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Roytman S, Paalanen R, Carli G, Marusic U, Kanel P, van Laar T, Bohnen NI. Multisensory mechanisms of gait and balance in Parkinson's disease: an integrative review. Neural Regen Res 2025; 20:82-92. [PMID: 38767478 PMCID: PMC11246153 DOI: 10.4103/nrr.nrr-d-23-01484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 05/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Understanding the neural underpinning of human gait and balance is one of the most pertinent challenges for 21st-century translational neuroscience due to the profound impact that falls and mobility disturbances have on our aging population. Posture and gait control does not happen automatically, as previously believed, but rather requires continuous involvement of central nervous mechanisms. To effectively exert control over the body, the brain must integrate multiple streams of sensory information, including visual, vestibular, and somatosensory signals. The mechanisms which underpin the integration of these multisensory signals are the principal topic of the present work. Existing multisensory integration theories focus on how failure of cognitive processes thought to be involved in multisensory integration leads to falls in older adults. Insufficient emphasis, however, has been placed on specific contributions of individual sensory modalities to multisensory integration processes and cross-modal interactions that occur between the sensory modalities in relation to gait and balance. In the present work, we review the contributions of somatosensory, visual, and vestibular modalities, along with their multisensory intersections to gait and balance in older adults and patients with Parkinson's disease. We also review evidence of vestibular contributions to multisensory temporal binding windows, previously shown to be highly pertinent to fall risk in older adults. Lastly, we relate multisensory vestibular mechanisms to potential neural substrates, both at the level of neurobiology (concerning positron emission tomography imaging) and at the level of electrophysiology (concerning electroencephalography). We hope that this integrative review, drawing influence across multiple subdisciplines of neuroscience, paves the way for novel research directions and therapeutic neuromodulatory approaches, to improve the lives of older adults and patients with neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stiven Roytman
- Department of Radiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Rebecca Paalanen
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Giulia Carli
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Morris K. Udall Center of Excellence for Parkinson's Disease Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Uros Marusic
- Institute for Kinesiology Research, Science and Research Centre Koper, Koper, Slovenia
- Department of Health Sciences, Alma Mater Europaea - ECM, Maribor, Slovenia
| | - Prabesh Kanel
- Department of Radiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Morris K. Udall Center of Excellence for Parkinson's Disease Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Parkinson's Foundation Research Center of Excellence, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Teus van Laar
- Department of Neurology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Nico I Bohnen
- Department of Radiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Morris K. Udall Center of Excellence for Parkinson's Disease Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Parkinson's Foundation Research Center of Excellence, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Neurology Service and GRECC, VA Ann Arbor Healthcare System, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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Minorsky PV. The "plant neurobiology" revolution. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2024; 19:2345413. [PMID: 38709727 PMCID: PMC11085955 DOI: 10.1080/15592324.2024.2345413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2024] [Accepted: 04/10/2024] [Indexed: 05/08/2024]
Abstract
The 21st-century "plant neurobiology" movement is an amalgam of scholars interested in how "neural processes", broadly defined, lead to changes in plant behavior. Integral to the movement (now called plant behavioral biology) is a triad of historically marginalized subdisciplines, namely plant ethology, whole plant electrophysiology and plant comparative psychology, that set plant neurobiology apart from the mainstream. A central tenet held by these "triad disciplines" is that plants are exquisitely sensitive to environmental perturbations and that destructive experimental manipulations rapidly and profoundly affect plant function. Since destructive measurements have been the norm in plant physiology, much of our "textbook knowledge" concerning plant physiology is unrelated to normal plant function. As such, scientists in the triad disciplines favor a more natural and holistic approach toward understanding plant function. By examining the history, philosophy, sociology and psychology of the triad disciplines, this paper refutes in eight ways the criticism that plant neurobiology presents nothing new, and that the topics of plant neurobiology fall squarely under the purview of mainstream plant physiology. It is argued that although the triad disciplines and mainstream plant physiology share the common goal of understanding plant function, they are distinct in having their own intellectual histories and epistemologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter V. Minorsky
- Department of Natural Sciences, Mercy University, Dobbs Ferry, NY, USA
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de Toledo GRA, Reissig GN, Senko LGS, Pereira DR, da Silva AF, Souza GM. Common bean under different water availability reveals classifiable stimuli-specific signatures in plant electrome. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2024; 19:2333144. [PMID: 38545860 PMCID: PMC10984121 DOI: 10.1080/15592324.2024.2333144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
Plant electrophysiology has unveiled the involvement of electrical signals in the physiology and behavior of plants. Spontaneously generated bioelectric activity can be altered in response to changes in environmental conditions, suggesting that a plant's electrome may possess a distinct signature associated with various stimuli. Analyzing electrical signals, particularly the electrome, in conjunction with Machine Learning (ML) techniques has emerged as a promising approach to classify characteristic electrical signals corresponding to each stimulus. This study aimed to characterize the electrome of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) cv. BRS-Expedito, subjected to different water availabilities, seeking patterns linked to these stimuli. For this purpose, bean plants in the vegetative stage were subjected to the following treatments: (I) distilled water; (II) half-strength Hoagland's nutrient solution; (III) -2 MPa PEG solution; and (IV) -2 MPa NaCl solution. Electrical signals were recorded within a Faraday's cage using the MP36 electronic system for data acquisition. Concurrently, plant water status was assessed by monitoring leaf turgor variation. Leaf temperature was additionally measured. Various analyses were conducted on the electrical time series data, including arithmetic average of voltage variation, skewness, kurtosis, Probability Density Function (PDF), autocorrelation, Power Spectral Density (PSD), Approximate Entropy (ApEn), Fast Fourier Transform (FFT), and Multiscale Approximate Entropy (ApEn(s)). Statistical analyses were performed on leaf temperature, voltage variation, skewness, kurtosis, PDF µ exponent, autocorrelation, PSD β exponent, and approximate entropy data. Machine Learning analyses were applied to identify classifiable patterns in the electrical time series. Characterization of the electrome of BRS-Expedito beans revealed stimulus-dependent profiles, even when alterations in water availability stimuli were similar in terms of quality and intensity. Additionally, it was observed that the bean electrome exhibits high levels of complexity, which are altered by different stimuli, with more intense and aversive stimuli leading to drastic reductions in complexity levels. Notably, one of the significant findings was the 100% accuracy of Small Vector Machine in detecting salt stress using electrome data. Furthermore, the study highlighted alterations in the plant electrome under low water potential before observable leaf turgor changes. This work demonstrates the potential use of the electrome as a physiological indicator of the water status in bean plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel R. A. de Toledo
- Laboratory of Plant Cognition and Electrophysiology, Department of Botany, Institute of Biology, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, Brazil
| | - Gabriela N. Reissig
- Laboratory of Plant Cognition and Electrophysiology, Department of Botany, Institute of Biology, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, Brazil
| | - Luiz G. S. Senko
- Laboratory of Plant Cognition and Electrophysiology, Department of Botany, Institute of Biology, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, Brazil
| | | | - Arlan F. da Silva
- Department of Physics, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, Brazil
| | - Gustavo M. Souza
- Laboratory of Plant Cognition and Electrophysiology, Department of Botany, Institute of Biology, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, Brazil
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Koelewijn G, Hennus MP, Kort HSM, Frenkel J, van Houwelingen T. Games to support teaching clinical reasoning in health professions education: a scoping review. MEDICAL EDUCATION ONLINE 2024; 29:2316971. [PMID: 38394053 PMCID: PMC10896137 DOI: 10.1080/10872981.2024.2316971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Given the complexity of teaching clinical reasoning to (future) healthcare professionals, the utilization of serious games has become popular for supporting clinical reasoning education. This scoping review outlines games designed to support teaching clinical reasoning in health professions education, with a specific emphasis on their alignment with the 8-step clinical reasoning cycle and the reflective practice framework, fundamental for effective learning. METHODS A scoping review using systematic searches across seven databases (PubMed, CINAHL, ERIC, PsycINFO, Scopus, Web of Science, and Embase) was conducted. Game characteristics, technical requirements, and incorporation of clinical reasoning cycle steps were analyzed. Additional game information was obtained from the authors. RESULTS Nineteen unique games emerged, primarily simulation and escape room genres. Most games incorporated the following clinical reasoning steps: patient consideration (step 1), cue collection (step 2), intervention (step 6), and outcome evaluation (step 7). Processing information (step 3) and understanding the patient's problem (step 4) were less prevalent, while goal setting (step 5) and reflection (step 8) were least integrated. CONCLUSION All serious games reviewed show potential for improving clinical reasoning skills, but thoughtful alignment with learning objectives and contextual factors is vital. While this study aids health professions educators in understanding how games may support teaching of clinical reasoning, further research is needed to optimize their effective use in education. Notably, most games lack explicit incorporation of all clinical reasoning cycle steps, especially reflection, limiting its role in reflective practice. Hence, we recommend prioritizing a systematic clinical reasoning model with explicit reflective steps when using serious games for teaching clinical reasoning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gilbert Koelewijn
- Research Group Technology for Healthcare Innovations, Research Centre for Healthy and Sustainable Living, University of Applied Sciences Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
- Department of Pediatrics, Wilhelmina Children’s Hospital/University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Marije P. Hennus
- Department of Pediatrics, Wilhelmina Children’s Hospital/University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
- Center for Research and Development of Health Professions Education, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Helianthe S. M. Kort
- Research Group Technology for Healthcare Innovations, Research Centre for Healthy and Sustainable Living, University of Applied Sciences Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
- Building Healthy Environments for Future Users Group, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, the Netherlands
| | - Joost Frenkel
- Department of Pediatrics, Wilhelmina Children’s Hospital/University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Thijs van Houwelingen
- Research Group Technology for Healthcare Innovations, Research Centre for Healthy and Sustainable Living, University of Applied Sciences Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
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Yan X, Bedillion MF, Claus ED, Huang-Pollock C, Ansell EB. Sex differences in the prospective association of excessively long reaction times and hazardous cannabis use at six months. Addict Behav Rep 2024; 20:100558. [PMID: 39027408 PMCID: PMC11252613 DOI: 10.1016/j.abrep.2024.100558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2024] [Revised: 06/02/2024] [Accepted: 06/18/2024] [Indexed: 07/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Objective The neurocognitive risk mechanisms predicting divergent outcomes likely differ between men and women who use cannabis recreationally. Increasingly, the use of descriptive distributions including the ex-Gaussian has been applied to draw stronger inferences about neurocognitive health in clinical populations. The current project examines whether the long tail of reaction times (RTs) in a distribution, as characterized by the ex-Gaussian parameter tau which may represent difficulty with the regulation of arousal, predicts problematic cannabis use 6 months later in those who use cannabis recreationally, and whether sex moderates these prospective associations. Method Young adults (ages 18-30, mean age 20.5 years, N =159, 57.2% women, 69.2% Caucasian) who recreationally used cannabis either occasionally (at least once per month) or frequently (three times or more per week) completed the Stroop Color-Word Task at baseline. Ex-Gaussian parameter tau was estimated for each participant. Self-report of hazardous cannabis use (CUDIT-R) and dysregulation of negative (DERS) and positive emotions (DERS-Positive) were obtained at baseline and 6-month follow-up. Results For those with larger tau at baseline, being a man (but not a woman) was associated with increased difficulty regulating positive emotions concurrently (b = -0.01, F (1,159) = 5.48, p = 0.02), and with hazardous cannabis use six months later (b = -0.007, F (1,159) = 4.42, p = 0.037) after controlling for baseline hazardous cannabis use. Conclusions Excessively long RTs during cognitive performance may help characterize men at risk for increased hazardous use, which contributes to understanding between-sex heterogeneity in pathways towards cannabis use disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Yan
- Department of Psychology, The Pennsylvania State University, United States
| | - Margaret F. Bedillion
- Department of Biobehavioral Health, The Pennsylvania State University, United States
| | - Eric D. Claus
- Department of Biobehavioral Health, The Pennsylvania State University, United States
| | | | - Emily B. Ansell
- Department of Biobehavioral Health, The Pennsylvania State University, United States
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Verfaellie M, Patt V, Lafleche G, Vasterling JJ. Associations between PTSD and temporal discounting: The role of future thinking. J Behav Ther Exp Psychiatry 2024; 85:101978. [PMID: 38964185 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbtep.2024.101978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2023] [Revised: 06/05/2024] [Accepted: 06/23/2024] [Indexed: 07/06/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Despite documented alterations in future thinking in posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), our understanding of how individuals with PTSD make future-oriented decisions is limited. We tested the hypothesis that increased discounting in association with PTSD reflects failure to spontaneously envision future rewarding situations. METHODS Thirty-seven trauma exposed war-zone veterans completed a standard temporal discounting task as well as a temporal discounting task accompanied by episodic future thinking cues. RESULTS Severity of PTSD symptoms was associated with preference for sooner, smaller rewards in the standard task. Consistent with our hypothesis, when participants engaged in future thinking, greater PTSD symptom severity was no longer associated with steeper discounting. Moreover, difficulty anticipating future events, as measured contemporaneously in a separate task (Verfaellie et al., 2024), mediated the relationship between PTSD symptom severity and degree of discounting in the standard task. Among PTSD symptom clusters, the severity of avoidance and negative alterations in cognition and mood was related to steeper discounting. Measures of depression and alcohol use were not associated with discounting. LIMITATIONS The sample included mostly male, predominantly White veterans who experienced primarily combat-related trauma. CONCLUSIONS PTSD-associated alterations in temporal discounting reflect failure to spontaneously imagine future positive events. Two common correlates of PTSD, depression and alcohol use, could not account for the observed associations between PTSD and future-oriented decisions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mieke Verfaellie
- Memory Disorders Research Center, VA Boston Healthcare System, United States; Department of Psychiatry, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, United States.
