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Masele JJ. Misinformation and COVID-19 vaccine uptake hesitancy among frontline workers in Tanzania: Do demographic variables matter? Hum Vaccin Immunother 2024; 20:2324527. [PMID: 38584120 PMCID: PMC11000596 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2024.2324527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2023] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Although COVID-19 vaccination has been widely considered as an important remedy to confront COVID-19, people remain hesitant to take it. The objective of this study was to assess the moderation effects of demographic characteristics on the relationship between forms of misinformation and COVID-19 vaccine uptake hesitancy among frontline workers in Dar es Salaam and Dodoma, Tanzania. Using a sample of 200 respondents, it assessed the differences in ratings on misinformation regarding COVID-19 vaccine based on respondents' demographics. The study used a Five-point Likert scale questionnaire distributed through snowball sampling to frontline workers from Dar es Salaam and Dodoma regions. Data was analyzed using binary logistic regression. It was found that the forms of misinformation revealed were manipulated imposters, satire, fabricated contents and false contents with their connection, which they influenced COVID-19 hesitancy significantly. With exception of age, that significantly moderated hesitancy, this study uncovers that, sex and education level moderated insignificantly in predicting those who are misinformed; misinformed individuals are not any less educated or not based on one's sex, different than individuals who are informed. The study informs policy makers on devising appropriate strategies to promote COVID-19 vaccination uptake among the different contextual demographic variables. Promotion of information, media and health literacy to the general public should be considered to deter spreading of vaccine-related misinformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juma James Masele
- Department of General Management, University of Dar es Salaam Business School, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
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2
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Niekrenz L, Spreckelsen C. How to design effective educational videos for teaching evidence-based medicine to undergraduate learners - systematic review with complementing qualitative research to develop a practicable guide. Med Educ Online 2024; 29:2339569. [PMID: 38615337 PMCID: PMC11017999 DOI: 10.1080/10872981.2024.2339569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2024] [Indexed: 04/16/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND eLearning can be an effective tool to achieve learning objectives. It facilitates asynchronous distance learning, increasing flexibility for learners and instructors. In this context, the high educational value of videos provides an invaluable primary component for longitudinal digital curricula, especially for maintaining knowledge on otherwise rarely taught subjects. Although literature concerning eLearning evaluation exists, research comprehensively describing how to design effective educational videos is lacking. In particular, studies on the requirements and design goals of educational videos need to be complemented by qualitative research using grounded theory methodology. METHODS Due to the paucity of randomized controlled trials in this area, there is an urgent need to generate recommendations based on a broader fundament than a literature search alone. Thus, the authors have employed grounded theory as a guiding framework, augmented by Mayring's qualitative content analysis and commonly used standards. An adaptive approach was conducted based on a literature search and qualitative semi-structured interviews. Drawing on these results, the authors elaborated a guide for creating effective educational videos. RESULTS The authors identified 40 effective or presumedly effective factors fostering the success of video-based eLearning in teaching evidence-based medicine, providing a ready-to-use checklist. The information collected via the interviews supported and enriched much of the advice found in the literature. DISCUSSION To the authors' knowledge, this type of comprehensive guide for video-based eLearning needs has not previously been published. The interviews considerably contributed to the results. Due to the grounded theory-based approach, in particular, consensus was achieved without the presence of a formal expert panel. Although the guide was created with a focus on teaching evidence-based medicine, due to the general study selection process and research approach, the recommendations are applicable to a wide range of subjects in medical education where the teaching aim is to impart conceptual knowledge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukas Niekrenz
- Institute of Medical Informatics, University Hospital Aachen, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Cord Spreckelsen
- Institute of Medical Statistics, Computer and Data Sciences, Jena University Hospital, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany
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Sangha KK, Dinku Y, Costanza R, Poelina A. A comprehensive analysis of well-being frameworks applied in Australia and their suitability for Indigenous peoples. Int J Qual Stud Health Well-being 2024; 19:2321646. [PMID: 38437516 PMCID: PMC10913715 DOI: 10.1080/17482631.2024.2321646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2023] [Accepted: 02/18/2024] [Indexed: 03/06/2024] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Well-being is a complex, multi-dimensional, dynamic, and evolving concept, covering social, economic, health, cultural and spiritual dimensions of human living, and often used synonymously with happiness, life satisfaction, prosperity, and quality of life. We review the existing key wellbeing frameworks applied in Australia both for the wider public and Indigenous peoples. The aim is to provide a comprehensive overview of various applied frameworks, along with a critical analysis of domains or dimensions comprising those frameworks, and to analyse the role of nature in those frameworks. METHODOLOGY We conducted a critical analysis of the main frameworks applied in Australia to date to measure the well-being of the mainstream (mainly non-Indigenous) and Indigenous populations. This study is particularly timely given the Australian Government's interest in revising the well-being frameworks as mentioned in the Government "Measuring What Matters" statement. RESULTS The existing well-being frameworks in Australia either overlook or hardly consider the role of nature and its services which are important to support human well-being. Likewise, for Indigenous peoples "Country" (Indigenous clan land) is vital for their well-being as their living is imbued with "Country". The role of nature/"Country" needs to be considered in revising the well-being frameworks, indicators and measures to inform and develop appropriate policies and programs in Australia. CONCLUSION To develop appropriate welfare policies and programs for achieving socio-economic and other wellbeing outcomes, it is essential to evolve and conceptualize wellbeing frameworks (and related indicators and measures) in line with people's contemporary values, particularly considering the role of nature and its services.