1. Neural Regen Res 2025; 20:416-423. [PMID: 38819045 PMCID: PMC11317954 DOI: 10.4103/nrr.nrr-d-23-01690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2023] [Revised: 02/21/2024] [Accepted: 03/21/2024] [Indexed: 06/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Several experimental evidence suggests a link between brain Herpes simplex virus type-1 infection and the occurrence of Alzheimer's disease. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying this association are not completely understood. Among the molecular mediators of synaptic and cognitive dysfunction occurring after Herpes simplex virus type-1 infection and reactivation in the brain neuroinflammatory cytokines seem to occupy a central role. Here, we specifically reviewed literature reports dealing with the impact of neuroinflammation on synaptic dysfunction observed after recurrent Herpes simplex virus type-1 reactivation in the brain, highlighting the role of interleukins and, in particular, interleukin 1β as a possible target against Herpes simplex virus type-1-induced neuronal dysfunctions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Piacentini
- Department of Neuroscience, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Claudio Grassi
- Department of Neuroscience, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
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5
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Shen Y, Zhao X, Zheng C, Chen Q. CRISPR-Mediated Construction of Gene-Knockout Mice for Investigating Antiviral Innate Immunity. Methods Mol Biol 2025; 2854:61-74. [PMID: 39192119 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-4108-8_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/29/2024]
Abstract
With the rapid development of CRISPR-Cas9 technology, gene editing has become a powerful tool for studying gene function. Specifically, in the study of the mechanisms by which natural immune responses combat viral infections, gene knockout mouse models have provided an indispensable platform. This article describes a detailed protocol for constructing gene knockout mice using the CRISPR-Cas9 system. This field focuses on the design of single-guide RNAs (sgRNAs) targeting the antiviral immune gene cGAS, embryo microinjection, and screening and verification of gene editing outcomes. Furthermore, this study provides methods for using cGAS gene knockout mice to analyze the role of specific genes in natural immune responses. Through this protocol, researchers can efficiently generate specific gene knockout mouse models, which not only helps in understanding the functions of the immune system but also offers a powerful experimental tool for exploring the mechanisms of antiviral innate immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangkun Shen
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Innate Immune Biology, Biomedical Research Center of South China, College of Life Science, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Xiangqian Zhao
- The Cancer Center, Union Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fu Zhou, China
| | - Chunfu Zheng
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Infection Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Qi Chen
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Innate Immune Biology, Biomedical Research Center of South China, College of Life Science, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, China.
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6
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Wu T, Zheng C, Zou X. The Application of Organoids in the Study of Antiviral Innate Immunity. Methods Mol Biol 2025; 2854:199-212. [PMID: 39192131 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-4108-8_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/29/2024]
Abstract
Antiviral innate immunity plays a critical role in the defense against viral infections, yet its complex interactions with viruses have been challenging to study using traditional models. Organoids, three-dimensional (3D) tissue-like structures derived from stem cells, have emerged as powerful tools for modeling human tissues and studying the complex interactions between viruses and the host innate immune system. This chapter summarizes relevant applications of organoids in antiviral innate immunity studies and provides detailed information and experimental procedures for using organoids to study antiviral innate immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tong Wu
- Kobilka Institute of Innovative Drug Discovery, School of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Chunfu Zheng
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Xiaodong Zou
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen & Longgang District People's Hospital of Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China.
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Biomedical Measurements and Ultrasound Imaging, National-Regional Key Technology Engineering Laboratory for Medical Ultrasound, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen University Medical School, Shenzhen, China.
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7
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Su C, Su C, Zheng C. Identifying a Ubiquitinated Adaptor Protein by a Viral E3 Ligase Through Co-immunoprecipitation. Methods Mol Biol 2025; 2854:35-40. [PMID: 39192116 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-4108-8_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/29/2024]
Abstract
Co-immunoprecipitation is a technique widely utilized to isolate protein complexes and study protein-protein interactions. Ubiquitinated proteins could be identified by combining co-immunoprecipitation with SDS-PAGE followed by immunoblotting. In this chapter, we use Herpes Simplex Virus 1 immediate-early protein ICP0-mediated polyubiquitination of p50 as an example to describe the method to identify a ubiquitinated adaptor protein by a viral E3 ligase by co-immunoprecipitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenhe Su
- State Key Laboratory of Antiviral Drugs, Pingyuan Laboratory, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Innovative Drug, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan, China
| | - Chenhao Su
- Department of Nephrology and Rheumatology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Chunfu Zheng
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
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8
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Su C, Su C, Zheng C. Identifying an Abnormal Phosphorylated Adaptor by Viral Kinase Using Mass Spectrometry. Methods Mol Biol 2025; 2854:29-34. [PMID: 39192115 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-4108-8_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/29/2024]
Abstract
Mass spectrometers are widely used to identify protein phosphorylation sites. The process usually involves selective isolation of phosphoproteins and subsequent fragmentation to identify both the peptide sequence and phosphorylation site. Immunoprecipitation could capture and purify the protein of interest, greatly reducing sample complexity before submitting it for mass spectrometry analysis. This chapter describes a method to identify an abnormal phosphorylated site of the adaptor protein by a viral kinase through immunoprecipitation followed by LC-MS/MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenhe Su
- State Key Laboratory of Antiviral Drugs, Pingyuan Laboratory, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Innovative Drug, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan, China
| | - Chenhao Su
- Department of Nephrology and Rheumatology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Chunfu Zheng
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
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9
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Feng Z, Shen Y, Zheng C, Chen Q. CRISPR-Mediated Viral Gene Knockout to Investigate Viral Evasion of Antiviral Innate Immunity. Methods Mol Biol 2025; 2854:41-50. [PMID: 39192117 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-4108-8_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/29/2024]
Abstract
The innate immune system relies on a variety of pathogen recognition receptors (PRRs) as the first line of defense against pathogenic invasions. Viruses have evolved multiple strategies to evade the host immune system through coevolution with hosts. The CRISPR-Cas system is an adaptive immune system in bacteria or archaea that defends against viral reinvasion by targeting nucleic acids for cleavage. Based on the characteristics of Cas proteins and their variants, the CRISPR-Cas system has been developed into a versatile gene-editing tool capable of gene knockout or knock-in operations to achieve genetic variations in organisms. It is now widely used in the study of viral immune evasion mechanisms. This chapter will introduce the use of the CRISPR-Cas9 system for editing herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) genes to explore the mechanisms by which HSV-1 evades host innate immunity and the experimental procedures involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhihua Feng
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Innate Immune Biology, Biomedical Research Center of South China, College of Life Science, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Yangkun Shen
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Innate Immune Biology, Biomedical Research Center of South China, College of Life Science, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Chunfu Zheng
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Infection Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Qi Chen
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Innate Immune Biology, Biomedical Research Center of South China, College of Life Science, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, China.
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10
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Zhao XY, Xu DE, Wu ML, Liu JC, Shi ZL, Ma QH. Regulation and function of endoplasmic reticulum autophagy in neurodegenerative diseases. Neural Regen Res 2025; 20:6-20. [PMID: 38767472 PMCID: PMC11246128 DOI: 10.4103/nrr.nrr-d-23-00995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2023] [Revised: 11/09/2023] [Accepted: 12/13/2023] [Indexed: 05/22/2024] Open
Abstract
The endoplasmic reticulum, a key cellular organelle, regulates a wide variety of cellular activities. Endoplasmic reticulum autophagy, one of the quality control systems of the endoplasmic reticulum, plays a pivotal role in maintaining endoplasmic reticulum homeostasis by controlling endoplasmic reticulum turnover, remodeling, and proteostasis. In this review, we briefly describe the endoplasmic reticulum quality control system, and subsequently focus on the role of endoplasmic reticulum autophagy, emphasizing the spatial and temporal mechanisms underlying the regulation of endoplasmic reticulum autophagy according to cellular requirements. We also summarize the evidence relating to how defective or abnormal endoplasmic reticulum autophagy contributes to the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases. In summary, this review highlights the mechanisms associated with the regulation of endoplasmic reticulum autophagy and how they influence the pathophysiology of degenerative nerve disorders. This review would help researchers to understand the roles and regulatory mechanisms of endoplasmic reticulum-phagy in neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiu-Yun Zhao
- Department of Neurology and Clinical Research Center of Neurological Disease, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
- Institute of Neuroscience & Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Translational Research and Therapy for Neuro-Psycho-Diseases, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - De-En Xu
- Department of Neurology, Jiangnan University Medical Center, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Ming-Lei Wu
- Department of Neurology and Clinical Research Center of Neurological Disease, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
- Institute of Neuroscience & Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Translational Research and Therapy for Neuro-Psycho-Diseases, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Ji-Chuan Liu
- Department of Neurology and Clinical Research Center of Neurological Disease, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
- Institute of Neuroscience & Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Translational Research and Therapy for Neuro-Psycho-Diseases, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Zi-Ling Shi
- Department of Neurology and Clinical Research Center of Neurological Disease, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
- Institute of Neuroscience & Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Translational Research and Therapy for Neuro-Psycho-Diseases, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Quan-Hong Ma
- Department of Neurology and Clinical Research Center of Neurological Disease, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
- Institute of Neuroscience & Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Translational Research and Therapy for Neuro-Psycho-Diseases, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
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11
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Shen Y, Feng Z, Zheng C, Chen Q. CRISPR-Mediated Library Screening of Gene-Knockout Cell Lines for Investigating Antiviral Innate Immunity. Methods Mol Biol 2025; 2854:51-60. [PMID: 39192118 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-4108-8_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/29/2024]
Abstract
The application of CRISPR-mediated library screening has fundamentally transformed functional genomics by revealing the complexity of virus-host interactions. This protocol describes the use of CRISPR-mediated library screening to identify key functional genes regulating the innate immune response to PEDV infection. We detail a step-by-step process, starting from the design and construction of a customized CRISPR knockout library targeting genes involved in innate immunity to the effective delivery of these constructs into cells using lentiviral vectors. Subsequently, we outline the process of identifying functional genes postviral attack, including the use of next-generation sequencing (NGS), to analyze and identify knockout cells that exhibit altered responses to infection. This integrated approach provides researchers in immunology and virology with a resource and a robust framework for uncovering the genetic basis of host-pathogen interactions and the arsenal of the innate immune system against viral invasions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangkun Shen
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Innate Immune Biology, Biomedical Research Center of South China, College of Life Science, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Zhihua Feng
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Innate Immune Biology, Biomedical Research Center of South China, College of Life Science, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Chunfu Zheng
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Infection Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Qi Chen
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Innate Immune Biology, Biomedical Research Center of South China, College of Life Science, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, China.
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12
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Wu XM, Zheng SY, Chang MX. Zebrafish as a Model for Investigating Antiviral Innate Immunity. Methods Mol Biol 2025; 2854:221-236. [PMID: 39192133 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-4108-8_22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/29/2024]
Abstract
Zebrafish is a widely used model organism in genetics, developmental biology, pathology, and immunology research. Due to their fast reproduction, large numbers, transparent early embryos, and high genetic conservation with the human genome, zebrafish have been used as a model for studying human and fish viral diseases. In particular, the ability to easily perform forward and reverse genetics and lacking a functional adaptive immune response during the early period of development establish the zebrafish as a favored option to assess the functional implication of specific genes in the antiviral innate immune response and the pathogenesis of viral diseases. In this chapter, we detail protocols for the antiviral innate immunity analysis using the zebrafish model, including the generation of gene-overexpression zebrafish, generation of gene-knockout zebrafish by clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)/Cas9 technology, methods of viral infection in zebrafish larvae, analyzing the expression of antiviral genes in zebrafish larvae using qRT-PCR, Western blotting and transcriptome sequencing, and in vivo antiviral assays. These experimental protocols provide effective references for studying the antiviral immune response in the zebrafish model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Man Wu
- Key Laboratory of Breeding Biotechnology and Sustainable Aquaculture (CAS), Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Si Yao Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Breeding Biotechnology and Sustainable Aquaculture (CAS), Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ming Xian Chang
- Key Laboratory of Breeding Biotechnology and Sustainable Aquaculture (CAS), Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei, China.