| | - Virginie Patt
- Memory Disorders Research Center, VA Boston Healthcare System, United States
| | - Ginette Lafleche
- Memory Disorders Research Center, VA Boston Healthcare System, United States
| | - Jennifer J Vasterling
- National Center for PTSD, VA Boston Healthcare System, United States; Department of Psychiatry, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, United States
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7
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Stefani O, Schöllhorn I, Münch M. Towards an evidence-based integrative lighting score: a proposed multi-level approach. Ann Med 2024; 56:2381220. [PMID: 39049780 PMCID: PMC11275531 DOI: 10.1080/07853890.2024.2381220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2023] [Revised: 03/01/2024] [Accepted: 03/01/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Background: Human circadian clocks are synchronized daily with the external light-dark cycle and entrained to the 24-hour day. There is increasing evidence that a lack of synchronization and circadian entrainment can lead to adverse health effects. Beyond vision, light plays a critical role in modulating many so-called non-visual functions, including sleep-wake cycles, alertness, mood and endocrine functions. To assess (and potentially optimize) the impact of light on non-visual functions, it is necessary to know the exact 'dose' (i.e. spectral irradiance and exposure duration at eye level) of 24-hour light exposures, but also to include metadata about the lighting environment, individual needs and resources. Problem statement: To address this problem, a new assessment tool is needed that uses existing metrics to provide metadata and information about light quality and quantity from all sources. In this commentary, we discuss the need to develop an evidence-based integrative lighting score that is tailored to specific audiences and lighting environments. We will summarize the most compelling evidence from the literature and outline a future plan for developing such a lighting score using internationally accepted metrics, stakeholder and user feedback. Conclusion: We propose a weighting system that combines light qualities with physiological and behavioral effects, and the use of mathematical modelling for an output score. Such a scoring system will facilitate a holistic assessment of a lighting environment, integrating all available light sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Stefani
- Lucerne School of Engineering and Architecture, Lucerne University of Applied Sciences and Arts, Horw, Switzerland
| | - Isabel Schöllhorn
- Centre for Chronobiology, Psychiatric Hospital of the University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Mirjam Münch
- Centre for Chronobiology, Psychiatric Hospital of the University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Research Cluster Molecular Cognitive Neuroscience, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
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Ngubane NP, Mabandla MV, De Gama BZ. The antipsychotic potential of Salix Mucronata on ketamine-induced rats. IBRO Neurosci Rep 2024; 17:96-107. [PMID: 39040636 PMCID: PMC11261032 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibneur.2024.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2024] [Accepted: 06/09/2024] [Indexed: 07/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Salix mucronata is one of the herbal plants offered by the traditional health practitioners in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa for the treatment of schizophrenia. This study aimed to investigate the effects of repeated administration of ketamine on social interaction, novelty and motivation in adult, male Sprague Dawley rats. It also aimed to investigate the potential of risperidone and the herbal extract of S. mucronata to reverse impairments that are induced by ketamine. Experimental rats (n=45) received a dose of ketamine at 30 mg/kg via intraperitoneal injection for 5 consecutive days. They were then allocated into their respective treatment groups and given risperidone (APD) and the herbal extract of S. mucronata (TM) at doses of 6 mg/kg and 5 mg/kg, respectively, for 7 consecutive days. Social behaviour was tested using the 3-chambered sociability test, and anhedonia was tested using the sucrose preference test. Ketamine induction elicited social withdrawal and reduced social novelty which were later successfully reversed by risperidone and S. mucronata. The rats showed reduced preference to sucrose post-induction and post-treatment. Ketamine and mild stress caused by scruff restraint elicited reduced weight gain for the animals. No differences were noted on brain mass between controls and experimental groups and also between risperidone and S. mucronata groups. However, reduced brain volume was noted in experimental groups. Dopamine and acetylcholine concentration levels were high in groups which received risperidone and S. mucronata. These findings highlight that the antipsychotic potential of S. mucronata is similar to risperidone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ntombifuthi P. Ngubane
- Discipline of Clinical Anatomy School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences College of Health Sciences University of KwaZulu-Natal Westville Campus, Private Bag X54001, Durban 4000, South Africa
| | - Musa V. Mabandla
- Discipline of Physiology School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences College of Health Sciences University of KwaZulu-Natal Westville Campus, Private Bag X54001, Durban 4000, South Africa
| | - Brenda Z. De Gama
- Discipline of Clinical Anatomy School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences College of Health Sciences University of KwaZulu-Natal Westville Campus, Private Bag X54001, Durban 4000, South Africa
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Li X, Zhang Y, Peng Y, Kong W. Enhanced performance of EEG-based brain-computer interfaces by joint sample and feature importance assessment. Health Inf Sci Syst 2024; 12:9. [PMID: 38375134 PMCID: PMC10874355 DOI: 10.1007/s13755-024-00271-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2023] [Accepted: 01/07/2024] [Indexed: 02/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Electroencephalograph (EEG) has been a reliable data source for building brain-computer interface (BCI) systems; however, it is not reasonable to use the feature vector extracted from multiple EEG channels and frequency bands to perform recognition directly due to the two deficiencies. One is that EEG data is weak and non-stationary, which easily causes different EEG samples to have different quality. The other is that different feature dimensions corresponding to different brain regions and frequency bands have different correlations to a certain mental task, which is not sufficiently investigated. To this end, a Joint Sample and Feature importance Assessment (JSFA) model was proposed to simultaneously explore the different impacts of EEG samples and features in mental state recognition, in which the former is based on the self-paced learning technique while the latter is completed by the feature self-weighting technique. The efficacy of JSFA is extensively evaluated on two EEG data sets, i.e., SEED-IV and SEED-VIG. One is a classification task for emotion recognition and the other is a regression task for driving fatigue detection. Experimental results demonstrate that JSFA can effectively identify the importance of different EEG samples and features, leading to enhanced recognition performance of corresponding BCI systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing Li
- School of Computer Science and Technology, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou, 310018 China
| | - Yikai Zhang
- School of Computer Science and Technology, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou, 310018 China
| | - Yong Peng
- School of Computer Science and Technology, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou, 310018 China
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Brain-Machine Collaborative Intelligence, Hangzhou, 310018 China
| | - Wanzeng Kong
- School of Computer Science and Technology, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou, 310018 China
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Brain-Machine Collaborative Intelligence, Hangzhou, 310018 China
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Abstract
How often a researcher is cited usually plays a decisive role in that person's career advancement, because academic institutions often use citation metrics, either explicitly or implicitly, to estimate research impact and productivity. Research has shown, however, that citation patterns and practices are affected by various biases, including the prestige of the authors being cited and their gender, race, and nationality, whether self-attested or perceived. Some commentators have proposed that researchers can address biases related to social identity or position by including a Citation Diversity Statement in a manuscript submitted for publication. A Citation Diversity Statement is a paragraph placed before the reference section of a manuscript in which the authors address the diversity and equitability of their references in terms of gender, race, ethnicity, or other factors and affirm a commitment to promoting equity and diversity in sources and references. The present commentary considers arguments in favor of Citation Diversity Statements, and some practical and ethical issues that these statements raise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keisha S Ray
- McGovern Center For Humanities & Ethics, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Perry Zurn
- Department of Philosophy and Religion, American University, Washington, Washington DC, USA
| | - Jordan D Dworkin
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Dani S Bassett
- Departments of Bioengineering, Electrical & Systems Engineering, Physics and Astronomy, Neurology, and Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania; and the Santa Fe Institute, Philadelphia, Philadelphia, USA
| | - David B Resnik
- National Institutes of Health, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, New York, New York, USA
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11
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Soleimani Rad H, Abolghasemi A, Shakerinia I, Mousavi SV. Self-control problems in Intermittent Explosive Disorder: Presentation of an explanatory approach. J Behav Ther Exp Psychiatry 2024; 85:101973. [PMID: 38776752 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbtep.2024.101973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Revised: 03/11/2024] [Accepted: 05/18/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Intermittent Explosive Disorder (IED) is an impulsive aggression disorder with self-control problems. However, the mechanisms underpinning the self-control problems in IED have not been clearly investigated. Therefore, this study examined the nature of self-control problems and their types, including cognitive inhibition, behavioral inhibition, and emotional interference in IED. METHODS Participants included three groups: IED (n = 54), psychiatric control (n = 59), and healthy control (n = 62). They were first screened with SCL-90-R, and then they were clinically interviewed. They all did computerized neurocognitive tasks, including Color-Word Stroop Task, Emotional Stroop Task, Go-NoGo Task, and Stop-Signal Task. RESULTS MANOVA analyses showed that the IED group had poorer performance in cognitive inhibition, response inhibition, and increased emotional interference than the two psychiatric and healthy control groups. They performed much worse than the other two groups, particularly in action cancellation (Stop-Signal Task), and showed increasingly emotional interference. LIMITATIONS The brain reaction of individuals while doing the tasks was not examined, and some variables were not measured. Also, it is unclear how the emotional eruption interferes with cognitive content and behavioral inhibition. CONCLUSIONS These findings indicate that self-control problems in IED can be due to deficient cognitive, emotional, and behavioral inhibitions, each appearing sequentially during a step-by-step process and facilitating the onset of IED signs and symptoms. Such a distinguished understanding of the role of neurocognitive mechanisms can lead to the development of accurate explanatory approaches and increase the effectiveness of treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hassan Soleimani Rad
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Humanities, University of Guilan, Rasht, Iran.
| | - Abbas Abolghasemi
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Humanities, University of Guilan, Rasht, Iran.
| | - Iraj Shakerinia
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Humanities, University of Guilan, Rasht, Iran.
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12
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Wang J, Lai Q, Han J, Qin P, Wu H. Neuroimaging biomarkers for the diagnosis and prognosis of patients with disorders of consciousness. Brain Res 2024; 1843:149133. [PMID: 39084451 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2024.149133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2023] [Revised: 05/29/2024] [Accepted: 07/25/2024] [Indexed: 08/02/2024]
Abstract
The progress in neuroimaging and electrophysiological techniques has shown substantial promise in improving the clinical assessment of disorders of consciousness (DOC). Through the examination of both stimulus-induced and spontaneous brain activity, numerous comprehensive investigations have explored variations in brain activity patterns among patients with DOC, yielding valuable insights for clinical diagnosis and prognostic purposes. Nonetheless, reaching a consensus on precise neuroimaging biomarkers for patients with DOC remains a challenge. Therefore, in this review, we begin by summarizing the empirical evidence related to neuroimaging biomarkers for DOC using various paradigms, including active, passive, and resting-state approaches, by employing task-based fMRI, resting-state fMRI (rs-fMRI), electroencephalography (EEG), and positron emission tomography (PET) techniques. Subsequently, we conducted a review of studies examining the neural correlates of consciousness in patients with DOC, with the findings holding potential value for the clinical application of DOC. Notably, previous research indicates that neuroimaging techniques have the potential to unveil covert awareness that conventional behavioral assessments might overlook. Furthermore, when integrated with various task paradigms or analytical approaches, this combination has the potential to significantly enhance the accuracy of both diagnosis and prognosis in DOC patients. Nonetheless, the stability of these neural biomarkers still needs additional validation, and future directions may entail integrating diagnostic and prognostic methods with big data and deep learning approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaying Wang
- Key Laboratory of Brain, Cognition and Education Sciences, Ministry of Education, Center for Studies of Psychological Application, School of Psychology, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China
| | - Qiantu Lai
- Key Laboratory of Brain, Cognition and Education Sciences, Ministry of Education, Center for Studies of Psychological Application, School of Psychology, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China
| | - Junrong Han
- Key Laboratory of Brain, Cognition and Education Sciences, Ministry of Education, Institute for Brain Research and Rehabilitation, and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Mental Health and Cognitive Science, South China Normal University, 510631 Guangzhou, China
| | - Pengmin Qin
- Key Laboratory of Brain, Cognition and Education Sciences, Ministry of Education, Center for Studies of Psychological Application, School of Psychology, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China; Pazhou Lab, Guangzhou 510330, China.
| | - Hang Wu
- Key Laboratory of Brain, Cognition and Education Sciences, Ministry of Education, Institute for Brain Research and Rehabilitation, and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Mental Health and Cognitive Science, South China Normal University, 510631 Guangzhou, China.
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13
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Rampinini A, Balboni I, Golestani N, Berthele R. A behavioural exploration of language aptitude and experience, cognition and more using Graph Analysis. Brain Res 2024; 1842:149109. [PMID: 38964704 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2024.149109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2024] [Revised: 06/01/2024] [Accepted: 07/01/2024] [Indexed: 07/06/2024]
Abstract
Language aptitude has recently regained interest in cognitive neuroscience. Traditional language aptitude testing included phonemic coding ability, associative memory, grammatical sensitivity and inductive language learning. Moreover, domain-general cognitive abilities are associated with individual differences in language aptitude, together with factors that have yet to be elucidated. Beyond domain-general cognition, it is also likely that aptitude and experience in domain-specific but non-linguistic fields (e.g. music or numerical processing) influence and are influenced by language aptitude. We investigated some of these relationships in a sample of 152 participants, using exploratory graph analysis, across different levels of regularisation, i.e. sensitivity. We carried out a meta cluster analysis in a second step to identify variables that are robustly grouped together. We discuss the data, as well as their meta-network groupings, at a baseline network sensitivity level, and in two analyses, one including and the other excluding dyslexic readers. Our results show a stable association between language and cognition, and the isolation of multilingual language experience, musicality and literacy. We highlight the necessity of a more comprehensive view of language and of cognition as multivariate systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Rampinini
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Psychology and Education Science, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland; National Centre for Competence in Research Evolving Language, Switzerland
| | - Irene Balboni
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Psychology and Education Science, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland; Institute of Multilingualism, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland; National Centre for Competence in Research Evolving Language, Switzerland
| | - Narly Golestani
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Psychology and Education Science, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland; Cognitive Science Hub, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria; Department of Behavioural and Cognitive Biology, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria; National Centre for Competence in Research Evolving Language, Switzerland
| | - Raphael Berthele
- Institute of Multilingualism, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland; National Centre for Competence in Research Evolving Language, Switzerland.
