Attributes underlying patient choice of treatment modality for low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion complicated by high-risk human papillomavirus infection

OBJECTIVE

To use logistic regression to analyze the attributes underlying patients' treatment options for low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (LSIL) complicated with high-risk human papillomavirus (HR-HPV) infection, and identify the best benefit group of different treatment options.

METHODS

Clinical data of 197 LSIL patients with HR-HPV infection between June 2009 and February 2022 were collected. According to the treatment options chosen by the patients, they were divided into the interferon, photodynamic therapy, follow-up observation, and focused ultrasound (FUS) treatment groups. One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and multivariate logistic regression analysis were used to analyze the influencing factors, including age, occupation, education level, maternity history, reason for encounter, route of consultation, annual personal and household income, screening for related risk factors, and identifying the best benefit group of different treatment options.

RESULTS

One-way ANOVA revealed a statistically significant difference in age, education level, maternity history, reason for encounter, and annual household income (p < 0.05). Multivariate logistic regression analysis was performed on these five factors, indicating that age ≤35 years, high school educational level or higher, and no childbirth history were independent risk factors influencing patients' choices of FUS treatment. The receiver operating characteristic curve was used to determine the age threshold of 31 years.

CONCLUSION

Age, educational level, and maternity history were independent risk factors influencing patients' choice of treatment modality for LSIL complicated with HR-HPV infection. Age ≤31 years, high school, equivalent, or higher educational level, and no childbirth yielded a higher rate of choosing FUS treatment for LSIL patients with HR-HPV infection.

A detailed insight of the tumor targeting using nanocarrier drug delivery system

Human struggle against the deadly disease conditions is continued since ages. The contribution of science and technology in fighting against these diseases cannot be ignored exclusively due to the invention of novel procedure and products, extending their size ranges from micro to nano. Recently nanotechnology has been gaining more consideration for its ability to diagnose and treat different cancers. Different nanoparticles have been used to evade the issues related with conservative anticancer delivery systems, including their nonspecificity, adverse effects and burst release. These nanocarriers including, solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs), liposomes, nano lipid carriers (NLCs), nano micelles, nanocomposites, polymeric and magnetic nanocarriers, have brought revolutions in antitumor drug delivery. Nanocarriers improved the therapeutic efficacy of anticancer drugs with better accumulation at the specific site with sustained release, improved bioavailability and apoptosis of the cancer cells while bypassing the normal cells. In this review, the cancer targeting techniques and surface modification on nanoparticles are discussed briefly with possible challenges and opportunities. It can be concluded that understanding the role of nanomedicine in tumor treatment is significant, and therefore, the modern progressions in this arena is essential to be considered for a prosperous today and an affluent future of tumor patients.

Doxorubicin-loaded polymeric nanoparticles containing ketoester-based block and cholesterol moiety as specific vehicles to fight estrogen-dependent breast cancer

The presented research concerns the preparation of polymer nanoparticles (PNPs) for the delivery of doxorubicin. Several block and statistical copolymers, composed of ketoester derivative, N-isopropylacrylamide, and cholesterol, were synthesized. In the nanoprecipitation process, doxorubicin (DOX) molecules were kept in spatial polymeric systems. DOX-loaded PNPs show high efficacy against estrogen-dependent MCF-7 breast cancer cell lines despite low doses of DOX applied and good compatibility with normal cells. Research confirms the effect of PNPs on the degradation of the biological membrane, and the accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), and the ability to cell cycle arrest are strictly linked to cell death.

Graphical Abstract

Identification of stemness subtypes and features to improve endometrial cancer treatment using machine learning

Endometrial cancer is one of the most common malignant tumours in women, and cancer stem cells are known to play an important role in its growth, invasion, metastasis, and drug resistance. Immunotherapy for endometrial cancer is still under research. In this study, a total of 547 endometrial cancer cases were randomly divided into training set (351 cases) set and test set (196 cases). The stemness index of patients was calculated using the One-Class Logistic Regression (OCLR) machine learning algorithm to explore the clinicopathological differences between index levels. Stemness subtypes were determined according to the characteristics of cancer stemness and their clinicopathological characteristics, immune features, and therapeutic effects were described. Our study suggests that endometrial cancer is classified into two stemness subtypes. Stemness subtypes, which are associated with its clinical features, may be independent prognostic factors for endometrial cancer. The stemness subtypes differed significantly in immune activity, immune cell infiltration, and the immune microenvironment, including sensitivity to chemotherapeutic drugs and potential therapeutic compounds. Algorithms were utilised to construct a stemness subtype prediction model and predictor. These findings will provide guidance for the clinical diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis of endometrial cancer.

Green Fabrication of silver nanoparticles by leaf extract of Byttneria Herbacea Roxb and their promising therapeutic applications and its interesting insightful observations in oral cancer

The present research was carried out to look into therapeutic insight of biosynthesized silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) by leaf extract of Byttneria herbacea Roxb (BH). The analysis of biosynthesized BH-AgNPs by UV-visible spectroscopy shows an intense surface plasmon resonance (SPR) peak at 422 nm initially and 437 nm after 30 min which certainly reveals the formation of BH-AgNPs. Fourier Infra-red Spectroscopy (FT-IR) reveals that BH-AgNPs are biosynthesized by using different bioactive compounds like O-H stretch of free hydroxyl alcohol and phenols, N-H bond of primary amines present in the leaf extract. Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM) analysis revealed that BH-AgNPs are almost spherical in nature with an average size range from of 2 nm to 12 nm. The particle size analysis by Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS) reveals that the BH-AgNPs are poly-dispersed in nature with an average size of 8 nm ± 2 nm, with a negative zeta potential value of -21 mV which reveals the biosynthesized BH-AgNPs are very stable. The BH-AgNPs (Byttneria herbacea -AgNPs) revealed excellent free radical scavenging activity and exceptional antimicrobial activity. The anti-proliferative and cytotoxic studies in KB oral cancer cells revealed biosynthesized BH-AgNPs can employ as future novel therapeutic agents in cancer treatment and other biomedical applications.