- College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
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13
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Yang T, Yuan Y, Ma F. Luciferase Reporter Systems in Investigating Interferon Antiviral Innate Immunity. Methods Mol Biol 2025; 2854:127-141. [PMID: 39192125 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-4108-8_14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/29/2024]
Abstract
Luciferase reporter systems are commonly used in scientific research to investigate a variety of biological processes, including antiviral innate immunity. These systems employ the use of luciferase enzymes derived from organisms such as fireflies or renilla reniformis, which emit light upon reaction with a substrate. In the context of antiviral innate immunity, the luciferase reporter systems offer a noninvasive and highly sensitive approach for real-time monitoring of immune responses in vitro and in vivo, enabling researchers to delve into the intricate interactions and signaling pathways involved in host-virus dynamic interactions. Here, we describe the methods of the promoter-luciferase reporter and enhancer-luciferase reporter, which provide insights into the transcriptional and post-transcriptional regulation of antiviral innate immunity. Additionally, we outline the split-luciferase complementary reporter method, which was designed to explore protein-protein interactions associated with antiviral immunity. These methodologies offer invaluable knowledge regarding the molecular mechanisms underlying antiviral immune pathways and have the potential to support the development of effective antiviral therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Yang
- National Key Laboratory of Immunity and Inflammation, and CAMS Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology Regulatory Elements, Suzhou Institute of Systems Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Suzhou, China
| | - Yi Yuan
- National Key Laboratory of Immunity and Inflammation, and CAMS Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology Regulatory Elements, Suzhou Institute of Systems Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Suzhou, China
| | - Feng Ma
- National Key Laboratory of Immunity and Inflammation, and CAMS Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology Regulatory Elements, Suzhou Institute of Systems Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Suzhou, China.
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14
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Zhao X, Liu Y, Cheng R, Zheng C, Shang P. Epidemiological Study in Antiviral Innate Immunity. Methods Mol Biol 2025; 2854:189-197. [PMID: 39192130 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-4108-8_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/29/2024]
Abstract
This chapter summarizes the epidemiological study design of natural immune epidemiology studies based on recent COVID-19-related research. The epidemiological studies on antiviral innate immunity have mainly included randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and observational studies. Importantly, this chapter will discuss how to use these methodologies to answer an epidemiological question of natural immunity in the viral infection process based on previous studies. An observational case- or cohort-based study of antiviral innate immunity may support this theoretical hypothesis but is not appropriate for clinical practice or treatment. RCTs are the gold standard for epidemiological studies and occupy a greater role in the hierarchy of evidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyu Zhao
- Department of Neurology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Yuting Liu
- Department of Neurology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Ruogu Cheng
- Department of Neurology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Chunfu Zheng
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Pei Shang
- Department of Neurology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China.
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.
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15
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You H, Zheng C. A Guideline Strategy for Identifying a Viral Gene/Protein Evading Antiviral Innate Immunity. Methods Mol Biol 2025; 2854:9-18. [PMID: 39192113 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-4108-8_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/29/2024]
Abstract
Antiviral innate immunity is the first line of defence against viruses. The interferon (IFN) signaling pathway, the DNA damage response (DDR), apoptosis, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, and autophagy are involved in antiviral innate immunity. Viruses abrogate the antiviral immune response of cells to replication in various ways. Viral genes/proteins play a key role in evading antiviral innate immunity. Here, we will discuss the interference of viruses with antiviral innate immunity and the strategy for identifying viral gene/protein immune evasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongjuan You
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Immunity and Metabolism, Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Chunfu Zheng
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
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16
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Li B, Ustyugova IV, Szymkowicz L, Zhu S, Ming M, Fung KYY, Cortés G, James DA, Hrynyk M, Rahman N, Brookes RH, Ausar SF. Formulation development of a stable influenza recombinant neuraminidase vaccine candidate. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2024; 20:2304393. [PMID: 38497413 PMCID: PMC10950269 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2024.2304393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 03/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Current influenza vaccines could be augmented by including recombinant neuraminidase (rNA) protein antigen to broaden protective immunity and improve efficacy. Toward this goal, we investigated formulation conditions to optimize rNA physicochemical stability. When rNA in sodium phosphate saline buffer (NaPBS) was frozen and thawed (F/T), the tetrameric structure transitioned from a "closed" to an "open" conformation, negatively impacting functional activity. Hydrogen deuterium exchange experiments identified differences in anchorage binding sites at the base of the open tetramer, offering a structural mechanistic explanation for the change in conformation and decreased functional activity. Change to the open configuration was triggered by the combined stresses of acidic pH and F/T. The desired closed conformation was preserved in a potassium phosphate buffer (KP), minimizing pH drop upon freezing and including 10% sucrose to control F/T stress. Stability was further evaluated in thermal stress studies where changes in conformation were readily detected by ELISA and size exclusion chromatography (SEC). Both tests were suitable indicators of stability and antigenicity and considered potential critical quality attributes (pCQAs). To understand longer-term stability, the pCQA profiles from thermally stressed rNA at 6 months were modeled to predict stability of at least 24-months at 5°C storage. In summary, a desired rNA closed tetramer was maintained by formulation selection and monitoring of pCQAs to produce a stable rNA vaccine candidate. The study highlights the importance of understanding and controlling vaccine protein structural and functional integrity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing Li
- Sanofi Global Vaccine Drug Product Development, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | | | | | | | - Marin Ming
- Sanofi Analytical Sciences, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Karen Y. Y. Fung
- Sanofi Global Vaccine Drug Product Development, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Guadalupe Cortés
- Sanofi mRNA & Translational Medicine COVID Franchise, Global Clinical Development, Waltham, MA, USA
| | - D. Andrew James
- Sanofi External Research and Development, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | | | - Nausheen Rahman
- Sanofi Global Vaccine Drug Product Development, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Roger H. Brookes
- Sanofi Global Vaccine Drug Product Development, Toronto, ON, Canada
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17
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Zhu L, Cui X, Yan Z, Tao Y, Shi L, Zhang X, Yao Y, Shi L. Design and evaluation of a multi-epitope DNA vaccine against HPV16. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2024; 20:2352908. [PMID: 38780076 PMCID: PMC11123455 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2024.2352908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2024] [Accepted: 05/05/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Cervical cancer, among the deadliest cancers affecting women globally, primarily arises from persistent infection with high-risk human papillomavirus (HPV). To effectively combat persistent infection and prevent the progression of precancerous lesions into malignancy, a therapeutic HPV vaccine is under development. This study utilized an immunoinformatics approach to predict epitopes of cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) and helper T lymphocytes (HTLs) using the E6 and E7 oncoproteins of the HPV16 strain as target antigens. Subsequently, through meticulous selection of T-cell epitopes and other necessary elements, a multi-epitope vaccine was constructed, exhibiting good immunogenic, physicochemical, and structural characteristics. Furthermore, in silico simulations showed that the vaccine not only interacted well with toll-like receptors (TLR2/TLR3/TLR4), but also induced a strong innate and adaptive immune response characterized by elevated Th1-type cytokines, such as interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) and interleukin-2 (IL2). Additionally, our study investigated the effects of different immunization intervals on immune responses, aiming to optimize a time-efficient immunization program. In animal model experiments, the vaccine exhibited robust immunogenic, therapeutic, and prophylactic effects. Administered thrice, it consistently induced the expansion of specific CD4 and CD8 T cells, resulting in substantial cytokines release and increased proliferation of memory T cell subsets in splenic cells. Overall, our findings support the potential of this multi-epitope vaccine in combating HPV16 infection and signify its candidacy for future HPV vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lanfang Zhu
- Department of Immunogenetics, Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, China
| | - Xiangjie Cui
- Department of Immunogenetics, Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, China
| | - Zhiling Yan
- Department of Gynaecologic Oncology, The No. 3 Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Yufen Tao
- Department of Immunogenetics, Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, China
| | - Lei Shi
- Department of Immunogenetics, Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, China
| | - Xinwen Zhang
- Department of Immunogenetics, Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, China
| | - Yufeng Yao
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research & Development on Severe Infectious Disease, Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, China
| | - Li Shi
- Department of Immunogenetics, Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, China
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18
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Abhyankar MM, Xu F, Chavez D, Goodroe A, Mendoza E, Chen C, Singh DK, Varnador F, Sivananthan SJ, Kinsey R, Lykins WR, Murphy BM, Martin AR, Tomai MA, Ghosal S, Casper C, Pedersen K, Petri WA, Fox CB. Immunogenicity and safety of an Entamoeba histolytica adjuvanted protein vaccine candidate (LecA+GLA-3M-052 liposomes) in rhesus macaques. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2024; 20:2374147. [PMID: 39090779 PMCID: PMC11296537 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2024.2374147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2024] [Revised: 06/20/2024] [Accepted: 06/26/2024] [Indexed: 08/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Entamoeba histolytica, the causative agent of amebiasis, is one of the top three parasitic causes of mortality worldwide. However, no vaccine exists against amebiasis. Using a lead candidate vaccine containing the LecA fragment of Gal-lectin and GLA-3M-052 liposome adjuvant, we immunized rhesus macaques via intranasal or intramuscular routes. The vaccine elicited high-avidity functional humoral responses as seen by the inhibition of amebic attachment to mammalian target cells by plasma and stool antibodies. Importantly, antigen-specific IFN-γ-secreting peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and IgG/IgA memory B cells (BMEM) were detected in immunized animals. Furthermore, antigen-specific antibody and cellular responses were maintained for at least 8 months after the final immunization as observed by robust LecA-specific BMEM as well as IFN-γ+ PBMC responses. Overall, both intranasal and intramuscular immunizations elicited a durable and functional response in systemic and mucosal compartments, which supports advancing the LecA+GLA-3M-052 liposome vaccine candidate to clinical testing.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Macaca mulatta
- Entamoeba histolytica/immunology
- Liposomes/immunology
- Liposomes/administration & dosage
- Protozoan Vaccines/immunology
- Protozoan Vaccines/administration & dosage
- Antibodies, Protozoan/blood
- Antibodies, Protozoan/immunology
- Leukocytes, Mononuclear/immunology
- Entamoebiasis/prevention & control
- Entamoebiasis/immunology
- Administration, Intranasal
- Interferon-gamma/immunology
- Interferon-gamma/metabolism
- Injections, Intramuscular
- Immunogenicity, Vaccine
- Adjuvants, Vaccine/administration & dosage
- Adjuvants, Immunologic/administration & dosage
- B-Lymphocytes/immunology
- Immunoglobulin G/blood
- Immunoglobulin G/immunology
- Immunoglobulin A/immunology
- Immunoglobulin A/blood
- Antigens, Protozoan/immunology
- Immunity, Humoral
- Immunologic Memory
- Protozoan Proteins/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayuresh M. Abhyankar
- Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, School of Medicine, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Feifan Xu
- Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, School of Medicine, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Deborah Chavez
- Southwest National Primate Research Center, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Anna Goodroe
- Southwest National Primate Research Center, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Elda Mendoza
- Southwest National Primate Research Center, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Christopher Chen
- Southwest National Primate Research Center, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Dhiraj K. Singh
- Southwest National Primate Research Center, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Fernando Varnador
- Southwest National Primate Research Center, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | | | - Robert Kinsey
- Formulations, Access to Advanced Health Institute (AAHI), Seattle, WA, USA
| | - William R. Lykins
- Formulations, Access to Advanced Health Institute (AAHI), Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Brynn M. Murphy
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Andrew R. Martin
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Mark A. Tomai
- Contract Employee for 3M Healthcare, Saint Paul, MN, USA
| | - Soutik Ghosal
- Division of Biostatistics, Department of Public Health Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Corey Casper
- Formulations, Access to Advanced Health Institute (AAHI), Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Karl Pedersen
- Process Development, TechLab Inc, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - William A. Petri
- Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, School of Medicine, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Christopher B. Fox
- Formulations, Access to Advanced Health Institute (AAHI), Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
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19