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14
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Price-Mohr RM, Bernard Price C. Increasing inter-word spacing reduces migration errors and improves reading comprehension in students with dyslexia. DYSLEXIA (CHICHESTER, ENGLAND) 2024; 30:e1787. [PMID: 39139062 DOI: 10.1002/dys.1787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Revised: 07/19/2024] [Accepted: 08/01/2024] [Indexed: 08/15/2024]
Abstract
We report a small study in which we explored the effects of manipulating narrative text on levels of comprehension for students with and without dyslexia. Using two pieces of standardised narrative text deemed to be of similar difficulty and length, we manipulated the texts such that we could present two texts to each participant, one in each condition. The first condition was text using standard inter-word spacing; the second condition used increased inter-word spacing. Scores on standardised comprehension questions were significantly improved for participants with dyslexia. Additionally, given that there is evidence of delayed visual attention disengagement in individuals with specific forms of dyslexia, we hypothesised that the phenomena of migration of letters and words for some readers might be mitigated by increasing inter-word spacing. We did indeed find that incidence of migration was significantly reduced in this condition for all participants.
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15
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Cai H, Xiao H, Tong C, Dong X, Chen S, Xu F. Influence of odor environments on cognitive efficiency: A comprehensive review. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 949:174642. [PMID: 38992380 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.174642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2024] [Revised: 05/29/2024] [Accepted: 07/07/2024] [Indexed: 07/13/2024]
Abstract
Cognitive efficiency, characterized by the rapid and accurate processing of information, significantly enhances work and learning outcomes. This efficiency manifests in improved time management, decision-making, learning capabilities, and creativity. While the influence of thermal, acoustic, and lighting conditions on cognitive performance has been extensively studied, the role of olfactory stimuli remains underexplored. Olfactory perception, distinguished by its intensity, speed of perception, and the breadth of stimuli, plays a pivotal role in cognitive efficiency. This review investigates the mechanisms through which odor environments influence cognitive performance. We analyze how odor environments can affect cognitive efficiency through two different scenarios (work and sleep) and pathways (direct and indirect effects). Current research, which mainly focuses on the interplay between odors, emotional responses, and cognitive efficiency through both subjective and objective measures, is thoroughly analyzed. We highlight existing research gaps and suggest future directions for investigating the influence of odor environments on cognitive efficiency. This review aims to establish a theoretical basis for managing and leveraging odor environments in workplace settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Cai
- Department of HVAC, College of Urban Construction, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 210009, PR China
| | - Hanlin Xiao
- Department of HVAC, College of Urban Construction, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 210009, PR China
| | - Chengxin Tong
- Department of HVAC, College of Urban Construction, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 210009, PR China
| | - Xian Dong
- Army Engineering University of PLA, Nanjing 210007, China.
| | - Shilong Chen
- Department of HVAC, College of Urban Construction, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 210009, PR China
| | - Feng Xu
- Department of HVAC, College of Urban Construction, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 210009, PR China
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16
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Luke SG, Tolley C, Gutierrez A, Smith C, Brown T, Woodruff K, Ford O. The perceptual span in dyslexic reading and visual search. DYSLEXIA (CHICHESTER, ENGLAND) 2024; 30:e1783. [PMID: 39155549 PMCID: PMC11335319 DOI: 10.1002/dys.1783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Revised: 07/01/2024] [Accepted: 07/29/2024] [Indexed: 08/20/2024]
Abstract
Many studies have attempted to identify the root cause of dyslexia. Different theories of dyslexia have proposed either a phonological, attentional, or visual deficit. While research has used eye-tracking to study dyslexia, only two previous studies have used the moving-window paradigm to explore the perceptual span in dyslexic reading, and none have done so in visual search. The present study analysed the perceptual span using both reading and visual search tasks to identify language-independent attentional impairments in dyslexics. We found equivocal evidence that the perceptual span was impaired in dyslexic reading and no evidence of impairment in visual search. However, dyslexic participants did show deficits in the visual search task, with lower search accuracy and shorter saccades compared with controls. These results lend support for a visual, rather than attentional or phonological, account of dyslexia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven G Luke
- Department of Psychology, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah, USA
| | - Celeste Tolley
- Department of Psychology, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah, USA
| | - Adriana Gutierrez
- Department of Psychology, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah, USA
| | - Cole Smith
- Department of Psychology, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah, USA
| | - Toni Brown
- Department of Psychology, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah, USA
| | - Kate Woodruff
- Department of Psychology, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah, USA
| | - Olivia Ford
- Department of Psychology, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah, USA
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17
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Hackney BC, Pyles JA, Grossman ED. A quantitative comparison of atlas parcellations on the human superior temporal sulcus. Brain Res 2024; 1842:149119. [PMID: 38986829 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2024.149119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2024] [Revised: 06/19/2024] [Accepted: 07/07/2024] [Indexed: 07/12/2024]
Abstract
The superior temporal sulcus (STS) has a functional topography that has been difficult to characterize through traditional approaches. Automated atlas parcellations may be one solution while also being beneficial for both dimensional reduction and standardizing regions of interest, but they yield very different boundary definitions along the STS. Here we evaluate how well machine learning classifiers can correctly identify six social cognitive tasks from STS activation patterns dimensionally reduced using four popular atlases (Glasser et al., 2016; Gordon et al., 2016; Power et al., 2011 as projected onto the surface by Arslan et al., 2018; Schaefer et al., 2018). Functional data was summarized within each STS parcel in one of four ways, then subjected to leave-one-subject-out cross-validation SVM classification. We found that the classifiers could readily label conditions when data was parcellated using any of the four atlases, evidence that dimensional reduction to parcels did not compromise functional fingerprints. Mean activation for the social conditions was the most effective metric for classification in the right STS, whereas all the metrics classified equally well in the left STS. Interestingly, even atlases constructed from random parcellation schemes (null atlases) classified the conditions with high accuracy. We therefore conclude that the complex activation maps on the STS are readily differentiated at a coarse granular level, despite a strict topography having not yet been identified. Further work is required to identify what features have greatest potential to improve the utility of atlases in replacing functional localizers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandon C Hackney
- Department of Cognitive Sciences, University of California, Irvine, 2201 Social & Behavioral Sciences Gateway, Irvine, CA 92697, United States.
| | - John A Pyles
- Department of Psychology, Center for Human Neuroscience, University of Washington, 119 Guthrie Hall, Seattle, WA 98195, United States
| | - Emily D Grossman
- Department of Cognitive Sciences, University of California, Irvine, 2201 Social & Behavioral Sciences Gateway, Irvine, CA 92697, United States
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18
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Cao Y, Zhang J, He X, Wu C, Liu Z, Zhu B, Miao L. Empathic pain: Exploring the multidimensional impacts of biological and social aspects in pain. Neuropharmacology 2024; 258:110091. [PMID: 39059575 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2024.110091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2024] [Revised: 06/25/2024] [Accepted: 07/24/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024]
Abstract
Empathic pain refers to an individual's perception, judgment, and emotional response to others' pain. This complex social cognitive ability is crucial for healthy interactions in human society. In recent years, with the development of multidisciplinary research in neuroscience, psychology and sociology, empathic pain has become a focal point of widespread attention in these fields. However, the neural mechanism underlying empathic pain remain a controversial and unresolved area. This review aims to comprehensively summarize the history, influencing factors, neural mechanisms and pharmacological interventions of empathic pain. We hope to provide a comprehensive scientific perspective on how humans perceive and respond to others' pain experiences and to provide guidance for future research directions and clinical applications. This article is part of the Special Issue on "Empathic Pain".
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuchun Cao
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou, 213000, China
| | - Jiahui Zhang
- The Third Clinical Medical College, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210046, China
| | - Xiaofang He
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou, 213000, China
| | - Chenye Wu
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Changshu Hospital Affiliated to Soochow University, Changshu, 215500, China
| | - Zeyuan Liu
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou, 213000, China
| | - Bin Zhu
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou, 213000, China.
| | - Liying Miao
- Department of Blood Purification Center, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou, 213000, Jiangsu, China.
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19
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McLaurin KA, Ott RK, Mactutus CF, Booze RM. Adolescent oral oxycodone self-administration disrupts neurobehavioral and neurocognitive development. Neuropharmacology 2024; 258:110064. [PMID: 38981578 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2024.110064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2024] [Revised: 07/05/2024] [Accepted: 07/05/2024] [Indexed: 07/11/2024]
Abstract
Nonmedical use of prescription opioids peaks during late adolescence, a developmental period associated with the maturation of higher-order cognitive processes. To date, however, how chronic adolescent oxycodone (OXY) self-administration alters neurobehavioral (i.e., locomotion, startle reactivity) and/or neurocognitive (i.e., preattentive processes, intrasession habituation, stimulus-reinforcement learning, sustained attention) function has not yet been systematically evaluated. Hence, the rationale was built for establishing the dose-dependency of adolescent OXY self-administration on the trajectory of neurobehavioral and neurocognitive development. From postnatal day (PD) 35 to PD 105, an age in rats that corresponds to the adolescent and young adult period in humans, male and female F344/N rats received access to either oral OXY (0, 2, 5, or 10 mg/kg) or water under a two-bottle choice experimental paradigm. Independent of biological sex or dose, rodents voluntarily escalated their OXY intake across ten weeks. A longitudinal experimental design revealed prominent OXY-induced impairments in neurobehavioral development, characterized by dose-dependent increases in locomotion and sex-dependent increases in startle reactivity. Systematic manipulation of the interstimulus interval in prepulse inhibition supports an OXY-induced impairment in preattentive processes. Despite the long-term cessation of OXY intake, rodents with a history of chronic adolescent oral OXY self-administration exhibited deficits in sustained attention; albeit no alterations in stimulus-reinforcement learning were observed. Taken together, adolescent oral OXY self-administration induces selective long-term alterations in neurobehavioral and neurocognitive development enjoining the implementation of safer prescribing guidelines for this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristen A McLaurin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, 789 South Limestone Street, Lexington, KY, 40508, USA.