Septin9 DNA methylation as a promising biomarker for cervical cancer

Aberrant Septin9 methylation in cervical cancer has been rarely studied. We aimed to identify its diagnostic value in cervical cancer using cervical scrapings, and its predictive potential in plasma for pelvic nodal metastasis of cervical cancer. The statuses of methylated Septin9 in fresh cervical lesions and cervical scrapings were first evaluated by using quantitative methylation-specific PCR. Subsequently, the relationship between Septin9 methylation in 113 plasma samples and pelvic nodal metastasis of cervical cancer was evaluated. Methylated Septin9 was detected in all cancerous tissues, but not in cervicitis. The degrees of Septin9 methylation increased with growing severity of cervical lesions in cervical scrapings. The sensitivity of methylated Septin9 was lower than that of cytology, while it yielded a high specificity and area under the curve in detecting high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion or cervical cancer; and when Septin9 methylation combined with HPV16/18 genotyping, the sensitivity would increase from 70.42% to 82.39%. Plasma-based Septin9 methylation had a high discriminatory power in predicting pelvic nodal metastasis of cervical cancer, with an optimal specificity of 81.48%. In conclusion, we demonstrated methylated Septin9 to be an innovative diagnostic biomarker for cervical cancer and its non-invasive predictive potential in plasma for pelvic nodal metastasis of cervical cancer.Impact statementWhat is already known on this subject? The occurrence of cervical cancer is related to Septin9 methylation. In fresh specimens and cervical scrapings, we found the degrees of methylated Septin9 increased with growing severity of cervical lesions. Compared with HPV16/18 genotyping and cytological detection, Septin9 methylation had a better specificity and AUC in detecting ≥ HSIL. Furthermore, plasma-based Septin9 methylation also had a high specificity for pelvic lymphatic metastasis prediction.What the results of this study add? Methylation analysis of Septin9 indicated a similar sensitivity, specificity and AUC in detecting ≥ HSIL, relative to HPV16/18 genotyping. Compared with cytological method, Septin9 methylation also yielded a higher specificity and AUC in detecting ≥ HSIL. And we also found plasma-based Septin9 methylation had a high discriminatory power in predicting pelvic nodal metastasis of cervical cancer, with an optimal specificity of 81.48%; additionally an increasing sensitivity from 50% to nearly 80% was found when combined with SCCAg.What the implications are of these findings for clinical practice and/or further research? This study aimed to evaluate the relationship between Septin9 methylation and cervical cancer, and to explore the value of methylated Septin9 in the detection of cervical (pre)cancerous lesions. Moreover, we would explore plasma-based ctDNA biomarkers for pelvic lymphatic metastasis prediction of cervical cancer, to improve non-invasive predictive accuracy of pelvic nodal metastasis and reduce the complications caused by pelvic lymphadenectomy.

Daytime variation in non-cardiac surgery impacts the recovery after general anesthesia

BACKGROUND

Circadian rhythm involved with physiology has been reported to affect pharmacokinetics or pharmacodynamics. We hypothesized that circadian variations in physiology disturb anesthesia and eventually affect recovery after anesthesia.

METHODS

A retrospective cohort study initially included 107,406 patients (1 June 2016-6 June 2021). Patients were classified into morning or afternoon surgery groups. The primary outcome was daytime variation in PACU (post-anesthesia care unit) recovery time and Steward score. Inverse probability weighting (IPW) approach based on propensity score and univariable/multivariable linear regression were used to estimate this outcome.

RESULTS

Of 28,074 patients, 13,418 (48%) patients underwent morning surgeries, and 14,656 (52%) patients underwent afternoon surgeries. LOWESS curves and IPW illustrated daytime variation in PACU recovery time and Steward score. Before adjustment, compared to morning surgery group, afternoon surgery group had less PACU recovery time (median [interquartile range], 57 [46, 70] vs. 54 [43, 66], p < 0.001) and a higher Steward score (5.62 [5.61, 5.63] vs. 5.66 [5.65, 5.67], p < 0.001). After adjustment, compared to morning surgery group, afternoon surgery group had less PACU recovery time (58 [46, 70] vs. 54 [43, 66], p < 0.001). In multivariable linear regression, morning surgery is statistically associated with an increased PACU recovery time (coefficient, -3.20; 95% confidence interval, -3.55 to -2.86).

Among non-cardiac surgeries, daytime variation might affect recovery after general anesthesia. These findings indicate that the timing of surgery improves recovery after general anesthesia, with afternoon surgery providing protection.KEY MESSAGESIn this retrospective cohort study of 28,074 participants, the afternoon surgery group has a higher Steward score than the morning surgery group.In multivariable linear regression, morning surgery is statistically associated with an increased PACU recovery time.Among non-cardiac surgeries, daytime variation affects the recovery after general anesthesia, with afternoon surgery providing protection.

Targeted therapy for HCC using dumbbell-like nanoparticles conjugated to monoclonal antibodies against VEGF and cancer stem cell receptors in mice

Background

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the leading cause of death worldwide. Nanoparticles allow early detection of tumor and delivery of chemotherapeutic drugs to the specific tumor site. This study aimed to assess the therapeutic role of dumbbell-like nanoparticles conjugated with monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) against both vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and cluster of differentiation (CD) 90 (a cancer stem cell marker) in hepatocellular carcinoma experimental model. This study included 100 mice; HCC was induced chemically in 80 male Balb/c mice by diethylnitrosamine (DEN) and 20 mice served as normal control group. Mice were divided into four groups; pathological control group, mAbs-conjugated nanoparticles-treated group, nanoparticles (alone)-treated group and Avastin-treated group. Animals were sacrificed after one and two months of treatment for assessment of HCC response to treatment. Serum samples were collected and analyzed for alfa-feto protein (AFP), Caspase-3, VEGF-A by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) technique and alanine transaminase (ALT) and aspartate transaminase (AST) by automated analyzer. Liver sections of sacrificed animals were stained with hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) for histopathological assessment.

Results

There were highly significant and significant differences (p value < 0.1 and < 0.5) between mAbs-conjugated nanoparticles-treated group and Avastin group, respectively, in comparison to pathological group. Both groups showed a significant decrease in all serum parameters, but mAbs-conjugated nanoparticles-treated group had more potent improvement effect when compared with Avastin group. MAbs-conjugated nanoparticles-treated group also showed the best improvement in liver architecture.

Conclusion

Dumbbell-like nanoparticles conjugated to anti-CD90 and Avastin is a novel therapeutic tool for HCC to target cancer stem cells and endothelial cells in the niche of the tumor.

Elevated colorectal cancer incidence among American Indian/Alaska native persons in Alaska compared to other populations worldwide

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a leading cancer worldwide; incidence varies greatly by country and racial group. We compared 2018 American Indian/Alaska Native (AI/AN) CRC incidence rates in Alaska to other Tribal, racial, and international population rates. AI/AN persons in Alaska had the highest CRC incidence rate among US Tribal and racial groups (61.9/100,000 in 2018). AI/AN persons in Alaska also had higher rates than those reported for any other country in the world in 2018 except for Hungary, where males had a higher CRC incidence rate than AI/AN males in Alaska (70.6/100,000 and 63.6/100,000 respectively). This review of CRC incidence rates from populations in the United States and worldwide showed that AI/AN persons in Alaska had the highest documented incidence rate of CRC in the world in 2018. It is important to inform health systems serving AI/AN persons in Alaska about policies and interventions that can support CRC screening to reduce the burden of this disease.

Synthesis and biological assessment of indole derivatives containing penta-heterocycles scaffold as novel anticancer agents towards A549 and K562 cells

Herein, a new series of 2-chloro-N-(5-(2-oxoindolin-3-yl)-4H-pyrazol-3-yl) acetamide derivatives containing 1,3,4-thiadiazole (10a-i) and 4H-1,2,4-triazol-4-amine (11a-r) moiety was designed, synthesised as novel anticancer agents. The antiproliferative activity values indicated that compound 10 b stood as the most potent derivative with IC₅₀ values of 12.0 nM and 10 nM against A549 and K562 cells, respectively. Mechanism investigation and docking studies of 10 b indicated that it possessed good apoptosis characteristic and dose-dependent growth arrest of A549 and K562 cells, blocked cell cycle into G2/M phase. Interestingly, 10 b suppressed the growth of A549 and K562 cells via modulation of EGFR and p53-MDM2 mediated pathway.