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Maltseva M, Keeshan A, Cooper C, Langlois MA. Immune imprinting: The persisting influence of the first antigenic encounter with rapidly evolving viruses. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2024; 20:2384192. [PMID: 39149872 PMCID: PMC11328881 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2024.2384192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2024] [Revised: 07/08/2024] [Accepted: 07/21/2024] [Indexed: 08/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Immune imprinting is a phenomenon that stems from the fundamentals of immunological memory. Upon recurrent exposures to an evolving pathogen, the immune system must weigh the benefits of rapidly recalling established antibody repertoires with greater affinity to the initial variant or invest additional time and energy in producing de novo responses specific to the emerging variant. In this review, we delve into the mechanistic complexities of immune imprinting and its role in shaping subsequent immune responses, both de novo and recall, against rapidly evolving respiratory viruses such as influenza and coronaviruses. By exploring the duality of immune imprinting, we examine its potential to both enhance or hinder immune protection against disease, while emphasizing the role of host and viral factors. Finally, we explore how different vaccine platforms may affect immune imprinting and comment on vaccine strategies that can favor de novo variant-specific antibody responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariam Maltseva
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology & Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Alexa Keeshan
- School of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Ottawa Faculty of Medicine, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- Clinical Epidemiology Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Curtis Cooper
- School of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Ottawa Faculty of Medicine, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- Clinical Epidemiology Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- Department of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute Clinical Epidemiology Program, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Marc-André Langlois
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology & Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
- Center for Infection, Immunity, and Inflammation (CI3), University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
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20
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Cargnin Faccin F, Perez DR. Pandemic preparedness through vaccine development for avian influenza viruses. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2024; 20:2347019. [PMID: 38807261 PMCID: PMC11141480 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2024.2347019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2024] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/30/2024] Open
Abstract
Influenza A viruses pose a significant threat to global health, impacting both humans and animals. Zoonotic transmission, particularly from swine and avian species, is the primary source of human influenza outbreaks. Notably, avian influenza viruses of the H5N1, H7N9, and H9N2 subtypes are of pandemic concern through their global spread and sporadic human infections. Preventing and controlling these viruses is critical due to their high threat level. Vaccination remains the most effective strategy for influenza prevention and control in humans, despite varying vaccine efficacy across strains. This review focuses specifically on pandemic preparedness for avian influenza viruses. We delve into vaccines tested in animal models and summarize clinical trials conducted on H5N1, H7N9, and H9N2 vaccines in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flavio Cargnin Faccin
- Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Daniel R. Perez
- Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
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21
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Shi H, Zhang X, Ge P, Meliopoulos V, Freiden P, Livingston B, Schultz-Cherry S, Ross TM. Inactivated influenza virus vaccines expressing COBRA hemagglutinin elicited broadly reactive, long-lived protective antibodies. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2024; 20:2356269. [PMID: 38826029 PMCID: PMC11152115 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2024.2356269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2024] [Accepted: 05/12/2024] [Indexed: 06/04/2024] Open
Abstract
The influenza viruses cause seasonal respiratory illness that affect millions of people globally every year. Prophylactic vaccines are the recommended method to prevent the breakout of influenza epidemics. One of the current commercial influenza vaccines consists of inactivated viruses that are selected months prior to the start of a new influenza season. In many seasons, the vaccine effectiveness (VE) of these vaccines can be relatively low. Therefore, there is an urgent need to develop an improved, more universal influenza vaccine (UIV) that can provide broad protection against various drifted strains in all age groups. To meet this need, the computationally optimized broadly reactive antigen (COBRA) methodology was developed to design a hemagglutinin (HA) molecule as a new influenza vaccine. In this study, COBRA HA-based inactivated influenza viruses (IIV) expressing the COBRA HA from H1 or H3 influenza viruses were developed and characterized for the elicitation of immediate and long-term protective immunity in both immunologically naïve or influenza pre-immune animal models. These results were compared to animals vaccinated with IIV vaccines expressing wild-type H1 or H3 HA proteins (WT-IIV). The COBRA-IIV elicited long-lasting broadly reactive antibodies that had hemagglutination-inhibition (HAI) activity against drifted influenza variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Shi
- Center for Vaccines and Immunology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Xiaojian Zhang
- Center for Vaccines and Immunology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Pan Ge
- Center for Vaccines and Immunology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
- Florida Research and Innovation Center, Cleveland Clinic, Port Saint Lucie, FL, USA
| | - Victoria Meliopoulos
- St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Department of Host-Microbe Interactions, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Pam Freiden
- St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Department of Host-Microbe Interactions, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Brandi Livingston
- St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Department of Host-Microbe Interactions, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Stacey Schultz-Cherry
- St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Department of Host-Microbe Interactions, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Ted M. Ross
- Center for Vaccines and Immunology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
- Florida Research and Innovation Center, Cleveland Clinic, Port Saint Lucie, FL, USA
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
- Department of Infection Biology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
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22
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Zinnecker T, Reichl U, Genzel Y. Innovations in cell culture-based influenza vaccine manufacturing - from static cultures to high cell density cultivations. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2024; 20:2373521. [PMID: 39007904 PMCID: PMC11253887 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2024.2373521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2024] [Accepted: 06/25/2024] [Indexed: 07/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Influenza remains a serious global health concern, causing significant morbidity and mortality each year. Vaccination is crucial to mitigate its impact, but requires rapid and efficient manufacturing strategies to handle timing and supply. Traditionally relying on egg-based production, the field has witnessed a paradigm shift toward cell culture-based methods offering enhanced flexibility, scalability, and process safety. This review provides a concise overview of available cell substrates and technological advancements. We summarize crucial steps toward process intensification - from roller bottle production to dynamic cultures on carriers and from suspension cultures in batch mode to high cell density perfusion using various cell retention devices. Moreover, we compare single-use and conventional systems and address challenges including defective interfering particles. Taken together, we describe the current state-of-the-art in cell culture-based influenza virus production to sustainably meet vaccine demands, guarantee a timely supply, and keep up with the challenges of seasonal epidemics and global pandemics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tilia Zinnecker
- Bioprocess Engineering, Max Planck Institute for Dynamics of Complex Technical Systems, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Udo Reichl
- Bioprocess Engineering, Max Planck Institute for Dynamics of Complex Technical Systems, Magdeburg, Germany
- Bioprocess Engineering, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Yvonne Genzel
- Bioprocess Engineering, Max Planck Institute for Dynamics of Complex Technical Systems, Magdeburg, Germany
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23
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Guerra D, Radić L, Brinkkemper M, Poniman M, van der Maas L, Torres JL, Ward AB, Sliepen K, Schinkel J, Sanders RW, van Gils MJ, Beaumont T. Broadening sarbecovirus neutralization with bispecific antibodies combining distinct conserved targets on the receptor binding domain. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2024; 20:2388344. [PMID: 39165108 PMCID: PMC11340772 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2024.2388344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2024] [Revised: 07/05/2024] [Accepted: 08/01/2024] [Indexed: 08/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Monoclonal neutralizing antibodies (mAbs) are considered an important prophylactic against SARS-CoV-2 infection in at-risk populations and a strategy to counteract future sarbecovirus-induced disease. However, most mAbs isolated so far neutralize only a few sarbecovirus strains. Therefore, there is a growing interest in bispecific antibodies (bsAbs) which can simultaneously target different spike epitopes and thereby increase neutralizing breadth and prevent viral escape. Here, we generate and characterize a panel of 30 novel broadly reactive bsAbs using an efficient controlled Fab-arm exchange protocol. We specifically combine some of the broadest mAbs described so far, which target conserved epitopes on the receptor binding domain (RBD). Several bsAbs show superior cross-binding and neutralization compared to the parental mAbs and cocktails against sarbecoviruses from diverse clades, including recent SARS-CoV-2 variants. BsAbs which include mAb COVA2-02 are among the most potent and broad combinations. As a result, we study the unknown epitope of COVA2-02 and show that this mAb targets a distinct conserved region at the base of the RBD, which could be of interest when designing next-generation bsAb constructs to contribute to a better pandemic preparedness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denise Guerra
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Prevention, Amsterdam UMC Location University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam Institute for Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Amsterdam UMC Location University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Laura Radić
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Prevention, Amsterdam UMC Location University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam Institute for Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Amsterdam UMC Location University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Mitch Brinkkemper
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Prevention, Amsterdam UMC Location University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam Institute for Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Amsterdam UMC Location University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Meliawati Poniman
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Prevention, Amsterdam UMC Location University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam Institute for Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Amsterdam UMC Location University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Lara van der Maas
- Department of Structural Biology and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, USA
| | - Jonathan L. Torres
- Department of Structural Biology and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, USA
| | - Andrew B. Ward
- Department of Structural Biology and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, USA
| | - Kwinten Sliepen
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Prevention, Amsterdam UMC Location University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam Institute for Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Amsterdam UMC Location University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Janke Schinkel
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Prevention, Amsterdam UMC Location University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam Institute for Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Amsterdam UMC Location University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Rogier W. Sanders
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Prevention, Amsterdam UMC Location University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam Institute for Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Amsterdam UMC Location University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, USA
| | - Marit J. van Gils
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Prevention, Amsterdam UMC Location University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam Institute for Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Amsterdam UMC Location University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Tim Beaumont
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Prevention, Amsterdam UMC Location University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam Institute for Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Amsterdam UMC Location University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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24
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Mihaylova NM, Manoylov IK, Nikolova MH, Prechl J, Tchorbanov AI. DNA and protein-generated chimeric molecules for delivery of influenza viral epitopes in mouse and humanized NSG transfer models. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2024; 20:2292381. [PMID: 38193304 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2023.2292381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Purified subunit viral antigens are weakly immunogenic and stimulate only the antibody but not the T cell-mediated immune response. An alternative approach to inducing protective immunity with small viral peptides may be the targeting of viral epitopes to immunocompetent cells by DNA and protein-engineered vaccines. This review will focus on DNA and protein-generated chimeric molecules carrying engineered fragments specific for activating cell surface co-receptors for inducing protective antiviral immunity. Adjuvanted protein-based vaccine or DNA constructs encoding simultaneously T- and B-cell peptide epitopes from influenza viral hemagglutinin, and scFvs specific for costimulatory immune cell receptors may induce a significant increase of anti-influenza antibody levels and strong CTL activity against virus-infected cells in a manner that mimics the natural infection. Here we summarize the development of several DNA and protein chimeric constructs carrying influenza virus HA317-41 fragment. The generated engineered molecules were used for immunization in intact murine and experimentally humanized NSG mouse models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolina M Mihaylova
- Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Iliyan K Manoylov
- Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Maria H Nikolova
- National Reference Laboratory of Immunology, National Center of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | | | - Andrey I Tchorbanov
- Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, Bulgaria
- National Institute of Immunology, Sofia, Bulgaria
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25
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Wang M, Liang H, Yan Y, Bian R, Huang W, Zhang X, Nie J. Distribution of HPV types among women with HPV-related diseases and exploration of lineages and variants of HPV 52 and 58 among HPV-infected patients in China: A systematic literature review. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2024; 20:2343192. [PMID: 38745409 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2024.2343192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024] Open
Abstract
