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Liu F, Zeng M, Zhou X, Huang F, Song Z. Aspergillus fumigatus escape mechanisms from its harsh survival environments. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2024; 108:53. [PMID: 38175242 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-023-12952-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2023] [Revised: 10/09/2023] [Accepted: 10/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
Aspergillus fumigatus is a ubiquitous pathogenic mold and causes several diseases, including mycotoxicosis, allergic reactions, and systemic diseases (invasive aspergillosis), with high mortality rates. In its ecological niche, the fungus has evolved and mastered many reply strategies to resist and survive against negative threats, including harsh environmental stress and deficiency of essential nutrients from natural environments, immunity responses and drug treatments in host, and competition from symbiotic microorganisms. Hence, treating A. fumigatus infection is a growing challenge. In this review, we summarized A. fumigatus reply strategies and escape mechanisms and clarified the main competitive or symbiotic relationships between A. fumigatus, viruses, bacteria, or fungi in host microecology. Additionally, we discussed the contemporary drug repertoire used to treat A. fumigatus and the latest evidence of potential resistance mechanisms. This review provides valuable knowledge which will stimulate further investigations and clinical applications for treating and preventing A. fumigatus infections. KEY POINTS: • Harsh living environment was a great challenge for A. fumigatus survival. • A. fumigatus has evolved multiple strategies to escape host immune responses. • A. fumigatus withstands antifungal drugs via intrinsic escape mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangyan Liu
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, People's Republic of China
| | - Meng Zeng
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, People's Republic of China
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Yongchuan Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 402160, People's Republic of China
| | - Xue Zhou
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, People's Republic of China
| | - Fujiao Huang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhangyong Song
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, People's Republic of China.
- Molecular Biotechnology Platform, Public Center of Experimental Technology, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, People's Republic of China.
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2
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Qiu C, Liu Z. Positive selection and functional diversification of transcription factor Cmr1 homologs in Alternaria. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2024; 108:133. [PMID: 38229332 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-023-12893-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 12/04/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2024]
Abstract
Transcription factor Cmr1 (Colletotrichum melanin regulation 1) and its homologs in several plant fungal pathogens are the regulators of the 1,8-dihydroxynaphthalene (DHN)-melanin biosynthesis pathway and have evolved functional diversification in morphology and pathogenicity. The fungal genus Alternaria comprises the group of "black fungi" that are rich in DHN-melanin in the primary cell wall and septa of the conidia. Some Alternaria species cause many economically important plant diseases worldwide. However, the evolution and function of Cmr1 homologs in Alternaria remain poorly understood. Here, we identified a total of forty-two Cmr1 homologs from forty-two Alternaria spp. and all contained one additional diverse fungal specific transcription factor motif. Phylogenetic analysis indicated the division of these homologs into five major clades and three branches. Dated phylogeny showed the A and D clades diverged latest and earliest, respectively. Molecular evolutionary analyses revealed that three amino acid sites of Cmr1 homologs in Alternaria were the targets of positive selection. Asmr1, the homolog of Cmr1 in the potato early blight pathogen, Alternaria solani was amplified and displayed the sequence conservation at the amino acid level in different A. solani isolates. Asmr1 was further confirmed to have the transcriptional activation activity and was upregulated during the early stage of potato infection. Deletion of asmr1 led to the decreased melanin content and pathogenicity, deformed conidial morphology, and responses to cell wall and fungicide stresses in A. solani. These results suggest positive selection and functional divergence have played a role in the evolution of Cmr1 homologs in Alternaria. KEY POINTS: • Cmr1 homologs were under positive selection in Alternaria species • Asmr1 is a functional transcription factor, involved in spore development, melanin biosynthesis, pathogenicity, and responses to cell wall and fungicide stresses in A. solani • Cmr1 might be used as a potential taxonomic marker of the genus Alternaria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaodong Qiu
- Department of Plant Pathology, School of Plant Protection, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui, 230036, China
| | - Zhenyu Liu
- Department of Plant Pathology, School of Plant Protection, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui, 230036, China.
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management On Crops, Hefei, Anhui, 230036, China.
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3
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Yu Y, Liu T, Wang Y, Liu L, He X, Li J, Martin FM, Peng W, Tan H. Comparative analyses of Pleurotus pulmonarius mitochondrial genomes reveal two major lineages of mini oyster mushroom cultivars. Comput Struct Biotechnol J 2024; 23:905-917. [PMID: 38370975 PMCID: PMC10869244 DOI: 10.1016/j.csbj.2024.01.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2023] [Revised: 01/29/2024] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 02/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Pleurotus pulmonarius, commonly known as the mini oyster mushroom, is highly esteemed for its crisp texture and umami flavor. Limited genetic diversity among P. pulmonarius cultivars raises concerns regarding its sustainable industrial production. To delve into the maternal genetic diversity of the principal P. pulmonarius cultivars, 36 cultivars and five wild isolates were subjected to de novo sequencing and assembly to generate high-quality mitogenome sequences. The P. pulmonarius mitogenomes had lengths ranging from 69,096 to 72,905 base pairs. The mitogenome sizes of P. pulmonarius and those of other mushroom species in the Pleurotus genus showed a significant positive correlation with the counts of LAGLIDAG and GIY-YIG homing endonucleases encoded by intronic open reading frames. A comparison of gene arrangements revealed an inversion of a fragment containing atp9-nad3-nad2 between P. pulmonarius and P. ostreatus. The mitogenomes of P. pulmonarius were clustered into three distinct clades, two of which were crowded with commercial cultivars. Clade I, all of which possess an inserted dpo gene, shared a maternal origin linked to an ancestral cultivar from Taiwan. Primers were designed to target the dpo gene, potentially safeguarding intellectual property rights. The wild isolates in Clade III exhibited more divergent mitogenomes, rendering them valuable for breeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Yu
- Sichuan Institute of Edible Fungi, Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu 610000, China
| | - Tianhai Liu
- Sichuan Institute of Edible Fungi, Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu 610000, China
- Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 610000, China
| | - Yong Wang
- Sichuan Institute of Edible Fungi, Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu 610000, China
| | - Lixu Liu
- Sichuan Institute of Edible Fungi, Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu 610000, China
| | - Xiaolan He
- Sichuan Institute of Edible Fungi, Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu 610000, China
| | - Jianwei Li
- Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu 610000, China
| | - Francis M. Martin
- Université de Lorraine, INRAE, UMR Interactions Arbres/Microorganismes, Centre INRAE Grand Est, Nancy, Champenoux 54280, France
| | - Weihong Peng
- Sichuan Institute of Edible Fungi, Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu 610000, China
| | - Hao Tan
- Sichuan Institute of Edible Fungi, Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu 610000, China
- Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China
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4
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Li X, Feng R, Luo P, Zhang Y, Lu L. Synergistic effects of putative Ca 2+-binding sites of calmodulin in fungal development, temperature stress and virulence of Aspergillus fumigatus. Virulence 2024; 15:2290757. [PMID: 38085844 PMCID: PMC10761034 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2023.2290757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
In pathogenic fungi, calcium-calmodulin-dependent serine-threonine-specific phosphatase calcineurin is involved in morphogenesis and virulence. Therefore, calcineurin and its tightly related protein complexes are attractive antifungal drug targets. However, there is limited knowledge available on the relationship between in vivo Ca2+-binding sites of calmodulin (CaM) and its functions in regulating stress responses, morphogenesis, and pathogenesis. In the current study, we demonstrated that calmodulin is required for hyphal growth, conidiation, and virulence in the human fungal pathogen, Aspergillus fumigatus. Site-directed mutations of calmodulin revealed that a single Ca2+-binding site mutation had no significant effect on A. fumigatus hyphal development, but multiple Ca2+-binding site mutations exhibited synergistic effects, especially when cultured at 42 °C, indicating that calmodulin function in response to temperature stress depends on its Ca2+-binding sites. Western blotting implied that mutations in Ca2+-binding sites caused highly degraded calmodulin fragments, suggesting that the loss of Ca2+-binding sites results in reduced protein stability. Moreover, normal intracellular calcium homeostasis and the nuclear translocation of the transcriptional factor CrzA are dependent on Ca2+-binding sites of AfCaM, demonstrating that Ca2+-binding sites of calmodulin are required for calcium signalling and its major transcription factor CrzA. Importantly, in situ mutations for four Ca2+-binding sites of calmodulin resulted in an almost complete loss of virulence in the Galleria mellonella wax moth model. This study shed more light on the functional characterization of putative calcium-binding sites of calmodulin in the morphogenesis and virulence of A. fumigatus, which enhances our understanding of calmodulin biological functions in cells of opportunistic fungal pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingyue Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Microbes and Functional Genomics, Jiangsu Engineering and Technology Research Center for Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ruoyun Feng
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Microbes and Functional Genomics, Jiangsu Engineering and Technology Research Center for Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China
| | - Pan Luo
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Microbes and Functional Genomics, Jiangsu Engineering and Technology Research Center for Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yuanwei Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Microbes and Functional Genomics, Jiangsu Engineering and Technology Research Center for Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ling Lu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Microbes and Functional Genomics, Jiangsu Engineering and Technology Research Center for Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China
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Cui S, Zhou L, Fang Q, Xiao H, Jin D, Liu Y. Growth period and variety together drive the succession of phyllosphere microbial communities of grapevine. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 950:175334. [PMID: 39117232 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.175334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2024] [Revised: 07/29/2024] [Accepted: 08/04/2024] [Indexed: 08/10/2024]
Abstract
Phyllosphere microbes play a crucial role in plant health and productivity. However, the influence of abiotic and biotic factors on these communities is poorly understood. Here, we used amplicon sequencing to investigate the microbiome variations across eight grape cultivars and three distinct leaf ages. The diversity and richness of phyllosphere microbiomes were significantly affected by cultivars and leaf age. Young leaves of most grape cultivars had a higher diversity. Beta-diversity analyses revealed notable differences in microbial communities across leaf ages, with bacterial communities varying substantially between cultivars. The main bacterial genera included Staphylococcus, Exiguobacterium, Acinetobacter, Enterococcus, and Erwinia; the principal fungal genera were Cladosporium, Moesziomyces, Alternaria, Didymella, and Coprinellus across all samples. LEfSe analysis revealed significant differences in bacterial and fungal biomarkers at different leaf ages, with no biomarkers identified among different cultivars. Fungal biomarkers were more abundant than bacterial at three leaf ages, and older leaves had more fungal biomarkers. Notably, beneficial microbial taxa with biocontrol potential were present on the phyllosphere at 45 d, whereas certain fungal groups associated with increased disease risk were first detected at 100 d. The bacterial network was more complex than the fungal network, and young leaves had a more complex network in most cultivars. Our study elucidated the dynamics of early grape phyllosphere microbes, providing valuable insights for early detection and prediction of grape diseases and a foundation for leveraging the grape leaf microbiome for agricultural purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaowei Cui
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; School of Grassland Science, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Lianzhu Zhou
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Qiandong Fang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Haijun Xiao
- School of Grassland Science, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Decai Jin
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Biotechnology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China.
| | - Yongqiang Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China.
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de Freitas MD, Dantas Lima Junior R, Freitas da Silva FE, Inokuti EM, Hansen Oster A, Zampieri D, Souza Lima C, Pacheco Fill T, Gomes de Lemos TL. Unraveling the antifungal composition of bitter orange decoction against the melon pathogen Fusarium jinanense. Food Chem 2024; 455:139769. [PMID: 38843716 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2024.139769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2024] [Revised: 05/04/2024] [Accepted: 05/19/2024] [Indexed: 07/10/2024]
Abstract
Bitter orange (Citrus aurantium) is an important source of essential oils with high antimicrobial activities, however the composition and antifungal potential of the decoction peels is little explored. This study assessed the peel decoction's chemical profile at the secondary metabolism level and its antifungal activity against the melon phytopathogen Fusarium jinanense. The decoction's antifungal potential was investigated using a bioassay-guided fractionation approach based on Solid-Phase Extraction (SPE) and LC-HRMS/MS analysis. Coumarins and flavones were the most abundant classes of compounds in the high-value fractions responsible for up to 61% of the mycelial inhibition of F. jinanense. Overall, this study has presented for the first time the chemical composition, the antifungal potential of the decoction of C. aurantium peels and the compounds associated with these results. This strategy can guide the exploration of under-explored food sources and add value to compounds or fractions enriched with bioactive compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Daiane de Freitas
- Departamento de Química Orgânica e Inorgânica, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Campus do Pici, 60021-940, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
| | | | | | - Eliane Mayumi Inokuti
- Departamento de Fitotecnia, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Campus do Pici, 60440-554, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
| | - Andréia Hansen Oster
- Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária, Embrapa Uva e Vinho, 95701-008, Bento Gonçalves, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Davila Zampieri
- Departamento de Química Orgânica e Inorgânica, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Campus do Pici, 60021-940, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
| | - Cristiano Souza Lima
- Departamento de Fitotecnia, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Campus do Pici, 60440-554, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
| | - Taicia Pacheco Fill
- Instituto de Química, Universidade de Campinas, 13083-970, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Telma Leda Gomes de Lemos
- Departamento de Química Orgânica e Inorgânica, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Campus do Pici, 60021-940, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil.
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Anelli P, Dall'Asta C, Cozzi G, Epifani F, Carella D, Scarpetta D, Brasca M, Moretti A, Susca A. Analysis of composition and molecular characterization of mycobiota occurring on surface of cheese ripened in Dossena's mine. Food Microbiol 2024; 123:104587. [PMID: 39038900 DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2024.104587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2024] [Revised: 06/04/2024] [Accepted: 06/18/2024] [Indexed: 07/24/2024]
Abstract
Accurate identification of the fungal community spontaneously colonizing food products, aged in natural and not controlled environments, provides information about potential mycotoxin risk associated with its consumption. Autochthonous mycobiota colonizing cheese aging in Dossena mines, was investigated and characterized by two approaches: microbial isolations and metabarcoding. Microbial isolations and metabarcoding analysis were conducted on cheese samples, obtained by four batches, produced in four different seasons of the year, aged for 90 and 180 days, by five dairy farms. The two approaches, with different taxonomical resolution power, highlighted Penicillium biforme among filamentous fungi, collected from 58 out of 68 cheeses, and Debaryomyces hansenii among yeasts, as the most abundant species (31 ÷ 65%), none representing a health risk for human cheese consumption. Shannon index showed that the richness of mycobiota increases after 180 days of maturation. Beta diversity analysis highlighted significant differences in composition of mycobiota of cheese produced by different dairy farms and aged for different durations. Weak negative growth interaction between P. biforme and Aspergillus westerdijkiae by in vitro analysis was observed leading to hypothesize that a reciprocal control is possible, also affected by natural environmental conditions, possibly disadvantageous for the last species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pamela Anelli
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production, National Research Council (CNR-ISPA), via Amendola 122/0, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Chiara Dall'Asta
- Department of Food and Drug, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze, 17/A, 43121 Parma, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Cozzi
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production, National Research Council (CNR-ISPA), via Amendola 122/0, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Filomena Epifani
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production, National Research Council (CNR-ISPA), via Amendola 122/0, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Daria Carella
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production, National Research Council (CNR-ISPA), via Amendola 122/0, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Davide Scarpetta
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production, National Research Council (CNR-ISPA), Via G. Celoria 2, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Milena Brasca
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production, National Research Council (CNR-ISPA), Via G. Celoria 2, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Antonio Moretti
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production, National Research Council (CNR-ISPA), via Amendola 122/0, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Antonia Susca
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production, National Research Council (CNR-ISPA), via Amendola 122/0, 70126 Bari, Italy.