| | - Rachael K Ott
- Cognitive and Neural Science Program, Department of Psychology, Barnwell College, University of South Carolina, 1512 Pendleton Street, Columbia, SC, 29208, USA
| | - Charles F Mactutus
- Cognitive and Neural Science Program, Department of Psychology, Barnwell College, University of South Carolina, 1512 Pendleton Street, Columbia, SC, 29208, USA
| | - Rosemarie M Booze
- Cognitive and Neural Science Program, Department of Psychology, Barnwell College, University of South Carolina, 1512 Pendleton Street, Columbia, SC, 29208, USA
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20
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Tao Q, Dang J, Guo H, Zhang M, Niu X, Kang Y, Sun J, Ma L, Wei Y, Wang W, Wen B, Cheng J, Han S, Zhang Y. Abnormalities in static and dynamic intrinsic neural activity and neurotransmitters in first-episode OCD. J Affect Disord 2024; 363:609-618. [PMID: 39029696 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2024.07.123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2024] [Revised: 06/29/2024] [Accepted: 07/16/2024] [Indexed: 07/21/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is a disabling disorder in which the temporal variability of regional brain connectivity is not well understood. The aim of this study was to investigate alterations in static and dynamic intrinsic neural activity (INA) in first-episode OCD and whether these changes have the potential to reflect neurotransmitters. METHODS A total of 95 first-episode OCD patients and 106 matched healthy controls (HCs) were included in this study. Based on resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (rs-fMRI), the static and dynamic local connectivity coherence (calculated by static and dynamic regional homogeneity, sReHo and dReHo) were compared between the two groups. Furthermore, correlations between abnormal INA and PET- and SPECT-derived maps were performed to examine specific neurotransmitter system changes underlying INA abnormalities in OCD. RESULTS Compared with HCs, OCD showed decreased sReHo and dReHo values in left superior, middle temporal gyrus (STG/MTG), left Heschl gyrus (HES), left putamen, left insula, bilateral paracentral lobular (PCL), right postcentral gyrus (PoCG), right precentral gyrus (PreCG), left precuneus and right supplementary motor area (SMA). Decreased dReHo values were also found in left PoCG, left PreCG, left SMA and left middle cingulate cortex (MCC). Meanwhile, alterations in INA present in brain regions were correlated with dopamine system (D2, FDOPA), norepinephrine transporter (NAT) and the vesicular acetylcholine transporter (VAChT) maps. CONCLUSION Static and dynamic INA abnormalities exist in first-episode OCD, having the potential to reveal the molecular characteristics. The results help to further understand the pathophysiological mechanism and provide alternative therapeutic targets of OCD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiuying Tao
- Department of Magnetic Resonance Imaging, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, China; Zhengzhou Key Laboratory of brain function and cognitive magnetic resonance imaging, China; Henan Engineering Technology Research Center for detection and application of brain function, China; Henan Engineering Research Center of medical imaging intelligent diagnosis and treatment, China; Henan key laboratory of imaging intelligence research, China; Henan Engineering Research Center of Brain Function Development and Application, China
| | - Jinghan Dang
- Department of Magnetic Resonance Imaging, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, China; Zhengzhou Key Laboratory of brain function and cognitive magnetic resonance imaging, China; Henan Engineering Technology Research Center for detection and application of brain function, China; Henan Engineering Research Center of medical imaging intelligent diagnosis and treatment, China; Henan key laboratory of imaging intelligence research, China; Henan Engineering Research Center of Brain Function Development and Application, China
| | - Huirong Guo
- Department of Psychiatry, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, China
| | - Mengzhe Zhang
- Department of Magnetic Resonance Imaging, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, China; Zhengzhou Key Laboratory of brain function and cognitive magnetic resonance imaging, China; Henan Engineering Technology Research Center for detection and application of brain function, China; Henan Engineering Research Center of medical imaging intelligent diagnosis and treatment, China; Henan key laboratory of imaging intelligence research, China; Henan Engineering Research Center of Brain Function Development and Application, China
| | - Xiaoyu Niu
- Department of Magnetic Resonance Imaging, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, China; Zhengzhou Key Laboratory of brain function and cognitive magnetic resonance imaging, China; Henan Engineering Technology Research Center for detection and application of brain function, China; Henan Engineering Research Center of medical imaging intelligent diagnosis and treatment, China; Henan key laboratory of imaging intelligence research, China; Henan Engineering Research Center of Brain Function Development and Application, China
| | - Yimeng Kang
- Department of Magnetic Resonance Imaging, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, China; Zhengzhou Key Laboratory of brain function and cognitive magnetic resonance imaging, China; Henan Engineering Technology Research Center for detection and application of brain function, China; Henan Engineering Research Center of medical imaging intelligent diagnosis and treatment, China; Henan key laboratory of imaging intelligence research, China; Henan Engineering Research Center of Brain Function Development and Application, China
| | - Jieping Sun
- Department of Magnetic Resonance Imaging, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, China; Zhengzhou Key Laboratory of brain function and cognitive magnetic resonance imaging, China; Henan Engineering Technology Research Center for detection and application of brain function, China; Henan Engineering Research Center of medical imaging intelligent diagnosis and treatment, China; Henan key laboratory of imaging intelligence research, China; Henan Engineering Research Center of Brain Function Development and Application, China
| | - Longyao Ma
- Department of Magnetic Resonance Imaging, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, China; Zhengzhou Key Laboratory of brain function and cognitive magnetic resonance imaging, China; Henan Engineering Technology Research Center for detection and application of brain function, China; Henan Engineering Research Center of medical imaging intelligent diagnosis and treatment, China; Henan key laboratory of imaging intelligence research, China; Henan Engineering Research Center of Brain Function Development and Application, China
| | - Yarui Wei
- Department of Magnetic Resonance Imaging, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, China; Zhengzhou Key Laboratory of brain function and cognitive magnetic resonance imaging, China; Henan Engineering Technology Research Center for detection and application of brain function, China; Henan Engineering Research Center of medical imaging intelligent diagnosis and treatment, China; Henan key laboratory of imaging intelligence research, China; Henan Engineering Research Center of Brain Function Development and Application, China
| | - Weijian Wang
- Department of Magnetic Resonance Imaging, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, China; Zhengzhou Key Laboratory of brain function and cognitive magnetic resonance imaging, China; Henan Engineering Technology Research Center for detection and application of brain function, China; Henan Engineering Research Center of medical imaging intelligent diagnosis and treatment, China; Henan key laboratory of imaging intelligence research, China; Henan Engineering Research Center of Brain Function Development and Application, China
| | - Baohong Wen
- Department of Magnetic Resonance Imaging, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, China; Zhengzhou Key Laboratory of brain function and cognitive magnetic resonance imaging, China; Henan Engineering Technology Research Center for detection and application of brain function, China; Henan Engineering Research Center of medical imaging intelligent diagnosis and treatment, China; Henan key laboratory of imaging intelligence research, China; Henan Engineering Research Center of Brain Function Development and Application, China
| | - Jingliang Cheng
- Department of Magnetic Resonance Imaging, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, China; Zhengzhou Key Laboratory of brain function and cognitive magnetic resonance imaging, China; Henan Engineering Technology Research Center for detection and application of brain function, China; Henan Engineering Research Center of medical imaging intelligent diagnosis and treatment, China; Henan key laboratory of imaging intelligence research, China; Henan Engineering Research Center of Brain Function Development and Application, China.
| | - Shaoqiang Han
- Department of Magnetic Resonance Imaging, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, China; Zhengzhou Key Laboratory of brain function and cognitive magnetic resonance imaging, China; Henan Engineering Technology Research Center for detection and application of brain function, China; Henan Engineering Research Center of medical imaging intelligent diagnosis and treatment, China; Henan key laboratory of imaging intelligence research, China; Henan Engineering Research Center of Brain Function Development and Application, China.
| | - Yong Zhang
- Department of Magnetic Resonance Imaging, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, China; Zhengzhou Key Laboratory of brain function and cognitive magnetic resonance imaging, China; Henan Engineering Technology Research Center for detection and application of brain function, China; Henan Engineering Research Center of medical imaging intelligent diagnosis and treatment, China; Henan key laboratory of imaging intelligence research, China; Henan Engineering Research Center of Brain Function Development and Application, China.
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21
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Cao P, Li Y, Dong Y, Tang Y, Xu G, Si Q, Chen C, Yao Y, Li R, Sui Y. Different structural connectivity patterns in the subregions of the thalamus, hippocampus, and cingulate cortex between schizophrenia and psychotic bipolar disorder. J Affect Disord 2024; 363:269-281. [PMID: 39053628 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2024.07.077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2024] [Revised: 06/25/2024] [Accepted: 07/14/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Schizophrenia (SCZ) and psychotic bipolar disorder (PBD) are two major psychotic disorders with similar symptoms and tight associations on the psychopathological level, posing a clinical challenge for their differentiation. This study aimed to investigate and compare the structural connectivity patterns of the limbic system between SCZ and PBD, and to identify specific regional disruptions associated with psychiatric symptoms. METHODS Using sMRI data from 146 SCZ, 160 PBD, and 145 healthy control (HC) participants, we employed a data-driven approach to segment the hippocampus, thalamus, hypothalamus, amygdala, and cingulate cortex into subregions. We then investigated the structural connectivity patterns between these subregions at the global and nodal levels. Additionally, we assessed psychotic symptoms by utilizing the subscales of the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS) to examine correlations between symptom severity and network metrics between groups. RESULTS Patients with SCZ and PBD had decreased global efficiency (Eglob) (SCZ: adjusted P<0.001; PBD: adjusted P = 0.003), local efficiency (Eloc) (SCZ and PBD: adjusted P<0.001), and clustering coefficient (Cp) (SCZ and PBD: adjusted P<0.001), and increased path length (Lp) (SCZ: adjusted P<0.001; PBD: adjusted P = 0.004) compared to HC. Patients with SCZ showed more pronounced decreases in Eglob (adjusted P<0.001), Eloc (adjusted P<0.001), and Cp (adjusted P = 0.029), and increased Lp (adjusted P = 0.024) compared to patients with PBD. The most notable structural disruptions were observed in the hippocampus and thalamus, which correlated with different psychotic symptoms, respectively. CONCLUSION This study provides evidence of distinct structural connectivity disruptions in the limbic system of patients with SCZ and PBD. These findings might contribute to our understanding of the neuropathological basis for distinguishing SCZ and PBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peiyu Cao
- Department of Psychiatry, The Affiliated Brain Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing Brain Hospital, Nanjing 210000, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yuting Li
- Department of Psychiatry, The Affiliated Brain Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing Brain Hospital, Nanjing 210000, Jiangsu, China; Huzhou Third People's Hospital, Huzhou 313000, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yingbo Dong
- Department of Psychiatry, The Affiliated Brain Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing Brain Hospital, Nanjing 210000, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yilin Tang
- Department of Psychiatry, The Affiliated Brain Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing Brain Hospital, Nanjing 210000, Jiangsu, China
| | - Guoxin Xu
- Department of Psychiatry, The Affiliated Brain Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing Brain Hospital, Nanjing 210000, Jiangsu, China
| | - Qi Si
- Department of Psychiatry, The Affiliated Brain Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing Brain Hospital, Nanjing 210000, Jiangsu, China; Huai'an No. 3 People's Hospital, Huai'an 223001, Jiangsu, China
| | - Congxin Chen
- Women's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, Nanjing 210000, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ye Yao
- Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210000, Jiangsu, China
| | - Runda Li
- Vanderbilt University, Nashville 37240, TN, USA
| | - Yuxiu Sui
- Department of Psychiatry, The Affiliated Brain Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing Brain Hospital, Nanjing 210000, Jiangsu, China.
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22
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Luo Y, Bai Y, Wei K, Bi B. Toward a neurocircuit-based sequential transcranial magnetic stimulation treatment of pediatric bipolar II disorder. J Affect Disord 2024; 363:99-105. [PMID: 39009309 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2024.07.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2023] [Revised: 06/03/2024] [Accepted: 07/12/2024] [Indexed: 07/17/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Abnormalities in large-scale neuronal networks-the frontoparietal central executive network (CEN)-are consistent findings in bipolar disorder and potential therapeutic targets for transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS). OBJECTIVE The present study aimed to assess the effects of CEN neurocircuit-based sequential TMS on the clinical symptoms and cognitive functions of adolescents with bipolar II disorder. METHODS The study was a single-blinded, randomized, placebo-control trial. Participants with DSM-5-defined bipolar disorder II were recruited and randomized to receive either a sham treatment (n = 20) or an active TMS treatment (n = 22). The active group patients were taking medication, with intermittent theta burst stimulation (iTBS) treatment provided as adjunctive treatment targeting the left DLPFC, the left ITG, and the left PPC nodes consecutively. Patients completed the measurements of HAMD and the Das-Naglieri Cognition Assessment System at baseline and 3 weeks after the intervention. RESULTS A significant group-by-time interaction was observed in the HAMD, total cognition, and planning. Post-hoc analysis revealed that patients in the active group significantly improved HAMD scores following neurostimulation. Moreover, within-subject analysis indicated that the active group significantly improved in scores of total cognition and planning, while the sham group did not. No significant differences were seen in the other cognitive measures. CONCLUSION The neurocircuit-based sequential TMS protocol targeting three CEN nodes, in conjunction with medication, safely and effectively improved depressive symptoms and cognitive function in adolescents with bipolar II disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yange Luo
- Department of Clinical Psychology, The Eighth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518033, China
| | - Yuyin Bai
- Department of Clinical Psychology, The Eighth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518033, China
| | - Kun Wei
- Department of Clinical Psychology, The Eighth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518033, China
| | - Bo Bi
- Department of Clinical Psychology, The Eighth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518033, China.
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23
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Bruffaerts R, Caywood K, Axinn WG. Early-life risk factors for depression among young adults in the United States general population: Attributable risks and gender differences. J Affect Disord 2024; 363:206-213. [PMID: 39025438 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2024.07.090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2024] [Revised: 07/11/2024] [Accepted: 07/14/2024] [Indexed: 07/20/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study adopts individual and societal-level approaches to examine the contribution of childhood risk factors to major depressive episodes (MDE) in 2526 American young adults. METHODS Nationally representative data from the 2017 U.S. Panel Study of Income Dynamics - Transition into Adulthood Supplement (PSID-TAS) were analyzed using multivariate methods to assess the impact of parental mental illness, childhood adversities, childhood mental disorders, and childhood physical conditions. Adjusted odds ratios and population attributable risk proportions (PARPs) are calculated to estimate the proportion of MDE cases related to risk factors. RESULTS The 12-month prevalence of positive screens for MDE was 25.4 %. Approximately 34 % of these were attributable to childhood mental disorders, 24 % to childhood physical conditions, 21 % to childhood adversities, and 16 % to parental mental illness. Childhood and parental depression were critical risk factors, both at the individual (odds ratio exceeding 2) and societal (PARP approximately 24 %) levels. Gender-specific risk factors were identified, with childhood physical abuse and childhood anxiety disorders constituting risk factors for females, and childhood externalizing disorders and childhood headaches as risk factors for males. Approximately 60 % of U.S. young adult MDE cases are attributable to risk factors before age 18. LIMITATIONS Possible over reporting of MDE may have biased the associations between predictors and depression. CONCLUSIONS Exposure to depression at a young age-one's own or parental depression-is a robust risk factor for both genders. Policies and interventions focused at alleviating the societal burden of depression should value its generational transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronny Bruffaerts
- Center for Public Health Psychiatry, Universitair Psychiatrisch Centrum-KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Kelsi Caywood
- Department of Sociology, Population Studies Center and Survey Research Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States of America
| | - William G Axinn
- Department of Sociology, Population Studies Center and Survey Research Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States of America.