To summarize the distribution of types of human papillomavirus (HPV) associated with HPV-related diseases and investigate the potential causes of high prevalence of HPV 52 and 58 by summarizing the prevalence of lineages, sub-lineages, and mutations among Chinese women. We searched PubMed, EMBASE, CNKI, and WanFang from January, 2012 to June, 2023 to identify all the eligible studies. We excluded patients who had received HPV vaccinations. Data were summarized in tables and cloud/rain maps. A total of 102 studies reporting HPV distribution and 15 studies reporting HPV52/HPV58 variants were extracted. Among Chinese women, the top five prevalent HPV types associated with cervical cancer (CC) were HPV16, 18, 58, 52, and 33. In patients with vaginal cancers and precancerous lesions, the most common HPV types were 16 and 52 followed by 58. For women with condyloma acuminatum (CA), the most common HPV types were 11 and 6. In Chinese women with HPV infection, lineage B was the most prominently identified for HPV52, and lineage A was the most common for HPV58. In addition to HPV types 16, which is prevalent worldwide, our findings revealed the unique high prevalence of HPV 52/58 among Chinese women with HPV-related diseases. HPV 52 variants were predominantly biased toward lineage B and sub-lineage B2, and HPV 58 variants were strongly biased toward lineage A and sub-lineage A1. Further investigations on the association between the high prevalent lineage and sub-lineage in HPV 52/58 and the risk of cancer risk are needed. Our findings underscore the importance of vaccination with the nine-valent HPV vaccine in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Wang
- Division of HIV/AIDS and Sex-Transmitted Virus Vaccines, WHO Collaborating Center for Standardization and Evaluation of Biologicals, State Key Laboratory of Drug Regulatory Science, NHC Key Laboratory of Research on Quality and Standardization of Biotech Products and NMPA Key Laboratory for Quality Research and Evaluation of Biological Products, Institute for Biological Product Control, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control (NIFDC), Beijing, China
| | - Haoyu Liang
- Division of HIV/AIDS and Sex-Transmitted Virus Vaccines, WHO Collaborating Center for Standardization and Evaluation of Biologicals, State Key Laboratory of Drug Regulatory Science, NHC Key Laboratory of Research on Quality and Standardization of Biotech Products and NMPA Key Laboratory for Quality Research and Evaluation of Biological Products, Institute for Biological Product Control, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control (NIFDC), Beijing, China
| | - Yue Yan
- Merck Research Laboratories (MRL) Global Medical Affairs, MSD China, Shanghai, China
| | - Rui Bian
- Merck Research Laboratories (MRL) Global Medical Affairs, MSD China, Shanghai, China
| | - Weijin Huang
- Division of HIV/AIDS and Sex-Transmitted Virus Vaccines, WHO Collaborating Center for Standardization and Evaluation of Biologicals, State Key Laboratory of Drug Regulatory Science, NHC Key Laboratory of Research on Quality and Standardization of Biotech Products and NMPA Key Laboratory for Quality Research and Evaluation of Biological Products, Institute for Biological Product Control, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control (NIFDC), Beijing, China
| | - Xingxing Zhang
- Merck Research Laboratories (MRL) Global Medical Affairs, MSD China, Shanghai, China
| | - Jianhui Nie
- Division of HIV/AIDS and Sex-Transmitted Virus Vaccines, WHO Collaborating Center for Standardization and Evaluation of Biologicals, State Key Laboratory of Drug Regulatory Science, NHC Key Laboratory of Research on Quality and Standardization of Biotech Products and NMPA Key Laboratory for Quality Research and Evaluation of Biological Products, Institute for Biological Product Control, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control (NIFDC), Beijing, China
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26
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Almansour I, Jermy BR. Nucleic acid vaccine candidates encapsulated with mesoporous silica nanoparticles against MERS-CoV. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2024; 20:2346390. [PMID: 38691025 PMCID: PMC11067998 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2024.2346390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2024] [Accepted: 04/19/2024] [Indexed: 05/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Middle East respiratory coronavirus (MERS-CoV) is a newly emergent, highly pathogenic coronavirus that is associated with 34% mortality rate. MERS-CoV remains listed as priority pathogen by the WHO. Since its discovery in 2012 and despite the efforts to develop coronaviruses vaccines to fight against SARS-CoV-2, there are currently no MERS-CoV vaccine that has been approved. Therefore, there is high demand to continue on the development of prophylactic vaccines against MERS-CoV. Current advancements in vaccine developments can be adapted for the development of improved MERS-CoV vaccines candidates. Nucleic acid-based vaccines, including pDNA and mRNA, are relatively new class of vaccine platforms. In this work, we developed pDNA and mRNA vaccine candidates expressing S.FL gene of MERS-CoV. Further, we synthesized a silane functionalized hierarchical aluminosilicate to encapsulate each vaccine candidates. We tested the nucleic acid vaccine candidates in mice and evaluated humoral antibodies response. Interestingly, we determined that the non-encapsulated, codon optimized S.FL pDNA vaccine candidate elicited the highest level of antibody responses against S.FL and S1 of MERS-CoV. Encapsulation of mRNA with nanoporous aluminosilicate increased the humoral antibody responses, whereas encapsulation of pDNA did not. These findings suggests that MERS-CoV S.FL pDNA vaccine candidate induced the highest level of humoral responses. This study will enhance further optimization of nanosilica as potential carrier for mRNA vaccines. In conclusion, this study suggests MERS-CoV pDNA vaccine candidate as a suitable vaccine platform for further pivotal preclinical testings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iman Almansour
- Nucleic Acid Vaccine Laboratory, Department of Epidemic Diseases Research, Institute for Research and Medical Consultations IRMC, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - B. Rabindran Jermy
- Department of Nanomedicine Research, Institute for Research and Medical Consultations IRMC, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
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Zhao X, Gao Q, Wang H, Yue J, An D, Li B, Yan F, Carmen SM, Zhao Y, Zhou H, Zhao M. syn-tasiRnas targeting the coat protein of potato virus Y confer antiviral resistance in Nicotiana benthamiana. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2024; 19:2358270. [PMID: 38796845 PMCID: PMC11135832 DOI: 10.1080/15592324.2024.2358270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2024] [Accepted: 05/10/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
Trans-acting small interfering RNAs (tasiRNAs) are 21-nt phased (phased siRNAs) resulting from successive DCL-catalyzed processing from the end of a double-stranded RNA substrate originating from the RDR of an AGO-catalyzed cleaved RNA at a micro RNA target site. Plant tasiRNAs have been synthesized to produce synthetic tasiRNAs (syn-tasiRNAs) targeting viral RNAs that confer viral resistance. In this study, we engineered syn-tasiRNAs to target potato virus Y (PVY) infection by replacing five native siRNAs of TAS1c with 210-bp fragments from the coat protein (CP) region of the PVY genome. The results showed that the transient expression of syn-tasiR-CPpvy2 in Nicotiana benthamiana (N. benthamiana) plants conferred antiviral resistance, supported by the absence of PVY infection symptoms and viral accumulation. This indicated that syn-tasiR-CPpvy2 successfully targeted and silenced the PVY CP gene, effectively inhibiting viral infection. syn-tasiR-CPpvy1 displayed attenuated symptoms and decreased viral accumulation in these plants However, severe symptoms of PVY infection and a similar amount of viral accumulation as the control were observed in plants expressing syn-tasiR-CPpvy3. syn-tasiR-CPpvy/pvx, which targets both PVY and potato virus X (PVX), was engineered using a single precursor. After the transient expression of syn-tasiR-CPpvy/pvx3 and syn-tasiR-CPpvy/pvx5 in N. benthamiana, the plants were resistant to both PVY and PVX. These results suggested that engineered syn-tasiRNAs could not only specifically induce antiviral resistance against one target virus but could also be designed for multi-targeted silencing of different viruses, thereby preventing complex virus infection in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingyue Zhao
- College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, China
| | - Qian Gao
- College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, China
| | - Haijuan Wang
- College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, China
| | - Jianying Yue
- College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, China
| | - Derong An
- College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Bin Li
- Department of Tabacco Production, Sichuan Province Company of Tobacco Corporation in China, Chengdu, China
| | - Fangfang Yan
- Panzhihua City company of Sichuan province company of Tobacco Corporation in China, Panzhihua city, Sichuan provience, China
| | | | - Yuanzheng Zhao
- Department of Plant Protection, Inner Mongolia Academy of Agricultural and Animal Husbandry Sciences, Hohhot, China
| | - Hongyou Zhou
- College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, China
| | - Mingmin Zhao
- College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, China
- Department of Plant protection, Key Laboratory of the Development and Resource Utilization of Biological Pesticide in Inner Mongolia, Hohhot, China
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Lani R, Thariq IM, Suhaimi NS, Hassandarvish P, Abu Bakar S. From defense to offense: Modulating toll-like receptors to combat arbovirus infections. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2024; 20:2306675. [PMID: 38263674 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2024.2306675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2023] [Accepted: 01/14/2024] [Indexed: 01/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Arboviruses are a significant threat to global public health, with outbreaks occurring worldwide. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) play a crucial role in the innate immune response against these viruses by recognizing pathogen-associated molecular patterns and initiating an inflammatory response. Significantly, TLRs commonly implicated in the immune response against viral infections include TLR2, TLR4, TLR6, TLR3, TLR7, and TLR8; limiting or allowing them to replicate and spread within the host. Modulating TLRs has emerged as a promising approach to combat arbovirus infections. This review summarizes recent advances in TLR modulation as a therapeutic target in arbovirus infections. Studies have shown that the activation of TLRs can enhance the immune response against arbovirus infections, leading to increased viral clearance and protection against disease. Conversely, inhibition of TLRs can reduce the excessive inflammation and tissue damage associated with arbovirus infection. Modulating TLRs represents a potential therapeutic strategy to combat arbovirus infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafidah Lani
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Ilya Maisarah Thariq
- Tropical Infectious Diseases Research and Education Centre, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Nuramira Syazreen Suhaimi
- Tropical Infectious Diseases Research and Education Centre, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Pouya Hassandarvish
- Tropical Infectious Diseases Research and Education Centre, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Sazaly Abu Bakar
- Tropical Infectious Diseases Research and Education Centre, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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Mane V, Mehta R, Alvarez N, Sharma V, Park S, Fox A, DeCarlo C, Yang X, Perlin DS, Powell RLR. In vivo antiviral efficacy of LCTG-002, a pooled, purified human milk secretory IgA product, against SARS-CoV-2 in a murine model of COVID-19. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2024; 20:2303226. [PMID: 38251677 PMCID: PMC10807469 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2024.2303226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2023] [Accepted: 01/05/2024] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Immunoglobulin A (IgA) is the most abundant antibody (Ab) in human mucosae, with secretory form (sIgA) being dominant and uniquely stable. sIgA is challenging to produce recombinantly but is naturally found in human milk, which could be considered a global resource for this biologic, justifying its development as a mucosal therapeutic. Presently, SARS-CoV-2 was utilized as a model mucosal pathogen, and methods were developed to efficiently extract human milk sIgA from donors who were naïve to SARS-CoV-2 or had recovered from infection that elicited high-titer anti-SARS-CoV-2 Spike sIgA in their milk (pooled to make LCTG-002). Mass spectrometry determined that proteins with a relative abundance of 1% or greater were all associated with sIgA. Western blot demonstrated that all batches consisted predominantly of sIgA. Compared to control IgA, LCTG-002 demonstrated significantly higher Spike binding (mean endpoint of 0.87 versus 5.87). LCTG-002 was capable of blocking the Spike receptor-binding domain - angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) interaction with significantly greater potency compared to control (mean LCTG-002 IC50 154ug/mL versus 50% inhibition not achieved for control), and exhibited significant neutralization activity against Spike-pseudotyped virus infection (mean LCTG-002 IC50 49.8ug/mL versus 114.5ug/mL for control). LCTG-002 was tested for its capacity to reduce viral lung burden in K18+hACE2 transgenic mice inoculated with SARS-CoV-2. LCTG-002 significantly reduced SARS-CoV-2 titers compared to control when administered at 0.25 mg/day or 1 mg/day, with a maximum TCID50 reduction of 4.9 logs. This innovative study demonstrates that LCTG-002 is highly pure and efficacious in vivo, supporting further development of milk-derived, polyclonal sIgA therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viraj Mane
- Lactiga US, Inc. 675 US-1, North Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Rikin Mehta
- Lactiga US, Inc. 675 US-1, North Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Nadine Alvarez
- Center for Discovery and Innovation, Hackensack Meridian Health, Nutley, NJ, USA
| | - Vijeta Sharma
- Center for Discovery and Innovation, Hackensack Meridian Health, Nutley, NJ, USA
| | - Steven Park
- Center for Discovery and Innovation, Hackensack Meridian Health, Nutley, NJ, USA
| | - Alisa Fox
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, New York, NY, USA
| | - Claire DeCarlo
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, New York, NY, USA
| | - Xiaoqi Yang
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, New York, NY, USA
| | - David S. Perlin
- Center for Discovery and Innovation, Hackensack Meridian Health, Nutley, NJ, USA
| | - Rebecca L. R. Powell
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, New York, NY, USA
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Petrovsky N. Clinical development of SpikoGen®, an Advax-CpG55.2 adjuvanted recombinant spike protein vaccine. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2024; 20:2363016. [PMID: 38839044 PMCID: PMC11155708 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2024.2363016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2024] [Accepted: 05/29/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Recombinant protein vaccines represent a well-established, reliable and safe approach for pandemic vaccination. SpikoGen® is a recombinant spike protein trimer manufactured in insect cells and formulated with Advax-CpG55.2 adjuvant. In murine, hamster, ferret and non-human primate studies, SpikoGen® consistently provided protection against a range of SARS-CoV-2 variants. A pivotal Phase 3 placebo-controlled efficacy trial involving 16,876 participants confirmed the ability of SpikoGen® to prevent infection and severe disease caused by the virulent Delta strain. SpikoGen® subsequently received a marketing authorization from the Iranian FDA in early October 2021 for prevention of COVID-19 in adults. Following a successful pediatric study, its approval was extended to children 5 years and older. Eight million doses of SpikoGen® have been delivered, and a next-generation booster version is currently in development. This highlights the benefits of adjuvanted protein-based approaches which should not overlook when vaccine platforms are being selected for future pandemics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolai Petrovsky
- Research Department, Australian Respiratory and Sleep Medicine Institute Ltd, Adelaide, Australia
- Research Department, Vaxine Pty Ltd, Warradale, Australia
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31