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Bigey F, Menatong Tene X, Wessner M, Pradal M, Aury JM, Cruaud C, Neuvéglise C. Differential adaptation of the yeast Candida anglica to fermented food. Food Microbiol 2024; 123:104584. [PMID: 39038890 DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2024.104584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2024] [Revised: 05/22/2024] [Accepted: 06/07/2024] [Indexed: 07/24/2024]
Abstract
A single strain of Candida anglica, isolated from cider, is available in international yeast collections. We present here seven new strains isolated from French PDO cheeses. For one of the cheese strains, we achieved a high-quality genome assembly of 13.7 Mb with eight near-complete telomere-to-telomere chromosomes. The genomes of two additional cheese strains and of the cider strain were also assembled and annotated, resulting in a core genome of 5966 coding sequences. Phylogenetic analysis showed that the seven cheese strains clustered together, away from the cider strain. Mating-type locus analysis revealed the presence of a MATa locus in the cider strain but a MATalpha locus in all cheese strains. The presence of LINE retrotransposons at identical genome position in the cheese strains, and two different karyotypic profiles resulting from chromosomal rearrangements were observed. Together, these findings are consistent with clonal propagation of the cheese strains. Phenotypic trait variations were observed within the cheese population under stress conditions whereas the cider strain was found to have a much greater capacity for growth in all conditions tested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frédéric Bigey
- SPO, Univ Montpellier, INRAE, Institut Agro, Montpellier, France
| | | | - Marc Wessner
- Génomique Métabolique, Genoscope, Institut François Jacob, CEA, CNRS, Univ Evry, Université Paris-Saclay, Evry, 91057, France
| | - Martine Pradal
- SPO, Univ Montpellier, INRAE, Institut Agro, Montpellier, France
| | - Jean-Marc Aury
- Génomique Métabolique, Genoscope, Institut François Jacob, CEA, CNRS, Univ Evry, Université Paris-Saclay, Evry, 91057, France
| | - Corinne Cruaud
- Genoscope, Institut François Jacob, CEA, Université Paris-Saclay, Evry, 91057, France
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Turco S, Brugneti F, Giubilei I, Silvestri C, Petrović M, Drais MI, Cristofori V, Speranza S, Mazzaglia A, Contarini M, Rossini L. A bud's life: Metabarcoding analysis to characterise hazelnut big buds microbiome biodiversity. Microbiol Res 2024; 287:127851. [PMID: 39094393 DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2024.127851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2024] [Revised: 07/16/2024] [Accepted: 07/17/2024] [Indexed: 08/04/2024]
Abstract
Despite Corylus avellana L. being an economically important shrub species known for its resilience to adverse environmental conditions, it constantly faces attacks from a plethora of biotic entities. Among these, the mite pest Phytoptus avellanae is gaining importance, causing economic losses every year. This mite colonises the new generative and vegetative buds, leading them to become swollen and reddish, and drastically reducing hazelnut production. The biology behind gall formation is still poorly understood. This study provides a qualitative and quantitative description of the microbiome in both healthy and infested buds of two economically important hazelnut cultivars through metabarcoding of fungal ITS and bacterial 16 S. Potentially pathogenic genera such as Fusarium and Pseudomonas were predominant in the infested buds, along with the obligate intracellular bacterial genus Wolbachia. Akanthomyces muscarius was instead isolated from culture-based methods only from the infested buds. These findings could improve the understanding of gall ecology, supporting the management of mite populations, and they could also serve as a milestone for further studies on low-impact, monitoring-driven, and genetically targeted control strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Turco
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie e Forestali, Università degli Studi della Tuscia, Via San Camillo de Lellis snc, Viterbo 01100, Italy.
| | - Federico Brugneti
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie e Forestali, Università degli Studi della Tuscia, Via San Camillo de Lellis snc, Viterbo 01100, Italy
| | - Irene Giubilei
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie e Forestali, Università degli Studi della Tuscia, Via San Camillo de Lellis snc, Viterbo 01100, Italy
| | - Cristian Silvestri
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie e Forestali, Università degli Studi della Tuscia, Via San Camillo de Lellis snc, Viterbo 01100, Italy
| | - Miloš Petrović
- Faculty of Agriculture, University of Novi Sad, Trg Dositeja Obradovića 8, Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Mounira Inas Drais
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie e Forestali, Università degli Studi della Tuscia, Via San Camillo de Lellis snc, Viterbo 01100, Italy
| | - Valerio Cristofori
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie e Forestali, Università degli Studi della Tuscia, Via San Camillo de Lellis snc, Viterbo 01100, Italy
| | - Stefano Speranza
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie e Forestali, Università degli Studi della Tuscia, Via San Camillo de Lellis snc, Viterbo 01100, Italy; Centro de Estudios Parasitológicos y de Vectores (CEPAVE, CONICET-UNLP), La Plata, Argentina
| | - Angelo Mazzaglia
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie e Forestali, Università degli Studi della Tuscia, Via San Camillo de Lellis snc, Viterbo 01100, Italy
| | - Mario Contarini
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie e Forestali, Università degli Studi della Tuscia, Via San Camillo de Lellis snc, Viterbo 01100, Italy
| | - Luca Rossini
- Service d'Automatique et d'Analyse des Systèmes, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Av. F.D. Roosevelt 50, Brussels 1050, Belgium.
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10
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Liu Q, Wingfield MJ, Duong TA, Wingfield BD, Chen S. Diversity of Calonectria species from leaves and soils in diseased southern China Eucalyptus plantation. Fungal Biol 2024; 128:2007-2021. [PMID: 39174236 DOI: 10.1016/j.funbio.2024.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2023] [Revised: 07/14/2024] [Accepted: 07/15/2024] [Indexed: 08/24/2024]
Abstract
Calonectria leaf blight (CLB) is one of the best-known diseases of Eucalyptus spp., particularly in Asia and South America. Recently, typical symptoms of leaf and shoot blight caused by Calonectria spp. Were observed in a Eucalyptus plantation in the YunNan Province of southwestern China. Isolations were made from diseased leaves and top soil collected below the diseased trees to determine the causal agent of the disease and to consider the distribution characteristics of the Calonectria species. This resulted in 417 isolates, of which 228 were from leaves and 189 were from soil. Based on comparisons of DNA sequences for the act (actin), cmdA (calmodulin), his3 (histone H3), rpb2 (the second largest subunit of RNA polymerase), tef1 (translation elongation factor 1-alpha) and tub2 (β-tubulin) gene regions, as well as morphological characteristics, 11 Calonectria species were identified. These included Calonectria aciculata (0.7 %), Ca. colhounii (1.2 %), Ca. eucalypti (10.6 %) and Ca. honghensis (43.2 %) in the Ca. colhounii species complex, and Ca. aconidialis (15.3 %), Ca. asiatica (9.8 %), Ca. hongkongensis (1.0 %), Ca. ilicicola (6.0 %), Ca. kyotensis (0.5 %), and Ca. yunnanensis (11.3 %) in the Ca. kyotensis species complex. In addition, a novel species, accounting for 0.5 % of the isolates, was discovered and is described here as Ca. dianii sp. nov. in the Ca colhounii species complex. Most (99.1 %) of the isolates collected from the leaves resided in the Ca. colhounii species complex and a majority (95.8 %) of those from the soils were in Ca. kyotensis species complex. These results suggest that Calonectria spp. in the Ca. colhounii species complex infecting leaves might be adapted to that niche and that those in the Ca. kyotensis species complex are better adapted to a soil habitat.
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Affiliation(s)
- QianLi Liu
- Research Institute of Fast-growing Trees (RIFT), Chinese Academy of Forestry (CAF), ZhanJiang, 524022, GuangDong Province, China; Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, Pretoria, 0028, South Africa
| | - Michael J Wingfield
- Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, Pretoria, 0028, South Africa
| | - Tuan A Duong
- Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, Pretoria, 0028, South Africa
| | - Brenda D Wingfield
- Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, Pretoria, 0028, South Africa
| | - ShuaiFei Chen
- Research Institute of Fast-growing Trees (RIFT), Chinese Academy of Forestry (CAF), ZhanJiang, 524022, GuangDong Province, China; Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, Pretoria, 0028, South Africa.
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11
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Lynn KMT, Wingfield MJ, Hammerbacher A, Barnes I. High-resolution melting curve analysis: A detection assay for Ceratocystis eucalypticola and C. manginecans in infected Eucalyptus. Fungal Biol 2024; 128:2062-2072. [PMID: 39174241 DOI: 10.1016/j.funbio.2024.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2024] [Revised: 07/13/2024] [Accepted: 07/31/2024] [Indexed: 08/24/2024]
Abstract
Eucalyptus spp. in plantations are negatively affected by canker and wilt diseases caused by several species of Ceratocystis, particularly those in the Latin American Clade (LAC). Ceratocystis eucalypticola and Ceratocystis manginecans are of particular concern where disease epidemics are reported globally, with recent outbreaks emerging in South African and Indonesian Eucalyptus plantations. Consequently, a rapid screening protocol is required for these pathogens. In this study, a high-resolution melting curve analysis (HRMA) was developed to detect C. eucalypticola and C. manginecans that bypasses time-consuming isolation and post-PCR procedures. Primers targeting a 172 bp region of the cerato-platanin (CP) gene were designed. Using these primers, the accuracy of HRMA to detect and distinguish between these two LAC species was assessed using pure fungal DNA, and DNA extracted directly from Eucalyptus samples naturally infected with C. eucalypticola. The assay accurately detected the presence of C. eucalypticola and C. manginecans and quantifies their DNA, both from cultures, and directly from wood samples. HRMA further differentiated these two species from all other tested LAC individuals. This assay was also able to detect the presence of all the tested LAC species and distinguish seven of these, including C. fimbriata, to species level. Ceratocystis polyconidia was the only non-LAC off-target species detected. Based on these results, the developed assay can be used to rapidly identify C. eucalypticola and C. manginecans directly from infected plant material or fungal cultures, with the potential to also screen for several other LAC species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kira M T Lynn
- Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, Private Bag X20, Pretoria, 0028, South Africa
| | - Michael J Wingfield
- Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, Private Bag X20, Pretoria, 0028, South Africa
| | - Almuth Hammerbacher
- Department of Zoology and Entomology, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Irene Barnes
- Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, Private Bag X20, Pretoria, 0028, South Africa.
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12
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Bastholm CJ, Andersen B, Frisvad JC, Oestergaard SK, Nielsen JL, Madsen AM, Richter J. A novel contaminant in museums? A cross-sectional study on xerophilic Aspergillus growth in climate-controlled repositories. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 944:173880. [PMID: 38857796 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.173880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2024] [Revised: 05/30/2024] [Accepted: 06/07/2024] [Indexed: 06/12/2024]
Abstract
In the last decade, extensive fungal growth has developed in Danish museums parallel to climate change, challenging occupational health and heritage preservation. The growth was unexpected as the museums strived to control relative humidity below 60 %, and it should exceed 75 % to risk growth. A Danish case study found xerophilic Aspergillus species able to grow at low relative humidity in a museum repository. This cross-sectional study aimed to examine whether xerophilic growth from Aspergillus section Restricti has become a novel contaminant nationally distributed in Danish museum repositories striving to control relative humidity according to international environmental recommendations for heritage collections. The study examined The National Museum of Denmark and eight large State Recognized museums distributed throughout Denmark. It was based on 600 swab and tape-lift samples and 60 MAS100-Eco and filter air samples analyzed for fungi with cultivation and morphological identification, Big-Dye-Sanger sequencing, CaM-Nanopore and ITS-Illumina amplicon sequencing. The study showed growth from seven xerophilic Aspergillus species: A. conicus, A. domesticus, A. glabripes, A. halophilicus, A. magnivesiculatus, A. penicilloides, A. vitricola, of which three are new to Denmark, and 13 xerotolerant Aspergillus species. There was no growth from other fungal species. The multiple detection approach provided a broad characterization; however, there was variance in the detected species depending on the analysis approach. Cultivation and Big-Dye Sanger sequencing showed the highest Aspergillus diversity, detecting 17 species; CaM-Nanopore amplicon sequencing detected 12 species; and ITS-illumina amplicon sequencing detected two species but the highest overall diversity. Cultivation, followed by Big-Dye Sanger and CaM-amplicon sequencing, proved the highest compliance. The study concluded that xerophilic Aspergillus growth is nationally distributed and suggests species from Aspergillus section Restricti as a novel contaminant in climate-controlled museum repositories. To safeguard occupational health and heritage preservation research in sustainable solutions, avoiding xerophilic growth in museum collections is most important.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camilla Jul Bastholm
- Museum ROMU, Roskilde and The National Museum of Denmark, Copenhagen, Denmark; Royal Danish Academy, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | | | | | | | | | - Anne Mette Madsen
- The National Research Centre for the Working Environment, Copenhagen, Denmark
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13
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Dijksterhuis J, Kleinhoven P, van Kuijk S, Wolters AHG, Bruinenberg PG. Synergistic antifungal effects of the preservative ammonium propionate and medium chain fatty acids against dormant and germinating conidia, germ tubes and hyphae of Aspergillus chevalieri, a feed spoilage fungus. Int J Food Microbiol 2024; 422:110802. [PMID: 38943772 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2024.110802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2024] [Revised: 06/05/2024] [Accepted: 06/13/2024] [Indexed: 07/01/2024]
Abstract
In feed, propionic acid is the weak organic acid of choice to prevent growth of spoilage fungi. For safe and easy industrial handling this antifungal agent is applied in the presence of neutralizing ammonium, which however has the disadvantage to negatively affect the efficacy of fungus-inhibiting properties of the formulation. In the present study we investigated the impact of medium chain fatty acids (MCFA) on the antifungal efficacy of an ammonium propionate formulation on dormant- and germinating conidia as well as germ tubes and hyphae of Aspergillus chevalieri, a xerophilic fungus predominant on moulded feed. Dormant conidia were not affected by 32 mM of ammonium propionate after a 28 h-treatment in demi water. Similar results were obtained with solely 0.52 mM MCFA. However, the combination of both components nearly eradicated formation of colonies from these conidia and was accompanied by distortion of the cellular structure as was visible with light- and transmission electron microscopy. Germination of conidia, characterised by swelling and germ tube formation, was significantly decreased in the presence of 16 mM ammonium propionate and 0.26 mM MCFA, while the latter component itself did not significantly decrease germination. We conclude that a combination of ammonium propionate and MCFA had a synergistic antifungal effect on dormant and germinating conidia. When the combination of ammonium propionate and MCFA was tested on hyphae for 30 min, we observed that cell death was significantly increased in comparison to components alone. Treatment of the hyphae with 16 mM of ammonium propionate caused aberrant mitochondria, as evidenced by irregularly shaped and enlarged mitochondria that contained electron-dense inclusions as observed by transmission electron microscopy. When the combination of ammonium propionate and MCFA was applied against the hyphae, more severe cell damage was observed, with signs of autophagy. Summarised, our results demonstrate synergistic antifungal effects of ammonium propionate and medium chain fatty acids on fungal survival structures, during their germination and after a short (sudden) treatment of growing cells. This is of potential importance for several areas of feed and food storage and shelf-life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Dijksterhuis
- Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT Utrecht, the Netherlands.
| | | | | | - Anouk H G Wolters
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Paul G Bruinenberg
- Trouw Nutrition R&D, Stationsstraat 77, 3811 MH Amersfoort, the Netherlands
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14
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Choi E, Chun HS, Auh JH, Ahn S, Kim BH. Evaluation of sterols as markers of fungal spoilage in red pepper powder. Food Chem 2024; 452:139566. [PMID: 38728892 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2024.139566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2024] [Revised: 04/15/2024] [Accepted: 05/03/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024]
Abstract
Red pepper powder (RPP) made from ground dried red pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) is prone to adulteration with fungal-spoiled RPP to gain unfair profits in Korea. This study aimed to investigate the effects of fungal infection on the ergosterol and phytosterol content of RPP and evaluate the potential of the sterol content as a marker for identifying fungal-spoiled RPP. Ergosterol was detected only in fungal-spoiled RPP and not in unspoiled RPP [
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Affiliation(s)
- Eunji Choi
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Sookmyung Women's University, Seoul 04310, South Korea.
| | - Hyang Sook Chun
- Department of Food Science & Technology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong 17546, South Korea.
| | - Joong-Hyuck Auh
- Department of Food Science & Technology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong 17546, South Korea.
| | - Sangdoo Ahn
- Department of Chemistry, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 06974, South Korea.
| | - Byung Hee Kim
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Sookmyung Women's University, Seoul 04310, South Korea.