Birthweight, genetic risk, and gastrointestinal cancer incidence: a prospective cohort study

BACKGROUND

The epidemiologic studies investigating the association of birthweight and genetic factors with gastrointestinal cancer remain scarce. The study aimed to prospectively assess the interactions and joint effects of birthweight and genetic risk levels on gastrointestinal cancer incidence in adulthood.

METHODS

A total of 254,997 participants were included in the UK Biobank study. We used multivariate restricted cubic splines and Cox regression models to estimate the hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidential intervals (CI) for the association between birthweight and gastrointestinal cancer risk, then constructed a polygenic risk score (PRS) to assess its interaction and joint effect with birthweight on the development of gastrointestinal cancer.

RESULTS

We documented 2512 incident cases during a median follow-up of 8.88 years. Compare with participants reporting a normal birthweight (2.5-4.5 kg), multivariable-adjusted HR of gastrointestinal cancer incidence for participants with high birthweight (≥4.5 kg) was 1.17 (95%CI: 1.01-1.36). Such association was remarkably observed in pancreatic cancer, with an HR of 1.82 (95%CI: 1.26-2.64). No statistically significant association was observed between low birth weight and gastrointestinal cancers. Participants with high birthweight and high PRS had the highest risk of gastrointestinal cancer (HR: 2.95, 95%CI: 2.19-3.96).

CONCLUSION

Our findings highlight that high birthweight is associated with a higher incidence of gastrointestinal cancer, especially for pancreatic cancer. Benefits would be obtained from birthweight control, particularly for individuals with a high genetic risk.KEY MESSAGESThe epidemiologic studies investigating the association of birthweight and genetic factors with gastrointestinal cancer remain scarce.This cohort study of 254,997 adults in the United Kingdom found an association of high birthweight with the incidence of gastrointestinal cancer, especially for pancreatic cancer, and also found that participants with high birthweight and high polygenic risk score had the highest risk of gastrointestinal cancer.Our data suggests a possible effect of in utero or early life exposures on adulthood gastrointestinal cancer, especially for those with a high genetic risk.

Design and synthesis of novel rigid dibenzo[b,f]azepines through ring closure technique as promising anticancer candidates against leukaemia and acting as selective topoisomerase II inhibitors and DNA intercalators

In this research, two novel series of dibenzo[b,f]azepines (14 candidates) were designed and synthesised based on the rigidification principle and following the reported doxorubicin's pharmacophoric features. The anti-proliferative activity was evaluated at the NCI against a panel of 60 cancer cell lines. Further, the promising candidates (5a-g) were evaluated for their ability to inhibit topoisomerase II, where 5e was noticed to be the most active congener. Moreover, its cytotoxicity was evaluated against leukaemia SR cells. Also, 5e arrested the cell cycle at the G1 phase and increased the apoptosis ratio by 37.34%. Furthermore, in vivo studies of 5e showed the inhibition of tumour proliferation and the decrease in its volume. Histopathology and liver enzymes were examined as well. Besides, molecular docking, physicochemical, and pharmacokinetic properties were carried out. Finally, a SAR study was discussed to open the gate for further optimisation of the most promising candidate (5e).HighlightsTwo novel series of dibenzo[b,f]azepines were designed and synthesised based on the rigidification principle in drug design.The anti-proliferative activity was evaluated at the NCI against a panel of 60 cancer cell lines.5e was the most active anti-topo II congener (IC₅₀ = 6.36 ± 0.36 µM).5e was evaluated against leukaemia SR cells and its cytotoxic effect was confirmed (IC₅₀ = 13.05 ± 0.62 µM).In vivo studies of 5e significantly inhibited tumour proliferation by 62.7% and decreased tumour volume to 30.1 mm³ compared to doxorubicin treatment.

Changes in the characteristics and outcomes of COVID-19 patients from the early pandemic to the delta variant epidemic: a nationwide population-based study

The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has dramatically changed because of virus mutations, vaccine dissemination, treatment development and policies, among other factors. These factors have a dynamic and complex effect on the characteristics and outcomes of patients. Therefore, there is an urgent need to understand those changes and update the evidence. We used a large-scale real-world data set of 937,758 patients with COVID-19 from a nationwide claims database that included outpatients and inpatients in Japan to investigate the changes in their characteristics, outcomes and risk factors for severity/mortality from the early pandemic to the delta variant-predominant waves. The severity of COVID-19 was defined according to the modified World Health Organization clinical-progression ordinal scale. With changing waves, mean patient age decreased, and proportion of patients with comorbidities decreased. The incidences of "severe COVID-19 or death (i.e. ≥severe COVID-19)" and "death" markedly declined (5.0% and 2.9%, wild-type-predominant; 4.6% and 2.2%, alpha variant-predominant and 1.4% and 0.4%, delta variant-predominant waves, respectively). Across the wave shift, risk factors for ≥ severe COVID-19 and death, including older age, male, malignancy, congestive heart failure and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, were largely consistent. The significance of some factors, such as liver disease, varied as per the wave. This study, one of the largest population-based studies on COVID-19, showed that patient characteristics and outcomes changed during the waves. Risk factors for severity/mortality were similar across all waves, but some factors were inconsistent. These data suggest that the clinical status of COVID-19 will change further with the coming epidemic wave.

Efficacy and safety of PARP inhibitors for maintenance treatment of ovarian cancer, regardless of BRCA or HRD status: a comprehensive updated meta-analysis

Without taking into account existing biomarkers like genetic mutations (BRCA mutation, Homologous recombination deficiency) with advanced ovarian cancer (OC), the overall survival (OS), progress-free survival (PFS) of the aggregate all groups that have been classified were hazard ratio (HR): 0.72, 95% confidence intervals (CI): 0.66-0.79 and HR: 0.48, 95%CI: 0.44-0.52, respectively. Meanwhile, the OS and PFS of the whole population (regardless of existing genetic mutation markers) were HR: 0.74, 95%CI: 0.64-0.87 and HR: 0.52, 95%CI: 0.42-0.65, separately. Furthermore, the OS and PFS of positive gene mutation markers were HR: 0.71, 95%CI: 0.61-0.83 (HRD and BRACm) and HR: 0.47, 95%CI: 0.42-0.52 (HRD and BRACm), individually. The poly ADP-ribose polymers (PARP) inhibitors have desired efficiency and security in the maintenance treatment of advanced OC patients with BRCAm or BRCAwt, HRD or HRP and unknown gene status.

Upregulation of KHDC1L promotes the proliferation and inhibits apoptosis in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma

Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) remains a dreadful malignancy bearing poor clinical efficacy, with emerging evidences indicating RNA-binding proteins' (RBPs') relevance to the evolution of the disease. Categorized as RBPs, the K-homology domain-containing 1 (KHDC1) family is proved to be closely related to cell survival and death. As a novel KHDC1 member, only one study is currently available in osteoarthritis synovial cells to unveil KHDC1L's function of promoting proliferation. Nevertheless, to the best of our knowledge, the role of KHDC1L in human tumour is yet to be fully explored. On the basis of The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database and cell lines comparison with normal counterparts in this study, we first discovered KHDC1L to be overexpressed in HNSCC. According to bioinformatics analysis, apoptosis and P53 pathways were remarkably enriched in the KHDC1L low-expression group in TCGA database. Moreover, in vitro experiments were applied to verify that upregulation of KHDC1L could promote the proliferation and inhibit apoptosis in HNSCC cells CAL27. Transcriptome sequencing ascertained downstream differentially expressed genes to be significantly enriched in PI3K-AKT pathways. Furthermore, as validated by western blot, we found an elevated expression level of pAKT/AKT and Bcl-2, constant expression level of BAX, together with decreased activity of Caspase-3 and PARP-1 in the KHDC1L-upregulated group. In conclusion, our study pioneeringly elaborated that KHDC1L could promote proliferation and inhibit apoptosis in HNSCC cell CAL27 via AKT and Bcl-2 pathways, representing a crucial step for seeking a new diagnostic and therapeutic target in HNSCC.