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamaljit K Sangha
- Research Institute for the Environment and Livelihoods, Charles Darwin University, Darwin, Australia
| | - Yonatan Dinku
- Centre for Centre for Aboriginal Economic Policy Research, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
| | - Robert Costanza
- Institute for Global Prosperity, University College London, London, UK
| | - Anne Poelina
- College of Indigenous Education Futures, Arts & Society, Charles Darwin University, Darwin, Australia
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Lloyd-Esenkaya V, Russell AJ, St Clair MC. Zoti's Social Toolkit: Developing and piloting novel animated tasks to assess emotional understanding and conflict resolution skills in childhood. Br J Dev Psychol 2024; 42:187-214. [PMID: 38323720 DOI: 10.1111/bjdp.12475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 02/08/2024]
Abstract
Current methods used to investigate emotional inference and conflict resolution knowledge are limited in their suitability for use with children with language disorders due to a reliance on language processing. This is problematic, as nearly 8% of the population are estimated to have developmental language disorder (DLD). In this paper, we present 'Zoti's Social Toolkit', a set of animated scenarios that can be used to assess emotion inferencing and conflict resolution knowledge. All animated scenarios contain interpersonal situations centred around a gender-neutral alien named Zoti. Four studies investigated the face and construct validity of the stimuli. The final stimulus set can be used with children, who may or may not have language difficulties and is openly available for use in research.
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Yu Y, Cui X, Du J, Wilson A, Xu S, Wang Y. Linear and curvilinear association of pain tolerance and social anxiety symptoms among youth with different subgroups of childhood trauma. J Affect Disord 2024; 354:491-499. [PMID: 38508458 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2024.03.087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2023] [Revised: 03/05/2024] [Accepted: 03/14/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Social anxiety is a common symptom that occurs after exposure to childhood trauma (CT), and pain tolerance is a protective factor against social anxiety in generic populations with CT. However, few studies have investigated whether and how this association varies across different CT subgroups. Thus, this study aimed to investigate (1) the effects of pain tolerance on social anxiety symptoms among youth with different subgroups of CT; (2) the nonlinear relationship between pain tolerance and social anxiety symptoms among different CT categories. METHODS In this study, 15,682 college or university students with experiences of CT were identified in a large sample and divided into five CT subgroups. Linear and quadratic regression models were conducted to explore the association between pain tolerance and social anxiety symptoms among youth with different CT subgroups. RESULTS The results of model revealed a linear relationship between pain tolerance and social anxiety symptoms among youth with most CT subgroups. Notably, an inverted U-shaped curve was found between pain tolerance and social anxiety symptoms in youth with emotional abuse. Social anxiety symptoms increased gradually with pain tolerance scores between 0 and 16, and then sharply decreased when scores reached above 16. LIMITATIONS Limited by self-report measurements, the results of this study focused only on perceived pain tolerance and ignored behavioral pain tolerance. CONCLUSION These findings highlight the importance of assessing pain tolerance thresholds in youth with emotional abuse and improving pain tolerance to prevent social anxiety symptoms in youth with different subgroups of CT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Yu
- Key Laboratory of Brain, Cognition and Education Sciences, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, China; and School of Psychology, Center for Studies of Psychological Application, and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Mental Health and Cognitive Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xin Cui
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Zhuhai, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Applied Experimental Psychology, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Psychology Education (Beijing Normal University), Faculty of Psychology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Jinmei Du
- Key Laboratory of Brain, Cognition and Education Sciences, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, China; and School of Psychology, Center for Studies of Psychological Application, and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Mental Health and Cognitive Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Amanda Wilson
- Division of Psychology, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, De Montfort University, Leicester, United Kingdom
| | - Shicun Xu
- Northeast Asian Research Center, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yuanyuan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Brain, Cognition and Education Sciences, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, China; and School of Psychology, Center for Studies of Psychological Application, and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Mental Health and Cognitive Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China.