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15
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Piersanti S, Rebora M, Turchetti B, Salerno G, Ruscetta M, Zucconi L, D'Alò F, Buzzini P, Sannino C. Microplastics in the diet of Hermetia illucens: Implications for development and midgut bacterial and fungal microbiota. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2024; 186:259-270. [PMID: 38943817 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2024.06.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2023] [Revised: 06/18/2024] [Accepted: 06/21/2024] [Indexed: 07/01/2024]
Abstract
In a world with a population exceeding 8 billion people and continuing to grow, pollution from food and plastic waste is causing long-term issues in ecosystems. Potential solutions may be found by exploiting insect-based bioconversion. In this context, we investigated the impact of polyvinyl chloride microparticles (PVC-MPs) on the development of Hermetia illucens (black soldier fly; BSF) and its midgut bacterial and fungal microbiota. The impact of PVC-MPs was evaluated feeding BSF larvae with a PVC-MPs-supplemented diet. The larvae exposed to different PVC-MPs concentrations (2.5%, 5%, 10% and 20% w/w) developed into adults with no significant increase in pupal mortality. Faster development and smaller pupae were observed when 20% PVC-MPs was provided. The BSF larvae ingest PVC-MPs, resulting in a reduction in MPs size. Larvae exposed to PVC-MPs did not exhibit differences in gut morphology. Regarding the impact of PVC-MPs on the structure of both bacterial and fungal communities, the overall alpha- and beta-diversity did not exhibit significant changes. However, the presence of PVC-MPs significantly affected the relative abundances of Enterobacteriaceae and Paenibacillaceae among the bacteria and of Dipodascaceae and Plectospharellaceae among the fungi (including yeast and filamentous life forms), suggesting that PVC-MP contamination has a taxa-dependent impact. These results indicate that BSF larvae can tolerate PVC-MPs in their diet, supporting the potential use of these insects in organic waste management, even in the presence of high levels of PVC-MP contamination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvana Piersanti
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy.
| | - Manuela Rebora
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy.
| | - Benedetta Turchetti
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy.
| | - Gianandrea Salerno
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy.
| | - Mario Ruscetta
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Laura Zucconi
- Department of Ecological and Biological Sciences, University of Tuscia, Viterbo, Italy.
| | - Federica D'Alò
- Research Institute on Terrestrial Ecosystems, National Research Council, Porano (TR), Italy.
| | - Pietro Buzzini
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy.
| | - Ciro Sannino
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy.
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16
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Kewessa G, Dejene T, Martín-Pinto P. Untangling the effect that replacing Ethiopia's natural forests with exotic tree plantations has on arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 942:173718. [PMID: 38848925 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.173718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2024] [Revised: 05/24/2024] [Accepted: 05/31/2024] [Indexed: 06/09/2024]
Abstract
Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) have a broad distribution and establish symbiotic relationships with vascular plants in tropical regions. They play a crucial role in enhancing plant nutrient absorption, mitigating pathogenic infections, and boosting the resilience of host plants to abiotic stresses, including drought under specific conditions. Many natural forests in Ethiopia are being replaced by monospecific plantations. However, the impact of these actions on AMF is unknown and, despite their ecological functions, AMF communities in various forest systems have not been thoroughly investigated. In this study, we assessed soil AMF communities in natural and plantation forests by DNA metabarcoding of the ITS2 rDNA region and assessed the influence of climate and environmental variables on the AMF community. In total, 193 AMF operational taxonomic units (OTUs), comprising nine families and 15 genera, were recorded. Glomerales was the dominant order (67.9 % of AMF OTUs) and Septoglomus fuscum, Diversispora insculpta, and Funneliformis mosseae were the dominant species. AMF were more abundant in natural forests than in plantation forests and the composition of AMF communities differed significantly from those of plantation forest. In plantation forests, soil pH, organic carbon, total nitrogen, and available phosphorus significantly influenced the composition of AMF communities, whereas in natural forest, electrical conductivity, annual rainfall, and cumulative rainfall before sample collection were significantly correlated with AMF. SIMPER analysis identified the AMF responsible for composition variances among different forest types, with the Glomeraceae family being the most significant contributor, accounting for nearly 60 % of the dissimilarity. Our findings further our understanding of the ecological niche function and the role of AMF in Ethiopia's natural forest systems and highlight the importance of prioritizing the sustainable development of degraded natural forests rather than plantations to ensure the preservation of habitats conducive to maintaining various AMF communities when devising conservation and management strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gonfa Kewessa
- Sustainable Forest Management Research Institute, University of Valladolid, Avda. Madrid 44, 34071 Palencia, Spain; Department of Forestry, Ambo University, P.O. Box 19, Ambo, Ethiopia
| | - Tatek Dejene
- Sustainable Forest Management Research Institute, University of Valladolid, Avda. Madrid 44, 34071 Palencia, Spain; Ethiopian Forestry Development, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Pablo Martín-Pinto
- Sustainable Forest Management Research Institute, University of Valladolid, Avda. Madrid 44, 34071 Palencia, Spain.
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Garello M, Piombo E, Buonsenso F, Prencipe S, Valente S, Meloni GR, Marcet-Houben M, Gabaldón T, Spadaro D. Several secondary metabolite gene clusters in the genomes of ten Penicillium spp. raise the risk of multiple mycotoxin occurrence in chestnuts. Food Microbiol 2024; 122:104532. [PMID: 38839238 DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2024.104532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2024] [Revised: 03/14/2024] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024]
Abstract
Penicillium spp. produce a great variety of secondary metabolites, including several mycotoxins, on food substrates. Chestnuts represent a favorable substrate for Penicillium spp. development. In this study, the genomes of ten Penicillium species, virulent on chestnuts, were sequenced and annotated: P. bialowiezense. P. pancosmium, P. manginii, P. discolor, P. crustosum, P. palitans, P. viridicatum, P. glandicola, P. taurinense and P. terrarumae. Assembly size ranges from 27.5 to 36.8 Mb and the number of encoded genes ranges from 9,867 to 12,520. The total number of predicted biosynthetic gene clusters (BGCs) in the ten species is 551. The most represented families of BGCs are non ribosomal peptide synthase (191) and polyketide synthase (175), followed by terpene synthases (87). Genome-wide collections of gene phylogenies (phylomes) were reconstructed for each of the newly sequenced Penicillium species allowing for the prediction of orthologous relationships among our species, as well as other 20 annotated Penicillium species available in the public domain. We investigated in silico the presence of BGCs for 10 secondary metabolites, including 5 mycotoxins, whose production was validated in vivo through chemical analyses. Among the clusters present in this set of species we found andrastin A and its related cluster atlantinone A, mycophenolic acid, patulin, penitrem A and the cluster responsible for the synthesis of roquefortine C/glandicoline A/glandicoline B/meleagrin. We confirmed the presence of these clusters in several of the Penicillium species conforming our dataset and verified their capacity to synthesize them in a chestnut-based medium with chemical analysis. Interestingly, we identified mycotoxin clusters in some species for the first time, such as the andrastin A cluster in P. flavigenum and P. taurinense, and the roquefortine C cluster in P. nalgiovense and P. taurinense. Chestnuts proved to be an optimal substrate for species of Penicillium with different mycotoxigenic potential, opening the door to risks related to the occurrence of multiple mycotoxins in the same food matrix.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Garello
- Department of Agricultural, Forest and Food Sciences (DISAFA), University of Turin, Largo Braccini 2, 10095, Grugliasco, TO, Italy; AGROINNOVA - Interdepartmental Centre for the Innovation in the Agro-Environmental Sector, University of Torino, Largo Braccini 2, 10095, Grugliasco, TO, Italy
| | - Edoardo Piombo
- Department of Forest Mycology and Plant Pathology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Almas Allé 5, 75651, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Fabio Buonsenso
- Department of Agricultural, Forest and Food Sciences (DISAFA), University of Turin, Largo Braccini 2, 10095, Grugliasco, TO, Italy; AGROINNOVA - Interdepartmental Centre for the Innovation in the Agro-Environmental Sector, University of Torino, Largo Braccini 2, 10095, Grugliasco, TO, Italy
| | - Simona Prencipe
- Department of Agricultural, Forest and Food Sciences (DISAFA), University of Turin, Largo Braccini 2, 10095, Grugliasco, TO, Italy
| | - Silvia Valente
- Department of Agricultural, Forest and Food Sciences (DISAFA), University of Turin, Largo Braccini 2, 10095, Grugliasco, TO, Italy; AGROINNOVA - Interdepartmental Centre for the Innovation in the Agro-Environmental Sector, University of Torino, Largo Braccini 2, 10095, Grugliasco, TO, Italy
| | - Giovanna Roberta Meloni
- Department of Agricultural, Forest and Food Sciences (DISAFA), University of Turin, Largo Braccini 2, 10095, Grugliasco, TO, Italy; AGROINNOVA - Interdepartmental Centre for the Innovation in the Agro-Environmental Sector, University of Torino, Largo Braccini 2, 10095, Grugliasco, TO, Italy
| | - Marina Marcet-Houben
- Barcelona Supercomputing Centre (BSC-CNS), Plaça Eusebi Güell, 1-3, 08034, Barcelona, Spain; Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Baldiri Reixac, 10, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Toni Gabaldón
- Barcelona Supercomputing Centre (BSC-CNS), Plaça Eusebi Güell, 1-3, 08034, Barcelona, Spain; Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Baldiri Reixac, 10, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA), Barcelona, Spain; CIBER de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Davide Spadaro
- Department of Agricultural, Forest and Food Sciences (DISAFA), University of Turin, Largo Braccini 2, 10095, Grugliasco, TO, Italy; AGROINNOVA - Interdepartmental Centre for the Innovation in the Agro-Environmental Sector, University of Torino, Largo Braccini 2, 10095, Grugliasco, TO, Italy.
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18
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Saglam ASY, Kalkanci A, Salimi DDU, Escan F, Fidan I, Tunccan OG. MicroRNA expression profile of alveolar epithelial cells infected with Aspergillus fumigatus. J Appl Genet 2024; 65:627-634. [PMID: 38727943 DOI: 10.1007/s13353-024-00871-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Revised: 04/06/2024] [Accepted: 04/19/2024] [Indexed: 08/09/2024]
Abstract
There are limited number of studies investigating the role of microRNAs (miRNAs) in Aspergillus infections. In this study, we designed an in vitro aspergillosis model to identify differentially expressed Aspergillus-related miRNAs. For this purpose, carcinoma cell lines "A549" and "Calu-3" were infected with Aspergillus fumigatus. Total miRNA was isolated at 0, 1, 6, and 24 h post-infection. Quantitative real-time PCR assay was conducted to screen 31 human miRNAs that were possibly related to aspergillosis. Up- and downregulated miRNAs were detected in the infected cells. Highest level of miRNA expression was detected at 6 h post-infection. miR-21, hsa-miR-186-5p, hsa-miR-490-5p, miR-26a-5p, miR-26b-5p, hsa-miR-424-5p, hsa-miR-548d-3p, hsa-miR-196a-5p, miR-150-5p, miR-17-5p, and hsa-miR-99b-5p were found to be significantly upregulated (p < 0.001) at 6 h after A. fumigatus infection compared with the controls. Among the screened miRNAs, hsa-miR-145-5p (p < 0.001); hsa-miR-583 and hsa-miR-3978 (p < 0.01); and miR-21-5p, hsa-miR-4488, and hsa-miR-4454 (p < 0.05) were found to be downregulated compared with the controls. In conclusion, screening the identified miRNAs may reveal the personal predisposition to aspergillosis, which might be valuable from the perspective of personalized medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atiye Seda Yar Saglam
- Department of Medical Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Ayse Kalkanci
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey.
| | - Duygu Deniz Usta Salimi
- Department of Medical Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Funda Escan
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Isıl Fidan
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Ozlem Guzel Tunccan
- Department of Infectious Disease, Faculty of Medicine, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey
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19
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Gupta GK, Kapoor RK, Chhabra D, Bhardwaj NK, Shukla P. Synergistic effect of cellulo-xylanolytic and laccase enzyme consortia for improved deinking of waste papers. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2024; 408:131173. [PMID: 39084535 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2024.131173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2024] [Revised: 07/25/2024] [Accepted: 07/27/2024] [Indexed: 08/02/2024]
Abstract
This study reports the cellulo-xylanolytic cocktail production from Hypocrea lixii GGRK4 using multi-objective genetic algorithm-artificial neural network tool, resulting in 8.32 ± 1.07 IU/mL, 51.53 ± 3.78 IU/mL activity of CMCase and xylanase, respectively with more than 85 % residual activity at 60 °C and pH 6.0. Interestingly, metal ions viz. K+ and Ca2+ stimulated the enzyme activity, whereas Fe2+ and Cu2+ reduced the activity. Significant amounts of hydrophobic compounds, chromophores, and phenolics were released after wastepapers deinking. The deinking efficiency of 73.60 ± 2.45 % and 38.60 ± 1.34 % was obtained for photocopier paper and newspaper, respectively, whereas brightness of 89.90 ± 2.10 % ISO and 44.90 ± 1.63 % ISO was reported for both types of waste papers. The physical strength of deinked photocopier paper and newspapers, i.e., tensile index (3.10 and 0.50 %), tearing index (7.10 and 4.83 %), and burst factor (8.61) were enhanced whereas double fold property was decreased proving wastepaper reusability. This consortium showed effective and significant enzymatic deinking efficiency for recycled wastepapers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guddu Kumar Gupta
- Enzyme and Fermentation Technology Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak-124001, Haryana, India
| | - Rajeev Kumar Kapoor
- Enzyme and Fermentation Technology Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak-124001, Haryana, India
| | - Deepak Chhabra
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University Institute of Engineering and Technology (UIET), Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak-124001, Haryana, India
| | - Nishi Kant Bhardwaj
- Avantha Centre for Industrial Research and Development, Paper Mill Campus, Yamuna Nagar-135001, Haryana, India; Department of Paper Technology, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Saharanpur Campus, Paper Mill Road, Saharanpur-247001, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Pratyoosh Shukla
- Enzyme Technology and Protein Bioinformatics Laboratory, School of Biotechnology, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi-221005, Uttar Pradesh, India.
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20
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Gallo A, Catellani A, Ghilardelli F, Lapris M, Mastroeni C. Review: Strategies and technologies in preventing regulated and emerging mycotoxin co-contamination in forage for safeguarding ruminant health. Animal 2024; 18 Suppl 2:101280. [PMID: 39129068 DOI: 10.1016/j.animal.2024.101280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2023] [Revised: 07/28/2024] [Accepted: 07/29/2024] [Indexed: 08/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Ruminants are often considered less susceptible to mycotoxins than monogastrics, owing to rumen microflora converting mycotoxins to less toxic compounds or several compounds present in the rumen-reticulum compartment, being able to bind the mycotoxin "mother" molecule that make them unavailable for absorption process in the gastro-intestinal tract of host animals. However, if ruminants consume feed contaminated by mycotoxins for long periods, their growth, development, and fertility can be compromised. Among regulated mycotoxins, the most studied and known for their effects are aflatoxins (AFs) AFB1, AFB2, AFG1 and AFG2, as well as the AFM1 for its high importance in dairy sector, deoxynivalenol (DON) and its metabolites 3/15 acetyl-DON and 3-glucoside DON, T-2 and HT-2 toxins, zearalenone, fumonisins, in particular that belong to the B class, and ochratoxin A. Furthermore, because of the emergence of multiple emerging mycotoxins that are detectable in feed utilised in ruminant diets, such as ensiled forage, there is now a growing focus on investigating these compounds by the scientific community to deepen their toxicity for animal health. Despite the enhancement of research, it is remarkable that there is a paucity of in vivo trials, as well as limited studies on nutrient digestibility and the impact of these molecules on rumen and intestinal functions or milk yield and quality. In this review, recent findings regarding the occurrence of regulated and emerging mycotoxins in forage and their possible adverse effects on dairy cattle are described, with special emphasis on animal performance and on rumen functionality.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Gallo
- Department of Animal Science, Food and Nutrition DIANA, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Via Emilia Parmense, 84, 29100 Piacenza, Italy.