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24
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Li J, Liu Q, Tian Z, Wang J, Zhang Y, Cheng X, Wang Y, Wang H, Guo X, Li H, Sun L, Hu B, Zhang D, Liang C, Sheng J, Tao F, Chen G, Yang L. The interaction between physical activity and ambient particulate matters on cognitive function among Chinese community-dwelling older adults. J Affect Disord 2024; 363:391-400. [PMID: 39029694 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2024.07.108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2024] [Revised: 06/21/2024] [Accepted: 07/16/2024] [Indexed: 07/21/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The interaction between physical activity (PA) and ambient particulate matters (PMs) on cognition is rarely investigated. Our study aimed to assess the interactions of PA and PMs on cognitive function in older adults. METHODS Our study comprised 3937 Chinese community-dwelling older adults. Cognition was evaluated using the Mini-Mental State Examination. PA information was gathered using the International Physical Activity Questionnaire. The data of PMs were obtained from China High Air Pollutants (CHAP). Linear regressions model and interaction plots were applied to assess and visualize the interaction of PA and PMs on cognition, respectively. Bayesian kernel machine regression (BKMR) method was employed to visualize discernible thresholds for the interaction. RESULTS PMs were negatively associated with MMSE scores (PM1: β = -0.40, 95 % CI: -0.58, -0.28; PM2.5: β = -0.46, 95 % CI: -0.64, -0.29; PM10: β = -0.44, 95 % CI: -0.61, -0.26), and PA was positively affiliated with MMSE scores (β = 0.18, 95 % CI: -0.01, 0.38). Interaction plots and BKMR demonstrated that adverse connotations of PMs with MMSE increased with the elevated PA levels, and the positive associations of PA with MMSE scores were attenuated by increased PMs (all Pinteraction < 0.20). Discernible thresholds for the interaction between PMs and PA on MMSE were found. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that PA should not be taken at higher PMs concentrations, and that low level of PA could be performed in PMs polluted environment to improve cognitive function. Further experimental and cohort researches are required to reproduce our discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junzhe Li
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Center for Big Data and Population Health of IHM, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, Anhui, China
| | - Qiang Liu
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Center for Big Data and Population Health of IHM, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, Anhui, China
| | - Ziwei Tian
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Center for Big Data and Population Health of IHM, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, Anhui, China
| | - Jun Wang
- Department of Maternal, Child and Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, Anhui, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Center for Big Data and Population Health of IHM, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, Anhui, China
| | - Xuqiu Cheng
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Center for Big Data and Population Health of IHM, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, Anhui, China
| | - Yuan Wang
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Center for Big Data and Population Health of IHM, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, Anhui, China
| | - Hongli Wang
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Center for Big Data and Population Health of IHM, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, Anhui, China
| | - Xianwei Guo
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Center for Big Data and Population Health of IHM, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, Anhui, China
| | - Huaibiao Li
- Fuyang Center for Diseases Prevention and Control, Fuyang 236069, Anhui, China
| | - Liang Sun
- Fuyang Center for Diseases Prevention and Control, Fuyang 236069, Anhui, China
| | - Bing Hu
- Fuyang Center for Diseases Prevention and Control, Fuyang 236069, Anhui, China
| | - Dongmei Zhang
- School of Health Services Management, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, Anhui, China
| | - Chunmei Liang
- Department of Hygiene Inspection and Quarantine, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, Anhui, China
| | - Jie Sheng
- Scientific Research Center in Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, Anhui, China
| | - Fangbiao Tao
- Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Population Health and Aristogenics, Hefei 230032, Anhui, China
| | - Guimei Chen
- School of Health Services Management, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, Anhui, China
| | - Linsheng Yang
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Center for Big Data and Population Health of IHM, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, Anhui, China.
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25
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Tang L, Zhao P, Pan C, Song Y, Zheng J, Zhu R, Wang F, Tang Y. Epigenetic molecular underpinnings of brain structural-functional connectivity decoupling in patients with major depressive disorder. J Affect Disord 2024; 363:249-257. [PMID: 39029702 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2024.07.110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2023] [Revised: 06/24/2024] [Accepted: 07/16/2024] [Indexed: 07/21/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Major depressive disorder (MDD) is progressively recognized as a stress-related disorder characterized by aberrant brain network dynamics, encompassing both structural and functional domains. Yet, the intricate interplay between these dynamic networks and their molecular underpinnings remains predominantly unexplored. METHODS Both structural and functional networks were constructed using multimodal neuroimaging data from 183 MDD patients and 300 age- and gender-matched healthy controls (HC). structural-functional connectivity (SC-FC) coupling was evaluated at both the connectome- and nodal-levels. Methylation data of five HPA axis key genes, including NR3C1, FKBP5, CRHBP, CRHR1, and CRHR2, were analyzed using Illumina Infinium Methylation EPIC BeadChip. RESULTS We observed a significant reduction in SC-FC coupling at the connectome-level in patients with MDD compared to HC. At the nodal level, we found an imbalance in SC-FC coupling, with reduced coupling in cortical regions and increased coupling in subcortical regions. Furthermore, we identified 23 differentially methylated CpG sites on the HPA axis, following adjustment for multiple comparisons and control of age, gender, and medication status. Notably, three CpG sites on NR3C1 (cg01294526, cg19457823, and cg23430507), one CpG site on FKBP5 (cg25563198), one CpG site on CRHR1 (cg26656751), and one CpG site on CRHR2 (cg18351440) exhibited significant associations with SC-FC coupling in MDD patients. CONCLUSIONS These findings provide valuable insights into the connection between micro-scale epigenetic changes in the HPA axis and SC-FC coupling at macro-scale connectomes. They unveil the mechanisms underlying increased susceptibility to MDD resulting from chronic stress and may suggest potential pharmacological targets within the HPA-axis for MDD treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lili Tang
- Early Intervention Unit, Department of Psychiatry, Affiliated Nanjing Brain Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, PR China; Department of Psychiatry, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, PR China
| | - Pengfei Zhao
- Early Intervention Unit, Department of Psychiatry, Affiliated Nanjing Brain Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, PR China
| | - Chunyu Pan
- School of Computer Science and Engineering, Northeastern University, Shenyang, PR China
| | - Yanzhuo Song
- Department of Psychiatry, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, PR China
| | - Junjie Zheng
- Early Intervention Unit, Department of Psychiatry, Affiliated Nanjing Brain Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, PR China
| | - Rongxin Zhu
- Early Intervention Unit, Department of Psychiatry, Affiliated Nanjing Brain Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, PR China
| | - Fei Wang
- Early Intervention Unit, Department of Psychiatry, Affiliated Nanjing Brain Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, PR China.
| | - Yanqing Tang
- Department of Psychiatry, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, PR China.
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26
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Duan H, Qin K, Hu L, Liu B, Su G, Zhang H, Xu J, Tu H. Association between sleep duration, suicidal ideation, suicidal attempt and suicidal behavior among Chinese adolescents. J Affect Disord 2024; 363:348-357. [PMID: 39029697 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2024.07.099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2024] [Revised: 06/08/2024] [Accepted: 07/16/2024] [Indexed: 07/21/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A relatively small number of studies have researched the relationship between sleep duration and suicidal ideation, attempts, and behavior. This research aims to investigate the link between sleep duration and suicide in Chinese adolescents, and to examine the role of depression as a mediating factor. METHOD Data were collected from 3315 students using a multi-stage random cluster sampling method and self-administered questionnaires. The study applied logistic regression to investigate the relationship between sleep duration and various forms of suicidal behavior, and mediation analysis to understand how depression might influence this relationship. RESULTS The average sleep duration among the adolescents was 7.25 h (±0.20), with 59.67 % reporting insufficient sleep. The logistic regression analysis showed that longer sleep duration is linked with lower risks of suicidal ideation (OR: 0.753, 95%CI: 0.696 to 0.814), suicidal attempts (OR: 0.830, 95%CI: 0.748 to 0.922), and suicidal behavior (OR: 0.841, 95%CI: 0.713 to 0.992). Analysis using restricted cubic spline plots indicated the connection between sleep duration and these suicidal factors was not linear. The study found that depression plays a partial mediating role between sleep duration and suicidal ideation, with an effect of 52.29 %. LIMITATIONS The cross-sectional study design could not prove causation. CONCLUSIONS There is a clear non-linear association between sleep duration and suicidal tendencies in adolescents, with depression acting as a mediator. This suggests that future research could focus on sleep and mood management as ways to address suicide risk in this age group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanmin Duan
- Center of Clinical Big Data and Analytics, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Department of Big Data in Health Science, School of Public Health, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 866 Yuhangtang Rd., Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Kang Qin
- HangZhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 568 Mingshi Road, Shangcheng District, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310021, China
| | - Lingling Hu
- Center of Clinical Big Data and Analytics, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Department of Big Data in Health Science, School of Public Health, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 866 Yuhangtang Rd., Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Bing Liu
- HangZhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 568 Mingshi Road, Shangcheng District, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310021, China
| | - Guowei Su
- Center of Clinical Big Data and Analytics, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Department of Big Data in Health Science, School of Public Health, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 866 Yuhangtang Rd., Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Han Zhang
- Center of Clinical Big Data and Analytics, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Department of Big Data in Health Science, School of Public Health, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 866 Yuhangtang Rd., Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Jue Xu
- HangZhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 568 Mingshi Road, Shangcheng District, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310021, China.
| | - Huakang Tu
- Center of Clinical Big Data and Analytics, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Department of Big Data in Health Science, School of Public Health, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 866 Yuhangtang Rd., Hangzhou 310058, China.
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27
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Jia Z, Zhang H, Lv Y, Yu L, Cui Y, Zhang L, Yang C, Liu H, Zheng T, Xia W, Xu S, Li Y. Intrauterine chromium exposure and cognitive developmental delay: The modifying effect of genetic predisposition. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 946:174350. [PMID: 38960203 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.174350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2024] [Revised: 06/04/2024] [Accepted: 06/26/2024] [Indexed: 07/05/2024]
Abstract
There is limited evidence on the effects of intrauterine chromium (Cr) exposure on children's cognitive developmental delay (CDD). Further, little is known about the genetic factors in modifying the association between intrauterine Cr exposure and CDD. The present study involved 2361 mother-child pairs, in which maternal plasma Cr concentrations were assessed, a polygenic risk score for the child was constructed, and the child's cognitive development was evaluated using the Bayley Scales of Infant Development. The risks of CDD conferred by intrauterine Cr exposure in children with different genetic backgrounds were evaluated by logistic regression. The additive interaction between intrauterine Cr exposure and genetic factors was evaluated by calculating the relative excess risk due to interaction (RERI), attributable proportion due to interaction (AP), and synergy index (SI). According to present study, higher intrauterine Cr exposure was significantly associated with increased CDD risk [each unit increase in ln-transformed maternal plasma Cr concentration (ln-Cr): adjusted OR (95 % CI), 1.18 (1.04-1.35); highest vs lowest quartile: adjusted OR (95 % CI), 1.57 (1.10-2.23)]. The dose-response relationship of intrauterine Cr exposure and CDD for children with high genetic risk was more prominent [each unit increased ln-Cr: adjusted OR (95 % CI), 1.36 (1.09-1.70)]. Joint effects between intrauterine Cr exposure and genetic factors were found. Specifically, for high genetic risk carriers, the association between intrauterine Cr exposure and CDD was more evident [highest vs lowest quartile: adjusted OR (95 % CI), 2.33 (1.43-3.80)]. For those children with high intrauterine Cr exposure and high genetic risk, the adjusted AP was 0.39 (95 % CI, 0.07-0.72). Conclusively, intrauterine Cr exposure was a high-risk factor for CDD in children, particularly for those with high genetic risk. Intrauterine Cr exposure and one's adverse genetic background jointly contribute to an increased risk of CDD in children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenxian Jia
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongling Zhang
- Wuchang University of Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Yiqing Lv
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Ling Yu
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuan Cui
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Liping Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Chenhui Yang
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongxiu Liu
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Tongzhang Zheng
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, United States
| | - Wei Xia
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Shunqing Xu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yuanyuan Li
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, People's Republic of China.
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Kim JZ, Larsen B, Parkes L. Shaping dynamical neural computations using spatiotemporal constraints. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2024; 728:150302. [PMID: 38968771 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2024.150302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2023] [Revised: 03/21/2024] [Accepted: 04/11/2024] [Indexed: 07/07/2024]
Abstract
Dynamics play a critical role in computation. The principled evolution of states over time enables both biological and artificial networks to represent and integrate information to make decisions. In the past few decades, significant multidisciplinary progress has been made in bridging the gap between how we understand biological versus artificial computation, including how insights gained from one can translate to the other. Research has revealed that neurobiology is a key determinant of brain network architecture, which gives rise to spatiotemporally constrained patterns of activity that underlie computation. Here, we discuss how neural systems use dynamics for computation, and claim that the biological constraints that shape brain networks may be leveraged to improve the implementation of artificial neural networks. To formalize this discussion, we consider a natural artificial analog of the brain that has been used extensively to model neural computation: the recurrent neural network (RNN). In both the brain and the RNN, we emphasize the common computational substrate atop which dynamics occur-the connectivity between neurons-and we explore the unique computational advantages offered by biophysical constraints such as resource efficiency, spatial embedding, and neurodevelopment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason Z Kim
- Department of Physics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA.
| | - Bart Larsen
- Department of Pediatrics, Masonic Institute for the Developing Brain, University of Minnesota, USA
| | - Linden Parkes
- Department of Psychiatry, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA.