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Brossette B, Lefèvre É, Beyersmann E, Cavalli E, Grainger J, Lété B. Phonological decoding and morpho-orthographic decomposition: Complementary routes during learning to read. J Exp Child Psychol 2024; 242:105877. [PMID: 38367346 DOI: 10.1016/j.jecp.2024.105877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2023] [Revised: 01/12/2024] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 02/19/2024]
Abstract
We examined the reliance on phonological decoding and morpho-orthographic decomposition strategies in developing and skilled readers of French. A lexical decision experiment was conducted where the critical stimuli were four types of nonwords, all derived from the same base word, such as the French word visage (face) in the following examples: (a) pseudo-homophone (PsH) nonwords (e.g., visaje), (b) orthographic controls for PsH nonwords (e.g., visape), (c) pseudo-morphemic (PsM) nonwords (e.g., visageable), and (d) orthographic controls for PsM nonwords (e.g., visagealle, where alle is not a suffix in French). Responses to PsH and PsM nonwords and their controls were studied in three groups of school children (Grades 1, 2, and 5) and one group of skilled adult readers. PsH interference effects (i.e., more errors to PsH nonwords than to the corresponding controls) decreased during reading acquisition to become nonsignificant in skilled readers. Interestingly, the opposite pattern was seen in PsM interference effects (also measured in terms of accuracy), which were already significant in Grade 1 and increased during reading development to reach their maximum in skilled readers. These results point toward opposing learning trajectories in the use of phonological and morphological information when learning to silently read for meaning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brice Brossette
- Aix-Marseille University, CNRS, LPL, 13100 Aix-en-Provence, France; Aix-Marseille University, Pôle Pilote AMPIRIC, 13013 Marseille, France; Aix-Marseille University, Institute for Language, Communication, and the Brain, ILCB, 13100 Aix-en-Provence, France; Laboratoire d'Étude des Mécanismes Cognitifs, Lyon 2 University, 69007 Lyon, France.
| | - Élise Lefèvre
- Laboratoire d'Étude des Mécanismes Cognitifs, Lyon 2 University, 69007 Lyon, France
| | - Elisabeth Beyersmann
- School of Psychological Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW 2000, Australia
| | - Eddy Cavalli
- Laboratoire d'Étude des Mécanismes Cognitifs, Lyon 2 University, 69007 Lyon, France
| | - Jonathan Grainger
- Aix-Marseille University, Institute for Language, Communication, and the Brain, ILCB, 13100 Aix-en-Provence, France; Laboratoire de Psychologie Cognitive, CNRS, and Aix-Marseille University, 13284 Marseille, France
| | - Bernard Lété
- Laboratoire d'Étude des Mécanismes Cognitifs, Lyon 2 University, 69007 Lyon, France
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Plate RC, Powell T, Bedford R, Smith TJ, Bamezai A, Wedderburn Q, Broussard A, Soesanto N, Swetlitz C, Waller R, Wagner NJ. Social threat processing in adults and children: Faster orienting to, but shorter dwell time on, angry faces during visual search. Dev Sci 2024; 27:e13461. [PMID: 38054265 DOI: 10.1111/desc.13461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2023] [Revised: 11/02/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 12/07/2023]
Abstract
Attention to emotional signals conveyed by others is critical for gleaning information about potential social partners and the larger social context. Children appear to detect social threats (e.g., angry faces) faster than non-threatening social signals (e.g., neutral faces). However, methods that rely on behavioral responses alone are limited in identifying different attentional processes involved in threat detection or responding. To address this question, we used a visual search paradigm to assess behavioral (i.e., reaction time to select a target image) and attentional (i.e., eye-tracking fixations, saccadic shifts, and dwell time) responses in children (ages 7-10 years old, N = 42) and adults (ages 18-23 years old, N = 46). In doing so, we compared behavioral responding and attentional detection and engagement with threatening (i.e., angry and fearful faces) and non-threatening (i.e., happy faces) social signals. Overall, children and adults were faster to detect social threats (i.e., angry faces), but spent a smaller proportion of time dwelling on them and had slower behavioral responses. Findings underscore the importance of combining different measures to parse differences between processing versus responding to social signals across development. RESEARCH HIGHLIGHTS: Children and adults are slower to select angry faces when measured by time to mouse-click but faster to detect angry faces when measured by time to first eye fixation. The use of eye-tracking addresses some limitations of prior visual search tasks with children that rely on behavioral responses alone. Results suggest shorter time to first fixation, but subsequently, shorter duration of dwell on social threat in children and adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rista C Plate
- Department of Psychology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA
| | - Tralucia Powell
- Institute of Child Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, USA
| | | | - Tim J Smith
- Creative Computing Institute, University of the Arts London, London, UK
| | - Ankur Bamezai
- Department of Psychological & Brain Sciences, Boston University, Boston, USA