Relationship between vaginal microecological changes and oncogene E6/E7 and high-risk human papillomavirus infection

High-risk (HR)-human papillomavirus (HPV) is the leading cause of precancerous cervical lesions in patients with chronic untreated infection. We investigated the relationships among several vaginal microbiological alterations, oncogene E6/E7 expression, and HR-HPV. A total of 1327 women who underwent HPV screening, vaginal microecology determination, and fluid-based thin-layer cytological test were enrolled and classified into the HPV-negative group, the low-risk (LR)-HPV-positive group, and the HR-HPV-positive group. The status of cervical HPV infection, vaginal microecology, and E6/E7 mRNA expression were examined sequentially. The effect of HR-HPV infection on cervical cancer (CC) was meticulously assessed, and associations between HR-HPV infection and vaginal microecology and E6/E7 mRNA were identified. In total 548/1327 patients were HPV positive, including LR-HPV infection (N = 132) and HR-HPV infection (N = 416). Patients in the HR-HPV positive group revealed higher detection rates of bacterial vaginosis (BV), trichomonal vaginitis (TV), and vulvovaginal candidiasis (VVC) relative to the HPV negative group. A higher E6/E7 mRNA expression was identified in HR-HPV patients compared to LR-HPV patients. BV and E6/E7 mRNA were classified as independent risk factors for HR-HPV infection. Patients with HR-HPV infection were more susceptible to CC development. Overall, BV and E6/E7 mRNA expression were identified as independent risk factors for HR-HPV infection.IMPACT STATEMENTWhat is already known on this subject? Through literature review, we found that vaginal ecological changes increase the risk of HPV infection, and HPV persistent infection is an important risk factor for cervical precancerous lesions and cervical cancer. In addition, HPV gene E6/E7 is expressed in HPV-positive cervical cancer cells, which is related to cell malignant transformation and even tumorigenesis.What do the results of this study add? This study further revealed that bacterial vaginosis (BV) and E6/E7 mRNA were independently correlated with HR-HPV infection, and HR-HPV infection increased the risk of cervical cancer.What are the implications of these findings for clinical practice and/or further research? E6/E7 mRNA detection may be used as a new auxiliary diagnostic index for HR-HPV infection. In addition, this study provides a reference for whether the restoration of vaginal microecological balance in patients with BV undergoing clinical treatment is conducive to HR-HPV regression, and provides theoretical support for the prevention and control of cervical cancer microecological approach and the occurrence and development of cervical cancer.

Patrinia villosa treat colorectal cancer by activating PI3K/Akt signaling pathway

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

At present, the colorectal cancer (CRC) is a malignant tumor of the colon and rectum that is often found at the junction of the two, and it will invade many visceral organs and organizations, causing very serious damage to the body of the patient. Patrinia villosa Juss. (P.V), is a well-known traditional chinese medicine (TCM), and is recorded in the Compendium of Materia Medica as a necessary article for the treatment of intestinal carbuncle. It has been incorporated into traditional cancer treatment prescriptions in modern medicine. While the mechanism of action of P.V in the treatment of CRC remains unclear.

AIM OF THE STUDY

To investigate P.V in treating CRC and clarify the underlying mechanism.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

This study was based on Azoxymethane (AOM) combined with the Dextran Sulfate Sodium Salt (DSS)-induced CRC mouse model to clarify the pharmacological effects of P.V. The mechanism of action was found by metabolites and metabolomics. The rationality of metabolomics results was verified through the clinical target database of network pharmacology, and find the upstream and downstream target information of relevant action pathways. Apart from that, the targets of associated pathways were confirmed, and the mechanism of action was made clear, using quantitative PCR (q-PCR) and Western blot.

RESULTS

The number and the diameter of tumors were decreased when mice were treated with P.V. P.V group section results showed newly generated cells which improved the degree of colon cell injury. Pathological indicators presented a trend of recovery to normal cells. Compared to the model group, P.V groups had significantly lower levels of the CRC biomarkers CEA, CA19-9, and CA72-4. Through the evaluation of metabolites and metabolomics, it was found that a total of 50 endogenous metabolites had significant changes. Most of these are modulated and recovered after P.V treatment. It alters glycerol phospholipid metabolites, which are closely related to PI3K target, suggesting that P.V can treat CRC though the PI3K target and PI3K/Akt signaling pathway. q-PCR and Western blot results also verified that the expression of VEGF, PI3K, Akt, P38, JNK, ERK1/2, TP53, IL-6, TNF-α and Caspase-3 were significantly decreased, whereas that of Caspase-9 was increased after treatment.

CONCLUSION

P.V is dependent on PI3K target and PI3K/Akt signaling pathway for CRC treatment.

Opioid sparing effects of intravenous and oral acetaminophen in hip fracture patients: A population-based study

STUDY OBJECTIVE

Acetaminophen (APAP) and intravenous acetaminophen (IVAPAP) has been proposed as a part of many opioid-sparing multimodal analgesic pathways. The aim of this analysis was to compare the effectiveness of IVAPAP with oral APAP on opioid utilization and opioid-related adverse effects.

DESIGN

Retrospective study of population-based database.

PATIENTS

The Premier Healthcare database was queried patients undergoing surgery for a primary diagnosis of hip fracture from 2011 to 2019 yielding 245,976 patients. Primary exposure was use of IVAPAP or oral APAP on the day of surgery.

INTERVENTIONS

None.

MEASUREMENTS

The primary outcome of interest was opioid utilization over the hospital stay, secondary outcomes included opioid-related adverse effects, length, and costs of hospital stay. Mixed effect models measured the association of IVPAP and APAP and outcomes.

MAIN RESULTS

In the study population 30.67% (75,445) received at least 1 dose of IVAPAP on the day of surgery. Upon adjusting for relevant covariates, patients who received IVPAP on the day of surgery had slightly higher opioid use standardized by length of hospital stay (2.8% CI: 2%, 3.6%; p < .001), higher hospital cost (2.7% CI: 2.1%, 3.4%), and higher odds of naloxone use (1.18, CI: 1.1, 1.27; p < .001) when compared with patients who received oral APAP.

CONCLUSIONS

In this population, IVAPAP use on the day of surgery failed to reduce opioid use or associated opioid related adverse effects when compared with oral APAP. IVAPAP was associated with increased overall costs, opioid requirements, and naloxone use. These results do not support the use of IV over oral APAP routinely for hip fracture surgery patients.