| | - A Catellani
- Department of Animal Science, Food and Nutrition DIANA, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Via Emilia Parmense, 84, 29100 Piacenza, Italy
| | - F Ghilardelli
- Department of Animal Science, Food and Nutrition DIANA, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Via Emilia Parmense, 84, 29100 Piacenza, Italy
| | - M Lapris
- Department of Animal Science, Food and Nutrition DIANA, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Via Emilia Parmense, 84, 29100 Piacenza, Italy
| | - C Mastroeni
- Department of Animal Science, Food and Nutrition DIANA, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Via Emilia Parmense, 84, 29100 Piacenza, Italy
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21
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Thai HD, Trinh MT, Do LTBX, Le TH, Nguyen DT, Tran QT, Tran VKT, Mai LTD, Pham DN, Le DH, Vu TX, Tran VT. Gene function characterization in Aspergillus niger using a dual resistance marker transformation system mediated by Agrobacterium tumefaciens. J Microbiol Methods 2024; 224:106989. [PMID: 38996925 DOI: 10.1016/j.mimet.2024.106989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2024] [Revised: 06/14/2024] [Accepted: 07/09/2024] [Indexed: 07/14/2024]
Abstract
Aspergillus niger is a well-known workhorse for the industrial production of enzymes and organic acids. This fungus can also cause postharvest diseases in fruits. Although Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation (ATMT) based on antibiotic resistance markers has been effectively exploited for inspecting functions of target genes in wild-type fungi, it still needs to be further improved in A. niger. In the present study, we re-examined the ATMT in the wild-type A. niger strains using the hygromycin resistance marker and introduced the nourseothricin resistance gene as a new selection marker for this fungus. Unexpectedly, our results revealed that the ATMT method using the resistance markers in A. niger led to numerous small colonies as false-positive transformants on transformation plates. Using the top agar overlay technique to restrict false positive colonies, a transformation efficiency of 87 ± 18 true transformants could be achieved for 106 conidia. With two different selection markers, we could perform both the deletion and complementation of a target gene in a single wild-type A. niger strain. Our results also indicated that two key regulatory genes (laeA and veA) of the velvet complex are required for A. niger to infect apple fruits. Notably, we demonstrated for the first time that a laeA homologous gene from the citrus postharvest pathogen Penicillium digitatum was able to restore the acidification ability and pathogenicity of the A. niger ΔlaeA mutant. The dual resistance marker ATMT system from our work represents an improved genetic tool for gene function characterization in A. niger.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanh-Dung Thai
- National Key Laboratory of Enzyme and Protein Technology, University of Science, Vietnam National University, 334 Nguyen Trai, Thanh Xuan, Hanoi, Viet Nam
| | - Minh Thi Trinh
- National Key Laboratory of Enzyme and Protein Technology, University of Science, Vietnam National University, 334 Nguyen Trai, Thanh Xuan, Hanoi, Viet Nam
| | - Loc Thi Binh Xuan Do
- National Key Laboratory of Enzyme and Protein Technology, University of Science, Vietnam National University, 334 Nguyen Trai, Thanh Xuan, Hanoi, Viet Nam
| | - Thu-Hang Le
- National Key Laboratory of Enzyme and Protein Technology, University of Science, Vietnam National University, 334 Nguyen Trai, Thanh Xuan, Hanoi, Viet Nam
| | - Duc-Thanh Nguyen
- National Key Laboratory of Enzyme and Protein Technology, University of Science, Vietnam National University, 334 Nguyen Trai, Thanh Xuan, Hanoi, Viet Nam
| | - Que Thi Tran
- National Key Laboratory of Enzyme and Protein Technology, University of Science, Vietnam National University, 334 Nguyen Trai, Thanh Xuan, Hanoi, Viet Nam
| | - Van-Khanh Tong Tran
- National Key Laboratory of Enzyme and Protein Technology, University of Science, Vietnam National University, 334 Nguyen Trai, Thanh Xuan, Hanoi, Viet Nam
| | - Linh Thi Dam Mai
- Faculty of Biology, University of Science, Vietnam National University, 334 Nguyen Trai, Thanh Xuan, Hanoi, Viet Nam
| | - Duc-Ngoc Pham
- Faculty of Biology, University of Science, Vietnam National University, 334 Nguyen Trai, Thanh Xuan, Hanoi, Viet Nam
| | - Diep Hong Le
- Faculty of Biology, University of Science, Vietnam National University, 334 Nguyen Trai, Thanh Xuan, Hanoi, Viet Nam
| | - Tao Xuan Vu
- Center for Experimental Biology, National Center for Technological Progress, Ministry of Science and Technology of Vietnam, C6 Thanh Xuan Bac, Thanh Xuan, Hanoi, Viet Nam
| | - Van-Tuan Tran
- National Key Laboratory of Enzyme and Protein Technology, University of Science, Vietnam National University, 334 Nguyen Trai, Thanh Xuan, Hanoi, Viet Nam; Faculty of Biology, University of Science, Vietnam National University, 334 Nguyen Trai, Thanh Xuan, Hanoi, Viet Nam.
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22
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Jin DJ, Yang ZH, Qiu YG, Zheng YM, Cui ZN, Gu W. Design, synthesis, antifungal evaluation and mechanism study of novel norbornene derivatives as potential laccase inhibitors. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2024; 80:4273-4285. [PMID: 38625031 DOI: 10.1002/ps.8133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2023] [Revised: 03/09/2024] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 04/17/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND To discover novel fungicide candidates, five series of novel norbornene hydrazide, bishydrazide, oxadiazole, carboxamide and acylthiourea derivatives (2a-2t, 3a-3f, 4a-4f, 5a-5f and 7a-7f) were designed, synthesized and assayed for their antifungal activity toward seven representative plant fungal pathogens. RESULTS In the in vitro antifungal assay, some title norbornene derivatives presented good antifungal activity against Botryosphaeria dothidea, Sclerotinia sclerotiorum and Fusarium graminearum. Especially, compound 2b exhibited the best inhibitory activity toward B. dothidea with the median effective concentration (EC50) of 0.17 mg L-1, substantially stronger than those of the reference fungicides boscalid and carbendazim. The in vivo antifungal assay on apples revealed that 2b had significant curative and protective effects, both of which were superior to boscalid. In the preliminary antifungal mechanism study, 2b was able to injure the surface morphology of hyphae, destroy the cell membrane integrity and increase the intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) level of B. dothidea. In addition, 2b could considerably inhibit the laccase activity with the median inhibitory concentration (IC50) of 1.02 μM, much stronger than that of positive control cysteine (IC50 = 35.50 μM). The binding affinity and interaction mode of 2b with laccase were also confirmed by molecular docking. CONCLUSION This study presented a promising lead compound for the study of novel laccase inhibitors as fungicidal agrochemicals, which demonstrate significant anti-B. dothidea activity and laccase inhibitory activity. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dao-Jun Jin
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, Jiangsu Provincial Key Lab for the Chemistry and Utilization of Agro-forest Biomass, Jiangsu Key Lab of Biomass-based Green Fuels and Chemicals, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zi-Hui Yang
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, Jiangsu Provincial Key Lab for the Chemistry and Utilization of Agro-forest Biomass, Jiangsu Key Lab of Biomass-based Green Fuels and Chemicals, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yi-Gui Qiu
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, Jiangsu Provincial Key Lab for the Chemistry and Utilization of Agro-forest Biomass, Jiangsu Key Lab of Biomass-based Green Fuels and Chemicals, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yi-Ming Zheng
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, Jiangsu Provincial Key Lab for the Chemistry and Utilization of Agro-forest Biomass, Jiangsu Key Lab of Biomass-based Green Fuels and Chemicals, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhen-Nan Cui
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, Jiangsu Provincial Key Lab for the Chemistry and Utilization of Agro-forest Biomass, Jiangsu Key Lab of Biomass-based Green Fuels and Chemicals, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
| | - Wen Gu
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, Jiangsu Provincial Key Lab for the Chemistry and Utilization of Agro-forest Biomass, Jiangsu Key Lab of Biomass-based Green Fuels and Chemicals, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
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23
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Syazwan SA, Mohd-Farid A, Yih Lee S, Mohamed R. Comparative analysis of mitochondrial genomes in Ceratocystis fimbriata complex across diverse hosts. Gene 2024; 921:148539. [PMID: 38710292 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2024.148539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2024] [Revised: 04/16/2024] [Accepted: 05/03/2024] [Indexed: 05/08/2024]
Abstract
The decline ofAcacia mangiumWilld. in Malaysia, especially in Sabah since 2010, is primarily due to Ceratocystiswilt and canker disease (CWCD) caused by theCeratocystis fimbriataEllis & Halst. complex. This study was aimed to investigate the mitochondrial genome architecture of two differentC. fimbriatacomplex isolates from Malaysia: one fromA. mangiumin Pahang (FRIM1162) and another fromEucalyptus pellitain Sarawak (FRIM1441). This research employed Next-Generation Sequencing (NGS) to contrast genomes from diverse hosts with nine additional mitochondrial sequences, identifying significant genetic diversity and mutational hotspots in the mitochondrial genome alignment. The mitochondrial genome-based phylogenetic analysis revealed a significant genetic relationship between the studied isolates and theC. fimbriatacomplex in the South American Subclade, indicating that theC. fimbriatacomplex discovered in Malaysia isC. manginecans. The comparative mitochondrial genome demonstrates the adaptability of the complex due to mobile genetic components and genomic rearrangements in the studiedfungal isolates. This research enhances our knowledge of the genetic diversity and evolutionary patterns within theC. fimbriatacomplex, aiding in a deeper understanding of fungal disease development and host adaption processes. The acquired insights are crucial for creating specific management strategies for CWCD, improving the overall understanding of fungal disease evolution and control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samsuddin Ahmad Syazwan
- Mycology and Pathology Branch, Forest Health and Conservation Programme, Forest Biodiversity Division, Forest Research Institute Malaysia, 52109 Kepong, Selangor, Malaysia; Department of Forest Science and Biodiversity, Faculty of Forestry and Environment, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - Ahmad Mohd-Farid
- Mycology and Pathology Branch, Forest Health and Conservation Programme, Forest Biodiversity Division, Forest Research Institute Malaysia, 52109 Kepong, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - Shiou Yih Lee
- Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, INTI International University, 71800 Nilai, Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia.
| | - Rozi Mohamed
- Department of Forest Science and Biodiversity, Faculty of Forestry and Environment, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
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García Carnero LC, Pinzan CF, Diehl C, de Castro PA, Pontes L, Rodrigues AM, Dos Reis TF, Goldman GH. Milteforan, a promising veterinary commercial product against feline sporotrichosis. Microbiol Spectr 2024:e0047424. [PMID: 39194287 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.00474-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2024] [Accepted: 07/12/2024] [Indexed: 08/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Sporotrichosis, the cutaneous mycosis most commonly reported in Latin America, is caused by the Sporothrix clinical clade species, including Sporothrix brasiliensis and Sporothrix schenckii sensu stricto. Due to its zoonotic transmission in Brazil, S. brasiliensis represents a significant health threat to humans and domestic animals. Itraconazole, terbinafine, and amphotericin B are the most used antifungals for treating sporotrichosis. However, many strains of S. brasiliensis and S. schenckii have shown resistance to these agents, highlighting the importance of finding new therapeutic options. Here, we demonstrate that milteforan, a commercial veterinary product against dog leishmaniasis, whose active principle is miltefosine, is a possible therapeutic alternative for the treatment of sporotrichosis, as observed by its fungicidal activity in vitro against different strains of S. brasiliensis and S. schenckii. Fluorescent miltefosine localizes to the Sporothrix cell membrane and mitochondria and causes cell death through increased permeabilization. Milteforan decreases S. brasiliensis fungal burden in A549 pulmonary cells and bone marrow-derived macrophages and also has an immunomodulatory effect by decreasing TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-10 production. Our results suggest milteforan as a possible alternative to treat feline sporotrichosis. IMPORTANCE Sporotrichosis is an endemic disease in Latin America caused by different species of Sporothrix. This fungus can infect domestic animals, mainly cats and eventually dogs, as well as humans. Few drugs are available to treat this disease, such as itraconazole, terbinafine, and amphotericin B, but resistance to these agents has risen in the last few years. Alternative new therapeutic options to treat sporotrichosis are essential. Here, we propose milteforan, a commercial veterinary product against dog leishmaniasis, whose active principle is miltefosine, as a possible therapeutic alternative for treating sporotrichosis. Milteforan decreases S. brasiliensis fungal burden in human and mouse cells and has an immunomodulatory effect by decreasing several cytokine production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura C García Carnero
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Camila Figueiredo Pinzan
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Camila Diehl
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Patricia Alves de Castro
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Lais Pontes
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Anderson Messias Rodrigues
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Discipline of Cellular Biology, Laboratory of Emerging Fungal Pathogens, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- National Institute of Science and Technology in Human Pathogenic Fungi, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Thaila F Dos Reis
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Gustavo H Goldman
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
- National Institute of Science and Technology in Human Pathogenic Fungi, São Paulo, Brazil
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25
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Araújo FDDS, Molano EPL, Cabrera OG, Fidelis CHDV, Pereira GAG, Eberlin MN. Volatile Organic Compounds from Ceratocystis cacaofunesta, a Causal Agent of Ceratocystis Wilt of Cacao. J Chem Ecol 2024:10.1007/s10886-024-01542-6. [PMID: 39190193 DOI: 10.1007/s10886-024-01542-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2024] [Revised: 08/17/2024] [Accepted: 08/20/2024] [Indexed: 08/28/2024]
Abstract
Fungi of the genus Ceratocystis are aggressive tree pathogens that cause serious diseases in several crops around the world. Ceratocystis wilt disease caused by C. cacaofunesta has been shown to be responsible for severe reductions in cacao production. In this study, headspace solid-phase microextraction (HS-SPME) coupled with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) was used in combination with chemometric analysis for monitoring volatile organic compounds (VOCs) released from C. cacaofunesta. Low-molecular-weight esters, alcohols, ketones, and sulphur compounds were identified in the liquid broth. Monitoring the volatile profile over five days of fungal growth revealed that the concentrations of alcohol and esters were inversely proportional. Acetate esters were responsible for the intense fruity aroma of the C. cacaofunesta culture produced within the first hours after fungal inoculation, which decreased over time, and are likely associated with the attraction of insect vectors to maintain the life cycle of the pathogen. PCA revealed that 3-methylbutyl acetate was the metabolite with the highest factor loading for the separation of the VOC samples after 4 h of fungal growth, whereas ethanol and 3-methylbutan-1-ol had the highest factor loadings after 96 and 120 h. 3-Methylbutan-1-ol is a phytotoxic compound that is likely associated with host cell death since C. cacaofunesta is a necrotrophic fungus. Fungal VOCs play important roles in natural habitats, regulating developmental processes and intra- and interkingdom interactions. This is the first report on the volatiles released by C. cacaofunesta.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisca Diana da Silva Araújo
- ThoMSon Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, Chemistry Institute, University of Campinas, POB 6154, Campinas, SP, 13084-970, Brazil.
- Federal University of Piauí, Campus Professora Cinobelina Elvas, Bom Jesus, PI, 64900-000, Brazil.