| | - Quentin Wedderburn
- Department of Psychology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA
- Department of Psychology, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina, USA
| | - Alexis Broussard
- Department of Psychology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA
- Department of Psychology, Yale University, New Haven, USA
| | - Natasha Soesanto
- Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston University, Boston, USA
| | - Caroline Swetlitz
- Department of Psychological & Brain Sciences, Boston University, Boston, USA
| | - Rebecca Waller
- Department of Psychology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA
| | - Nicholas J Wagner
- Department of Psychological & Brain Sciences, Boston University, Boston, USA
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Gill J, Jones A, Price K, Goodison E, Tyson P. A mixed-method systematic review of the perspectives of young people, carers and professionals on psychiatric diagnosis in childhood and adolescence. J Child Adolesc Psychiatr Nurs 2024; 37:e12459. [PMID: 38522014 DOI: 10.1111/jcap.12459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2023] [Revised: 02/22/2024] [Accepted: 03/01/2024] [Indexed: 03/25/2024]
Abstract
PROBLEM The significance and complexities of a psychiatric diagnosis have been well-documented in existing literature. Despite the reliability and accuracy of such diagnoses, the impact and use of diagnostic labelling on young people remains unclear. METHODS A systematic review was conducted using six databases, identifying 13 studies that explored psychiatric diagnosis experiences in professionals, caregivers, and young people. FINDINGS This review focuses on three main themes related to psychiatric diagnosis in young people. The first theme is diagnostic subjectivity, which explores the accuracy, usefulness, potential harm and alternatives (e.g. psychological formulation) to psychiatric diagnosis in this population. The second theme is the utility of psychiatric diagnosis, which considers whether it helps young people access appropriate support and gain a better understanding of themselves and their presenting issues. The third theme is stigma, which examines the negative experiences and discrimination that young people may face due to their psychiatric diagnosis. CONCLUSIONS There is relatively limited literature which discusses the experience of psychiatric diagnosis in young people, caregivers and professionals. The available literature is difficult to compare due to discrepancies between methodologies and services, and there are several gaps i.e. a limited focus on the experience of young people themselves. Different views and experiences of psychiatric diagnosis among professionals, caregivers, and young people could impact young people's quality of life, access to healthcare, and identity development. The current literature needs to be more comprehensive to draw firm conclusions about young people's experiences with psychiatric diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jodie Gill
- School of Psychology and Therapeutic Studies, University of South Wales, Treforest Campus, Pontypridd, Wales, United Kingdom
| | - Alexis Jones
- School of Psychology and Therapeutic Studies, University of South Wales, Treforest Campus, Pontypridd, Wales, United Kingdom
| | - Klara Price
- School of Psychology and Therapeutic Studies, University of South Wales, Treforest Campus, Pontypridd, Wales, United Kingdom
| | - Egan Goodison
- School of Psychology and Therapeutic Studies, University of South Wales, Treforest Campus, Pontypridd, Wales, United Kingdom
| | - Philip Tyson
- School of Psychology and Therapeutic Studies, University of South Wales, Treforest Campus, Pontypridd, Wales, United Kingdom
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Gielkens EMJ, Rossi G, van Alphen SPJ, Sobczak S. A First Exploration: Can Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing Improve Cognition in Older Adults With Posttraumatic Stress Disorder? J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol 2024; 37:206-221. [PMID: 37869986 DOI: 10.1177/08919887231207639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES In older adults, PTSD is associated with decreased verbal learning and executive dysfunction. Therefore, feasibility of EMDR-treatment to improve cognitive performance in older adults with PTSD was examined. Additionally, we investigated pre-treatment correlation with often co-occurring risk factors for cognitive decline (sleep problems, depressive disorder, physical inactivity, childhood traumatic events). DESIGN Multicenter design with pre-post measurements. SETTING Psychiatric Dutch hospitals Mondriaan Mental Health Center and Altrecht. PARTICIPANTS 22 treatment-seeking PTSD-outpatients (60-84 years). INTERVENTION Weekly one-hour EMDR session during 3, 6, or 9 months. MEASUREMENTS PTSD was assessed with Clinician-Administered PTSD-scale for DSM-5 (CAPS-5). Verbal learning memory was measured with Auditory Verbal Learning Test (RAVLT), interference with Stroop Colour-Word Test (SCWT) and working memory with Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-Digit Span (WAIS-IV-DS). RESULTS A Linear mixed-model showed significant improvement on RAVLT immediate-recall (F (1, 21) = 15.928, P = .001, 95% CI -6.98-2.20), delayed-recall (F (1, 21) = 7.095, P = .015, 95% CI -2.43-.30), recognition (F (21) = 8.885, P = .007, 95% CI -1.70- -.30), and SCWT (F (1 ,21) = 5.504, P = .029, 95% CI 4.38-72.78) but not on WAIS-IV-DS (F (20) = -1.237, P = .230, 95% CI -3.07-.78). There was no significant influence of therapy duration and CAPS-5 pre-treatment scores. There were small-medium nonsignificant correlations between CAPS-5 and cognitive performance pre-post differences, and between most cognitive measures and sleep problems, depressive disorder, and physical inactivity. CONCLUSIONS Cognitive functioning on memory and attention possible increased in older adults with PTSD after EMDR treatment. Further research is needed with a larger sample and a control condition to corroborate these findings and to identify the possible mediating role of modifiable risk factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellen M J Gielkens