Slow skeletal muscle troponin T acts as a potential prognostic biomarker and therapeutic target for hepatocellular carcinoma

Slow skeletal muscle troponin T (TNNT1) as a poor prognostic indicator is upregulated in colon and breast cancers. However, the role of TNNT1 in the disease prognosis and biological functions of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is still unclear. The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA), real-time quantitative RT-PCR (qRT-PCR), immunoblot, and immunohistochemical analyses were applied to evaluate the TNNT1 expression of human HCC. The impact of TNNT1 levels on disease progression and survival outcome was studied using TCGA analysis. Moreover, the bioinformatics analysis and HCC cell culture were used to investigate the biological functions of TNNT1. Besides, the immunoblot analysis and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) were used to detect the extracellular TNNT1 of HCC cells and circulating TNNT1 of HCC patients, respectively. The effect of TNNT1 neutralization on oncogenic behaviors and signaling was further validated in the cultured hepatoma cells. In this study, tumoral and blood TNNT1 was upregulated in HCC patients based on the analyses using bioinformatics, fresh tissues, paraffin sections, and serum. From the multiple bioinformatics tools, the TNNT1 overexpression was associated with advanced stage, high grade, metastasis, vascular invasion, recurrence, and poor survival outcome in HCC patients. By the cell culture and TCGA analyses, TNNT1 expression and release were positively correlated with epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) processes in HCC tissues and cells. Moreover, TNNT1 neutralization suppressed oncogenic behaviors and EMT in hepatoma cells. In conclusion, TNNT1 may serve as a non-invasive biomarker and drug target for HCC management. This research finding may provide a new insight for HCC diagnosis and treatment.

Transcriptomic analysis reveals differential adaptation of colorectal cancer cells to low and acute doses of cisplatin

Over the years, the landscape of cisplatin-based cancer treatment options has undergone continuous transitions. Currently, there is much debate over the optimum dose of cisplatin to be administered to cancer patients. In clinical practice, it can extend from repeated low sub-toxic doses to a few cycles of acute high drug doses. Herein, the molecular understanding of the overall cellular response to such differential doses of cisplatin becomes crucial before any decision making; and it has been a grey area of research. In this study, colorectal cancer (CRC) cells were treated with either- a low sub-toxic dose (LD; 30 µM) or a ten times higher acute dose (HD; 300 µM) of cisplatin, and thereafter, the cellular response was mapped through RNA sequencing followed by transcriptomic analysis. Interestingly, we observed that the tumor cells' response to varying doses of cisplatin is distinctly different, and they activate unique transcriptional programs. The analysis of differentially regulated or uniquely expressed transcripts and corresponding pathways revealed a preferential enrichment of genes associated with chromatin organization, oxidative stress, senescence-associated signaling, and developmentally-active signaling pathways in HD; whereas, modulation of autophagy, protein homeostasis, or differential expression of ABC transporters was primarily enriched in LD. This study is the first of its kind to highlight cellular transcriptomic adaptations to different doses of cisplatin in CRC cells. Consequently, since, protein homeostasis was found to be deeply affected after cisplatin treatment, we further analyzed one of the primary cellular protein homeostatic mechanisms- autophagy. It was activated upon LD, but not HD, and served as a pro-survival strategy through the regulation of oxidative stress. Inhibition of autophagy improved sensitivity to LD. Overall, our study provides a holistic understanding of the distinct molecular signatures induced in CRC cells in response to differential cisplatin doses. These findings might facilitate the design of tailored therapy or appropriate drug dose for enhanced efficacy against CRCs.

Incidence and management of esophageal cancer recurrence to regional lymph nodes after curative esophagectomy

Up to 50% of patients treated with curative esophagectomy for esophageal cancer will develop recurrence, contributing to the dismal survival associated with this disease. Regional recurrence may represent disease that is not yet widely metastatic and may therefore be amenable to more-aggressive treatment. We sought to assess all patients treated with curative esophagectomy for esophageal cancer who developed regional recurrence. We retrospectively identified all patients who underwent esophagectomy for esophageal adenocarcinoma and esophageal squamous cell carcinoma at a single institution from January 2000 to August 2019. In total, 1626 patients were included in the study cohort. As of June 2022, 595 patients had disease recurrence, which was distant or systemic in 435 patients (27%), regional in 125 (7.7%) and local in 35 (2.2%). On multivariable analysis, neoadjuvant chemoradiation with a total radiation dose <45 Gy (hazard ratio [HR], 3.5 [95% CI, 1.7-7.3]; P = .001), pathologic node-positive disease (HR, 1.9 [95% CI, 1.3-3.0]; P = .003) and lymphovascular invasion (HR, 1.6 [95% CI, 1.0-2.5]; P = .049) were predictors of isolated nodal recurrence, whereas increasing age (HR, 0.97 [95% CI, 0.96-0.99]; P = .001) and increasing number of excised lymph nodes (HR, 0.98 [95% CI, 0.95-1.00]; P = .021) were independently associated with decreased risk of regional recurrence. Patients treated with a combination of local and systemic therapies had better survival outcomes than patients treated with systemic therapy alone (P < .001). In patients with recurrence of esophageal cancer limited to regional lymph nodes, salvage treatment may be possible. Higher radiation doses and more-extensive lymphadenectomy may reduce the risk of regional recurrence.

Extracellular vesicles secreted by triple-negative breast cancer stem cells trigger premetastatic niche remodeling and metastatic growth in the lungs

Tumor secreted extracellular vesicles (EVs) are potent intercellular signaling platforms. They are responsible for the accommodation of the premetastatic niche (PMN) to support cancer cell engraftment and metastatic growth. However, complex cancer cell composition within the tumor increases also the heterogeneity among cancer secreted EVs subsets, a functional diversity that has been poorly explored. This phenomenon is particularly relevant in highly plastic and heterogenous triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC), in which a significant representation of malignant cancer stem cells (CSCs) is displayed. Herein, we selectively isolated and characterized EVs from CSC or differentiated cancer cells (DCC; EVs^CSC and EVs^DCC , respectively) from the MDA-MB-231 TNBC cell line. Our results showed that EVs^CSC and EVs^DCC contain distinct bioactive cargos and therefore elicit a differential effect on stromal cells in the TME. Specifically, EVs^DCC activated secretory cancer associated fibroblasts (CAFs), triggering IL-6/IL-8 signaling and sustaining CSC phenotype maintenance. Complementarily, EVs^CSC promoted the activation of α-SMA+ myofibroblastic CAFs subpopulations and increased the endothelial remodeling, enhancing the invasive potential of TNBC cells in vitro and in vivo. In addition, solely the EVs^CSC mediated signaling prompted the transformation of healthy lungs into receptive niches able to support metastatic growth of breast cancer cells.