| | - Eddy Patricia Lopez Molano
- Genomic and Expression Laboratory, Department of Genetics, Evolution and Bioagents, Biology Institute, University of Campinas, Campinas, SP, 13083-970, Brazil
| | - Odalys García Cabrera
- Genomic and Expression Laboratory, Department of Genetics, Evolution and Bioagents, Biology Institute, University of Campinas, Campinas, SP, 13083-970, Brazil
| | | | - Gonçalo Amarante Guimarães Pereira
- Genomic and Expression Laboratory, Department of Genetics, Evolution and Bioagents, Biology Institute, University of Campinas, Campinas, SP, 13083-970, Brazil
| | - Marcos Nogueira Eberlin
- ThoMSon Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, Chemistry Institute, University of Campinas, POB 6154, Campinas, SP, 13084-970, Brazil
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de Oliveira JA, Custódio FA, Pereira OL. Cultivable root endophytic fungi associated with Acrocomia aculeata and its antagonistic activity against phytopathogenic oomycetes. Braz J Microbiol 2024:10.1007/s42770-024-01482-z. [PMID: 39190259 DOI: 10.1007/s42770-024-01482-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2024] [Accepted: 08/03/2024] [Indexed: 08/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Macaw palm (Acrocomia aculeata Jacq.) is a palm, native to Brazilian territory that stands out due to the amount of oil produced with applications in the biodiesel industry, cosmetics, and food. Its commercial exploitation in Brazil, including phytosanitary management is based on concepts and practices of regenerative agriculture, which has the responsibility of sustainable cultivation by avoiding, for example, the use of chemical pesticides. Recently, root and stem rot disease were reported in macaw palm seedlings caused by Phytophthora palmivora. Managing this plant pathogen is complex, and the chemical control of this soil-borne oomycete is not viable, in addition to the negative impact on the environment. Many microorganisms are studied and used as biological control agents (BCAs) against pathogens, among them the community of endophytic fungi associated with plants. This is a sustainable biotechnological alternative for plant disease control. The community of cultivable endophytic fungi associated with healthy roots of macaw palm was explored using the extinction cultivation technique and a screening was carried out to select potential antagonists against oomycetes through the dual culture test. Specific gene regions from the best isolates were amplified for identification. A total of 250 isolates were obtained, and 46 were selected for in vitro tests against representatives of phytopathogenic oomycetes. After tests against Phytophthora heterospora, Phytophthora palmivora, Pythium aphanidermatum, and Pythium deliense, two isolates were selected as potential antagonists. The phylogenetic analysis of selected isolates showed that they belong to two different species: Talaromyces sayulitensis COAD 3605 and Epicoccum italicum COAD 3608. The percentage of inhibition of phytopathogenic oomycetes testedwas until 82% in the antagonism tests conducted. From the 46 isolates selected, only 2 were selected which showed great antagonistic activity towards all oomycetes tested. These fungi will be used in upcoming studies that aim to determine the effectiveness of endophytes in controlling diseases caused by oomycetes in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Fábio Alex Custódio
- Departamento de Fitopatologia, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, 36570-900, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Olinto Liparini Pereira
- Departamento de Fitopatologia, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, 36570-900, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
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Nguyen TBH, Foulongne-Oriol M, Jany JL, le Floch G, Picot A. New insights into mycotoxin risk management through fungal population genetics and genomics. Crit Rev Microbiol 2024:1-22. [PMID: 39188135 DOI: 10.1080/1040841x.2024.2392179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2024] [Revised: 05/08/2024] [Accepted: 08/09/2024] [Indexed: 08/28/2024]
Abstract
Mycotoxin contamination of food and feed is a major global concern. Chronic or acute dietary exposure to contaminated food and feed can negatively affect both human and animal health. Contamination occurs through plant infection by toxigenic fungi, primarily Aspergillus and Fusarium spp., either before or after harvest. Despite the application of various management strategies, controlling these pathogens remains a major challenge primarily because of their ability to adapt to environmental changes and selection pressures. Understanding the genetic structure of plant pathogen populations is pivotal for gaining new insights into their biology and epidemiology, as well as for understanding the mechanisms behind their adaptability. Such deeper understanding is crucial for developing effective and preemptive management strategies tailored to the evolving nature of pathogenic populations. This review focuses on the population-level variations within the two most economically significant toxigenic fungal genera according to space, host, and pathogenicity. Outcomes in terms of migration patterns, gene flow within populations, mating abilities, and the potential for host jumps are examined. We also discuss effective yet often underutilized applications of population genetics and genomics to address practical challenges in the epidemiology and disease control of toxigenic fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toan Bao Hung Nguyen
- Univ Brest, INRAE, Laboratoire Universitaire de Biodiversité et Écologie Microbienne, Plouzané, France
| | | | - Jean-Luc Jany
- Univ Brest, INRAE, Laboratoire Universitaire de Biodiversité et Écologie Microbienne, Plouzané, France
| | - Gaétan le Floch
- Univ Brest, INRAE, Laboratoire Universitaire de Biodiversité et Écologie Microbienne, Plouzané, France
| | - Adeline Picot
- Univ Brest, INRAE, Laboratoire Universitaire de Biodiversité et Écologie Microbienne, Plouzané, France
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28
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Hou Y, Guo Y, Cheng Z, Liu S, Yang Y, Li Y, Liu S, Hou X, Xu J. Inhibitory Activities of Five Fungicides on Alternaria suffruticosae and Their Field Control Efficacy Against Tree Peony Black Spot. PLANT DISEASE 2024:PDIS01240153RE. [PMID: 38698518 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-01-24-0153-re] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2024]
Abstract
Tree peony black spot (TPBS), mainly caused by Alternaria suffruticosae, is a common leaf disease on the ornamental peony, which poses a great threat to the flower buds in the current year and the flowering quality in the next year. However, there is only one fungicide registered for the control of this disease, difenoconazole. In order to avoid the severe problem of pathogen resistance caused by long-term use of difenoconazole, it is necessary to screen more chemical fungicides for the prevention and control of TPBS. In this study, the biological activities of flutolanil, phenamacril, pyraclostrobin, and boscalid on mycelial growth, conidial germination, germ tube elongation, and sporulation quantity of A. suffruticosae were determined, and the field control efficacy was tested to evaluate the preventive and therapeutic activities. Difenoconazole was used as a control simultaneously. The results showed that pyraclostrobin had the strongest inhibitory effects on the conidial germination, mycelium growth, germ tube elongation, and sporulation quantity, with the average EC50 values of 0.0517, 0.5343, 0.0008, and 0.8068 μg/ml, respectively. The inhibitory activity of flutolanil on the four developmental stages of A. suffruticosae was weaker than that of the other three fungicides. Compared with flutolanil, boscalid, the other succinate dehydrogenase inhibitor, had more strong inhibitory effects on the mycelial growth and sporulation quantity, with the average EC50 values of 3.8603 and 1.4760 μg/ml, respectively. Phenamacril had a moderate inhibitory level and had more inhibitory activity on conidial germination and germ tube elongation, with the average EC50 values of 31.5349 and 5.2597 μg/ml, respectively. All of the four fungicides had no significant effects on the shape of spores and germ tubes. The control fungicide difenoconazole had the strongest inhibitory activity on mycelial growth, and the average EC50 value was only 0.3297 μg/ml. However, its inhibitory activity on the other three growth stages was not high. In the field trials, pyraclostrobin had high control efficacy on TPBS even at low concentrations, reaching a minimum of 62.6293%, which was higher than that of difenoconazole. The other three fungicides had higher control efficacy at high concentrations but decreased significantly at low concentrations. Considering the dosage and control efficacy, pyraclostrobin was the first choice for the control of TPBS. Pyraclostrobin is the preferred alternative fungicide to difenoconazole for the prevention and control of TPBS in production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Hou
- College of Food and Bioengineering, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471003 Henan Province, China
- University Key Laboratory of Microbiology Resources Development and Utilization, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471023, China
| | - Yuwei Guo
- College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471003, China
| | - Zejun Cheng
- College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471003, China
| | - Shaodan Liu
- International Peony Garden, Luoyang 471011, Henan Province, China
| | - Yingying Yang
- National Flower Park of China, Luoyang 471023, Henan Province, China
| | - Yihao Li
- College of Food and Bioengineering, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471003 Henan Province, China
| | - Shengming Liu
- College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471003, China
| | - Xiaogai Hou
- College of Agriculture/Tree Peony, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471003, China
- Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Peony Characteristic Resource Plants, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471003, Henan Province, China
| | - Jianqiang Xu
- College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471003, China
- Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Peony Characteristic Resource Plants, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471003, Henan Province, China
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Xu L, Lan X, Chen Y, He R, Wang M, Zhang Y, Liang X, Yang Y. Identity, Pathogenicity, and Genetic Diversity of Lasiodiplodia Species Associated with Stem-End Rot of Avocado in China. PLANT DISEASE 2024:PDIS09231939SR. [PMID: 38625691 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-09-23-1939-sr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/17/2024]
Abstract
Stem-end rot (SER) causes brown necrotic lesions in the pulp near the base of the fruit pedicel and is one of the most devastating postharvest diseases of avocados in all avocado-growing regions of the world. China's avocado industry is growing very rapidly, and the planting area is expanding, but little is known about the pathogens and genetic diversity of avocado SER. To determine the causal agents of SER, avocado fruits were sampled from the main avocado-producing areas in China during 2020 and 2021. Fungal isolates were obtained from SER symptomatic avocado fruits and identified by morphology combined with phylogenetic analysis of internal transcribed spacer (ITS), translation elongation factor 1-α (EF1-α), and β-tubulin (TUB2) gene sequences. All 101 isolates belonged to Lasiodiplodia spp.; four Lasiodiplodia species were identified, namely, L. pseudotheobromae (59.41%), L. theobromae (24.75%), L. mahajangana (7.92%), and L. euphorbiaceicola (1.98%); and six others are classified as Lasiodiplodia sp. (5.94%). There were only slight morphological differences in colonies and conidia of these four species of Lasiodiplodia. The pathogenicity tests showed symptoms of SER, and 92.08% of the isolates exhibited a high level of virulence on avocado (disease index >70), related to the disease severity on avocado fruits. All tested isolates grew well under the temperature ranging from 23 to 33°C. There was a significant difference in mycelial growth between the four species of Lasiodiplodia after treatment with high or low temperatures. The growth of L. pseudotheobromae was the fastest at 13 to 18°C but was the lowest at 38°C (P < 0.05). The red pigment could be produced by all tested isolates after culturing for 7 days at 38°C. The mycelial growth rate was the fastest on PDA medium, and the slowest on the OMA medium but promoted spore formation (P < 0.05). In addition, the genetic diversity of pathogenic Lasiodiplodia species associated with SER collected from avocado, mango, guava, and soursop fruits was determined. A total of 74 isolates were clustered into four main ISSR groups by the unweighted pair-group method with arithmetic mean analysis, and the classification of this group was related to the host. Extensive diversity was detected in the Lasiodiplodia populations. The diverse geographical origins and host species significantly influenced the population differentiation, and most of the genetic variation occurred within populations (P < 0.001). This is the first study to identify the major pathogens of avocado SER in China, survey their occurrence and pathogenicity, and include a comparative analysis of genetic diversity with Lasiodiplodia spp. causing SER on other fruit hosts. Collectively, the Lasiodiplodia species complex affecting avocado showed high pathogenicity and diversity, while L. pseudotheobromae was the most frequently isolated species in China. The results of this study provide insights into the aspects of the epidemic of SER disease caused by Lasiodiplodia species, which will help in developing strategies for the management and control of SER in avocado.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luxi Xu
- School of Breeding and Multiplication (Sanya Institute of Breeding and Multiplication), Hainan University, Hainan Yazhou Bay Seed Laboratory, Sanya 572025, China
- Key Laboratory of Green Prevention and Control of Tropical Plant Diseases and Pests (Hainan University), Ministry of Education, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Xiaomei Lan
- Key Laboratory of Green Prevention and Control of Tropical Plant Diseases and Pests (Hainan University), Ministry of Education, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Yingying Chen
- Key Laboratory of Green Prevention and Control of Tropical Plant Diseases and Pests (Hainan University), Ministry of Education, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Rui He
- Key Laboratory of Green Prevention and Control of Tropical Plant Diseases and Pests (Hainan University), Ministry of Education, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Meng Wang
- School of Breeding and Multiplication (Sanya Institute of Breeding and Multiplication), Hainan University, Hainan Yazhou Bay Seed Laboratory, Sanya 572025, China
- Key Laboratory of Green Prevention and Control of Tropical Plant Diseases and Pests (Hainan University), Ministry of Education, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- School of Breeding and Multiplication (Sanya Institute of Breeding and Multiplication), Hainan University, Hainan Yazhou Bay Seed Laboratory, Sanya 572025, China
- Key Laboratory of Green Prevention and Control of Tropical Plant Diseases and Pests (Hainan University), Ministry of Education, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Xiaoyu Liang
- School of Breeding and Multiplication (Sanya Institute of Breeding and Multiplication), Hainan University, Hainan Yazhou Bay Seed Laboratory, Sanya 572025, China
- Key Laboratory of Green Prevention and Control of Tropical Plant Diseases and Pests (Hainan University), Ministry of Education, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Ye Yang
- School of Breeding and Multiplication (Sanya Institute of Breeding and Multiplication), Hainan University, Hainan Yazhou Bay Seed Laboratory, Sanya 572025, China
- Key Laboratory of Green Prevention and Control of Tropical Plant Diseases and Pests (Hainan University), Ministry of Education, Haikou 570228, China
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Waheed Z, Anwar W, Anjum T, Abbas MT, Akhter A, Hashem A, Kumar A, Abd-Allah EF. Pyrolysed maize feedstock utilization in combination with Trichoderma viride against Macrophomina phaseolina. Sci Rep 2024; 14:19762. [PMID: 39187556 PMCID: PMC11347624 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-70975-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2024] [Accepted: 08/22/2024] [Indexed: 08/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Maize cultivation is under the growing threat of charcoal rot (Macrophomina phaseolina). Chemical control of diseases imparts serious health hazards to humans and the ecosystem. Biochar as an alternative disease management approach has been under consideration of the researchers for some time now. The biochar utilized in this study was derived from maize stalks and cobs. Crystallographic structure, inorganic minerals content and size of maize biochar were analyzed by powder X-ray diffractometer, while scanning electron microscopy revealed rough, irregular, tubular structure of the biochar surface. EDX spectra revealed that the maize biochar composition was dominated by 'C' followed by 'O'. The current study was designed to determine the synergistic effect of maize biochar (MB), and biocontrol agent (BCA) Trichoderma viride as soil amendments on the suppression of M. phaseolina. In vitro bioassays were conducted to check the efficiency of antagonistic effect of Trichoderma spp., in combination with maize biochar. On the basis of maximum mycelial growth inhibition T. viride was selected for a glasshouse experiment. Maize plants were grown in pots containing a mixture of soil with MB at application at the rate of 3 and 6% (v/v) separately, associated with or without T. viride. Treatments amended with 3% MB inoculated with M. phaseolina significantly reduced the percentage disease severity index by 40%. While in the presence of T. viride, 3% MB showed maximum disease suppression and a minimum percentage severity index i.e. 60 and 20%, respectively. Highest nitrogen contents were 18.4 g kg-1 observed in treatment 6% MB, while highest phosphorus and potassium contents were 3.11 and 15.2 g kg-1, respectively in the treatment with 3% MB. Conclusively, the effect of variable concentrations of maize biochar and T. viride as soil amendment was evident on the development of charcoal rot, growth and physiology of maize plants. According to the available literature, our report is the first on the implementation of biochar in synergism with T. viride to suppress the charcoal rot in maize.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zobia Waheed
- Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, Department of Plant Pathology, Quaid-e-Azam Campus, University of the Punjab, P.O Box 54590, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Waheed Anwar
- Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, Department of Plant Pathology, Quaid-e-Azam Campus, University of the Punjab, P.O Box 54590, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Tehmina Anjum
- Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, Department of Plant Pathology, Quaid-e-Azam Campus, University of the Punjab, P.O Box 54590, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Taqqi Abbas
- Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, Department of Plant Pathology, Quaid-e-Azam Campus, University of the Punjab, P.O Box 54590, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Adnan Akhter
- Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, Department of Plant Pathology, Quaid-e-Azam Campus, University of the Punjab, P.O Box 54590, Lahore, Pakistan.
| | - Abeer Hashem
- Botany and Microbiology Department, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box. 2460, 11451, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ajay Kumar
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University, Sector-125, Noida, 201313, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Elsayed Fathi Abd-Allah
- Plant Production Department, College of Food and Agricultural Sciences, King Saud University, P.O. Box. 2460, 11451, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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Landeta C, Medina-Ortiz D, Escobar N, Valdez I, González-Troncoso MP, Álvares-Saravia D, Aldridge J, Gómez C, Lienqueo ME. Integrative workflows for the characterization of hydrophobin and cerato-platanin in the marine fungus Paradendryphiella salina. Arch Microbiol 2024; 206:385. [PMID: 39177836 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-024-04087-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2024] [Revised: 07/03/2024] [Accepted: 07/19/2024] [Indexed: 08/24/2024]
Abstract
Hydrophobins (HFBs) and cerato-platanins (CPs) are surface-active extracellular proteins produced by filamentous fungi. This study identified two HFB genes (pshyd1 and pshyd2) and one CP gene (pscp) in the marine fungus Paradendryphiella salina. The proteins PsCP, PsHYD2, and PsHYD1 had molecular weights of 12.70, 6.62, and 5.98 kDa, respectively, with isoelectric points below 7. PsHYD1 and PsHYD2 showed hydrophobicity (GRAVY score 0.462), while PsCP was hydrophilic (GRAVY score - 0.202). Stability indices indicated in-solution stability. Mass spectrometry identified 2,922 proteins, including CP but not HFB proteins. qPCR revealed differential gene expression influenced by developmental stage and substrate, with pshyd1 consistently expressed. These findings suggest P. salina's adaptation to marine ecosystems with fewer hydrophobin genes than other fungi but capable of producing surface-active proteins from seaweed carbohydrates. These proteins have potential applications in medical biocoatings, food industry foam stabilizers, and environmental bioremediation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catalina Landeta
- Center for Biotechnology and Bioengineering (CeBiB), Department of Chemical Engineering, Biotechnology, and Materials, Faculty of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, University of Chile, Santiago, Beauchef, 851- 8370456, Chile
| | - David Medina-Ortiz
- Center for Biotechnology and Bioengineering (CeBiB), Department of Chemical Engineering, Biotechnology, and Materials, Faculty of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, University of Chile, Santiago, Beauchef, 851- 8370456, Chile
- Department of Computer Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Magallanes, Av. Pdte. Manuel Bulnes 01855, Punta Arenas, Chile
| | - Natalia Escobar
- Microbiology, Department of Biology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Iván Valdez
- Microbiology, Department of Biology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - María Paz González-Troncoso
- Center for Biotechnology and Bioengineering (CeBiB), Department of Chemical Engineering, Biotechnology, and Materials, Faculty of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, University of Chile, Santiago, Beauchef, 851- 8370456, Chile
| | - Diego Álvares-Saravia
- Teaching and Research Assistance Center, CADI, University of Magallanes, Av. los Flamencos, Punta Arenas, 01364, Chile
| | - Jacqueline Aldridge
- Department of Computer Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Magallanes, Av. Pdte. Manuel Bulnes 01855, Punta Arenas, Chile
| | - Carlos Gómez
- Chemistry Department, University of Valle-Yumbo, Valle del Cauca, 760501, Chile
| | - María Elena Lienqueo
- Center for Biotechnology and Bioengineering (CeBiB), Department of Chemical Engineering, Biotechnology, and Materials, Faculty of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, University of Chile, Santiago, Beauchef, 851- 8370456, Chile.