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29
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Fragaszy DM, Kelty-Stephen DG, Mangalam M. How bipedalism shapes humans' actions with hand tools. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2024; 379:20230152. [PMID: 39155723 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2023.0152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2023] [Revised: 03/28/2024] [Accepted: 05/09/2024] [Indexed: 08/20/2024] Open
Abstract
The task for an embodied cognitive understanding of humans' actions with tools is to elucidate how the human body, as a whole, supports the perception of affordances and dexterous action with objects in relation to other objects. Here, we focus on the relationship between humans' actions with handheld tools and bipedal posture. Posture plays a pivotal role in shaping animals' perception and action dynamics. While humans stand and locomote bipedally, other primates predominantly employ quadrupedal postures and locomotion, relying on both hands and feet to support the body. Drawing upon evidence from evolutionary biology, developmental psychology and performance studies, we elucidate the influence of bipedalism on our actions with objects and on our proficiency in using tools. We use the metaphor of cascades to capture the dynamic, nonlinear transformations in morphology and behaviour associated with posture and the use of tools across evolutionary and developmental timescales. Recent work illustrates the promise of multifractal cascade analysis to reveal nonlinear, cross-scale interactions across the entire body in real-time, supporting the perception of affordances for actions with tools. Cascade analysis enriches our comprehension of real-time performance and facilitates exploration of the relationships among whole-body coordination, individual development, and evolutionary processes.This article is part of the theme issue 'Minds in movement: embodied cognition in the age of artificial intelligence'.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Damian G Kelty-Stephen
- Department of Psychology, State University of New York at New Paltz, New Paltz, NY 12561, USA
| | - Madhur Mangalam
- Division of Biomechanics and Research Development, Department of Biomechanics, Center for Research in Human Movement Variability, University of Nebraska, Omaha, NE 68182, USA
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30
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Grandchamp des Raux H, Ghilardi T, Soderberg C, Ossmy O. The role of action concepts in physical reasoning: insights from late childhood. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2024; 379:20230154. [PMID: 39155719 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2023.0154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2023] [Revised: 04/22/2024] [Accepted: 06/28/2024] [Indexed: 08/20/2024] Open
Abstract
A fundamental component of human cognition is the ability to intuitively reason about behaviours of objects and systems in the physical world without resorting to explicit scientific knowledge. This skill was traditionally considered a symbolic process. However, in the last decades, there has been a shift towards ideas of embodiment, suggesting that accessing physical knowledge and predicting physical outcomes is grounded in bodily interactions with the environment. Infants and children, who learn mainly through their embodied experiences, serve as a model to probe the link between reasoning and physical concepts. Here, we tested school-aged children (5- to 15-year-olds) in online reasoning games that involve different physical action concepts such as supporting, launching and clearing. We assessed changes in children's performance and strategies over development and their relationships with the different action concepts. Children reasoned more accurately in problems that involved supporting actions compared to launching or clearing actions. Moreover, when children failed, they were more strategic in subsequent attempts when problems involved support rather than launching or clearing. Children improved with age, but improvements differed across action concepts. Our findings suggest that accessing physical knowledge and predicting physical events are affected by action concepts, and those effects change over development. This article is part of the theme issue 'Minds in movement: embodied cognition in the age of artificial intelligence'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hélène Grandchamp des Raux
- Centre for Brain and Cognitive Development, Birkbeck, University of London, 32 Torrington Square , London, WC1E 7JL, UK
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Birkbeck, University of London, 32 Torrington Square , London WC1E 7JL, UK
| | - Tommaso Ghilardi
- Centre for Brain and Cognitive Development, Birkbeck, University of London, 32 Torrington Square , London, WC1E 7JL, UK
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Birkbeck, University of London, 32 Torrington Square , London WC1E 7JL, UK
| | - Christina Soderberg
- Centre for Brain and Cognitive Development, Birkbeck, University of London, 32 Torrington Square , London, WC1E 7JL, UK
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Birkbeck, University of London, 32 Torrington Square , London WC1E 7JL, UK
| | - Ori Ossmy
- Centre for Brain and Cognitive Development, Birkbeck, University of London, 32 Torrington Square , London, WC1E 7JL, UK
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Birkbeck, University of London, 32 Torrington Square , London WC1E 7JL, UK
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31
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Di Paolo LD, White B, Guénin-Carlut A, Constant A, Clark A. Active inference goes to school: the importance of active learning in the age of large language models. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2024; 379:20230148. [PMID: 39155715 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2023.0148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Revised: 12/16/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 08/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Human learning essentially involves embodied interactions with the material world. But our worlds now include increasing numbers of powerful and (apparently) disembodied generative artificial intelligence (AI). In what follows we ask how best to understand these new (somewhat 'alien', because of their disembodied nature) resources and how to incorporate them in our educational practices. We focus on methodologies that encourage exploration and embodied interactions with 'prepared' material environments, such as the carefully organized settings of Montessori education. Using the active inference framework, we approach our questions by thinking about human learning as epistemic foraging and prediction error minimization. We end by arguing that generative AI should figure naturally as new elements in prepared learning environments by facilitating sequences of precise prediction error enabling trajectories of self-correction. In these ways, we anticipate new synergies between (apparently) disembodied and (essentially) embodied forms of intelligence. This article is part of the theme issue 'Minds in movement: embodied cognition in the age of artificial intelligence'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Desirèe Di Paolo
- Department of Engineering and Informatics, The University of Sussex , Brighton, UK
- School of Psychology, Children & Technology Lab, The University of Sussex , Falmer (Brighton), UK
| | - Ben White
- Department of Philosophy, The University of Sussex , Sussex, UK
| | - Avel Guénin-Carlut
- Department of Engineering and Informatics, The University of Sussex , Brighton, UK
| | - Axel Constant
- Department of Engineering and Informatics, The University of Sussex , Brighton, UK
| | - Andy Clark
- Department of Engineering and Informatics, The University of Sussex , Brighton, UK
- Department of Philosophy, The University of Sussex , Sussex, UK
- Department of Philosophy, Macquarie University , Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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Ting LH, Gick B, Kesar TM, Xu J. Ethnokinesiology: towards a neuromechanical understanding of cultural differences in movement. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2024; 379:20230485. [PMID: 39155720 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2023.0485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2023] [Revised: 05/15/2024] [Accepted: 06/18/2024] [Indexed: 08/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Each individual's movements are sculpted by constant interactions between sensorimotor and sociocultural factors. A theoretical framework grounded in motor control mechanisms articulating how sociocultural and biological signals converge to shape movement is currently missing. Here, we propose a framework for the emerging field of ethnokinesiology aiming to provide a conceptual space and vocabulary to help bring together researchers at this intersection. We offer a first-level schema for generating and testing hypotheses about cultural differences in movement to bridge gaps between the rich observations of cross-cultural movement variations and neurophysiological and biomechanical accounts of movement. We explicitly dissociate two interacting feedback loops that determine culturally relevant movement: one governing sensorimotor tasks regulated by neural signals internal to the body, the other governing ecological tasks generated through actions in the environment producing ecological consequences. A key idea is the emergence of individual-specific and culturally influenced motor concepts in the nervous system, low-dimensional functional mappings between sensorimotor and ecological task spaces. Motor accents arise from perceived differences in motor concept topologies across cultural contexts. We apply the framework to three examples: speech, gait and grasp. Finally, we discuss how ethnokinesiological studies may inform personalized motor skill training and rehabilitation, and challenges moving forward.This article is part of the theme issue 'Minds in movement: embodied cognition in the age of artificial intelligence'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lena H Ting
- Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering at Georgia Tech and Emory, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Division of Physical Therapy, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Bryan Gick
- Department of Linguistics, The University British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
- Haskins Laboratories, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Trisha M Kesar
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Division of Physical Therapy, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Jing Xu
- Department of Kinesiology, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
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Payne B, Catmur C. Embodiment in the enfacement illusion is mediated by self-other overlap. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2024; 379:20230146. [PMID: 39155718 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2023.0146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2023] [Revised: 02/20/2024] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 08/20/2024] Open
Abstract
The enfacement illusion is a facial version of the rubber hand illusion, in which participants experience tactile stimulation of their own faces synchronously with the observation of the same stimulation applied to another's face. In previous studies, participants have reported experiencing an illusory embodiment of the other's face following synchronous compared to asynchronous stimulation. In a series of three experiments, we addressed the following three questions: (i) how does similarity between the self and the other, operationalized here as being of the same or different gender to the other, impact the experience of embodiment in the enfacement illusion; (ii) does the experience of embodiment result from alterations to the self-concept; and (iii) is susceptibility to the experience of embodiment associated with interoceptive processing, i.e. perception of the internal state of the body? Results indicate that embodiment is facilitated by the similarity between the self and the other and is mediated by the incorporation of the other into the self-concept, but sensitivity to one's own internal states does not impact upon embodiment within the enfacement illusion. This article is part of the theme issue 'Minds in movement: embodied cognition in the age of artificial intelligence'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryony Payne
- Department of Psychology, King's College London , London SE1 1UL, UK
| | - Caroline Catmur
- Department of Psychology, King's College London , London SE1 1UL, UK
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Barrett L, Stout D. Minds in movement: embodied cognition in the age of artificial intelligence. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2024; 379:20230144. [PMID: 39155722 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2023.0144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2024] [Accepted: 06/21/2024] [Indexed: 08/20/2024] Open
Abstract
This theme issue brings together researchers from diverse fields to assess the current status and future prospects of embodied cognition in the age of generative artificial intelligence. In this introduction, we first clarify our view of embodiment as a potentially unifying concept in the study of cognition, characterizing this as a perspective that questions mind-body dualism and recognizes a profound continuity between sensorimotor action in the world and more abstract forms of cognition. We then consider how this unifying concept is developed and elaborated by the other contributions to this issue, identifying the following two key themes: (i) the role of language in cognition and its entanglement with the body and (ii) bodily mechanisms of interpersonal perception and alignment across the domains of social affiliation, teaching and learning. On balance, we consider that embodied approaches to the study of cognition, culture and evolution remain promising, but will require greater integration across disciplines to fully realize their potential. We conclude by suggesting that researchers will need to be ready and able to meet the various methodological, theoretical and practical challenges this will entail and remain open to encountering markedly different viewpoints about how and why embodiment matters. This article is the part of this theme issue 'Minds in movement: embodied cognition in the age of artificial intelligence'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louise Barrett
- Department of Psychology, University of Lethbridge , Lethbridge, Alberta T1K 3M4, Canada
| | - Dietrich Stout
- Department of Anthropology and Center for Mind, Brain, and Culture, Emory University , Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
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de Vignemont F, Farnè A. Peripersonal space: why so last-second? Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2024; 379:20230159. [PMID: 39155714 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2023.0159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Revised: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 08/20/2024] Open
Abstract
A vast range of neurophysiological, neuropsychological and behavioural results in monkeys and humans have shown that the immediate surroundings of the body, also known as peripersonal space (PPS), are processed in a unique way. Three roles have been ascribed to PPS mechanisms: to react to threats, to avoid obstacles and to act on objects. However, in many circumstances, one does not wait for objects or agents to enter PPS to plan these behaviours. Typically, one has more chances to survive if one starts running away from the lion when one sees it in the distance than if it is a few steps away. PPS makes sense in shortsighted creatures but we are not such creatures. The crucial question is thus twofold: (i) why are these adaptive processes triggered only at the last second or even milliseconds? And (ii) what is their exact contribution, especially for defensive and navigational behaviours? Here, we propose that PPS mechanisms correspond to a plan B, useful in unpredictable situations or when other anticipatory mechanisms have failed. Furthermore, we argue that there are energetic, cognitive and behavioural costs to PPS mechanisms, which explain why this plan B is triggered only at the last second. This article is part of the theme issue 'Minds in movement: embodied cognition in the age of artificial intelligence'.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alessandro Farnè
- Impact Team of the Lyon Neuroscience Research Centre INSERM U1028 CNRS UMR5292 University Claude Bernard Lyon 1 , Lyon, France
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Li Y, Su C, Pan Y. Spontaneous movement synchrony as an exogenous source for interbrain synchronization in cooperative learning. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2024; 379:20230155. [PMID: 39155721 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2023.0155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Revised: 09/28/2023] [Accepted: 10/06/2023] [Indexed: 08/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Learning through cooperation with conspecifics-'cooperative learning'-is critical to cultural evolution and survival. Recent progress has established that interbrain synchronization (IBS) between individuals predicts success in cooperative learning. However, the likely sources of IBS during learning interactions remain poorly understood. To address this dearth of knowledge, we tested whether movement synchrony serves as an exogenous factor that drives IBS, taking an embodiment perspective. We formed dyads of individuals with varying levels of prior knowledge (high-high (HH), high-low (HL), low-low (LL) dyads) and instructed them to collaboratively analyse an ancient Chinese poem. During the task, we simultaneously recorded their brain activity using functional near-infrared spectroscopy and filmed the entire experiment to parse interpersonal movement synchrony using the computer-vision motion energy analysis. Interestingly, the homogeneous groups (HH and/or LL) exhibited stronger movement synchrony and IBS compared with the heterogeneous group. Importantly, mediation analysis revealed that spontaneous and synchronized body movements between individuals contribute to IBS, hence facilitating learning. This study therefore fills a critical gap in our understanding of how interpersonal transmission of information between individual brains, associated with behavioural entrainment, shapes social learning. This article is part of the theme issue 'Minds in movement: embodied cognition in the age of artificial intelligence'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Li
- Department of Psychology and Behavioral Sciences, Zhejiang University , Hangzhou 310058, People's Republic of China
| | - Chang Su
- Department of Psychology and Behavioral Sciences, Zhejiang University , Hangzhou 310058, People's Republic of China
| | - Yafeng Pan
- Department of Psychology and Behavioral Sciences, Zhejiang University , Hangzhou 310058, People's Republic of China
- The State Key Lab of Brain-Machine Intelligence, Zhejiang University , Hangzhou 310058, People's Republic of China
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Dove G. Symbol ungrounding: what the successes (and failures) of large language models reveal about human cognition. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2024; 379:20230149. [PMID: 39155725 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2023.0149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2023] [Revised: 02/22/2024] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 08/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Large language models can handle sophisticated natural language processing tasks. This raises the question of how their understanding of semantic meaning compares to that of human beings. Supporters of embodied cognition often point out that because these models are trained solely on text, their representations of semantic content are not grounded in sensorimotor experience. This paper contends that human cognition exhibits capabilities that fit with both the embodied and artificial intelligence approaches. Evidence suggests that semantic memory is partially grounded in sensorimotor systems and dependent on language-specific learning. From this perspective, large language models demonstrate the richness of language as a source of semantic information. They show how our experience with language might scaffold and extend our capacity to make sense of the world. In the context of an embodied mind, language provides access to a valuable form of ungrounded cognition.This article is part of the theme issue 'Minds in movement: embodied cognition in the age of artificial intelligence'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guy Dove
- Department of Philosophy, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
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Li D, Jia J, Zeng H, Zhong X, Chen H, Yi C. Efficacy of exercise rehabilitation for managing patients with Alzheimer's disease. Neural Regen Res 2024; 19:2175-2188. [PMID: 38488551 PMCID: PMC11034587 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.391308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Revised: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 11/25/2023] [Indexed: 04/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive and degenerative neurological disease characterized by the deterioration of cognitive functions. While a definitive cure and optimal medication to impede disease progression are currently unavailable, a plethora of studies have highlighted the potential advantages of exercise rehabilitation for managing this condition. Those studies show that exercise rehabilitation can enhance cognitive function and improve the quality of life for individuals affected by AD. Therefore, exercise rehabilitation has been regarded as one of the most important strategies for managing patients with AD. Herein, we provide a comprehensive analysis of the currently available findings on exercise rehabilitation in patients with AD, with a focus on the exercise types which have shown efficacy when implemented alone or combined with other treatment methods, as well as the potential mechanisms underlying these positive effects. Specifically, we explain how exercise may improve the brain microenvironment and neuronal plasticity. In conclusion, exercise is a cost-effective intervention to enhance cognitive performance and improve quality of life in patients with mild to moderate cognitive dysfunction. Therefore, it can potentially become both a physical activity and a tailored intervention. This review may aid the development of more effective and individualized treatment strategies to address the challenges imposed by this debilitating disease, especially in low- and middle-income countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Li
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, Jiangxi Province, China
| | - Jinning Jia
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, Jiangxi Province, China
| | - Haibo Zeng
- Department of Pathology, Huichang County People’s Hospital, Ganzhou, Jiangxi Province, China
| | - Xiaoyan Zhong
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, Jiangxi Province, China
| | - Hui Chen
- School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW, Australia
| | - Chenju Yi
- Research Center, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province, China
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Active Substance Screening and Translational Research, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
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39
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Fischer MH, Felisatti A, Li X, Shaki S. A cross-cultural comparison of finger-based and symbolic number representations. J Exp Child Psychol 2024; 246:105979. [PMID: 38861807 DOI: 10.1016/j.jecp.2024.105979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Revised: 04/29/2024] [Accepted: 04/30/2024] [Indexed: 06/13/2024]
Abstract
The current study examined predictions from embodied cognition for effects of finger counting on number processing. Although finger counting is spontaneous and nearly universal, counting habits reflect learning and culture. European cultures use a sub-base-five system, requiring a full hand plus additional fingers to express numbers exceeding 5. Chinese culture requires only one hand to express such numbers. We investigated the differential impact of early-acquired finger-based number representations on adult symbolic number processing. In total, 53 European and 56 Chinese adults performed two versions of the magnitude classification task, where numbers were presented either as Arabic symbols or as finger configurations consistent with respective cultural finger-counting habits. Participants classified numbers as smaller/larger than 5 with horizontally aligned buttons. Finger-based size and distance effects were larger in Chinese compared with Europeans. These differences did not, however, induce reliably different symbol processing signatures. This dissociation challenges the idea that sensory and motor habits shape our conceptual representations and implies notation-specific processing patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin H Fischer
- Department of Psychology, University of Potsdam, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Arianna Felisatti
- Department of Psychology, University of Potsdam, 14476 Potsdam, Germany; Department of General Psychology, University of Padua, 35131 Padova, Italy.