Tumor suppressor circPDE4D inhibits the progression of colorectal cancer and regulates oxaliplatin chemoresistance

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the most common cancers worldwide, and it frequently develops resistance to chemotherapy. It was discovered that circular RNAs, which function as microRNA sponges, are involved in the pathogenesis of many cancers. This study aimed to investigate the biological functions of a circRNA derived from phosphodiesterase 4D (circPDE4D, hsa_circ_0072568) and its potential mechanism in oxaliplatin-resistant CRC. CircPDE4D expression were validated in human CRC cell lines and tissues. CircPDE4D siRNAs (si-circPDE4D) and LV003-circPDE4D plasmid were applied to investigate the function of circPDE4D. A quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction was used to detect the levels of circPDE4D, its predicted sponge miRNAs, and their target genes. Cell proliferation was assessed by MTS（3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-5-(3-carboxymethoxyphenyl)-2-(4-sulfophenyl)-2H-tetrazolium） assay. Cell migration and invasion capacity were evaluated by transwell assay. Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick end labeling was used to stain apoptotic cells. The results showed that circPDE4D expression was downregulated in CRC cells and tissues. Transfection with si-circPDE4D promoted cell proliferation, migration, and invasion, and inhibited apoptosis in DLD1 cells. Transfection with LV003-circPDE4D showed the opposite effect. Besides, circPDE4D presented higher expression in HCT116/L cells than that in HCT116 cells. Si-circPDE4D or lv003-circPDE4D transfection increased or decreased cell proliferationin in both two cells. Moreover, si-circPDE4D transfection inhibited cell apoptosis, while LV003-circPDE4D induced apoptosis in HCT116/L cells. LV003-CircPDE4D reduced hsa-miR-569 expression while increasing SPI1 expression in HCT116/L. CircPDE4D could inhibit tumorigenesis and progression of both CRC and oxaliplatin-resistant CRC, providing insight for the development of therapeutic strategies.

Analysis of context-specific KRAS-effector (sub)complexes in Caco-2 cells

Ras is a key switch controlling cell behavior. In the GTP-bound form, Ras interacts with numerous effectors in a mutually exclusive manner, where individual Ras-effectors are likely part of larger cellular (sub)complexes. The molecular details of these (sub)complexes and their alteration in specific contexts are not understood. Focusing on KRAS, we performed affinity purification (AP)-mass spectrometry (MS) experiments of exogenously expressed FLAG-KRAS WT and three oncogenic mutants ("genetic contexts") in the human Caco-2 cell line, each exposed to 11 different culture media ("culture contexts") that mimic conditions relevant in the colon and colorectal cancer. We identified four effectors present in complex with KRAS in all genetic and growth contexts ("context-general effectors"). Seven effectors are found in KRAS complexes in only some contexts ("context-specific effectors"). Analyzing all interactors in complex with KRAS per condition, we find that the culture contexts had a larger impact on interaction rewiring than genetic contexts. We investigated how changes in the interactome impact functional outcomes and created a Shiny app for interactive visualization. We validated some of the functional differences in metabolism and proliferation. Finally, we used networks to evaluate how KRAS-effectors are involved in the modulation of functions by random walk analyses of effector-mediated (sub)complexes. Altogether, our work shows the impact of environmental contexts on network rewiring, which provides insights into tissue-specific signaling mechanisms. This may also explain why KRAS oncogenic mutants may be causing cancer only in specific tissues despite KRAS being expressed in most cells and tissues.

Incidence and mortality trends in gastric cancer in the United States, 1992-2019

Our study aimed to estimate the epidemiological trends of gastric cancer in the United States from 1992 to 2019. This population-based study used the US Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results-12 database as a fundamental cohort to analyze gastric cancer incidence, incidence-based mortality (IBM), overall survival (OS) and cancer-specific survival (CSS) probabilities from 1992 to 2019. The Global Burden of Disease study (1990-2018) was used as a likely validation cohort. Age-period-cohort analyses were performed to explore the underlying causes of trend changes. We found that the incidence rate of gastric cancer decreased from 1992 to 2019. IBM also decreased significantly from 1997 to 2019. The 3-year OS and CSS of gastric cancer increased from 22.3% to 28.7% and 25.7% to 33.5%, respectively. However, the proportion of distant gastric cancer cases had unexpectedly increased rapidly from 33.1% in 1992 to 44.7% in 2019. Age-period-cohort modeling found that the incidence and IBM rates remained stable in the groups aged below 50 years, while that in all age groups older than 50 years showed a significant downward trend. High incidence and mortality risks were observed in the younger birth cohorts (birth year after 1990). To conclude, we observed a decline in incidence and mortality rates of gastric cancer in the United States in the past decades. We determined that progression of primary and tertiary preventive measures is the main reason for the reduction in the disease burden of gastric cancer. However, secondary preventive measures for gastric cancer still need to be strengthened.

Plasma exosome-derived circGAPVD1 as a potential diagnostic marker for colorectal cancer

BACKGROUND

Although circular RNAs (circRNAs) have recently garnered interest as disease markers, they have been relatively poorly studied as a biomarker in colorectal cancer (CRC). In this study, we aimed to screen the exosome-derived circRNAs in CRC and explore their potential as diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers of CRC METHODS: Exosomes were extracted from the plasma using a kit and validated by immunoblotting, transmission electron microscopy, and particle size analysis. The microarray datasets were employed to identify differentially-expressed circRNAs from plasma exosomes. Real-time quantitative reverse transcription PCR (RT-qPCR) verified the results of the microarray analysis, and Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve revealed the diagnostic ability of a single circRNA. The Starbase combined with microT, miRmap, and RNA22 were used to establish a circRNA-miRNA-mRNA network. Gene ontology, Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes, Genomes pathway enrichment analysis, and Gene Set Enrichment Analysis were applied to determine potential functions of the identified mRNAs RESULTS: Comparing the microarray of plasma exosome-derived circRNAs and the microarray downloaded from the GEO database, 15 candidate circRNAs with up-regulated expression were identified. RT-qPCR verified that hsa_circ_0003270 (circGAPVD1) was upregulated in CRC plasma exosomes. ROC analysis showed that circGAPVD1 in plasma exosomes has potential diagnostic value for CRC. The sensitivity and specificity of circGAPVD1 in the diagnosis of CRC were found to be 75.64 and 71.79%, respectively (area under ROC = 0.7662). Furthermore, the lymph node metastasis and TNM staging of patients were positively correlated with high expression of circGAPVD1. Combined with the ENCORI database and GEO datasets, we identified the circGAPVD1-related ceRNA network. The enrichment analysis revealed that key nodes in the ceRNA network participate in many important signaling pathways such as protein post-translational modifications CONCLUSION: Our results revealed the diagnostic efficiency of circGAPVD1 in plasma exosomes. The highly expressed circGAPVD1 is expected to be a novel diagnostic marker for CRC.

P4HA1 activates HMGCS1 to promote nasopharyngeal carcinoma ferroptosis resistance and progression

Ferroptosis is a novel type of iron-dependent regulatory cell death. To date, the regulatory mechanism of ferroptosis in nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) remains poorly understood. In this study, we found that the prolyl 4-hydroxylase (P4H) subunit P4HA1 protects NPC cells from erastin-induced ferroptosis by activating HMGCS1, a key enzyme in the mevalonate pathway. We also found that the P4HA1/HMGCS1 axis promoted NPC cell proliferation in vitro. In vivo, downregulation of the P4HA1/HMGCS1 axis inhibited the growth of NPC cell xenografts and enhanced the inhibitory effect of erastin on tumor growth. Extracellular matrix (ECM) detachment is an important trigger for ferroptosis. We found that the P4HA1/HMGCS1 axis promoted the ferroptosis resistance and survival of ECM-detached NPC cells. In vivo, downregulation of the P4HA1/HMGCS1 axis inhibited the lung colonization of NPC cells and enhanced the inhibitory effect of erastin on NPC lung metastasis. Moreover, the high expression of P4HA1 predicted a poor prognosis and served as a potential independent prognostic factor in patients with NPC. In conclusion, P4HA1 is a novel molecular marker of NPC ferroptosis resistance and a poor prognosis, and the P4HA1/HMGCS1 axis provides a new target for the treatment of NPC progression.