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Hadjebar S, Yekkour A, Djemouai N, Matmoura A, Gutierrez-Pozo M, Medina A, Meklat A, Verheecke-Vaessen C. Mycotoxin Accumulation in Dry Rot Potato Tubers from Algeria and Toxigenic Potential of Associated Isolates of Fusarium Genus. Curr Microbiol 2024; 81:320. [PMID: 39174841 DOI: 10.1007/s00284-024-03840-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2024] [Accepted: 08/12/2024] [Indexed: 08/24/2024]
Abstract
The presence of different mycotoxins in 232 tuber samples exhibiting dry rot symptoms and their associated Fusarium strains from two production sites in Algeria was investigated. LC-MS/MS was used to simultaneously detect and quantify 14 mycotoxins, including trichothecenes and non-trichothecenes. A total of 49 tubers were contaminated with at least one mycotoxins, including T-2, HT-2, Diacetoxyscirpenol (DAS), 15-acetoxyscirpenol (15-AS) and Beauvericin (BEA). Positive samples from the Bouira region had a significantly higher level of toxin contamination compared to Ain Defla (56.34% and 5.59%, respectively). A total of 283 Fusarium strains were isolated: 155 from Bouira and 128 from Ain Defla. These strains were evaluated for their ability to produce the targeted mycotoxins. The results showed that 61.29% and 53.9% of strains originate from Bouira and Ain Defla regions were able to produce Nivalenol, Fusarenone-X, DAS, 15-AS, Neosolaniol, BEA and Zearalenone. The phylogenetic analysis of the conserved ribosomal internal transcribed spacer (ITS) sequences of 29 Fusarium strains, representative of the recorded mycotoxins profiles, was distributed into 5 Fusarium species complexes (SC): F. incarnatum-equiseti SC (FIESC), F. sambucinum SC (FSAMSC), F. oxysporum SC (FOSC), F. tricinctum SC (FTSC) and F. redolens SC (FRSC). This is the first study determining multiple occurrences of mycotoxins contamination associated to Fusarium dry rot of potato in Algeria and highlights fungal potential for producing trichothecene and non-trichothecens mycotoxins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sihem Hadjebar
- Laboratoire de Biologie Des Systèmes Microbiens, École Normale Supérieure de Kouba, BP 92, Vieux-Kouba, 16308, Algiers, Algeria
- Laboratoire Des Biotechnologies, Environnement Et Santé (BES), Université Blida 1, Blida, Algeria
| | - Amine Yekkour
- Laboratoire de Biologie Des Systèmes Microbiens, École Normale Supérieure de Kouba, BP 92, Vieux-Kouba, 16308, Algiers, Algeria.
- Institut National de Recherche Agronomique d'Algérie, B.P. 37, Algiers, Algeria.
| | - Nadjette Djemouai
- Laboratoire de Biologie Des Systèmes Microbiens, École Normale Supérieure de Kouba, BP 92, Vieux-Kouba, 16308, Algiers, Algeria
- Departement de Biologie, Faculté Des Sciences de La Nature Et de La Vie Et Sciences de La Terre, Université de Ghardaia, BP 455, 47000, Ghardaïa, Algeria
| | - Amina Matmoura
- Laboratoire de Biologie Des Systèmes Microbiens, École Normale Supérieure de Kouba, BP 92, Vieux-Kouba, 16308, Algiers, Algeria
- Département de Biologie, Faculté Des Sciences de La Nature Et de La Vie, Université, Saâd Dahlab de Blida 1, B.P. 270, Route de Soumâa, 09000, Blida, Algeria
| | - Maria Gutierrez-Pozo
- Applied Mycology Group, Environment and AgriFood Theme, Cranfield University, Cranfield, Bedford, MK43 0AL, UK
| | - Angel Medina
- Applied Mycology Group, Environment and AgriFood Theme, Cranfield University, Cranfield, Bedford, MK43 0AL, UK
| | - Atika Meklat
- Laboratoire de Biologie Des Systèmes Microbiens, École Normale Supérieure de Kouba, BP 92, Vieux-Kouba, 16308, Algiers, Algeria
| | - Carol Verheecke-Vaessen
- Applied Mycology Group, Environment and AgriFood Theme, Cranfield University, Cranfield, Bedford, MK43 0AL, UK
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Lukina E, Gomzhina M, Dalinova A, Dubovik V, Gordina E, Bozhkova S, Smirnov S, Berestetskiy A. Reappraisal of Didymella macrostoma causing white tip disease of Canada thistle as a new species, Didymella baileyae, sp. nov., and bioactivity of its major metabolites. Mycologia 2024:1-26. [PMID: 39178348 DOI: 10.1080/00275514.2024.2367470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2024] [Accepted: 06/10/2024] [Indexed: 08/25/2024]
Abstract
Bioherbicides are expected to be a supplement to integrated pest management, assisting in the control of problematic weed species. For instance, bioherbicides (Phoma and BioPhoma) were recently registered in Canada and the USA for the control of some perennial dicotyledonous weeds in lawns. These products are based on strains of the fungus Didymella macrostoma (syn. Phoma macrostoma) that causes white tip disease (WTD) in Canada thistle (Cirsium arvense). In this study, WTD was reported for the first time in the Russian Federation. Analysis of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region of nuc rDNA and secondary metabolite profiling confirmed the identity of Russian WTD isolates to Canadian biocontrol strains identified as D. macrostoma. Multilocus phylogenetic analysis based on sequencing of the ITS region, partial large subunit nuc rDNA region (28S), RNA polymerase II second largest subunit gene (rpb2), and partial β-tubulin gene (tub2) has differentiated the WTD isolates from C. arvense and D. macrostoma isolates from other plant hosts. Based on phylogenetic, morphological, and chemotaxonomic features, these WTD isolates were described as a new species named Didymella baileyae, sp. nov. This study also demonstrated the low pathogenicity of the ex-type D. baileyae isolate VIZR 1.53 to C. arvense seedlings and its asymptomatic development in the leaves of aboveground shoots. The organic extracts from mycelium and culture filtrate of D. baileyae, as well as macrocidin A and macrocidin Z, displayed phytotoxicity both to C. arvense leaves and seedlings. Macrocidin A was only detected in the naturally infected leaf tissues of C. arvense showing WTD symptoms. Macrocidins A and Z demonstrated low antimicrobial and cytotoxic activities, exhibiting no entomotoxic properties. The data obtained within this study on the pathogenicity and metabolites of D. baileyae may be important for the rational evaluation of its prospects as a biocontrol agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizaveta Lukina
- Laboratory of Phytotoxicology and Biotechnology, All-Russian Institute of Plant Protection, Pushkin, Saint Petersburg 196608, Russia
| | - Maria Gomzhina
- Laboratory of Mycology and Phytopathology, All-Russian Institute of Plant Protection, Pushkin, Saint Petersburg 196608, Russia
| | - Anna Dalinova
- Laboratory of Phytotoxicology and Biotechnology, All-Russian Institute of Plant Protection, Pushkin, Saint Petersburg 196608, Russia
| | - Vsevolod Dubovik
- Laboratory of Phytotoxicology and Biotechnology, All-Russian Institute of Plant Protection, Pushkin, Saint Petersburg 196608, Russia
| | - Ekaterina Gordina
- Department of Wound Infection Prevention and Treatment, Vreden National Medical Research Center of Traumatology and Orthopedics, Saint Petersburg 195427, Russia
| | - Svetlana Bozhkova
- Department of Wound Infection Prevention and Treatment, Vreden National Medical Research Center of Traumatology and Orthopedics, Saint Petersburg 195427, Russia
| | - Sergey Smirnov
- Magnetic Resonance Research Centre, St. Petersburg State University, Saint Petersburg 198504, Russia
| | - Alexander Berestetskiy
- Laboratory of Phytotoxicology and Biotechnology, All-Russian Institute of Plant Protection, Pushkin, Saint Petersburg 196608, Russia
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Zheng M, Li Q, Liao H, Li Y, Zhou C, Zhao X, Chen C, Sun W, Zhang Y, Zhu H. Adpressins A-G: Oligophenalenone Dimers from Talaromyces adpressus. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2024; 87:1921-1929. [PMID: 39033406 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.4c00330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/23/2024]
Abstract
Nine new oligophenalenone dimers, adpressins A-G (1-9), together with nine known compounds (10-18), were isolated from the fungus Talaromyces adpressus. Their chemical structures were determined on the basis of spectroscopic and mass spectral analyses. Their relative and absolute configurations were identified by 1H and 13C NMR calculations followed by DP4+ analyses, electronic circular dichroism (ECD) calculations, and ECD spectra comparison with related compounds. Compound 1 is the first example of a duclauxin derivative featuring an unusual 6/6/6/5/6/6/6 ring system, while compounds 6 and 7 contained a novel pyrrolidine ring. Compounds 5, 9, and 18 exhibited moderate inhibition against LPS-induced B lymphocyte proliferation with IC50 values ranging from 1.6 to 8.6 μM. Additionally, compounds 9 and 18 exhibited moderate inhibition against Con A-induced T lymphocyte proliferation with IC50 values of 9.3 and 2.6 μM, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meijia Zheng
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry and Resource Evaluation, School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, People's Republic of China
| | - Qin Li
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry and Resource Evaluation, School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, People's Republic of China
| | - Hong Liao
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry and Resource Evaluation, School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, People's Republic of China
| | - Yongqi Li
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry and Resource Evaluation, School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, People's Republic of China
| | - Chenxi Zhou
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry and Resource Evaluation, School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, People's Republic of China
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, People's Republic of China
| | - Xinyi Zhao
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry and Resource Evaluation, School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, People's Republic of China
| | - Chunmei Chen
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry and Resource Evaluation, School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, People's Republic of China
| | - Weiguang Sun
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry and Resource Evaluation, School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, People's Republic of China
| | - Yonghui Zhang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry and Resource Evaluation, School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, People's Republic of China
| | - Hucheng Zhu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry and Resource Evaluation, School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, People's Republic of China
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Laosinwattana C, Manichart N, Thongbang M, Wichittrakarn P, Somala N, Teerarak M. The effect of natural herbicide from Fusarium equiseti crude extract on the aquatic weed water hyacinth (Eichornia crassipes (Mart.) Solms). Sci Rep 2024; 14:19542. [PMID: 39174667 PMCID: PMC11341813 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-70694-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2024] [Accepted: 08/20/2024] [Indexed: 08/24/2024] Open
Abstract
In this study, Fusarium equiseti was isolated from the weed plant Tridax procumbens in an agricultural field and a crude extract produced with 75% ethanol for use as active ingredient material in natural herbicides. The herbicidal effect of F. equiseti extract was tested on water hyacinth (Eichornia crassipes), an invasive aquatic weed, by leaf disk assay at concentrations of 0.05%, 0.1%, and 0.2% w/v crude extract. Dose-dependent visual toxicity symptoms were evident after three days, namely chlorosis, yellow leaves surrounded by dark brown edges. Photosynthetic pigments (chlorophyll a, b, and carotenoids) and membrane integrity (as electrolyte leakage and malondialdehyde content) were evaluated following the leaf disk test. 3 days after treatment, photosynthetic pigment contents showed dose-dependent decreases, while both measures of membrane integrity showed dose-dependent increases with increasing extract concentration. In addition, a cytogenetic assay was conducted on Allium cepa L. root, in which mitotic index reduction and depigmentation were evident as early as 24 h after herbicide application. Finally, anatomical analysis of treated E. crassipes leaves revealed degradation or damage of the ground tissue. All told, our results support the F. equiseti crude-based natural herbicide cloud as a sustainable alternative in agriculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chamroon Laosinwattana
- School of Agricultural Technology, King Mongkut's Institute of Technology Ladkrabang, Bangkok, 10520, Thailand
| | - Nutcha Manichart
- School of Agricultural Technology, King Mongkut's Institute of Technology Ladkrabang, Bangkok, 10520, Thailand
| | - Muanfan Thongbang
- School of Agricultural Technology, King Mongkut's Institute of Technology Ladkrabang, Bangkok, 10520, Thailand
| | - Pattharin Wichittrakarn
- King Monngkut Chaokhunthahan Hospital, King Mongkut's Institute of Technology Ladkrabang, Bangkok, 10520, Thailand
| | - Naphat Somala
- School of Agricultural Technology, King Mongkut's Institute of Technology Ladkrabang, Bangkok, 10520, Thailand.
| | - Montinee Teerarak
- School of Agricultural Technology, King Mongkut's Institute of Technology Ladkrabang, Bangkok, 10520, Thailand
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Qiu C, Zhang H, Liu Z. Alternaria solani core effector Aex59 is a new member of the Alt a 1 protein family and is recognized as a PAMP. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 278:134918. [PMID: 39179073 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.134918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2024] [Revised: 08/18/2024] [Accepted: 08/19/2024] [Indexed: 08/26/2024]
Abstract
Early blight caused by Alternaria solani is a destructive disease in potato production. Here, through systematically screening of an effector protein pool consisting of 115 small cysteine-containing candidate Aex (Alternariaextracellular proteins) in A. solani, we identified a core effector protein named Aex59, a pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMP) molecule. Aex59 is uniquely present in the Ascomycota of fungi and can activate defense responses in multiple plants. Targeted gene disruption showed that Aex59 is a virulence factor and participates in spore development. Perception of Aex59 in Nicotiana benthamiana does not depend on the receptor-like kinases Brassinosteroid-associated kinase1 (BAK1) and Suppressor of BIR1-1 (SOBIR1), which are required for multiple pattern recognition receptors (PRR) pathways. Sequence analysis revealed that Aex59 is a new member of the Alt a 1 protein family and is a potential molecular marker capable of aiding in the classification of the fungi Alternaria spp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaodong Qiu
- Department of Plant Pathology, School of Plant Protection, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui 230036, China
| | - Huajian Zhang
- Department of Plant Pathology, School of Plant Protection, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui 230036, China; Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops, Hefei, Anhui 230036, China
| | - Zhenyu Liu
- Department of Plant Pathology, School of Plant Protection, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui 230036, China; Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops, Hefei, Anhui 230036, China.