| | - Xin Li
- Department of Psychology, University of Potsdam, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Samuel Shaki
- Department of Psychology, Ariel University, Ariel 44837, Israel
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40
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Greer J, Ali A, Laksman C, Huang R, McClay M, Clewett D. Effortful retrieval of semantic memories induces forgetting of related negative and neutral episodic memories. Cognition 2024; 251:105908. [PMID: 39094255 DOI: 10.1016/j.cognition.2024.105908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2023] [Revised: 07/19/2024] [Accepted: 07/23/2024] [Indexed: 08/04/2024]
Abstract
Retrieval-induced forgetting (RIF) experiments show that the act of retrieving some recently encoded items from a given conceptual category leads to greater forgetting of competing items from that same category. However, RIF studies using emotional stimuli have produced mixed results, perhaps due to the reinstatement of arousal or negative affect during retrieval practice. To induce forgetting of negative episodic memories more indirectly, we examined if retrieving neutral semantic memories leads to RIF of related negative memories. In two experiments, participants studied eight categorized lists comprised of an equal number of negative and neutral words (Experiment 1) or neutral words preceded by neutral or negative images (Experiment 2). To avoid re-exposing individuals to negative material during retrieval practice, participants then performed a semantic memory retrieval task in which they generated (i.e., completed word-stems for) new neutral words from half of the studied categories. We found that semantic retrieval, or word generation, induced forgetting of recently studied words irrespective of their emotional valence or original emotional context. Additionally, across both experiments, less successful word generation was associated with stronger RIF effects. In Experiment 2, the magnitude of RIF was also correlated with higher subjective ratings of retrieval effort during word generation. Together, these results suggest that even when retrieving neutral semantic memories, effortful retrieval may enhance inhibitory processes that lead to forgetting of both neutral and negative episodic memories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamie Greer
- Department of Psychology, Harvard University, United States of America.
| | - Amna Ali
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles, United States of America
| | - Camille Laksman
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles, United States of America
| | - Ringo Huang
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles, United States of America
| | - Mason McClay
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles, United States of America
| | - David Clewett
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles, United States of America.
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41
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Prutean N, Vermeylen L, Kukkonen N, Steendam ST, Eayrs JO, Krebs RM, Wiersema JR, Vassena E, Boehler CN, Notebaert W. Mind the instructions: Reward cues are liked first, wanted later. Cognition 2024; 251:105885. [PMID: 39024843 DOI: 10.1016/j.cognition.2024.105885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Revised: 05/16/2024] [Accepted: 07/09/2024] [Indexed: 07/20/2024]
Abstract
Current theories propose that mental effort is invested only when the anticipated benefits, such as rewards, outweigh the associated costs, like task difficulty. Yet, it remains unclear whether this motivational and mitigating aspect of reward processing is reflected in the evaluation of reward/difficulty cues as such, and to what extent it depends on task experience. In a pre-registered experiment (N = 84), we used the affect misattribution procedure (AMP) to gauge affective evaluations of nonword cues predicting reward and task difficulty levels. Contrary to previous studies, the AMP was administered at the outset, after cue instructions, and after the cues were used in a random dot motion (RDM) task. Compared to baseline, cues predicting a larger reward were evaluated more positively after RDM task experience, and most importantly, already after cue instructions, with no difference between the two phases. This evaluative effect manifested in increased performance after larger reward cues in the RDM task. Our results suggest that AMP effects may generally capture performance expectations which are independent of task experience. Importantly, these instructed expectations of reward and difficulty play a crucial role in the evaluation and subsequent investment of mental effort.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicoleta Prutean
- Department of Experimental Psychology, Ghent University, Belgium.
| | | | - Nanne Kukkonen
- Department of Experimental Psychology, Ghent University, Belgium.
| | | | - Joshua O Eayrs
- Department of Experimental Psychology, Ghent University, Belgium.
| | - Ruth M Krebs
- Department of Experimental Psychology, Ghent University, Belgium.
| | - Jan R Wiersema
- Department of Experimental Clinical and Health Psychology, Ghent University, Belgium.
| | - Eliana Vassena
- Behavioural Science Institute, Radboud University, Nijmegen, the Netherlands.
| | - C Nico Boehler
- Department of Experimental Psychology, Ghent University, Belgium.
| | - Wim Notebaert
- Department of Experimental Psychology, Ghent University, Belgium.
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Tong H, Capuano AW, Carmichael OT, Gwizdala KL, Bennett DA, Ahima RS, Arnold SE, Arvanitakis Z. Brain Insulin Signaling is Associated with Late-Life Cognitive Decline. Aging Dis 2024; 15:2205-2215. [PMID: 38029396 PMCID: PMC11346412 DOI: 10.14336/ad.2023.1117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2023] [Accepted: 11/17/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Type-2 diabetes is associated with an increased risk of dementia, and the underlying mechanism might involve abnormal insulin signaling in the brain. The objective of this study was to examine the association of postmortem brain insulin signaling with late-life cognitive decline. Among participants of Religious Orders Study, a community-based clinical-pathological cohort, 150 deceased and autopsied older individuals (75 with diabetes matched to 75 without by age at death, sex, and education) had postmortem brain insulin signaling measurements collected in the prefrontal cortex using ELISA and immunohistochemistry. By using adjusted linear mixed-effects models, we examined the association of postmortem brain insulin signaling with late-life cognitive function assessed longitudinally (mean follow-up duration = 9.4 years) using a battery of neuropsychological tests. We found that a higher level of serine/threonine-protein kinase (AKT) phosphorylation (pT308AKT1/total AKT1) was associated with a faster decline in global cognition (estimate = -0.023, p = 0.030), and three domains: episodic memory (estimate = -0.024, p = 0.032), working memory (estimate = -0.018, p = 0.012), and visuospatial abilities (estimate = -0.013, p = 0.027). The level of insulin receptor substrate-1 (IRS1) phosphorylation (pS307IRS1/total IRS1) was not associated with decline in global cognition or most cognitive domains, except for perceptual speed (estimate = 0.020, p = 0.020). The density of pS616IRS1-stained cells was not associated with decline in global cognition or any of the domains. In conclusion, these findings provide novel evidence for an association between brain insulin signaling and late-life cognitive decline. AKT phosphorylation is associated with a decline in global cognition and memory in particular, whereas IRS1 phosphorylation is associated with a decline in perceptual speed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Tong
- Rush Alzheimer's Disease Center, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Ana W Capuano
- Rush Alzheimer's Disease Center, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | | | | | - David A Bennett
- Rush Alzheimer's Disease Center, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Rexford S Ahima
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, & Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Steven E Arnold
- Alzheimer's Clinical and Translational Research Unit, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Zoe Arvanitakis
- Rush Alzheimer's Disease Center, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
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Marchesi S, De Tommaso D, Kompatsiari K, Wu Y, Wykowska A. Tools and methods to study and replicate experiments addressing human social cognition in interactive scenarios. Behav Res Methods 2024; 56:7543-7560. [PMID: 38782872 DOI: 10.3758/s13428-024-02434-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
In the last decade, scientists investigating human social cognition have started bringing traditional laboratory paradigms more "into the wild" to examine how socio-cognitive mechanisms of the human brain work in real-life settings. As this implies transferring 2D observational paradigms to 3D interactive environments, there is a risk of compromising experimental control. In this context, we propose a methodological approach which uses humanoid robots as proxies of social interaction partners and embeds them in experimental protocols that adapt classical paradigms of cognitive psychology to interactive scenarios. This allows for a relatively high degree of "naturalness" of interaction and excellent experimental control at the same time. Here, we present two case studies where our methods and tools were applied and replicated across two different laboratories, namely the Italian Institute of Technology in Genova (Italy) and the Agency for Science, Technology and Research in Singapore. In the first case study, we present a replication of an interactive version of a gaze-cueing paradigm reported in Kompatsiari et al. (J Exp Psychol Gen 151(1):121-136, 2022). The second case study presents a replication of a "shared experience" paradigm reported in Marchesi et al. (Technol Mind Behav 3(3):11, 2022). As both studies replicate results across labs and different cultures, we argue that our methods allow for reliable and replicable setups, even though the protocols are complex and involve social interaction. We conclude that our approach can be of benefit to the research field of social cognition and grant higher replicability, for example, in cross-cultural comparisons of social cognition mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serena Marchesi
- Social Cognition in Human-Robot Interaction, Italian Institute of Technology, Genova, Italy
- Robotics and Autonomous Systems Department, A*STAR Institute for Infocomm Research, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Davide De Tommaso
- Social Cognition in Human-Robot Interaction, Italian Institute of Technology, Genova, Italy
| | - Kyveli Kompatsiari
- Social Cognition in Human-Robot Interaction, Italian Institute of Technology, Genova, Italy
| | - Yan Wu
- Robotics and Autonomous Systems Department, A*STAR Institute for Infocomm Research, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Agnieszka Wykowska
- Social Cognition in Human-Robot Interaction, Italian Institute of Technology, Genova, Italy.