An exosome-related lncRNA signature correlates with prognosis, immune microenvironment, and therapeutic responses in hepatocellular carcinoma

BACKGROUND

Exosomes act as essential modulators of cancer development and progression in hepatocellular carcinoma. However, little is known about the potential prognostic value and underlying molecular features of exosome-related long non-coding RNAs.

METHODS

Genes associated with exosome biogenesis, exosome secretion, and exosome biomarkers were collected. Exosome-related lncRNA modules were identified using PCA and WGCNA analysis. A prognostic model based on data from the TCGA, GEO, NODE, and ArrayExpress was developed and validated. A comprehensive analysis of the genomic landscape, functional annotation, immune profile, and therapeutic responses underlying the prognostic signature was performed on multi-omics data, and bioinformatics methods were also applied to predict potential drugs for patients with high risk scores. qRT-PCR was used to validate the differentially expressed lncRNAs in normal and cancer cell lines.

RESULTS

Twenty-six hub lncRNAs were identified as highly correlated with exosomes and overall survival and were used for prognosis modeling. Three cohorts consistently showed higher scores in the high-risk group, with an AUC greater than 0.7 over time. These higher scores implied poorer overall survival, higher genomic instability, higher tumor purity, higher tumor stemness, pro-tumor pathway activation, lower anti-tumor immune cell and tertiary lymphoid structure infiltration, and poor responses to immune checkpoint blockade therapy and transarterial chemoembolization therapy.

CONCLUSION

Through developing an exosome-related lncRNA predictor for HCC patients, we revealed the clinical relevance of exosome-related lncRNAs and their potential as prognostic biomarkers and therapeutic response predictors.

Intravoxel incoherent motion radiomics nomogram for predicting tumor treatment responses in nasopharyngeal carcinoma

BACKGROUND

Intravoxel incoherent motion (IVIM) plays an important role in predicting treatment responses in patient with nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC). The goal of this study was to develop and validate a radiomics nomogram based on IVIM parametric maps and clinical data for the prediction of treatment responses in NPC patients.

METHODS

Eighty patients with biopsy-proven NPC were enrolled in this study. Sixty-two patients had complete responses and 18 patients had incomplete responses to treatment. Each patient received a multiple b-value diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) examination before treatment. Radiomics features were extracted from IVIM parametric maps derived from DWI image. Feature selection was performed by the least absolute shrinkage and selection operator method. Radiomics signature was generated by support vector machine based on the selected features. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves and area under the ROC curve (AUC) values were used to evaluate the diagnostic performance of radiomics signature. A radiomics nomogram was established by integrating the radiomics signature and clinical data.

RESULTS

The radiomics signature showed good prognostic performance to predict treatment response in both training (AUC = 0.906, P<0.001) and testing (AUC = 0.850, P<0.001) cohorts. The radiomic nomogram established by integrating the radiomic signature with clinical data significantly outperformed clinical data alone (C-index, 0.929 vs 0.724; P<0.0001).

CONCLUSIONS

The IVIM-based radiomics nomogram provided high prognostic ability to treatment responses in patients with NPC. The IVIM-based radiomics signature has the potential to be a new biomarker in prediction of the treatment responses and may affect treatment strategies in patients with NPC.

Comparative Effectiveness of Radiation Versus Radical Cystectomy for Localized Muscle-Invasive Bladder Cancer

Purpose

Radical cystectomy (RC) with neoadjuvant chemotherapy is the most commonly recommended treatment for muscle-invasive bladder cancer (MIBC), yet RC with urinary diversion remains an invasive treatment. Although some patients with MIBC gain good cancer control with radiation therapy (RT), its effectiveness remains under discussion. Therefore, we aimed to reveal the effectiveness of RT compared with RC for MIBC.

Methods and Materials

Using cancer registry and administrative data from 31 hospitals in our prefecture, we recruited patients with bladder cancer (BC) initially registered between January 2013 and December 2015. All patients received RC or RT, and none had metastases. Prognostic factors for overall survival (OS) were analyzed by Cox proportional hazards model and log-rank test. Propensity score matching between the RC and RT groups was performed to examine the association of each factor with OS.

Results

Among the patients with BC, 241 received RC and 92 received RT. Median ages of the patients receiving RC and RT were 71.0 and 76.5 years, respectively. Five-year OS rates were 44.8% for patients receiving RC and 27.6% for patients receiving RT (P < .001). Multivariate analysis for OS showed that older age, poorer functional disability, clinical node positive, and pathology of nonurothelial carcinoma were significantly associated with worse prognosis. A propensity score-matching model identified 77 patients with RC and 77 with RT. In this arranged cohort, there were no significant differences in OS between the RC and RT groups (P = .982).

Conclusions

Prognostic analysis with matched characteristics showed that patients with BC receiving RT were not significantly different from those receiving RC. These findings could contribute to proper treatment strategies for MIBC.

Shenlingcao oral liquid for patients with non-small cell lung cancer receiving adjuvant chemotherapy after radical resection: A multicenter randomized controlled trial

BACKGROUND

Low quality of life (QoL) in patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) receiving adjuvant chemotherapy after radical resection is a major global health issue. High-quality evidence for the effectiveness of Shenlingcao oral liquid (SOL) as a complementary treatment in this patients is lacking at present.

PURPOSE

To determine whether complementary SOL treatment in NSCLC patients receiving adjuvant chemotherapy would yield greater improvements in QoL than chemotherapy alone.

STUDY DESIGN

We conducted a multicenter, randomized controlled trial of stages IIA-IIIA NSCLC patients undergoing adjuvant chemotherapy in seven hospitals.

METHODS

Using stratified blocks, participants were randomized in a 1:1 ratio to receive SOL combined with conventional chemotherapy or conventional chemotherapy alone. The primary outcome was the change in global QoL from baseline to the fourth chemotherapy cycle, and intention-to-treat analysis was applied with a mixed-effect model. Secondary outcomes were functional QoL, symptoms, and performance status scores at the 6-month follow-up. Missing data were handled with multiple imputation and a pattern-mixture model.

RESULTS

Among 516 randomized patients, 446 (86.43%) completed the study. After the fourth chemotherapy cycle, in comparison with the control group, patients receiving SOL showed a lower reduction in mean global QoL (-2.76 vs. -14.11; mean difference [MD], 11.34; 95% confidence interval [CI], 8.28 to 14.41), greater improvement in physical function (MD, 11.61; 95% CI, 8.57 to 14.65), role function (MD, 10.15; 95% CI, 5.75 to 14.54), and emotional function (MD, 4.71; 95% CI, 1.85 to 7.57), and greater improvements in lung cancer-related symptoms (e.g., fatigue, nausea/vomiting, and appetite loss) and performance status during the 6-month follow-up period (treatment main effect, p < 0.05).

CONCLUSION

SOL treatment for NSCLC patients receiving adjuvant chemotherapy can significantly improve QoL and performance status within 6 months after radical resection.

TRIAL REGISTRATION

ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT03712969.