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Ryan CD, Henggeler E, Gilbert S, Schaul AJ, Swarthout JT. Exploring the GMO narrative through labeling: strategies, products, and politics. GM CROPS & FOOD 2024; 15:51-66. [PMID: 38402595 PMCID: PMC10896172 DOI: 10.1080/21645698.2024.2318027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/27/2024]
Abstract
Labels are influential signals in the marketplace intended to inform and to eliminate buyer confusion. Despite this, food labels continue to be the subject of debate. None more so than non-GMO (genetically modified organisms) labels. This manuscript provides a timeline of the evolution of GMO labels beginning with the early history of the anti-GMO movement to the current National Bioengineered Food Disclosure Standard in the United States. Using media and market intelligence data collected through Buzzsumo™ and Mintel™, public discourse of GMOs is analyzed in relation to sociopolitical events and the number of new food products with anti-GMO labels, respectively. Policy document and publication data is collected with Overton™ to illustrate the policy landscape for the GMO topic and how it has changed over time. Analysis of the collective data illustrates that while social media and policy engagement around the topic of GMOs has diminished over time, the number of new products with a GMO-free designation continues to grow. While discourse peaked at one point, and has since declined, our results suggest that the legacy of an anti-GMO narrative remains firmly embedded in the social psyche, evidenced by the continuing rise of products with GMO-free designation. Campaigns for GMO food labels to satisfy consumers' right to know were successful and the perceived need for this information now appears to be self-sustaining.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camille D Ryan
- Strategic Insights, Bayer Crop Science Canada,Calgary, Canada
| | | | - Samantha Gilbert
- E-Commerce Search and Catalog Analysis, Millipore Sigma, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | | | - John T Swarthout
- Regulatory Scientific Affairs, Bayer Crop Science, Chesterfield, MO, USA
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32
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Yang L, Wang Q, He L, Sun X. The critical role of tumor microbiome in cancer immunotherapy. Cancer Biol Ther 2024; 25:2301801. [PMID: 38241173 PMCID: PMC10802201 DOI: 10.1080/15384047.2024.2301801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 01/01/2024] [Indexed: 01/21/2024] Open
Abstract
In recent years, the microbiome has shown an integral role in cancer immunotherapy and has become a prominent and widely studied topic. A full understanding of the interactions between the tumor microbiome and various immunotherapies offers opportunities for immunotherapy of cancer. This review scrutinizes the composition of the tumor microbiome, the mechanism of microbial immune regulation, the influence of tumor microorganisms on tumor metastasis, and the interaction between tumor microorganisms and immunotherapy. In addition, this review also summarizes the challenges and opportunities of immunotherapy through tumor microbes, as well as the prospects and directions for future related research. In conclusion, the potential of microbial immunotherapy to enhance treatment outcomes for cancer patients should not be underestimated. Through this review, it is hoped that more research on tumor microbial immunotherapy will be done to better solve the treatment problems of cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liu Yang
- School of Clinical Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Qi Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Lijuan He
- Department of Health Management Center, The Affiliated Hospital, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Xingyu Sun
- Department of Gynecology, The Affiliated Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
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33
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Boyce TG, Levine MZ, McClure DL, King JP, Flannery B, Nguyen HQ, Belongia EA. Antibody response to sequential vaccination with cell culture, recombinant, or egg-based influenza vaccines among U.S. adults. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2024; 20:2370087. [PMID: 38982712 PMCID: PMC11238913 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2024.2370087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2024] [Accepted: 06/16/2024] [Indexed: 07/11/2024] Open
Abstract
The immune response to inactivated influenza vaccines (IIV) is influenced by multiple factors, including hemagglutinin content and egg-based manufacturing. Only two US-licensed vaccines are manufactured without egg passage: cell culture-based inactivated vaccine (ccIIV) and recombinant vaccine (RIV). We conducted a randomized open-label trial in central Wisconsin during the 2018-19 and 2019-20 seasons to compare immunogenicity of sequential vaccination. Participants 18-64 years old were randomized 1:1:1 to receive RIV, ccIIV or IIV in strata defined by number of influenza vaccine doses in the prior 3 years. They were revaccinated with the same product in year two. Paired serum samples were tested by hemagglutination inhibition against egg-adapted and cell-grown vaccine viruses. Serologic endpoints included geometric mean titer (GMT), mean fold rise, and percent seroconversion. There were 373 participants randomized and vaccinated in 2018-19; 332 were revaccinated in 2019-20. In 2018-19, RIV and ccIIV were not more immunogenic than IIV against A/H1N1. The post-vaccination GMT against the cell-grown 3C.2a A/H3N2 vaccine virus was higher for RIV vs IIV (p = .001) and RIV vs ccIIV (p = .001). The antibody response to influenza B viruses was similar across study arms. In 2019-20, GMT against the cell-grown 3C.3a A/H3N2 vaccine virus was higher for RIV vs IIV (p = .03) and for RIV vs ccIIV (p = .001). RIV revaccination generated significantly greater backboosting to the antigenically distinct 3C.2a A/H3N2 virus (2018-19 vaccine strain) compared to ccIIV or IIV. This study adds to the evidence that RIV elicits a superior immunologic response against A/H3N2 viruses compared to other licensed influenza vaccine products.
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MESH Headings
- Humans
- Influenza Vaccines/immunology
- Influenza Vaccines/administration & dosage
- Adult
- Antibodies, Viral/blood
- Young Adult
- Influenza, Human/prevention & control
- Influenza, Human/immunology
- Female
- Male
- Middle Aged
- Hemagglutination Inhibition Tests
- Vaccines, Inactivated/immunology
- Vaccines, Inactivated/administration & dosage
- Adolescent
- Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype/immunology
- Vaccines, Synthetic/immunology
- Vaccines, Synthetic/administration & dosage
- Influenza A Virus, H3N2 Subtype/immunology
- Wisconsin
- Vaccination/methods
- Influenza B virus/immunology
- Immunogenicity, Vaccine
- Cell Culture Techniques
- United States
- Antibody Formation/immunology
- Immunization, Secondary/methods
- Eggs
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas G Boyce
- Center for Clinical Epidemiology & Population Health, Marshfield Clinic Research Institute, Marshfield, WI, USA
| | - Min Z Levine
- Influenza Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - David L McClure
- Center for Clinical Epidemiology & Population Health, Marshfield Clinic Research Institute, Marshfield, WI, USA
| | - Jennifer P King
- Center for Clinical Epidemiology & Population Health, Marshfield Clinic Research Institute, Marshfield, WI, USA
| | - Brendan Flannery
- Influenza Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Huong Q Nguyen
- Center for Clinical Epidemiology & Population Health, Marshfield Clinic Research Institute, Marshfield, WI, USA
| | - Edward A Belongia
- Center for Clinical Epidemiology & Population Health, Marshfield Clinic Research Institute, Marshfield, WI, USA
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Pisuttinusart N, Rattanapisit K, Srisaowakarn C, Thitithanyanont A, Strasser R, Shanmugaraj B, Phoolcharoen W. Neutralizing activity of anti-respiratory syncytial virus monoclonal antibody produced in Nicotiana benthamiana. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2024; 20:2327142. [PMID: 38508690 PMCID: PMC10956629 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2024.2327142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a highly contagious virus that affects the lungs and respiratory passages of many vulnerable people. It is a leading cause of lower respiratory tract infections and clinical complications, particularly among infants and elderly. It can develop into serious complications such as pneumonia and bronchiolitis. The development of RSV vaccine or immunoprophylaxis remains highly active and a global health priority. Currently, GSK's Arexvy™ vaccine is approved for the prevention of lower respiratory tract disease in older adults (>60 years). Palivizumab and currently nirsevimab are the approved monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) for RSV prevention in high-risk patients. Many studies are ongoing to develop additional therapeutic antibodies for preventing RSV infections among newborns and other susceptible groups. Recently, additional antibodies have been discovered and shown greater potential for development as therapeutic alternatives to palivizumab and nirsevimab. Plant expression platforms have proven successful in producing recombinant proteins, including antibodies, offering a potential cost-effective alternative to mammalian expression platforms. Hence in this study, an attempt was made to use a plant expression platform to produce two anti-RSV fusion (F) mAbs 5C4 and CR9501. The heavy-chain and light-chain sequences of both these antibodies were transiently expressed in Nicotiana benthamiana plants using a geminiviral vector and then purified using single-step protein A affinity column chromatography. Both these plant-produced mAbs showed specific binding to the RSV fusion protein and demonstrate effective viral neutralization activity in vitro. These preliminary findings suggest that plant-produced anti-RSV mAbs are able to neutralize RSV in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuttapat Pisuttinusart
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Pharmaceutical Botany, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Center of Excellence in Plant-Produced Pharmaceuticals, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Kaewta Rattanapisit
- Department of Research and Development, Baiya Phytopharm Co., Ltd., Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Chanya Srisaowakarn
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | | | - Richard Strasser
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Balamurugan Shanmugaraj
- Department of Research and Development, Baiya Phytopharm Co., Ltd., Bangkok, Thailand
- Department of Biotechnology, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, India
| | - Waranyoo Phoolcharoen
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Pharmaceutical Botany, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Center of Excellence in Plant-Produced Pharmaceuticals, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
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35
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Qu Y, Zeng A, Cheng Y, Li S. Natural killer cell memory: challenges and opportunities for cancer immunotherapy. Cancer Biol Ther 2024; 25:2376410. [PMID: 38987282 PMCID: PMC11238922 DOI: 10.1080/15384047.2024.2376410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2024] [Accepted: 07/01/2024] [Indexed: 07/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Substantial advancements have been made in recent years in comprehending immune memory, which enhances the secondary response through prior infections. The ability of vertebrate T and B lymphocytes to exhibit classic recall responses has long been regarded as a distinguishing characteristic. However, natural killer (NK) cells have been found to acquire immunological memory in a manner akin to T and B cells. The fundamental principles derived from the investigation of NK cell memory offer novel insights into innate immunity and have the potential to pave the way for innovative strategies to enhance therapeutic interventions against multiple diseases including cancer. Here, we reviewed the fundamental characteristics, memory development and regulatory mechanism of NK cell memory. Moreover, we will conduct a comprehensive evaluation of the accomplishments, obstacles, and future direction pertaining to the utilization of NK cell memory in the field of cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhua Qu
- Department of Anorectal Surgery, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Anhui Zeng
- Department of Anorectal Surgery, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Yulu Cheng
- Department of Disinfection Supply Center, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Shengchun Li
- Department of Anorectal Surgery, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
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36
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Fang Z, Yu P, Zhu W. Development of mRNA rabies vaccines. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2024; 20:2382499. [PMID: 39069645 PMCID: PMC11290775 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2024.2382499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2024] [Revised: 07/08/2024] [Accepted: 07/17/2024] [Indexed: 07/30/2024] Open
Abstract
Rabies, primarily transmitted to humans by dogs (accounting for 99% of cases). Once rabies occurs, its mortality rate is approximately 100%. Post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) is critical for preventing the onset of rabies after exposure to rabid animals, and vaccination is a pivotal element of PEP. However, high costs and complex immunization protocols have led to poor adherence to rabies vaccinations. Consequently, there is an urgent need to develop new rabies vaccines that are safe, highly immunogenic, and cost-effective to improve compliance and effectively prevent rabies. In recent years, mRNA vaccines have made significant progress in the structural modification and optimization of delivery systems. Various mRNA vaccines are currently undergoing clinical trials, positioning them as viable alternatives to the traditional rabies vaccines. In this article, we discuss a novel mRNA rabies vaccine currently undergoing clinical and preclinical testing, and evaluate its potential to replace existing vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zixin Fang
- National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, China CDC, Key Laboratory of Biosafety, National Health Commission, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Pengcheng Yu
- National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, China CDC, Key Laboratory of Biosafety, National Health Commission, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wuyang Zhu
- National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, China CDC, Key Laboratory of Biosafety, National Health Commission, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
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37
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Ahuja R, Vishwakarma P, Raj S, Kumar V, Khatri R, Lohiya B, Saxena S, Kaur G, Singh G, Asthana S, Ahmed S, Samal S. Characterization and immunogenicity assessment of MERS-CoV pre-fusion spike trimeric oligomers as vaccine immunogen. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2024; 20:2351664. [PMID: 38757508 PMCID: PMC11110700 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2024.2351664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 05/01/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) is a lethal beta-coronavirus that emerged in 2012. The virus is part of the WHO blueprint priority list with a concerning fatality rate of 35%. Scientific efforts are ongoing for the development of vaccines, anti-viral and biotherapeutics, which are majorly directed toward the structural spike protein. However, the ongoing effort is challenging due to conformational instability of the spike protein and the evasion strategy posed by the MERS-CoV. In this study, we have expressed and purified the MERS-CoV pre-fusion spike protein in the Expi293F mammalian expression system. The purified protein was extensively characterized for its biochemical and biophysical properties. Thermal stability analysis showed a melting temperature of 58°C and the protein resisted major structural changes at elevated temperature as revealed by fluorescence spectroscopy and circular dichroism. Immunological assessment of the MERS-CoV spike immunogen in BALB/c mice with AddaVaxTM and Imject alum adjuvants showed elicitation of high titer antibody responses but a more balanced Th1/Th2 response with AddaVaxTM squalene like adjuvant. Together, our results suggest the formation of higher-order trimeric pre-fusion MERS-CoV spike proteins, which were able to induce robust immune responses. The comprehensive characterization of MERS-CoV spike protein warrants a better understanding of MERS spike protein and future vaccine development efforts.