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Elder J, Wilson L, Calanchini J. Estimating the Reliability and Stability of Cognitive Processes Contributing to Responses on the Implicit Association Test. PERSONALITY AND SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY BULLETIN 2024; 50:1451-1470. [PMID: 37204215 DOI: 10.1177/01461672231171256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Implicit measures were initially assumed to assess stable individual differences, but other perspectives posit that they reflect context-dependent processes. This pre-registered research investigates whether the processes contributing to responses on the race Implicit Association Test are temporally stable and reliably measured using multinomial processing tree modeling. We applied two models-the Quad model and the Process Dissociation Procedure-to six datasets (N = 2,036), each collected over two occasions, examined the within-measurement reliability and between-measurement stability of model parameters, and meta-analyzed the results. Parameters reflecting accuracy-oriented processes demonstrate adequate stability and reliability, which suggests these processes are relatively stable within individuals. Parameters reflecting evaluative associations demonstrate poor stability but modest reliability, which suggests that associations are either context-dependent or stable but noisily measured. These findings suggest that processes contributing to racial bias on implicit measures differ in temporal stability, which has practical implications for predicting behavior using the Implicit Association Test.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Liz Wilson
- University of California, Riverside, USA
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45
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Lei L, Lai CSW, Lee TMC, Lam CLM. The effect of transcranial direct current and magnetic stimulation on fear extinction and return of fear: A meta-analysis and systematic review. J Affect Disord 2024; 362:263-286. [PMID: 38908557 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2024.06.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2023] [Revised: 05/31/2024] [Accepted: 06/17/2024] [Indexed: 06/24/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We conducted a meta-analysis and qualitative review on the randomized controlled trials investigating the effects of transcranial direct current stimulation and transcranial magnetic stimulation on fear extinction and the return of fear in non-primate animals and humans. METHODS The meta-analysis was conducted by searching PubMed, Web of science, PsycINFO, and Cochrane Library and extracting fear response in the active and sham groups in the randomized controlled trials. The pooled effect size was quantified by Hedges' g using a three-level meta-analytic model in R. RESULTS We identified 18 articles on the tDCS effect and 5 articles on the TMS effect, with 466 animal subjects and 621 human subjects. Our findings show that tDCS of the prefrontal cortex significantly inhibit fear retrieval in animal models (Hedges' g = -0.50). In human studies, TMS targeting the dorsolateral/ventromedial prefrontal cortex has an inhibiting effect on the return of fear (Hedges' g = -0.24). LIMITATIONS The limited number of studies and the heterogeneous designs of the selected studies made cross-study and cross-species comparison difficult. CONCLUSIONS Our findings shed light on the optimal non-invasive brain stimulation protocols for targeting the neural circuitry of threat extinction in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Letian Lei
- The State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; Laboratory of Clinical Psychology and Affective Neuroscience, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Cora S W Lai
- The State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; School of Biomedical Sciences, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China; Advanced Biomedical Instrumentation Centre, Hong Kong Science Park, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Tatia M C Lee
- The State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; Laboratory of Neuropsychology and Human Neuroscience, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Charlene L M Lam
- The State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; Laboratory of Clinical Psychology and Affective Neuroscience, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
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46
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Kwon N, Sturt P. When social hierarchy matters grammatically: Investigation of the processing of honorifics in Korean. Cognition 2024; 251:105912. [PMID: 39116506 DOI: 10.1016/j.cognition.2024.105912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2023] [Revised: 07/22/2024] [Accepted: 07/28/2024] [Indexed: 08/10/2024]
Abstract
Korean grammar encodes relative social hierarchies among interlocutors in various ways. This study utilized honorific subject-verb agreement in Korean to investigate how social hierarchies are processed during sentence comprehension. The experimental results showed that honorific violations elicited processing difficulties. The use of an honorific verb with an unhonorifiable subject resulted in lower naturalness ratings, longer reading times, and elicited a P600, similar to effects observed with number, person, and gender agreement in Spanish or English. These findings suggest that social hierarchies have become integrated into grammar, constraining how native Korean speakers process sentences. However, the agreement between honorific subjects and verbs seems asymmetrical; the mismatch effect was smaller or absent when an honorifiable subject was not accompanied by an honorific verb, suggesting that while an honorific verb requires an honorifiable subject, the reverse is not necessarily true. The results indicate that the -si agreement in Korean is a form of morpho-syntactic agreement, despite its asymmetrical nature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nayoung Kwon
- Department of East Asian Languages and Literatures, University of Oregon, USA.
| | - Patrick Sturt
- Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, UK
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47
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Ma Y, Wang N, Zhang H, Liang X, Fa W, Liu K, Liu C, Zhu M, Tian N, Tian X, Cong L, Laukka EJ, Wang Y, Hou T, Du Y, Qiu C. The lifestyle for brain health index, the cluster of differentiation 33 (CD33) gene, and cognitive function among rural Chinese older adults: A population-based study. Arch Gerontol Geriatr 2024; 125:105479. [PMID: 38768553 DOI: 10.1016/j.archger.2024.105479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2024] [Revised: 04/21/2024] [Accepted: 05/05/2024] [Indexed: 05/22/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We sought to examine the associations of the Lifestyle for Brain Health (LIBRA) index with cognitive function among rural Chinese older adults and to explore the potential role of cluster of differentiation 33 gene (CD33) in the associations. METHODS This population-based cross-sectional study included 4914 dementia-free participants (age ≥60 years; 56.43 % women) in the 2018 baseline examination of MIND-China. The LIBRA index was generated from 11 factors. We used a neuropsychological test battery to assess episodic memory, verbal fluency, attention, executive function, and global cognition. The CD33(rs3865444) polymorphism was detected using multiple-polymerase chain reaction amplification. Data were analyzed using the general linear regression models. RESULTS A higher LIBRA index was associated with multivariable-adjusted β-coefficient (95 %CI) of -0.011(-0.020- -0.001) for global cognitive z-score, -0.020(-0.033- -0.006) for episodic memory, and -0.016(-0.029- -0.004) for verbal fluency. The CD33(rs3865444) was associated with a lower global cognitive z-score in the additive (CA vs. CC: β-coefficient=0.042; 95 %CI=0.008-0.077), the dominant (CA+AA vs. CC: 0.040; 0.007-0.073), and the over-dominant (CA vs. CC+AA: 0.043; 0.009-0.077) models. Similar results were obtained for verbal fluency and attention. The CD33 gene showed statistical interactions with LIBRA index on cognitive function (Pinteraction<0.05) such that a higher LIBRA index was significantly associated with lower z-scores of global cognition and attention only among CD33 CC carriers (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS This population-based study reveals for the first time that a higher LIBRA index is associated with worse cognitive performance in rural Chinese older adults and that CD33 gene could modify the association.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yixun Ma
- Department of Neurology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong 250021, PR China
| | - Nan Wang
- Department of Neurology, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250021, PR China
| | - Heng Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong 250021, PR China; Department of Neurology, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250021, PR China; Shandong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Jinan, Shandong 250021, PR China
| | - Xiaoyan Liang
- Department of Neurology, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250021, PR China
| | - Wenxin Fa
- Department of Neurology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong 250021, PR China
| | - Keke Liu
- Department of Neurology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong 250021, PR China; Department of Neurology, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250021, PR China; Shandong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Jinan, Shandong 250021, PR China
| | - Cuicui Liu
- Department of Neurology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong 250021, PR China; Department of Neurology, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250021, PR China; Shandong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Jinan, Shandong 250021, PR China
| | - Min Zhu
- Department of Neurology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong 250021, PR China; Department of Neurology, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250021, PR China; Shandong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Jinan, Shandong 250021, PR China
| | - Na Tian
- Department of Neurology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong 250021, PR China; Department of Neurology, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250021, PR China; Shandong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Jinan, Shandong 250021, PR China
| | - Xunyao Tian
- Department of Neurology, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250021, PR China
| | - Lin Cong
- Department of Neurology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong 250021, PR China; Department of Neurology, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250021, PR China; Shandong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Jinan, Shandong 250021, PR China
| | - Erika J Laukka
- Aging Research Center and Center for Alzheimer Research, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institute and Stockholm University 17165 Solna, Sweden
| | - Yongxiang Wang
- Department of Neurology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong 250021, PR China; Department of Neurology, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250021, PR China; Shandong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Jinan, Shandong 250021, PR China; Aging Research Center and Center for Alzheimer Research, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institute and Stockholm University 17165 Solna, Sweden; Institute of Brain Science and Brain-Inspired Research, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, PR China
| | - Tingting Hou
- Department of Neurology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong 250021, PR China; Department of Neurology, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250021, PR China; Shandong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Jinan, Shandong 250021, PR China.
| | - Yifeng Du
- Department of Neurology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong 250021, PR China; Department of Neurology, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250021, PR China; Shandong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Jinan, Shandong 250021, PR China; Institute of Brain Science and Brain-Inspired Research, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, PR China.
| | - Chengxuan Qiu
- Department of Neurology, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250021, PR China; Aging Research Center and Center for Alzheimer Research, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institute and Stockholm University 17165 Solna, Sweden; Institute of Brain Science and Brain-Inspired Research, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, PR China
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48
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Wang X, Lee HK, Tong SX. Temporal dynamics and neural variabilities underlying the interplay between emotion and inhibition in Chinese autistic children. Brain Res 2024; 1840:149030. [PMID: 38821334 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2024.149030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2024] [Revised: 05/23/2024] [Accepted: 05/24/2024] [Indexed: 06/02/2024]
Abstract
This study investigated the neural dynamics underlying the interplay between emotion and inhibition in Chinese autistic children. Electroencephalography (EEG) signals were recorded from 50 autistic and 46 non-autistic children during an emotional Go/Nogo task. Based on single-trial ERP analyses, autistic children, compared to their non-autistic peers, showed a larger Nogo-N170 for angry faces and an increased Nogo-N170 amplitude variation for happy faces during early visual perception. They also displayed a smaller N200 for all faces and a diminished Nogo-N200 amplitude variation for happy and neutral faces during inhibition monitoring and preparation. During the late stage, autistic children showed a larger posterior-Go-P300 for angry faces and an augmented posterior-Nogo-P300 for happy and neutral faces. These findings clarify the differences in neural processing of emotional stimuli and inhibition between Chinese autistic and non-autistic children, highlighting the importance of considering these dynamics when designing intervention to improve emotion regulation in autistic children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Wang
- Human Communication, Learning, and Development, Faculty of Education, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Hyun Kyung Lee
- Human Communication, Learning, and Development, Faculty of Education, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Shelley Xiuli Tong
- Human Communication, Learning, and Development, Faculty of Education, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
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49
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Steinmassl K, Paulus M. Malleability of the sense of bodily self in early childhood: 5- and 6-year-old children show the enfacement illusion. J Exp Child Psychol 2024; 246:105990. [PMID: 38909521 DOI: 10.1016/j.jecp.2024.105990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2023] [Revised: 05/10/2024] [Accepted: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 06/25/2024]
Abstract
The mechanisms underlying the developing sense of bodily self are debated. Whereas some scholars stress the role of sensory factors, others propose the importance of contextual factors. By manipulating multisensory stimulation and social familiarity with the other person, we explored two factors that are proposed to relate to young children's developing sense of bodily self. Including an adult sample allowed us to investigate age-related differences of the malleability of the bodily self. To this end, the study implemented an enfacement illusion with children (N = 64) and adults (N = 33). Participants were exposed to one trial with synchronous interpersonal multisensory stimulation and one trial with asynchronous interpersonal multisensory stimulation-either with a stranger or with the mother as the other person. A self-recognition task using morph videos of self and other and an enfacement questionnaire were implemented as dependent measures. Results revealed evidence for the presence of the enfacement effect in children in both measures. The identity of the other person had a significant effect on the self-recognition task. Contrary to our hypothesis, the effect was significantly smaller in the caregiver condition. No significant differences between children and adults emerged. Our results demonstrate the role of both multisensory stimulation and contextual-here social familiarity-factors for the construction and development of a bodily self. The study provides developmental science with a novel approach to the bodily self by showing the validity of the self-recognition task in a child sample. Overall, the study supports proposals that the sense of bodily self is malleable early in development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantin Steinmassl
- Department of Psychology, Ludwig Maximilians Universität München, 80539 Munich, Germany.
| | - Markus Paulus
- Department of Psychology, Ludwig Maximilians Universität München, 80539 Munich, Germany
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50
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Boyd MC, Burdette JH, Miller ME, Lyday RG, Hugenschmidt CE, Jack Rejeski W, Simpson SL, Baker LD, Tomlinson CE, Kritchevsky SB, Laurienti PJ. Association of physical function with connectivity in the sensorimotor and dorsal attention networks: why examining specific components of physical function matters. GeroScience 2024; 46:4987-5002. [PMID: 38967698 PMCID: PMC11336134 DOI: 10.1007/s11357-024-01251-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2024] [Accepted: 06/07/2024] [Indexed: 07/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Declining physical function with aging is associated with structural and functional brain network organization. Gaining a greater understanding of network associations may be useful for targeting interventions that are designed to slow or prevent such decline. Our previous work demonstrated that the Short Physical Performance Battery (eSPPB) score and body mass index (BMI) exhibited a statistical interaction in their associations with connectivity in the sensorimotor cortex (SMN) and the dorsal attention network (DAN). The current study examined if components of the eSPPB have unique associations with these brain networks. Functional magnetic resonance imaging was performed on 192 participants in the BNET study, a longitudinal and observational trial of community-dwelling adults aged 70 or older. Functional brain networks were generated for resting state and during a motor imagery task. Regression analyses were performed between eSPPB component scores (gait speed, complex gait speed, static balance, and lower extremity strength) and BMI with SMN and DAN connectivity. Gait speed, complex gait speed, and lower extremity strength significantly interacted with BMI in their association with SMN at rest. Gait speed and complex gait speed were interacted with BMI in the DAN at rest while complex gait speed, static balance, and lower extremity strength interacted with BMI in the DAN during motor imagery. Results demonstrate that different components of physical function, such as balance or gait speed and BMI, are associated with unique aspects of brain network organization. Gaining a greater mechanistic understanding of the associations between low physical function, body mass, and brain physiology may lead to the development of treatments that not only target specific physical function limitations but also specific brain networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madeline C Boyd
- Department of Radiology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Medical Center Blvd, Winston-Salem, NC, 27157, USA
| | - Jonathan H Burdette
- Department of Radiology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Medical Center Blvd, Winston-Salem, NC, 27157, USA
| | - Michael E Miller
- Division of Public Health Sciences, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Robert G Lyday
- Department of Radiology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Medical Center Blvd, Winston-Salem, NC, 27157, USA
| | - Christina E Hugenschmidt
- Sticht Center for Healthy Aging and Alzheimer's Prevention, Department of Internal Medicine Section On Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - W Jack Rejeski
- Department of Health and Exercise Science, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Sean L Simpson
- Department of Biostatistics and Data Science, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Laura D Baker
- Sticht Center for Healthy Aging and Alzheimer's Prevention, Department of Internal Medicine Section On Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Chal E Tomlinson
- Department of Biostatistics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Janssen R&D of Johnson & Johnson, Raritan, NJ, USA
| | - Stephen B Kritchevsky
- Sticht Center for Healthy Aging and Alzheimer's Prevention, Department of Internal Medicine Section On Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Paul J Laurienti
- Department of Radiology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Medical Center Blvd, Winston-Salem, NC, 27157, USA.
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