- Department Clinical Center of Excellence for Older Adults with Personality Disorders, Mondriaan Mental Health Center, Heerlen-Maastricht, the Netherlands
- Psychology Department, Personality and Psychopathology Research Group (PEPS), Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Gina Rossi
- Psychology Department, Personality and Psychopathology Research Group (PEPS), Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Sebastiaan P J van Alphen
- Department Clinical Center of Excellence for Older Adults with Personality Disorders, Mondriaan Mental Health Center, Heerlen-Maastricht, the Netherlands
- Psychology Department, Personality and Psychopathology Research Group (PEPS), Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Brussels, Belgium
- Department of Medical and Clinical Psychology, Tilburg University, Tilburg, the Netherlands
| | - Sjacko Sobczak
- Department Clinical Center of Excellence for Older Adults with Personality Disorders, Mondriaan Mental Health Center, Heerlen-Maastricht, the Netherlands
- Department of Neuropsychology and Psychopharmacology, Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
- Research Center Innovations in Care, Rotterdam University of Applied Sciences (RUAS), Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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Ben Izhak S, Diedrich L, Antal A, Lavidor M. Beyond social engagement: cognitive training leads to greater cognitive improvement in older adults. Neuropsychol Dev Cogn B Aging Neuropsychol Cogn 2024; 31:556-574. [PMID: 37221447 DOI: 10.1080/13825585.2023.2216927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2023] [Accepted: 05/18/2023] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Aging is often accompanied by a decline in cognitive functions, with memory being particularly affected. Recent studies suggest that cognitive training sessions that teach memory strategies relevant to daily life may benefit seniors who live in the community. However, it is possible that the cognitive improvement observed in these programs results from the social encounters embedded in them. In this study, we aimed to investigate the effect of a social cognitive training group, which met regularly for an extended period, on enhancing cognitive indices compared to a control group that only received social engagement meetings without training. Sixty-six participants with a mean age of 78 took part in 12 sessions of a social engagement group, with or without strategy training. Cognitive performance was assessed before and after training using four memory tasks, two similar to the trained tasks (near-transfer tasks) and two novel (far-transfer tasks). Both groups showed a slight improvement in most of the evaluation tasks, but the cognitive training combined with social engagement group showed a significant improvement in the Word Recall and Verbal Fluency tests compared to the social engagement group without training. Our findings suggest that cognitive training sessions may be a useful tool in promoting cognitive improvement among older adults living in the community, even beyond the improvement obtained from the social engagement that occurs during the training sessions.Trial registration number:NCT05016336. Date of registration: 20 August 2021. Retrospectively registered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shachar Ben Izhak
- Department of Psychology, and the Gonda Brain Research Center, Bar Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Lukas Diedrich
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Andrea Antal
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Michal Lavidor
- Department of Psychology, and the Gonda Brain Research Center, Bar Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel
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Geerts JM, Udod S, Bishop S, Hillier S, Lyons O, Madore S, Mutwiri B, Sinclair D, Frich JC. Gold standard research and evidence applied: The Inspire Nursing Leadership Program. Healthc Manage Forum 2024; 37:141-150. [PMID: 38469859 DOI: 10.1177/08404704241236908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/13/2024]
Abstract
Billions of dollars are invested annually in leadership development globally; however, few programs are evidence-based, risking adverse outcomes, and wasted time and money. This article describes the novel Inspire Nursing Leadership Program (INLP) and the outcomes-based process of incorporating gold standard evidence into its design, delivery, and evaluation. The INLP design was informed by a needs analysis, research evidence, and by nursing, Indigenous, and equity, diversity, and inclusion experts. The program's goals include enabling participants to develop leadership capabilities, cultivate strategic community partnerships, lead innovation projects, and connect with colleagues. Design features include an outcomes-based approach, the LEADS framework, and alignment with the principles of adult learning. Components include leadership impact projects, 360-assessments, blended interactive sessions, coaching, mentoring, and application and reflection exercises. The evaluation framework and subsequent proposed research design align to top-quality standards. Healthcare leadership programs must be evidence-based to support leaders in improving and transforming health systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaason M Geerts