Long-term exposure to traffic noise and risk of incident colon cancer: A pooled study of eleven Nordic cohorts

Background Colon cancer incidence is rising globally, and factors pertaining to urbanization have been proposed involved in this development. Traffic noise may increase colon cancer risk by causing sleep disturbance and stress, thereby inducing known colon cancer risk-factors, e.g. obesity, diabetes, physical inactivity, and alcohol consumption, but few studies have examined this. Objectives The objective of this study was to investigate the association between traffic noise and colon cancer (all, proximal, distal) in a pooled population of 11 Nordic cohorts, totaling 155,203 persons. Methods We identified residential address history and estimated road, railway, and aircraft noise, as well as air pollution, for all addresses, using similar exposure models across cohorts. Colon cancer cases were identified through national registries. We analyzed data using Cox Proportional Hazards Models, adjusting main models for harmonized sociodemographic and lifestyle data. Results During follow-up (median 18.8 years), 2757 colon cancer cases developed. We found a hazard ratio (HR) of 1.05 (95% confidence interval (CI): 0.99-1.10) per 10-dB higher 5-year mean time-weighted road traffic noise. In sub-type analyses, the association seemed confined to distal colon cancer: HR 1.06 (95% CI: 0.98-1.14). Railway and aircraft noise was not associated with colon cancer, albeit there was some indication in sub-type analyses that railway noise may also be associated with distal colon cancer. In interaction-analyses, the association between road traffic noise and colon cancer was strongest among obese persons and those with high NO₂-exposure. Discussion A prominent study strength is the large population with harmonized data across eleven cohorts, and the complete address-history during follow-up. However, each cohort estimated noise independently, and only at the most exposed façade, which may introduce exposure misclassification. Despite this, the results of this pooled study suggest that traffic noise may be a risk factor for colon cancer, especially of distal origin.

CuO-ZnO p-n junctions for accurate prediction of multiple volatile organic compounds aided by machine learning algorithms

Detection and quantification of multiple volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are emerging as critical requirements for several niche applications including healthcare. It is desirable to get multiple gases identified rapidly and using minimum number of sensors. Heterojunctions of metal oxides are still among the top-picks for efficient VOC sensing because they unfold exciting sensing characteristics in addition to enhanced response. This work reports the synthesis of nanostructures of CuO, ZnO, and three CuO-ZnO p-n junctions having different weight percentages (1-0.5, 1-1, and 0.5-1) of CuO and ZnO, using a facile one-pot hydrothermal method. The nanomaterials were characterized using X-ray diffraction, field emission scanning electron microscopy, and UV-Visible spectroscopy. Resistive sensors were fabricated of all five nanomaterials and were tested for 25-200 ppm of four VOCs - isopropanol, methanol, acetonitrile, and toluene. The CuO and CuO-ZnO (1-0.5) sensors showed the highest response for isopropanol (7.5-65.3% and 19-122%, respectively) at 250 °C, CuO-ZnO (1-1) and CuO-ZnO (0.5-1) exhibited the highest responses for methanol (9-60%) and isopropanol (15-120%), respectively at 350 °C, and the intrinsic ZnO showed maximum response to toluene (29-76%) at 400 °C. All the sensing layers were observed to exhibit finite responses to the other three VOCs so, an attempt to classify and quantify the four VOCs accurately was made using support vector machine (SVM) and multiple linear regression (MLR) algorithms. The response and response times of two sensors were observed to be sufficient as inputs to the machine learning algorithms for classifying and quantifying all the four VOCs. The combinations of (CuO-ZnO (1-0.5) & (1-1) and CuO-ZnO (1-1) & (0.5-1) demonstrated the highest classification accuracy of 98.13% with SVM. The combination of CuO-ZnO (1-0.5) & (1-1) demonstrated the best quantification of the four VOCs using MLR.

Decursin inhibits EGFR-ERK1/2 signaling axis in advanced human prostate carcinoma cells

We have shown that decursin, a coumarin compound, induces cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in human prostate cancer cells (PCa); however, its molecular mechanisms are largely unexplored. We studied the mechanisms associated with its anticancer activity in advanced human prostate carcinoma cells. We found that decursin inhibited epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) signaling by inhibiting its activating phosphorylation at tyrosine 1068 residue in DU145 and 22Rv1 cells. This inhibition of EGFR was associated with the downregulation of ERK1/2 phosphorylation. Both EGFR and ERK1/2 are known to be deregulated/activated in many human malignancies. Consistent with our earlier study, decursin (25-100 µM) treatment for 24-72 h inhibited DU145 cell proliferation by 49%-87% (p < 0.001) which was associated with strong G1 phase arrest and cell death. It also decreased (p < 0.001) the number of surviving colonies. Decursin moderately increased the expression of Rb-related proteins p107 and p130 but decreased the levels of E2F family transcription factors including E2F-3, E2F-4 and E2F-5. Further, decursin strongly inhibited the growth of androgen-dependent prostate carcinoma 22Rv1 cells from 61% to 79% (p < 0.001) and arrested these cells at G1 phase via induction of cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p27/Kip1 and downregulation of CDK2 and CDK4 protein expression. Additionally, EGFR inhibitor erlotinib- and EGF ligand-modulated EGFR activation validated EGFR signaling as a target of decursin-mediated cell growth inhibition and cytotoxicity. Decursin decreased EGF ligand-induced phosphorylation of EGFR (Y-1068) as well as activation of its downstream mediator, ERK1/2. Furthermore, inhibitory targeting of EGFR-ERK1/2 axis by combinatorial treatment of decursin and erlotinib further sensitized DU145 cells for the decursin-induced growth inhibition and cell death. Overall, these findings strongly suggest that anticancer efficacy of decursin against human PCa involves inhibitory targeting of EGFR-ERK1/2 signaling axis, a pathway constitutively active in advanced PCa.

Evaluation of GALAD Score in Diagnosis and Follow-up of Hepatocellular Carcinoma after Local Ablative Therapy

Background and Aims

Strategies for detection of early hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) are still limited. The GALAD score is a serum biomarker-based model designed to predict the probability of having HCC. We aimed to assess the ability of GALAD score to diagnose early HCC and its validity to follow patients after local ablation therapy.

Methods

This multicenter prospective study included 108 patients in two groups, 58 HCC patients (67 focal lesions) with local ablative therapy (study group), and a control group of 50 patients with liver cirrhosis. The GALAD scores of the study and control groups, and of the HCC patients before and after ablative therapy were compared.

Results

Most patients were men (74.1% in study group and 76% in controls) with hepatitis C virus infection (98.30% in the study group, and 94% in controls). GALAD scores were significantly higher in HCC patients than in those with benign cirrhosis (2.65 vs. -0.37, p=0.001). Ablative therapy was successful in 94.4% of focal lesions <2 cm, and in 86.10% of 2-5 cm lesions. The GALAD score was also significantly lower at 1 month after ablation in patients with well-ablated tumors (2.19 vs. 0.98, p=0.001). The best cutoff values of GALAD score for diagnosis of early HCC, and for prediction of well ablation of HCC were 0.74 and ≤3.31 (areas under the curve of 0.92 and 0.75, sensitivities of 84.48% and 76.19%, specificities of 89.13% and 83.33%, positive predictive values of 90.74% and 94.1%, and negative predictive values of 82% and 35.7% respectively).

Conclusion

The GALAD score was effective for the diagnosis of early HCC and for follow-up after ablative therapy.