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Kelman MJ, Miller JD, Renaud JB, Baskova D, Sumarah MW. A Multi-Year Study of Mycotoxin Co-Occurrence in Wheat and Corn Grown in Ontario, Canada. Toxins (Basel) 2024; 16:372. [PMID: 39195782 DOI: 10.3390/toxins16080372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2024] [Revised: 08/13/2024] [Accepted: 08/16/2024] [Indexed: 08/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Mycotoxin emergence and co-occurrence trends in Canadian grains are dynamic and evolving in response to changing weather patterns within each growing season. The mycotoxins deoxynivalenol and zearalenone are the dominant mycotoxins detected in grains grown in Eastern Canada. Two potential emerging mycotoxins of concern are sterigmatocystin, produced by Aspergillus versicolor, and diacetoxyscirpenol, a type A trichothecene produced by a number of Fusarium species. In response to a call from the 83rd Joint Expert Committee on Food Additives and Contaminants, we conducted a comprehensive survey of samples from cereal production areas in Ontario, Canada. Some 159 wheat and 160 corn samples were collected from farms over a three-year period. Samples were extracted and analyzed by LC-MS/MS for 33 mycotoxins and secondary metabolites. Ergosterol was analyzed as an estimate of the overall fungal biomass in the samples. In wheat, the ratio of DON to its glucoside, deoxynivalenol-3-glucoside (DON-3G), exhibited high variability, likely attributable to differences among cultivars. In corn, the ratio was more consistent across the samples. Sterigmatocystin was detected in some wheat that had higher concentrations of ergosterol. Diacetoxyscirpenol was not detected in either corn or wheat over the three years, demonstrating a low risk to Ontario grain. Overall, there was some change to the mycotoxin profiles over the three years for wheat and corn. Ongoing surveys are required to reassess trends and ensure the safety of the food value chain, especially for emerging mycotoxins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan J Kelman
- London Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 1391 Sandford Street, London, ON N5V 4T3, Canada
| | - J David Miller
- Department of Chemistry, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By Drive, Ottawa, ON K1S 5B6, Canada
| | - Justin B Renaud
- London Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 1391 Sandford Street, London, ON N5V 4T3, Canada
| | - Daria Baskova
- London Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 1391 Sandford Street, London, ON N5V 4T3, Canada
- Department of Chemistry, University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond Street, London, ON N6A 5B7, Canada
| | - Mark W Sumarah
- London Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 1391 Sandford Street, London, ON N5V 4T3, Canada
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Murcia-Morales M, Díaz-Galiano FJ, Valderrama-Conca C, Van der Steen JJM, Fernández-Alba AR. One sampler to see it all: The use of APIStrips for beehive characterization and pesticide residue evaluation based on mass spectrometry. CHEMOSPHERE 2024; 364:143151. [PMID: 39178964 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.143151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2024] [Revised: 08/09/2024] [Accepted: 08/19/2024] [Indexed: 08/26/2024]
Abstract
Environmental monitoring is crucial for assessing the overall state of the ecosystems in terms of contaminant impact and chemical landscape. The use of honey bee (Apis mellifera) colonies considerably eases the sampling activities, as honey bees are exposed to a wide range of substances that are transported and accumulated within the beehives. In this work, combining low-resolution and high-resolution mass spectrometry, the APIStrip passive sampler has been employed to evaluate the presence of pesticide residues and the overall characterization of beehive environments. A total of 180 APIStrips have been deployed in 10 Danish apiaries, located in different landscapes, during a five-month sampling period. The targeted methodology for pesticide analysis was based on gas and liquid chromatography coupled with triple quadrupole mass spectrometry, covering 430 pesticide residues. A total of 29 pesticide residues were identified (fluopyram and azoxystrobin being the most frequently detected), with remarkable differences in the pesticide load between apiaries. For its part, the use of non-targeted approaches through liquid chromatography coupled with an Orbitrap mass spectrometer allowed the detection of unknown compounds that were specific of certain environments. Natural products such as eupatilin and gnaphaliin, which are derived from plant sources, were present exclusively in one of the apiaries. Additionally, the detection of drimane sesquiterpenoids, including compounds potentially originating from the Aspergillus genus, suggests the capability of APIStrips to early detect fungal contamination within beehives. This dual approach of low- and high-resolution mass spectrometry maximizes the analytical potential of APIStrips as a tool capable of detecting a wide range of substances with implications for both agricultural practices and ecological health.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Murcia-Morales
- University of Almería, Department of Chemistry and Physics, Agrifood Campus of International Excellence (ceiA3), Ctra. Sacramento s/n, La Cañada de San Urbano, 04120, Almería, Spain
| | - Francisco José Díaz-Galiano
- University of Almería, Department of Chemistry and Physics, Agrifood Campus of International Excellence (ceiA3), Ctra. Sacramento s/n, La Cañada de San Urbano, 04120, Almería, Spain.
| | - Cristian Valderrama-Conca
- University of Almería, Department of Chemistry and Physics, Agrifood Campus of International Excellence (ceiA3), Ctra. Sacramento s/n, La Cañada de San Urbano, 04120, Almería, Spain
| | | | - Amadeo R Fernández-Alba
- University of Almería, Department of Chemistry and Physics, Agrifood Campus of International Excellence (ceiA3), Ctra. Sacramento s/n, La Cañada de San Urbano, 04120, Almería, Spain
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Chen TQ, Xu XL, Yang C, Yang L, Ying ZH, Shi XK, Ding MG. Comparative genomics reveals ample evidence to Ganoderma sinense cultivars for molecular identification and new FIP exploration. Genomics 2024; 116:110924. [PMID: 39178996 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygeno.2024.110924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2024] [Revised: 08/15/2024] [Accepted: 08/20/2024] [Indexed: 08/26/2024]
Abstract
The first dikaryotic genome of Ganoderma cultivar Zizhi S2 (56.76 Mb, 16,681 genes) has been sequenced recently. 98.15% of complete BUSCOs were recovered in this genome assembly and high-confidence annotation rate improved to 91.41%. Collinearity analysis displayed the nuclear genome were 80.2% and 93.84% similar to reference genome of G. sinense at nucleotide and amino acid levels, which presented 8,521 core genes and 880 unique orthologous gene groups. Among that, at least six functional genes (tef1-α, β-tubulin, rpb2, CaM, Mn-SOD and VeA) and a newly discovered fip gene were highly similar 99.27% ∼100% to those in reference genome. And the mt-LSU, mt-SSU and 13 PCGs in their mitogenome were also highly conserved with 99.27%-99.87% and 99.08%-100% identity, respectively. So that, this cultivar Zizhi S2 is confirmed conspecific with Ganoderma sinense (NCBI: txid1077348). The new fip gene (MN635280.1_336bp) existing a novel mutation which can be reflected on the phylogenetic tree and 3-dimensional model topology structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ti-Qiang Chen
- Institute of Edible & Medicinal Mushroom, Fujian Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Fuzhou 350011, China.
| | - Xiao-Lan Xu
- College of Bee Science and Biomedicine, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, China.
| | - Chi Yang
- Institute of Edible & Medicinal Mushroom, Fujian Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Fuzhou 350011, China
| | - Lin Yang
- Chengdu Jinxu Biotechnology Co., Ltd, Chengdu 610021, China
| | - Zheng-He Ying
- Institute of Edible & Medicinal Mushroom, Fujian Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Fuzhou 350011, China
| | - Xiao-Kun Shi
- Institute of Edible & Medicinal Mushroom, Fujian Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Fuzhou 350011, China
| | - Meng-Guang Ding
- Institute of Edible & Medicinal Mushroom, Fujian Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Fuzhou 350011, China
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Guo H, Mo LX, Luo XM, Zhao S, Feng JX. Mutual regulation of novel transcription factors RsrD and RsrE positively modulates the production of raw-starch-degrading enzyme in Penicillium oxalicum. Appl Environ Microbiol 2024; 90:e0039024. [PMID: 39023351 PMCID: PMC11337836 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00390-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2024] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 07/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Filamentous fungi can produce raw-starch-degrading enzyme, however, regulation of production of raw-starch-degrading enzyme remains poorly understood thus far. Here, two novel transcription factors raw-starch-degrading enzyme regulator D (RsrD) and raw-starch-degrading enzyme regulator E (RsrE) were identified to participate in the production of raw-starch-degrading enzyme in Penicillium oxalicum. Individual knockout of rsrD and rsrE in the parental strain Δku70 resulted in 31.1%-92.9% reduced activity of raw-starch-degrading enzyme when cultivated in the presence of commercial starch from corn. RsrD and RsrE contained a basic leucine zipper and a Zn2Cys6-type DNA-binding domain, respectively, but with unknown functions. RsrD and RsrE dynamically regulated the expression of genes encoding major amylases over time, including raw-starch-degrading glucoamylase gene PoxGA15A and α-amylase gene amy13A. Interestingly, RsrD and RsrE regulated each other at transcriptional level, through binding to their own promoter regions; nevertheless, both failed to bind to the promoter regions of PoxGA15A and amy13A, as well as the known regulatory genes for regulation of amylase gene expression. RsrD appears to play an epistatic role in the module RsrD-RsrE on regulation of amylase gene expression. This study reveals a novel regulatory pathway of fungal production of raw-starch-degrading enzyme.IMPORTANCETo survive via combating with complex extracellular environment, filamentous fungi can secrete plant polysaccharide-degrading enzymes that can efficiently hydrolyze plant polysaccharide into glucose or other mono- and disaccharides, for their nutrients. Among the plant polysaccharide-degrading enzymes, raw-starch-degrading enzymes directly degrade and convert hetero-polymeric starch into glucose and oligosaccharides below starch gelatinization temperature, which can be applied in industrial biorefinery to save cost. However, the regulatory mechanism of production of raw-starch-degrading enzyme in fungi remains unknown thus far. Here, we showed that two novel transcription factors raw-starch-degrading enzyme regulator D (RsrD) and raw-starch-degrading enzyme regulator E (RsrE) positively regulate the production of raw-starch-degrading enzyme by Penicillium oxalicum. RsrD and RsrE indirectly control the expression of genes encoding enzymes with amylase activity but directly regulate each other at transcriptional level. These findings expand diversity of gene expression regulation in fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Guo
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi, People's Republic of China
- Guangxi Research Center for Microbial and Enzyme Engineering Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi, People's Republic of China
- College of Life Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Li-Xiang Mo
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi, People's Republic of China
- Guangxi Research Center for Microbial and Enzyme Engineering Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi, People's Republic of China
- College of Life Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Xue-Mei Luo
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi, People's Republic of China
- Guangxi Research Center for Microbial and Enzyme Engineering Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi, People's Republic of China
- College of Life Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuai Zhao
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi, People's Republic of China
- Guangxi Research Center for Microbial and Enzyme Engineering Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi, People's Republic of China
- College of Life Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Jia-Xun Feng
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi, People's Republic of China
- Guangxi Research Center for Microbial and Enzyme Engineering Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi, People's Republic of China
- College of Life Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi, People's Republic of China
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Yang J, Yao M, Zhang D, Zhao Y, Gao G. Microbial community diversity analysis of kiwifruit pollen and identification of potential pathogens. Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek 2024; 117:114. [PMID: 39164415 DOI: 10.1007/s10482-024-02013-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2024] [Accepted: 08/16/2024] [Indexed: 08/22/2024]
Abstract
The kiwifruit industry typically uses commercial pollen for artificial pollination. However, during the collection of male flowers and pollen production, pollen can be easily contaminated by pathogenic bacteria that cause diseases such as canker and flower rot. Consequently, it is crucial to understand the structure of the pollen microbial community. This study employed Illumina high-throughput sequencing technology to analyze the fungal and bacterial composition in pollen samples from various regions in Shaanxi Province. Concurrently, potential pathogenic strains were isolated using traditional microbial isolation and cultivation techniques, and their molecular identification was performed through 16S rDNA sequence analysis. A tieback test was conducted on healthy branches to verify the pathogenicity of the strains. The results revealed a rich diversity of fungi and bacteria in kiwifruit pollen. At the phylum level, pollen fungi were mainly distributed in Ascomycota, and bacteria were mainly distributed in Proteobacteria and Firmicutes. The dominant fungal genera were Mycosphaerella, Aspergillus, and Cladosporium; the dominant bacterial genera were Weissella, Pantoea, Enterobacter, and Pseudomonas, respectively. Additionally, both Erwinia persicina and Pseudomonas fluorescens, isolated from pollen, exhibited high pathogenicity toward healthy kiwifruit branches. These findings contribute to a deeper understanding of the microbial diversity in commercial kiwifruit pollen used for mass pollination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaqi Yang
- College of Food Engineering and Nutritional Science, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, Shaanxi, China
| | - Manli Yao
- College of Food Engineering and Nutritional Science, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, Shaanxi, China
| | - Dan Zhang
- College of Food Engineering and Nutritional Science, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yu Zhao
- College of Food Engineering and Nutritional Science, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, Shaanxi, China
| | - Guitian Gao
- College of Food Engineering and Nutritional Science, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, Shaanxi, China.
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42
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Dielentheis-Frenken MRE, Wibberg D, Blank LM, Tiso T. Draft genome sequence and annotation of the polyextremotolerant polyol lipid-producing fungus aureobasidium pullulans NRRL 62042. BMC Genom Data 2024; 25:75. [PMID: 39164622 PMCID: PMC11337766 DOI: 10.1186/s12863-024-01258-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2024] [Accepted: 07/26/2024] [Indexed: 08/22/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The ascomycotic yeast-like fungus Aureobasidium exhibits the natural ability to synthesize several secondary metabolites, like polymalic acid, pullulan, or polyol lipids, with potential biotechnological applications. Combined with its polyextremotolerance, these properties make Aureobasidium a promising production host candidate. Hence, plenty of genomes of Aureobasidia have been sequenced recently. Here, we provide the annotated draft genome sequence of the polyol lipid-producing strain A. pullulans NRRL 62042. DATA DESCRIPTION The genome of A. pullulans NRRL 62042 was sequenced using Illumina NovaSeq 6000. Genome assembly revealed a genome size of 24.2 Mb divided into 39 scaffolds with a GC content of 50.1%. Genome annotation using Genemark v4.68 and GenDBE yielded 9,596 genes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Daniel Wibberg
- Center for Biotechnology, Universität Bielefeld, Bielefeld, Germany
- Computational Metagenomics, Institute of Bio- and Geosciences IBG-5, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Jülich, Germany
| | - Lars M Blank
- Institute of Applied Microbiology, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Till Tiso
- Institute of Applied Microbiology, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany.
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Wilson W, Lowman D, Puthumana J, Kuriakose R, Singh ISB, Philip R. Biocompatible melanin from the marine black yeast Hortaea werneckii R23 with antioxidant and photoprotection property. Braz J Microbiol 2024:10.1007/s42770-024-01483-y. [PMID: 39155342 DOI: 10.1007/s42770-024-01483-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2024] [Accepted: 08/03/2024] [Indexed: 08/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Pigments from diverse sources have a great deal of interest due to its multifaceted applications. Hence, this study reports the physicochemical and functional characterization of the black pigment melanin from the marine black yeast Hortaea werneckii R23. In the present study, Hortaea werneckii R23, produced a black pigment in the yeast biomass. The pigment was extracted from the harvested yeast biomass and followed by pigment purification, characterization and identification was done. Physicochemical characterization of the pigment showed acid precipitation, alkali solubilization, insolubility in most organic solvents and water. The black pigment was confirmed as melanin based on ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy, Fourier-transform infrared, and Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy analyses. Furthermore, the analyses of the elemental composition indicated that the pigment possessed a moderately high percentage of nitrogen and also detectable proportion of sulfur. All these Physicochemical properties indicated that H. werneckii melanin (HwM) mostly consisted of eumelanin. HwM exhibited strong antioxidant potential as reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenger by in vitro DPPH (1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl hydrazyl) and ABTS (2,2-azinobis-3-ethyl-benzothiozoline-6-sulphonic acid) radical scavenging assay, and lipid peroxidation assay. The photoprotectant role of HwM on UV-irradiated human epithelial cells (HEp-2) revealed its potential effect in photoprotection. In addition, cytotoxicity study by XTT and SRB assay confirmed its biocompatibility with HEp-2 cells. From these findings, it is evident that the HwM from the marine black yeast possesses strong antioxidant and photoprotectant activity, moreover, it is biocompatible to human epithelial cells. So HwM could be used as a protective agent against oxidative stress associated disorders in an environment-friendly perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wilsy Wilson
- Department of Marine Biology, Microbiology and Biochemistry, School of Marine Sciences, Cochin University of Science and Technology, Kochi, 682016, Kerala, India
- St. Joseph's College, Irinjalakuda, 680121, University of Calicut, Kerala, India
| | - Douglas Lowman
- AppRidge International, LLC, Telford, TN, 37690-2235, USA
| | - Jayesh Puthumana
- National Centre for Aquatic Animal Health, Cochin University of Science and Technology, Kochi, 682016, Kerala, India
| | - Reema Kuriakose
- Department of Marine Biology, Microbiology and Biochemistry, School of Marine Sciences, Cochin University of Science and Technology, Kochi, 682016, Kerala, India
| | - I S Bright Singh
- National Centre for Aquatic Animal Health, Cochin University of Science and Technology, Kochi, 682016, Kerala, India
| | - Rosamma Philip
- Department of Marine Biology, Microbiology and Biochemistry, School of Marine Sciences, Cochin University of Science and Technology, Kochi, 682016, Kerala, India.