- The Canadian College of Health Leaders, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
- University of Cambridge, Cambridge, England, United Kingdom
- University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sonia Udod
- University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Sharon Bishop
- Saskatchewan Health Authority, Regina, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | | | - Oscar Lyons
- University of Oxford, Oxford, England, United Kingdom
| | | | - Betty Mutwiri
- BM Coaching & Consulting Inc., Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Dionne Sinclair
- Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jan C Frich
- University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Diakonhjemmet Hospital, Oslo, Norway
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12
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Johnson HM, Block SD, Shestowsky D, Gonzales JE, Shockley KL, Goodman GS. Discernment of Children's True and False Memory Reports: Police Officers and Laypersons. J Interpers Violence 2024; 39:2238-2260. [PMID: 38158733 DOI: 10.1177/08862605231220022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Adults' ability to accurately evaluate children's statements can have far-reaching consequences within the legal system. This study examined the evaluations of police officers ("experts") and laypersons ("nonexperts") when presented with videotaped interviews of children aged 3 and 5 years who provided either true or false reports or denials. Participants were drawn from several counties in the eastern United States. Children's interview statements fell within four statement types: accurate reports, false reports, accurate denials, and false denials. Both groups of participants displayed overbelief in false denials. Several control variables predicted accuracy, including children's age and children's race. A significant interaction emerged: Experts (vs. nonexperts) had greater odds of being accurate when judging false reports (vs. false denials). These findings highlight the challenges adults face when distinguishing between various types of children's statements. The results have important implications for legal contexts, emphasizing that fact finders need to be mindful of the risks associated with both overaccepting false denials and accepting false reports.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Kristy L Shockley
- University of Massachusetts Lowell, USA
- The College of the Holy Cross, Worcester, MA, USA
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13
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Joenperä J, Lundén J. Food fraud detection and reporting by food control officers in Finland. Int J Environ Health Res 2024; 34:2230-2247. [PMID: 37726018 DOI: 10.1080/09603123.2023.2236977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2023] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 09/21/2023]
Abstract
We studied food fraud detection and the reporting of suspected cases using a questionnaire survey and interviews with Finnish food control officers (FCOs). In total, 95 FCOs responded to the questionnaire, and 17 were interviewed. We found that even though many respondents had either suspected (69.2%) or detected (43.4%) food fraud or other food-related crime during the past five years, 46.8% thought they had no realistic chance of detecting food fraud during inspections. Challenges raised by the FCOs we interviewed included inadequate resources (8/17) and difficulties in inspecting documents or establishing their authenticity (14/17). Moreover, many interviewees highlighted difficulties in assessing whether to inform the police about a suspected case (7/17), and 62% (18/29) of respondents who had detected fraud had not reported it to the police. Training in food fraud detection, increased resources and guidelines on reporting suspected food fraud would improve food fraud detection and harmonize reporting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasmin Joenperä
- Department of Food Hygiene and Environmental Health, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Janne Lundén
- Department of Food Hygiene and Environmental Health, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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14