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MESH Headings
- Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus/immunology
- Animals
- Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus/immunology
- Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus/genetics
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Antibodies, Viral/immunology
- Antibodies, Viral/blood
- Viral Vaccines/immunology
- Mice
- Female
- Coronavirus Infections/prevention & control
- Coronavirus Infections/immunology
- Immunogenicity, Vaccine
- Antibodies, Neutralizing/immunology
- Antibodies, Neutralizing/blood
- Adjuvants, Immunologic/administration & dosage
- Adjuvants, Vaccine
- Humans
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahul Ahuja
- Influenza and Respiratory Virus Laboratory, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute (THSTI), NCR-Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad, Haryana, India
| | - Preeti Vishwakarma
- Influenza and Respiratory Virus Laboratory, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute (THSTI), NCR-Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad, Haryana, India
| | - Sneha Raj
- Influenza and Respiratory Virus Laboratory, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute (THSTI), NCR-Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad, Haryana, India
| | - Varun Kumar
- Influenza and Respiratory Virus Laboratory, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute (THSTI), NCR-Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad, Haryana, India
| | - Ritika Khatri
- Influenza and Respiratory Virus Laboratory, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute (THSTI), NCR-Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad, Haryana, India
| | - Bharat Lohiya
- Influenza and Respiratory Virus Laboratory, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute (THSTI), NCR-Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad, Haryana, India
| | - Shikha Saxena
- Influenza and Respiratory Virus Laboratory, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute (THSTI), NCR-Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad, Haryana, India
| | - Gurleen Kaur
- Influenza and Respiratory Virus Laboratory, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute (THSTI), NCR-Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad, Haryana, India
| | - Gagandeep Singh
- Influenza and Respiratory Virus Laboratory, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute (THSTI), NCR-Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad, Haryana, India
- Computational Biophysics and CADD Group, Computational and Mathematical Biology Center (CMBC), Translational Health Science and Technology Institute (THSTI), NCR-Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad, Haryana, India
| | - Shailendra Asthana
- Influenza and Respiratory Virus Laboratory, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute (THSTI), NCR-Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad, Haryana, India
- Computational Biophysics and CADD Group, Computational and Mathematical Biology Center (CMBC), Translational Health Science and Technology Institute (THSTI), NCR-Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad, Haryana, India
| | - Shubbir Ahmed
- Influenza and Respiratory Virus Laboratory, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute (THSTI), NCR-Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad, Haryana, India
- Centralized Core Research Facility (CCRF), All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), New Delhi, India
| | - Sweety Samal
- Influenza and Respiratory Virus Laboratory, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute (THSTI), NCR-Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad, Haryana, India
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38
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Yan Q, Zhang Y, Hou R, Pan W, Liang H, Gao X, Deng W, Huang X, Qu L, Tang C, He P, Liu B, Wang Q, Zhao X, Lin Z, Chen Z, Li P, Han J, Xiong X, Zhao J, Li S, Niu X, Chen L. Deep immunoglobulin repertoire sequencing depicts a comprehensive atlas of spike-specific antibody lineages shared among COVID-19 convalescents. Emerg Microbes Infect 2024; 13:2290841. [PMID: 38044868 PMCID: PMC10810631 DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2023.2290841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 12/05/2023]
Abstract
Neutralizing antibodies are a key component in protective humoral immunity against SARS-CoV-2. Currently, available technologies cannot track epitope-specific antibodies in global antibody repertoires. Thus, the comprehensive repertoire of spike-specific neutralizing antibodies elicited by SARS-CoV-2 infection is not fully understood. We therefore combined high-throughput immunoglobulin heavy chain (IgH) repertoire sequencing, and structural and bioinformatics analysis to establish an antibodyomics pipeline, which enables tracking spike-specific antibody lineages that target certain neutralizing epitopes. We mapped the neutralizing epitopes on the spike and determined the epitope-preferential antibody lineages. This analysis also revealed numerous overlaps between immunodominant neutralizing antibody-binding sites and mutation hotspots on spikes as observed so far in SARS-CoV-2 variants. By clustering 2677 spike-specific antibodies with 360 million IgH sequences that we sequenced, a total of 329 shared spike-specific antibody clonotypes were identified from 33 COVID-19 convalescents and 24 SARS-CoV-2-naïve individuals. Epitope mapping showed that the shared antibody responses target not only neutralizing epitopes on RBD and NTD but also non-neutralizing epitopes on S2. The immunodominance of neutralizing antibody response is determined by the occurrence of specific precursors in human naïve B-cell repertoires. We identified that only 28 out of the 329 shared spike-specific antibody clonotypes persisted for at least 12 months. Among them, long-lived IGHV3-53 antibodies are likely to evolve cross-reactivity to Omicron variants through accumulating somatic hypermutations. Altogether, we created a comprehensive atlas of spike-targeting antibody lineages in COVID-19 convalescents and antibody precursors in human naïve B cell repertoires, providing a valuable reference for future vaccine design and evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qihong Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangdong Laboratory of Computational Biomedicine, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yudi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangdong Laboratory of Computational Biomedicine, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ruitian Hou
- Guangzhou Institute of Infectious Disease, Guangzhou Eighth People's Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wenjing Pan
- Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, People’s Republic of China
- Nanjing ARP Biotechnology Co., Ltd, Nanjing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Huan Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xijie Gao
- Key Laboratory of Biological Targeting Diagnosis, Therapy and Rehabilitation of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Weiqi Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangdong Laboratory of Computational Biomedicine, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiaohan Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangdong Laboratory of Computational Biomedicine, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Linbing Qu
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangdong Laboratory of Computational Biomedicine, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Congli Tang
- Nanjing ARP Biotechnology Co., Ltd, Nanjing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ping He
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangdong Laboratory of Computational Biomedicine, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
- Guangzhou National Laboratory, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Banghui Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangdong Laboratory of Computational Biomedicine, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qian Wang
- Guangzhou National Laboratory, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xinwei Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangdong Laboratory of Computational Biomedicine, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
- Guangzhou National Laboratory, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zihan Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangdong Laboratory of Computational Biomedicine, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhaoming Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangdong Laboratory of Computational Biomedicine, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Pingchao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangdong Laboratory of Computational Biomedicine, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jian Han
- iRepertoire Inc., Huntsville, AL, USA
| | - Xiaoli Xiong
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangdong Laboratory of Computational Biomedicine, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jincun Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
- Guangzhou National Laboratory, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Song Li
- Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xuefeng Niu
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ling Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangdong Laboratory of Computational Biomedicine, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
- Guangzhou Institute of Infectious Disease, Guangzhou Eighth People's Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
- Guangzhou National Laboratory, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
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39
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Schwabenlander MD, Bartz JC, Carstensen M, Fameli A, Glaser L, Larsen RJ, Li M, Shoemaker RL, Rowden G, Stone S, Walter WD, Wolf TM, Larsen PA. Prion forensics: a multidisciplinary approach to investigate CWD at an illegal deer carcass disposal site. Prion 2024; 18:72-86. [PMID: 38676289 PMCID: PMC11057675 DOI: 10.1080/19336896.2024.2343298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2024] [Accepted: 04/10/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Infectious prions are resistant to degradation and remain infectious in the environment for several years. Chronic wasting disease (CWD) has been detected in cervids inhabiting North America, the Nordic countries, and South Korea. CWD-prion spread is partially attributed to carcass transport and disposal. We employed a forensic approach to investigate an illegal carcass dump site connected with a CWD-positive herd. We integrated anatomic, genetic, and prion amplification methods to discover CWD-positive remains from six white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) and, using microsatellite markers, confirmed a portion originated from the CWD-infected herd. This approach provides a foundation for future studies of carcass prion transmission risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc D. Schwabenlander
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, USA
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, USA
| | - Jason C. Bartz
- Minnesota Center for Prion Research and Outreach, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, USA
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, USA
| | - Michelle Carstensen
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Creighton University, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Alberto Fameli
- Minnesota Department of Natural Resources, Wildlife Health Program, Forest Lake, MN, USA
| | - Linda Glaser
- Pennsylvania Cooperative Fish & Wildlife Research Unit, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Roxanne J. Larsen
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, USA
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, USA
| | - Manci Li
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, USA
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, USA
| | - Rachel L. Shoemaker
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, USA
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, USA
| | - Gage Rowden
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, USA
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, USA
| | - Suzanne Stone
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, USA
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, USA
| | - W. David Walter
- Minnesota Board of Animal Health, Farmed Cervidae Program, St. Paul, MN, USA
| | - Tiffany M. Wolf
- U.S. Geological Survey, Pennsylvania Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, USA
| | - Peter A. Larsen
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, USA
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, USA
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40
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Chokkakula S, Oh S, Choi WS, Kim CI, Jeong JH, Kim BK, Park JH, Min SC, Kim EG, Baek YH, Choi YK, Song MS. Mammalian adaptation risk in HPAI H5N8: a comprehensive model bridging experimental data with mathematical insights. Emerg Microbes Infect 2024; 13:2339949. [PMID: 38572657 PMCID: PMC11022924 DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2024.2339949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024]
Abstract
Understanding the mammalian pathogenesis and interspecies transmission of HPAI H5N8 virus hinges on mapping its adaptive markers. We used deep sequencing to track these markers over five passages in murine lung tissue. Subsequently, we evaluated the growth, selection, and RNA load of eight recombinant viruses with mammalian adaptive markers. By leveraging an integrated non-linear regression model, we quantitatively determined the influence of these markers on growth, adaptation, and RNA expression in mammalian hosts. Furthermore, our findings revealed that the interplay of these markers can lead to synergistic, additive, or antagonistic effects when combined. The elucidation distance method then transformed these results into distinct values, facilitating the derivation of a risk score for each marker. In vivo tests affirmed the accuracy of scores. As more mutations were incorporated, the overall risk score of virus heightened, and the optimal interplay between markers became essential for risk augmentation. Our study provides a robust model to assess risk from adaptive markers of HPAI H5N8, guiding strategies against future influenza threats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santosh Chokkakula
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Sol Oh
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Won-Suk Choi
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang Il Kim
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Ju Hwan Jeong
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Beom Kyu Kim
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Hyun Park
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong Cheol Min
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Eung-Gook Kim
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Yun Hee Baek
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Ki Choi
- Center for Study of Emerging and Re-emerging Viruses, Korea Virus Research Institute, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Min-Suk Song
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
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41
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Fernandez MK, Sinha M, Zidan M, Renz M. Nuclear actin filaments - a historical perspective. Nucleus 2024; 15:2320656. [PMID: 38384139 PMCID: PMC10885181 DOI: 10.1080/19491034.2024.2320656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2024] [Indexed: 02/23/2024] Open
Abstract
The view on nuclear filaments formed by non-skeletal β-actin has significantly changed over the decades. Initially, filamentous actin was observed in amphibian oocyte nuclei and only under specific cell stress conditions in mammalian cell nuclei. Improved labeling and imaging technologies have permitted insights into a transient but microscopically apparent filament network that is relevant for chromatin organization, biomechanics of the mammalian cell nucleus, gene expression, and DNA damage repair. Here, we will provide a historical perspective on the developing insight into nuclear actin filaments.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Molika Sinha
- Gynecologic Oncology Division, School of Medicine Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Mia Zidan
- Gynecologic Oncology Division, School of Medicine Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Malte Renz