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Niu KY, He J, Tang SM, Su XJ, Luo ZL. Morphological and Phylogenetic Analyses Reveal Three Novel Species of Sanguinoderma ( Ganodermataceae, Basidiomycota) from Yunnan Province, China. J Fungi (Basel) 2024; 10:589. [PMID: 39194914 DOI: 10.3390/jof10080589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2024] [Revised: 08/14/2024] [Accepted: 08/16/2024] [Indexed: 08/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Sanguinoderma (Ganodermataceae) is recognized as a valuable medicinal resource in Taiwan, China. Additionally, it serves as a traditional folk medicine for treating neurotic epilepsy in Malaysia. This study involved the collection of six specimens of Sanguinoderma from Yunnan Province, China. Employing multigene phylogenetic analysis of DNA sequences, including internal transcribed spacer (ITS), nuclear large subunit (LSU), RNA polymerase II second largest subunit (rpb2), translation elongation factor 1-alpha (tef1-α), mitochondrial small subunit (mtSSU), nuclear small subunit (nSSU) and morphological examinations, three new species, viz. Sanguinoderma concentricum, S. dehongense and S. ovisporum, are introduced. Sanguinoderma concentricum is characterized by a central stipe basidiomata, an orbicular to suborbicular pileus, a grayish-yellow surface with alternating concentric zones and wavy margin-like petals and regular pileipellis cells (4-8 × 17-28 μm). Sanguinoderma dehongense is characterized by a long stipe and flabelliform basidiomata, a dark-grayish yellow-to-dark-yellow pileus surface, irregular pileipellis cells and wavy margin and ellipsoid basidia (8-11 × 9-13 μm). Sanguinoderma ovisporum is characterized by a reniform basidiomata, a heterogeneous context and ovoid basidiospores (7.5-8.6 × 5.5-7.2 µm). A detailed description and illustrations of these new species are provided, as well as a morphological comparison with similar taxa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai-Yang Niu
- College of Agriculture and Biological Science, Dali University, Dali 671003, China
| | - Jun He
- College of Biotechnology and Engineering, West Yunnan University, Lincang 677000, China
| | - Song-Ming Tang
- College of Agriculture and Biological Science, Dali University, Dali 671003, China
| | - Xi-Jun Su
- College of Agriculture and Biological Science, Dali University, Dali 671003, China
| | - Zong-Long Luo
- College of Agriculture and Biological Science, Dali University, Dali 671003, China
- Cangshan Forest Ecosystem Observation and Research Station of Yunnan Province, Dali University, Dali 671003, China
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Li XZ, Xiao MJ, Li YL, Gao L, Zhu JS. Mutations and Differential Transcription of Mating-Type and Pheromone Receptor Genes in Hirsutella sinensis and the Natural Cordyceps sinensis Insect-Fungi Complex. BIOLOGY 2024; 13:632. [PMID: 39194570 DOI: 10.3390/biology13080632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2024] [Revised: 08/07/2024] [Accepted: 08/15/2024] [Indexed: 08/29/2024]
Abstract
Sexual reproduction in ascomycetes is controlled by the mating-type (MAT) locus. (Pseudo)homothallic reproduction has been hypothesized on the basis of genetic data from Hirsutella sinensis (Genotype #1 of Ophiocordyceps sinensis). However, the differential occurrence and differential transcription of mating-type genes in the MAT1-1 and MAT1-2 idiomorphs were found in the genome and transcriptome assemblies of H. sinensis, and the introns of the MAT1-2-1 transcript were alternatively spliced with an unspliced intron I that contains stop codons. These findings reveal that O. sinensis reproduction is controlled at the genetic, transcriptional, and coupled transcriptional-translational levels. This study revealed that mutant mating proteins could potentially have various secondary structures. Differential occurrence and transcription of the a-/α-pheromone receptor genes were also found in H. sinensis. The data were inconsistent with self-fertilization under (pseudo)homothallism but suggest the self-sterility of H. sinensis and the requirement of mating partners to achieve O. sinensis sexual outcrossing under heterothallism or hybridization. Although consistent occurrence and transcription of the mating-type genes of both the MAT1-1 and MAT1-2 idiomorphs have been reported in natural and cultivated Cordyceps sinensis insect-fungi complexes, the mutant MAT1-1-1 and α-pheromone receptor transcripts in natural C. sinensis result in N-terminal or middle-truncated proteins with significantly altered overall hydrophobicity and secondary structures of the proteins, suggesting heterogeneous fungal source(s) of the proteins and hybridization reproduction because of the co-occurrence of multiple genomically independent genotypes of O. sinensis and >90 fungal species in natural C. sinensis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiu-Zhang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Plateau Ecology and Agriculture, Qinghai Academy of Animal Science and Veterinary, Qinghai University, Xining 810016, China
| | - Meng-Jun Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Plateau Ecology and Agriculture, Qinghai Academy of Animal Science and Veterinary, Qinghai University, Xining 810016, China
| | - Yu-Ling Li
- State Key Laboratory of Plateau Ecology and Agriculture, Qinghai Academy of Animal Science and Veterinary, Qinghai University, Xining 810016, China
| | - Ling Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Plateau Ecology and Agriculture, Qinghai Academy of Animal Science and Veterinary, Qinghai University, Xining 810016, China
| | - Jia-Shi Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Plateau Ecology and Agriculture, Qinghai Academy of Animal Science and Veterinary, Qinghai University, Xining 810016, China
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Keiler J, Bast A, Reimer J, Kipp M, Warnke P. Quantitative and qualitative assessment of airborne microorganisms during gross anatomical class and the bacterial and fungal load on formalin-embalmed corpses. Sci Rep 2024; 14:19061. [PMID: 39154062 PMCID: PMC11330451 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-69659-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2024] [Accepted: 08/07/2024] [Indexed: 08/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Mold growth on body donations remains an underreported yet serious issue in anatomical teaching. Bacterial and fungal growth pose health risks to lecturers and students, alongside with ethical and aesthetic concerns. However, limited information exists on the presence of bacteria and fungi on body donations and their underlying causes. To investigate the potential impact of airborne germs on body donation contamination, we conducted indoor air measurements before, during, and after our anatomical dissection course, with outdoor measurements serving as a control. Tissue samples from the dissected body donations were collected to assess the germ load, with qualitative and quantitative microbiological analyses. Air samples from the dissection hall contained no fungi, but various fungal species were identified in the adjacent stairways and outdoors which implies that fungal occurrence in the dissection hall air was independent of lecturers' and students' presence. Moreover, our results indicate that adequate ventilation filters can effectively reduce indoor fungal germs during courses, while the bacterial load in room air appears to increase, likely due to the presence of lecturers and students. Additionally, the tissue samples revealed no bacterial or fungal germs which implies that our ethanol-formalin-based embalming solution demonstrates an effective long-term antimicrobial preservation of corpses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas Keiler
- Institute of Anatomy, Rostock University Medical Center, Gertrudenstrasse 9, 18057, Rostock, Germany.
| | - Antje Bast
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Virology and Hygiene, Rostock University Medical Center, Schillingallee 35, 18057, Rostock, Germany
| | - Jessy Reimer
- Institute of Anatomy, Rostock University Medical Center, Gertrudenstrasse 9, 18057, Rostock, Germany
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Virology and Hygiene, Rostock University Medical Center, Schillingallee 35, 18057, Rostock, Germany
| | - Markus Kipp
- Institute of Anatomy, Rostock University Medical Center, Gertrudenstrasse 9, 18057, Rostock, Germany
| | - Philipp Warnke
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Virology and Hygiene, Rostock University Medical Center, Schillingallee 35, 18057, Rostock, Germany
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47
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Romeijn L, Bernatavicius A, Vu D. MycoAI: Fast and accurate taxonomic classification for fungal ITS sequences. Mol Ecol Resour 2024:e14006. [PMID: 39152642 DOI: 10.1111/1755-0998.14006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2024] [Revised: 07/12/2024] [Accepted: 08/06/2024] [Indexed: 08/19/2024]
Abstract
Efficient and accurate classification of DNA barcode data is crucial for large-scale fungal biodiversity studies. However, existing methods are either computationally expensive or lack accuracy. Previous research has demonstrated the potential of deep learning in this domain, successfully training neural networks for biological sequence classification. We introduce the MycoAI Python package, featuring various deep learning models such as BERT and CNN tailored for fungal Internal Transcribed Spacer (ITS) sequences. We explore different neural architecture designs and encoding methods to identify optimal models. By employing a multi-head output architecture and multi-level hierarchical label smoothing, MycoAI effectively generalizes across the taxonomic hierarchy. Using over 5 million labelled sequences from the UNITE database, we develop two models: MycoAI-BERT and MycoAI-CNN. While we emphasize the necessity of verifying classification results by AI models due to insufficient reference data, MycoAI still exhibits substantial potential. When benchmarked against existing classifiers such as DNABarcoder and RDP on two independent test sets with labels present in the training dataset, MycoAI models demonstrate high accuracy at the genus and higher taxonomic levels, with MycoAI-CNN being the fastest and most accurate. In terms of efficiency, MycoAI models can classify over 300,000 sequences within 5 min. We publicly release the MycoAI models, enabling mycologists to classify their ITS barcode data efficiently. Additionally, MycoAI serves as a platform for developing further deep learning-based classification methods. The source code for MycoAI is available under the MIT Licence at https://github.com/MycoAI/MycoAI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luuk Romeijn
- Leiden Institute of Advanced Computer Science, Leiden University, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Andrius Bernatavicius
- Leiden Institute of Advanced Computer Science, Leiden University, Leiden, Netherlands
- Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Duong Vu
- Westerdijk Fungal Biodiveristy Institute, Utrecht, Netherlands
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48
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Adeyemo A, Schmidt-Heydt M. Expansion of the multi-locus gene alignment approach to improve identification of the fungal species Alternaria alternata. Int J Food Microbiol 2024; 421:110746. [PMID: 38917488 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2024.110746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2023] [Revised: 04/19/2024] [Accepted: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024]
Abstract
Alternaria alternata is part of a genus comprised of over 600 different species that occur all over the world and cause damage to humans, plants and thereby to the economy. Yet, even though some species are causing tremendous issues, the past years have shown that assigning newly found isolates to known species was rather inconsistent. Most identifications are usually done on the basis of spore morphology, chemotype and molecular markers. In this work we used strains isolated from the wild as well as commercial strains of the DSMZ (German collection of microorganisms and cell cultures) as a reference, to show, that the variation within the Alternaria alternata species is comparable to the variation between different species of the genus Alternaria in regards to spore morphology and chemotype. We compared the different methods of identification and discerned the concatenation of multiple molecular markers as the deciding factor for better identification. Up until this point, usually a concatenation of two or three traditional molecular markers was used. Some of those markers being stronger some weaker. We show that the concatenation of five molecular markers improves the likeliness of a correct assignment, thus a better distinction between the different Alternaria species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adetoye Adeyemo
- Max Rubner-Institut, Federal Research Institute of Nutrition and Food, Department of Safety and Quality of Fruit and Vegetables, Karlsruhe, Germany.
| | - Markus Schmidt-Heydt
- Max Rubner-Institut, Federal Research Institute of Nutrition and Food, Department of Safety and Quality of Fruit and Vegetables, Karlsruhe, Germany.
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49
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Wong LC, Rodenburg U, Leite RR, Korthals GW, Pover J, Koerten H, Kuramae EE, Bodelier PLE. Exploring microbial diversity and interactions for asbestos modifying properties. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 951:175577. [PMID: 39155010 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.175577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2024] [Revised: 07/25/2024] [Accepted: 08/14/2024] [Indexed: 08/20/2024]
Abstract
Asbestos poses a substantial environmental health risk, and biological treatment offers a promising approach to mitigate its impact by altering its chemical composition. However, the dynamics of microbial co-inoculation in asbestos bioremediation remain poorly understood. This study investigates the effect of microbial single cultures and co-cultures on modifying crocidolite and chrysotile fibers, focusing on the extraction of iron and magnesium. Seventy bacterial and eighty-three fungal strains were isolated from five diverse sites, characterized phylogenetically using the 16S rRNA gene and ITS region, respectively, and assessed for siderophore and organic acid production. Most bacterial strains were identified as Pseudomonas, while Penicillium predominated among fungal strains. Ten bacterial and 25 fungal strains were found to produce both organic compounds. Four microbial co-cultures (one bacterium-bacterium, two fungus-bacterium, and one fungus-fungus) exhibiting synergistic effects in plate assays, alongside their respective single cultures, were incubated with crocidolite and chrysotile. ICP-OES analysis revealed that in crocidolite, the co-culture HRF19-HRB12 removed more iron than their single cultures, while Penicillium TPF36 showed the highest iron removal. The co-culture of two Pseudomonas strains (HRB12-RB5) exhibited the highest magnesium concentration in the supernatant. In chrysotile, the co-culture HRB12-RB5 removed more iron than their individual cultures, with Penicillium TFSF27 exhibiting the highest iron concentration in the solution. Penicillium TFSF27 and the co-culture TFSF27-TPF36 demonstrated the highest magnesium removal. SEM-XRMA analysis showed a significant reduction in iron and magnesium content, confirming elemental extraction from the fibers' structure. This study significantly broadens the range of microbial strains capable of modifying asbestos fibers and underscores the potential of microbial co-cultures in asbestos remediation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lina C Wong
- Microbial Ecology Department, Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO), Droevendaalsesteeg 10, 6708 PB, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Umi Rodenburg
- Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Raycenne R Leite
- Microbial Ecology Department, Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO), Droevendaalsesteeg 10, 6708 PB, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | | | - Judith Pover
- SGI Compliance, Hongkongstraat 5, 3047 BR Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Henk Koerten
- SGI Compliance, Hongkongstraat 5, 3047 BR Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Eiko E Kuramae
- Microbial Ecology Department, Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO), Droevendaalsesteeg 10, 6708 PB, Wageningen, the Netherlands; Ecology and Biodiversity, Institute of Environmental Biology, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Paul L E Bodelier
- Microbial Ecology Department, Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO), Droevendaalsesteeg 10, 6708 PB, Wageningen, the Netherlands.
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Refaat S, Fikry E, Tawfeek N, El-Sayed ASA, El-Domiaty MM, El-Shafae AM. Production and bioprocessing of epothilone B from Aspergillus niger, an endophyte of Latania loddegesii, with a conceivable biosynthetic stability: anticancer, anti-wound healing activities and cell cycle analysis. Microb Cell Fact 2024; 23:229. [PMID: 39152399 PMCID: PMC11328370 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-024-02495-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2024] [Accepted: 07/29/2024] [Indexed: 08/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Epothilones are one of the common prescribed anticancer drugs for solid tumors, for their exceptional binding affinity with β-tubulin microtubule, stabilizing their disassembly, causing an ultimate arrest to the cellular growth. Epothilones were initially isolated from Sornagium cellulosum, however, their extremely slow growth rate and low yield of epothilone is the challenge. So, screening for a novel fungal endophyte dwelling medicinal plants, with higher epothilone productivity and feasibility of growth manipulation was the objective. Aspergillus niger EFBL-SR OR342867, an endophyte of Latania loddegesii, has been recognized as the heady epothilone producer (140.2 μg/L). The chemical structural identity of the TLC-purified putative sample of A. niger was resolved from the HPLC, FTIR and LC-ESI-MS/MS analyses, with an identical molecular structure of the authentic epothilone B. The purified A. niger epothilone B showed a resilient activity against MCF-7 (0.022 μM), HepG-2 (0.037 μM), and HCT-116 (0.12 μM), with selectivity indices 21.8, 12.9 and 4, respectively. The purified epothilone B exhibited a potential anti-wound healing activity to HepG-2 and MCF-7 cells by ~ 54.07 and 60.0%, respectively, after 24 h, compared to the untreated cells. The purified epothilone has a significant antiproliferative effect by arresting the cellular growth of MCF-7 at G2/M phase by ~ 2.1 folds, inducing the total apoptosis by ~ 12.2 folds, normalized to the control cells. The epothilone B productivity by A. niger was optimized by the response surface methodology, with ~ 1.4 fold increments (266.9 μg/L), over the control. The epothilone productivity by A. niger was reduced by ~ 2.4 folds by 6 months storage as a slope culture at 4 °C, however, the epothilone productivity was slightly restored with ethylacetate extracts of L. loddegesii, confirming the plant-derived chemical signals that partially triggers the biosynthetic genes of A. niger epothilones. So, this is the first report emphasizing the metabolic potency of A. niger, an endophyte of L. loddegesii, to produce epothilone B, that could be a new platform for industrial production of this drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Refaat
- Pharmacognosy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig University, Zagazig, 44519, Egypt
| | - Eman Fikry
- Pharmacognosy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig University, Zagazig, 44519, Egypt
| | - Nora Tawfeek
- Pharmacognosy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig University, Zagazig, 44519, Egypt
| | - Ashraf S A El-Sayed
- Enzymology and Fungal Biotechnology Lab, Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Zagazig University, Zagazig, 44519, Egypt.
| | - Maher M El-Domiaty
- Pharmacognosy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig University, Zagazig, 44519, Egypt
| | - Azza M El-Shafae
- Pharmacognosy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig University, Zagazig, 44519, Egypt
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