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Bosbach K, Martin A, Stricker J, Schoenenberg K. Enhancing self-esteem in adults with body dysmorphic symptoms: experimental testing and initial evaluation of a brief internet-based training. Behav Cogn Psychother 2024; 52:226-242. [PMID: 38407138 DOI: 10.1017/s1352465824000110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/27/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Low self-esteem is an important factor associated with body dysmorphic concerns. In treatment, self-esteem cannot always be adequately addressed. Internet-based interventions offer a low-threshold and cost-efficient possibility for treating body dysmorphic disorder (BDD). AIMS For this reason, we conducted two studies to explore the effectiveness of an internet-based intervention targeting improving self-esteem in adults with BDD symptoms. METHOD The first study investigated the differential effects of a 1-week self-esteem training compared with a 1-week attention-focus training. Two hundred twenty adults with elevated body dysmorphic symptoms were randomly assigned to one of the two trainings. Our second study (n = 58 adults with body dysmorphic symptoms) evaluated an extended 2-week stand-alone self-esteem training. RESULTS In the first study, self-esteem in different domains (appearance, performance and social), self-focused attention, and BDD symptom severity improved in both groups. Other-focused attention only increased in the attention training group. Participants' overall adherence was high. In the second study we observed significant improvements in self-esteem, BDD symptom severity, and other secondary outcomes, with additional improvements in most outcomes in the second week. Adherence was again high. CONCLUSIONS Together, these findings show that a brief internet-based intervention may be a highly accepted and effective way of improving self-esteem in people suffering from BDD symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Bosbach
- University of Wuppertal, School of Human and Social Sciences, Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Alexandra Martin
- University of Wuppertal, School of Human and Social Sciences, Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Johannes Stricker
- University of Wuppertal, School of Human and Social Sciences, Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Katrin Schoenenberg
- University of Wuppertal, School of Human and Social Sciences, Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Wuppertal, Germany
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15
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Wang G, Tao L. Bilingual Language Control in the Brain: Evidence from Structural and Effective Functional Brain Connectivity. J Cogn Neurosci 2024; 36:836-853. [PMID: 38357989 DOI: 10.1162/jocn_a_02128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/16/2024]
Abstract
Experience in bilingual language control is often accompanied by changes in the structure and function of the brain. Brain structural changes are also often closely related to changes in functions. Previous studies, however, have not directly explored the relationship between structural connectivity and effective functional connectivity of the brain during bilingual language control, and whether the two types of connectivity are associated with behavioral performance of language control. Using behavioral performance, functional, and diffusion imaging techniques, we found that: (1) during language control, the left dorsal lateral prefrontal cortex (dlPFC), left caudate nucleus (CN), inferior parietal lobe, precuneus, and dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (dACC)/pre-SMA were significantly activated. (2) In the language control model with left dlPFC, dACC/pre-SMA, and left CN as ROIs (selected based on activation results and language control models from previous studies), stimuli first enter dACC/pre-SMA and then to left CN. At the left CN, a bidirectional effective connectivity is formed with left dlPFC. (3) There is a nonlinear relationship between effective connectivity during language control and the structural connectivity of the second language learners' brains. Specifically, the fiber density between dACC/pre-SMA and left dlPFC has a positive influence on the bidirectional effective connectivity between left dlPFC and left CN. Findings of the present study contribute evidence toward functional effective connectivity during bilingual language control; toward structural connectivity in the brains of second language learners; as well as toward nonlinear relationships between functional effective connectivity, structural connectivity, and behavioral performance in relation to bilingual language control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gongting Wang
- East China Normal University
- Freie Universität Berlin
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16
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Wei X, Chen Y, Qin J, Yang Y, Yang T, Yan F, Zhang Z, Han L, Ma Y. Factors associated with the intrinsic capacity in older adults: A scoping review. J Clin Nurs 2024; 33:1739-1750. [PMID: 38345142 DOI: 10.1111/jocn.17017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Revised: 01/07/2024] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION In 2015, the term 'intrinsic capacity' (IC) was proposed by the World Health Organisation to promote healthy aging. However, the factors associated with IC are still discrepant and uncertain. AIM We aim to synthesise the factors connected with IC. METHODS This scoping review followed the five-stage framework of Arksey and O'Malley and was reported using PRISMA-ScR guidelines. RESULTS In all, 29 articles were included. IC of older adults is associated with demographic characteristics, socioeconomic factors, disease conditions, behavioural factors, and biomarkers. Age, sex, marital status, occupation status, education, income/wealth, chronic diseases, hypertension, diabetes, disability, smoking status, alcohol consumption, and physical activity were emerged as important factors related to the IC of older adults. CONCLUSIONS This review shows that IC is related to multiple factors. Understanding these factors can provide the healthcare personnel with the theoretical basis for intervening and managing IC in older adults. RELEVANCE TO CLINICAL PRACTICE The influencing factors identified in the review help to guide older adults to maintain their own intrinsic capacity, thereby promoting their health and well-being. The modifiable factors also provide evidence for healthcare personnel to develop targeted intervention strategies to delay IC decline. NO PATIENT OR PUBLIC CONTRIBUTION As this is a scoping review, no patient or public contributions are required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqin Wei