- Gynecologic Oncology Division, School of Medicine Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, USA
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42
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Xia W, Shi N, Li C, Tang A. RNA-Seq and miRNA-Seq data from Epstein-Barr virus-infected tree shrews reveal a ceRNA network contributing to immune microenvironment regulation. Virulence 2024; 15:2306795. [PMID: 38251668 PMCID: PMC10826628 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2024.2306795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2023] [Accepted: 01/12/2024] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection in humans is ubiquitous and associated with various diseases. Remodeling of the immune microenvironment is the primary cause of EBV infection and pathogenesis; however, the underlying mechanism has not been fully elucidated. In this study, we used whole-transcriptome RNA-Seq to detect mRNAs, long non-coding RNAs (lncRNA), and microRNA (miRNA) profiles in the control group, 3 days, and 28 days after EBV infection, based on the tree shrew model that we reported previously. First, we estimated the proportion of 22 cell types in each sample using CIBERSORT software and identified 18 high-confidence DElncRNAs related to immune microenvironment regulation after EBV infection. Functional enrichment analysis of these differentially expressed lncRNAs primarily focused on the autophagy, endocytosis, and ferroptosis signalling pathways. Moreover, EBV infection affects miRNA expression patterns, and many miRNAs are silenced. Finally, three competing endogenous RNA regulatory networks were built using lncRNAs that significantly correlated with immune cell types, miRNAs that responded to EBV infection, and potentially targeted the mRNA of the miRNAs. Among them, MRPL42-AS-5 might act as an hsa-miR-296-5p "sponge" and compete with target mRNAs, thus increasing mRNA expression level, which could induce immune cell infiltration through the cellular senescence signalling pathway against EBV infection. Overall, we conducted a complete transcriptomic analysis of EBV infection in vivo for the first time and provided a novel perspective for further investigation of EBV-host interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Xia
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
- Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Early Prevention and Treatment for Regional High Frequency Tumor (Guangxi Medical University), Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Nan Shi
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
- Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Early Prevention and Treatment for Regional High Frequency Tumor (Guangxi Medical University), Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Chaoqian Li
- Department of Emergency, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Anzhou Tang
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
- Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Early Prevention and Treatment for Regional High Frequency Tumor (Guangxi Medical University), Nanning, Guangxi, China
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43
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Kirk NM, Liang Y, Ly H. Pathogenesis and virulence of coronavirus disease: Comparative pathology of animal models for COVID-19. Virulence 2024; 15:2316438. [PMID: 38362881 PMCID: PMC10878030 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2024.2316438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2023] [Accepted: 02/04/2024] [Indexed: 02/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Animal models that can replicate clinical and pathologic features of severe human coronavirus infections have been instrumental in the development of novel vaccines and therapeutics. The goal of this review is to summarize our current understanding of the pathogenesis of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and the pathologic features that can be observed in several currently available animal models. Knowledge gained from studying these animal models of SARS-CoV-2 infection can help inform appropriate model selection for disease modelling as well as for vaccine and therapeutic developments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie M. Kirk
- Department of Veterinary & Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, Twin Cities, MN, USA
| | - Yuying Liang
- Department of Veterinary & Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, Twin Cities, MN, USA
| | - Hinh Ly
- Department of Veterinary & Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, Twin Cities, MN, USA
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44
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Yang X, Sun E, Zhai H, Wang T, Wang S, Gao Y, Hou Q, Guan X, Li S, Li LF, Wu H, Luo Y, Li S, Sun Y, Zhao D, Li Y, Qiu HJ. The antibodies against the A137R protein drive antibody-dependent enhancement of African swine fever virus infection in porcine alveolar macrophages. Emerg Microbes Infect 2024; 13:2377599. [PMID: 38973388 PMCID: PMC11259084 DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2024.2377599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2024] [Accepted: 07/04/2024] [Indexed: 07/09/2024]
Abstract
African swine fever virus (ASFV) is the causative agent of African swine fever (ASF), a highly contagious disease that can kill up to 100% of domestic pigs and wild boars. It has been shown that the pigs inoculated with some ASF vaccine candidates display more severe clinical signs and die earlier than do pigs not immunized. We hypothesize that antibody-dependent enhancement (ADE) of ASFV infection may be caused by the presence of some unidentified antibodies. In this study, we found that the ASFV-encoded structural protein A137R (pA137R) can be recognized by the anti-ASFV positive sera, indicating that the anti-pA137R antibodies are induced in the ASFV-infected pigs. Interestingly, our results demonstrated that the anti-pA137R antibodies produced in rabbits or pigs enhanced viral replication of different ASFV strains in primary porcine alveolar macrophages (PAMs), the target cells of ASFV. Mechanistic investigations revealed that anti-pA137R antibodies were able to promote the attachment of ASFV to PAMs and two types of Fc gamma receptors (FcγRs), FcγRII and FcγRIII, mediated the ADE of ASFV infection. Taken together, anti-pA137R antibodies are able to drive ASFV ADE in PAMs. These findings shed new light on the roles of anti-ASFV antibodies and have implications for the pathophysiology of the disease and the development of ASF vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoke Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, National High Containment Facilities for Animal Diseases Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, CAAS, Harbin, People’s Republic of China
| | - Encheng Sun
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, National High Containment Facilities for Animal Diseases Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, CAAS, Harbin, People’s Republic of China
- Institute of Western Agriculture, CAAS, Changji, People’s Republic of China
| | - Huanjie Zhai
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, National High Containment Facilities for Animal Diseases Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, CAAS, Harbin, People’s Republic of China
| | - Tao Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, National High Containment Facilities for Animal Diseases Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, CAAS, Harbin, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shida Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, National High Containment Facilities for Animal Diseases Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, CAAS, Harbin, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yuxuan Gao
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, National High Containment Facilities for Animal Diseases Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, CAAS, Harbin, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qinghe Hou
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, National High Containment Facilities for Animal Diseases Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, CAAS, Harbin, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiangyu Guan
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, National High Containment Facilities for Animal Diseases Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, CAAS, Harbin, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shuwen Li
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, National High Containment Facilities for Animal Diseases Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, CAAS, Harbin, People’s Republic of China
| | - Lian-Feng Li
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, National High Containment Facilities for Animal Diseases Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, CAAS, Harbin, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hongxia Wu
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, National High Containment Facilities for Animal Diseases Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, CAAS, Harbin, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yuzi Luo
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, National High Containment Facilities for Animal Diseases Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, CAAS, Harbin, People’s Republic of China
| | - Su Li
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, National High Containment Facilities for Animal Diseases Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, CAAS, Harbin, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yuan Sun
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, National High Containment Facilities for Animal Diseases Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, CAAS, Harbin, People’s Republic of China
| | - Dongming Zhao
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, National High Containment Facilities for Animal Diseases Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, CAAS, Harbin, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yongfeng Li
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, National High Containment Facilities for Animal Diseases Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, CAAS, Harbin, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hua-Ji Qiu
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, National High Containment Facilities for Animal Diseases Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, CAAS, Harbin, People’s Republic of China
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Ma Y, Hu Y, Ruan Y, Jiang X, Zhao M, Wang Y, Ke Y, Shi M, Lu G. Astragaloside IV relieves passive heymann nephritis and podocyte injury by suppressing the TRAF6/NF-κb axis. Ren Fail 2024; 46:2371992. [PMID: 39082739 PMCID: PMC11293271 DOI: 10.1080/0886022x.2024.2371992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2024] [Revised: 06/01/2024] [Accepted: 06/19/2024] [Indexed: 08/03/2024] Open
Abstract
The pathogenesis of membranous nephropathy (MN) involves podocyte injury that is attributed to inflammatory responses induced by local immune deposits. Astragaloside IV (AS-IV) is known for its robust anti-inflammatory properties. Here, we investigated the effects of AS-IV on passive Heymann nephritis (PHN) rats and TNF-α-induced podocytes to determine the underlying molecular mechanisms of MN. Serum biochemical parameters, 24-h urine protein excretion and renal histopathology were evaluated in PHN and control rats. The expression of tumor necrosis factor receptor associated factor 6 (TRAF6), the phosphorylation of nuclear factor kappa B (p-NF-κB), the expression of associated proinflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-1β) and the ubiquitination of TRAF6 were measured in PHN rats and TNF-α-induced podocytes. We detected a marked increase in mRNA expression of TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-1β and in the protein abundance of p-NF-κB and TRAF6 within the renal tissues of PHN rats and TNF-α-induced podocytes. Conversely, there was a reduction in the K48-linked ubiquitination of TRAF6. Additionally, AS-IV was effective in ameliorating serum creatinine, proteinuria, and renal histopathology in PHN rats. This effect was concomitant with the suppression of NF-κB pathway activation and decreased expression of TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β and TRAF6. AS-IV decreased TRAF6 levels by promoting K48-linked ubiquitin conjugation to TRAF6, which triggered ubiquitin-mediated degradation. In summary, AS-IV averted renal impairment in PHN rats and TNF-α-induced podocytes, likely by modulating the inflammatory response through the TRAF6/NF-κB axis. Targeting TRAF6 holds therapeutic promise for managing MN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhua Ma
- Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
- Department of Nephrology, Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital of Kunshan, Kunshan, China
| | - Yuwen Hu
- Center for inspection, Jiangsu Medical Products Administration, Nanjing, China
| | - Yilin Ruan
- Department of Nephrology, Shanghai Ruijin Hosptial, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaocheng Jiang
- Department of Nephrology, Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital of Kunshan, Kunshan, China
| | - Min Zhao
- School of Chinese Medicine, School of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Yuxin Wang
- Department of Nephrology, Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital of Kunshan, Kunshan, China
| | - Yanrong Ke
- Department of Nephrology, Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital of Kunshan, Kunshan, China
| | - Manman Shi
- Department of Nephrology, Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital of Kunshan, Kunshan, China
| | - Guoyuan Lu
- Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
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46
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Sun W, Li S, Niu D, Qin R, Li H, Xue Z, Guo Y, Liu J, Liu Y, Jiang X, Yin J, Guo X, Ren G. Evaluation of the immune responses of biological adjuvant bivalent vaccine with three different insertion modes for ND and IBD. Virulence 2024; 15:2387181. [PMID: 39101682 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2024.2387181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2024] [Revised: 07/03/2024] [Accepted: 07/28/2024] [Indexed: 08/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Infectious bursal disease (IBD) is a widespread problem in the poultry industry, and vaccination is the primary preventive method. However, moderately virulent vaccines may damage the bursa, necessitating the development of a safe and effective vaccine. The Newcastle disease virus (NDV) has been explored as a vector for vaccine development. In this study, reverse genetic technology was used to obtain three recombinant viruses, namely, rClone30-VP2L (P/M)-chGM-CSF (NP), rClone30-chGM-CSF (P/M)-VP2L (NP), and rClone30-VP2L-chGM-CSF (P/M). Animal experiments showed that the three biological adjuvant bivalent vaccines effectively increased anti-NDV and anti-infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV) titres, enhancing both humoral and cellular immune responses in chickens without leading to any harm. Amongst the three biological adjuvant bivalent vaccines, the rClone30-chGM-CSF (P/M)-VP2L (NP) group had higher levels of anti-NDV antibodies at 14 days after the first immunization and stimulated a greater humoral immune response in 7-10 days. While, the rClone30-VP2L (P/M)-chGM-CSF (NP) group was the most effective in producing a higher level of IBDV antibody response. In conclusion, these three vaccines can induce immune responses more rapidly and effectively, streamline production processes, be cost-effective, and provide a new avenue for the development of Newcastle disease (ND) and IBD bivalent vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenying Sun
- Biopharmaceutical Lab, College of Life Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Shuang Li
- Biopharmaceutical Lab, College of Life Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Dun Niu
- Biopharmaceutical Lab, College of Life Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Ruihan Qin
- Biopharmaceutical Lab, College of Life Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Huimin Li
- Biopharmaceutical Lab, College of Life Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Zhiqiang Xue
- Biopharmaceutical Lab, College of Life Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Yunpeng Guo
- Biopharmaceutical Lab, College of Life Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Jinmiao Liu
- Biopharmaceutical Lab, College of Life Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Yijia Liu
- Biopharmaceutical Lab, College of Life Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Xinghao Jiang
- Biopharmaceutical Lab, College of Life Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Jiechao Yin
- Biopharmaceutical Lab, College of Life Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Xiaochen Guo
- Biopharmaceutical Lab, College of Life Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Guiping Ren
- Biopharmaceutical Lab, College of Life Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
- Research Center of Genetic Engineering of Pharmaceuticals of Heilongjiang Province, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Biological Functional Gene, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
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47
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Wong YS, Mançanares AC, Navarrete F, Poblete P, Mendez-Pérez L, Cabezas J, Riadi G, Rodríguez-Alvarez L, Castro FO. Extracellular vesicles secreted by equine adipose mesenchymal stem cells preconditioned with transforming growth factor β-1 are enriched in anti-fibrotic miRNAs and inhibit the expression of fibrotic genes in an in vitro system of endometrial stromal cells fibrosis. Vet Q 2024; 44:1-11. [PMID: 39086189 PMCID: PMC11295685 DOI: 10.1080/01652176.2024.2384906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Revised: 06/27/2024] [Accepted: 07/19/2024] [Indexed: 08/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Mare endometrosis is a major reproductive problem associated with low fertility and is characterized by persistent inflammation, TGFβ-1 signaling, and consequently, extracellular matrix deposition, which compromises endometrial glands. Mesenchymal stem cell-based products (MSCs), such as extracellular vesicles (EVs), have gained attention due to the regulatory effects exerted by their miRNA cargo. Here, we evaluated the impact of preconditioning equine adipose mesenchymal stem cells with TGFβ-1 for short or long periods on the anti-fibrotic properties of secreted extracellular vesicles. MSCs were isolated from six healthy horses and exposed to TGFβ-1 for 4, 24, and 0 h. The expression of anti-fibrotic and pro-fibrotic miRNAs and mRNAs in treated cells and miRNAs in the cargo of secreted extracellular vesicles was measured. The resulting EVs were added for 48 h to endometrial stromal cells previously induced to a fibrotic status. The expression of anti-fibrotic and pro-fibrotic genes and miRNAs was evaluated in said cells using qPCR and next-generation sequencing. Preconditioning MSCs with TGFβ-1 for 4 h enriched the anti-fibrotic miRNAs (mir29c, mir145, and mir200) in cells and EVs. Conversely, preconditioning the cells for 24 h leads to a pro-fibrotic phenotype overexpressing mir192 and mir433. This finding might have implications for developing an EV-based protocol to treat endometrial fibrosis in mares.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yat Sen Wong
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Universidad de Concepción, Chillán, Chile
| | - Ana Carolina Mançanares
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Universidad de Concepción, Chillán, Chile
| | - Felipe Navarrete
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Universidad de Concepción, Chillán, Chile
| | - Pamela Poblete
- Ph.D. Program on Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Universidad de Concepción, Chillán, Chile
| | - Lídice Mendez-Pérez
- Ph.D. Program on Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Universidad de Concepción, Chillán, Chile
| | - Joel Cabezas
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Universidad de Concepción, Chillán, Chile
| | - Gonzalo Riadi
- Center for Bioinformatics Simulation and Modeling (CBSM), Universidad de Talca, Talca, Chile
| | | | - Fidel Ovidio Castro
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Universidad de Concepción, Chillán, Chile
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48
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Gong Q, Jiang R, Ji L, Lin H, Liu M, Tang X, Yang Y, Han W, Chen J, Guo Z, Wang Q, Li Q, Wang X, Jiang T, Xie S, Yang X, Zhou P, Shi Z, Lin X. Establishment of a human organoid-based evaluation system for assessing interspecies infection risk of animal-borne coronaviruses. Emerg Microbes Infect 2024; 13:2327368. [PMID: 38531008 DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2024.2327368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2023] [Accepted: 03/01/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic presents a major threat to global public health. Several lines of evidence have shown that the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), along with two other highly pathogenic coronaviruses, SARS-CoV and Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS-CoV) originated from bats. To prevent and control future coronavirus outbreaks, it is necessary to investigate the interspecies infection and pathogenicity risks of animal-related coronaviruses. Currently used infection models, including in vitro cell lines and in vivo animal models, fail to fully mimic the primary infection in human tissues. Here, we employed organoid technology as a promising new model for studying emerging pathogens and their pathogenic mechanisms. We investigated the key host-virus interaction patterns of five human coronaviruses (SARS-CoV-2 original strain, Omicron BA.1, MERS-CoV, HCoV-229E, and HCoV-OC43) in different human respiratory organoids. Five indicators, including cell tropism, invasion preference, replication activity, host response and virus-induced cell death, were developed to establish a comprehensive evaluation system to predict coronavirus interspecies infection and pathogenicity risks. Using this system, we further examined the pathogenicity and interspecies infection risks of three SARS-related coronaviruses (SARSr-CoV), including WIV1 and rRsSHC014S from bats, and MpCoV-GX from pangolins. Moreover, we found that cannabidiol, a non-psychoactive plant extract, exhibits significant inhibitory effects on various coronaviruses in human lung organoid. Cannabidiol significantly enhanced interferon-stimulated gene expression but reduced levels of inflammatory cytokines. In summary, our study established a reliable comprehensive evaluation system to analyse infection and pathogenicity patterns of zoonotic coronaviruses, which could aid in prevention and control of potentially emerging coronavirus diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianchun Gong
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Greater Bay Area Institute of Precision Medicine (Guangzhou), School of Life Sciences, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
- Joint Laboratory for Lung Development and Related Diseases of West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University and School of Life Sciences of Fudan University, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
| | - Rendi Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Greater Bay Area Institute of Precision Medicine (Guangzhou), School of Life Sciences, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Lina Ji
- School of Life Sciences, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, People's Republic of China
| | - Haofeng Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Meiqin Liu
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaofang Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Greater Bay Area Institute of Precision Medicine (Guangzhou), School of Life Sciences, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Yong Yang
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Han
- School of Life Sciences, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Zishuo Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Qi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
- Guangzhou Laboratory, Guangzhou International Bio Island, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Qian Li
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Xi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Tingting Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Shizhe Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Xinglou Yang
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Biodiversity Information, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, People's Republic of China
| | - Peng Zhou
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
- Guangzhou Laboratory, Guangzhou International Bio Island, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhengli Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Xinhua Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Greater Bay Area Institute of Precision Medicine (Guangzhou), School of Life Sciences, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
- Joint Laboratory for Lung Development and Related Diseases of West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University and School of Life Sciences of Fudan University, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
- School of Life Sciences, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, People's Republic of China
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49
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Li Q, Chen Y, Zhang W, Li C, Tang D, Hua W, Hou F, Chen Z, Liu Y, Tian Y, Sun K, Xu X, Zeng Y, Xia F, Lu J, Wang Z. Mpox virus Clade IIb infected Cynomolgus macaques via mimic natural infection routes closely resembled human mpox infection. Emerg Microbes Infect 2024; 13:2332669. [PMID: 38494777 PMCID: PMC10984234 DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2024.2332669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/15/2024] [Indexed: 03/19/2024]
Abstract
Generating an infectious non-human primate (NHP) model using a prevalent monkeypox virus (MPXV) strain has emerged as a crucial strategy for assessing the efficacy of vaccines and antiviral drugs against human MPXV infection. Here, we established an animal model by infecting cynomolgus macaques with the prevalent MPXV strain, WIBP-MPXV-001, and simulating its natural routes of infection. A comprehensive analysis and evaluation were conducted on three animals, including monitoring clinical symptoms, collecting hematology data, measuring viral loads, evaluating cellular and humoral immune responses, and examining histopathology. Our findings revealed that initial skin lesions appeared at the inoculation sites and subsequently spread to the limbs and back, and all infected animals exhibited bilateral inguinal lymphadenopathy, eventually leading to a self-limiting disease course. Viral DNA was detected in post-infection blood, nasal, throat, rectal and blister fluid swabs. These observations indicate that the NHP model accurately reflects critical clinical features observed in human MPXV infection. Notably, the animals displayed clinical symptoms and disease progression similar to those of humans, rather than a lethal outcome as observed in previous studies. Historically, MPXV was utilized as a surrogate model for smallpox. However, our study contributes to a better understanding of the dynamics of current MPXV infections while providing a potential infectious NHP model for further evaluation of vaccines and antiviral drugs against mpox infection. Furthermore, the challenge model closely mimics the primary natural routes of transmission for human MPXV infections. This approach enhances our understanding of the precise mechanisms underlying the interhuman transmission of MPXV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingni Li
- Biosafety Level 3 Laboratory, Wuhan Institute of Biological Products Co., Ltd., Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yunfeng Chen
- Biosafety Level 3 Laboratory, Wuhan Institute of Biological Products Co., Ltd., Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wenjing Zhang
- Biosafety Level 3 Laboratory, Wuhan Institute of Biological Products Co., Ltd., Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Chunyang Li
- Biosafety Level 3 Laboratory, Wuhan Institute of Biological Products Co., Ltd., Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ding Tang
- Biosafety Level 3 Laboratory, Wuhan Institute of Biological Products Co., Ltd., Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wanlu Hua
- Biosafety Level 3 Laboratory, Wuhan Institute of Biological Products Co., Ltd., Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Fan Hou
- Biosafety Level 3 Laboratory, Wuhan Institute of Biological Products Co., Ltd., Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhuo Chen
- Biosafety Level 3 Laboratory, Wuhan Institute of Biological Products Co., Ltd., Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yuanlang Liu
- Biosafety Level 3 Laboratory, Wuhan Institute of Biological Products Co., Ltd., Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yi Tian
- Biosafety Level 3 Laboratory, Wuhan Institute of Biological Products Co., Ltd., Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Kaili Sun
- Biosafety Level 3 Laboratory, Wuhan Institute of Biological Products Co., Ltd., Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiuli Xu
- Biosafety Level 3 Laboratory, Wuhan Institute of Biological Products Co., Ltd., Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yan Zeng
- Biosafety Level 3 Laboratory, Wuhan Institute of Biological Products Co., Ltd., Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Fei Xia
- Biosafety Level 3 Laboratory, Wuhan Institute of Biological Products Co., Ltd., Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jia Lu
- Biosafety Level 3 Laboratory, Wuhan Institute of Biological Products Co., Ltd., Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zejun Wang
- Biosafety Level 3 Laboratory, Wuhan Institute of Biological Products Co., Ltd., Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
- National Engineering Technology Research Center for Combined Vaccines, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
- National Key Laboratory for Novel Vaccines Research and Development of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
- Hubei Provincial Vaccine Technology Innovation Center, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
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50
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Moeckel C, Mareboina M, Konnaris MA, Chan CS, Mouratidis I, Montgomery A, Chantzi N, Pavlopoulos GA, Georgakopoulos-Soares I. A survey of k-mer methods and applications in bioinformatics. Comput Struct Biotechnol J 2024; 23:2289-2303. [PMID: 38840832 PMCID: PMC11152613 DOI: 10.1016/j.csbj.2024.05.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2024] [Revised: 05/14/2024] [Accepted: 05/15/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024] Open
Abstract
The rapid progression of genomics and proteomics has been driven by the advent of advanced sequencing technologies, large, diverse, and readily available omics datasets, and the evolution of computational data processing capabilities. The vast amount of data generated by these advancements necessitates efficient algorithms to extract meaningful information. K-mers serve as a valuable tool when working with large sequencing datasets, offering several advantages in computational speed and memory efficiency and carrying the potential for intrinsic biological functionality. This review provides an overview of the methods, applications, and significance of k-mers in genomic and proteomic data analyses, as well as the utility of absent sequences, including nullomers and nullpeptides, in disease detection, vaccine development, therapeutics, and forensic science. Therefore, the review highlights the pivotal role of k-mers in addressing current genomic and proteomic problems and underscores their potential for future breakthroughs in research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camille Moeckel
- Institute for Personalized Medicine, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Manvita Mareboina
- Institute for Personalized Medicine, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Maxwell A. Konnaris
- Institute for Personalized Medicine, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Candace S.Y. Chan
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Ioannis Mouratidis
- Institute for Personalized Medicine, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
- Huck Institute of the Life Sciences, Penn State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Austin Montgomery
- Institute for Personalized Medicine, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Nikol Chantzi
- Institute for Personalized Medicine, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
| | | | - Ilias Georgakopoulos-Soares
- Institute for Personalized Medicine, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
- Huck Institute of the Life Sciences, Penn State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA
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