- Evidence-Based Nursing Center, School of Nursing, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu Province, China
| | - Yajing Chen
- Evidence-Based Nursing Center, School of Nursing, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu Province, China
| | - Jiangxia Qin
- Evidence-Based Nursing Center, School of Nursing, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu Province, China
| | - Yiyi Yang
- Evidence-Based Nursing Center, School of Nursing, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu Province, China
| | - Tingting Yang
- Evidence-Based Nursing Center, School of Nursing, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu Province, China
| | - Fanghong Yan
- Evidence-Based Nursing Center, School of Nursing, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu Province, China
| | - Ziyao Zhang
- Lanzhou University of Arts and Science, Lanzhou, Gansu Province, China
| | - Lin Han
- Evidence-Based Nursing Center, School of Nursing, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu Province, China
- Nursing Department, Gansu Provincial Hospital, Lanzhou, Gansu Province, China
| | - Yuxia Ma
- Evidence-Based Nursing Center, School of Nursing, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu Province, China
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17
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Chen WJ, Radix AE. Primary Care and Health Care of Transgender and Gender-Diverse Older Adults. Clin Geriatr Med 2024; 40:273-283. [PMID: 38521598 DOI: 10.1016/j.cger.2023.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/25/2024]
Abstract
Clinicians working with older transgender and gender-diverse (TGD) individuals need to acquire the necessary knowledge and skills to provide care that is high quality and culturally appropriate. This includes supporting patients in their exploration of gender and attainment of gender-affirming medical interventions. Clinicians should strive to create environments that are inclusive and safe, and that will facilitate health care access and build constructive provider-patient relationships. Clinicians should be aware of best practices, including that age-appropriate health screenings should be anatomy based, and ensure that TGD older adults on gender-affirming hormone therapy (GAHT) receive ongoing laboratory monitoring and physical assessments, including serum hormone levels and biomarkers. Older TGD adults underutilize advance care planning, and need individualized assessments that consider their unique family structures, social support, and financial situation. End-of-life care services should ensure that TGD individuals are treated with dignity and respect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wendy J Chen
- Department of Medicine, Loyola University Medicine Center, Chicago, IL, USA; Internal Medicine, ACP AGS WPATH USPATH.
| | - Asa E Radix
- Department of Medicine, Callen-Lorde Community Health Center, 356 West 18th Street, New York, NY 10011, USA; Department of Epidemiology, Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health, 722 West 168th Street, New York, NY 10032, USA
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18
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Avola D, Cinque L, Mambro AD, Fagioli A, Marini MR, Pannone D, Fanini B, Foresti GL. Spatio-Temporal Image-Based Encoded Atlases for EEG Emotion Recognition. Int J Neural Syst 2024; 34:2450024. [PMID: 38533631 DOI: 10.1142/s0129065724500242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/28/2024]
Abstract
Emotion recognition plays an essential role in human-human interaction since it is a key to understanding the emotional states and reactions of human beings when they are subject to events and engagements in everyday life. Moving towards human-computer interaction, the study of emotions becomes fundamental because it is at the basis of the design of advanced systems to support a broad spectrum of application areas, including forensic, rehabilitative, educational, and many others. An effective method for discriminating emotions is based on ElectroEncephaloGraphy (EEG) data analysis, which is used as input for classification systems. Collecting brain signals on several channels and for a wide range of emotions produces cumbersome datasets that are hard to manage, transmit, and use in varied applications. In this context, the paper introduces the Empátheia system, which explores a different EEG representation by encoding EEG signals into images prior to their classification. In particular, the proposed system extracts spatio-temporal image encodings, or atlases, from EEG data through the Processing and transfeR of Interaction States and Mappings through Image-based eNcoding (PRISMIN) framework, thus obtaining a compact representation of the input signals. The atlases are then classified through the Empátheia architecture, which comprises branches based on convolutional, recurrent, and transformer models designed and tuned to capture the spatial and temporal aspects of emotions. Extensive experiments were conducted on the Shanghai Jiao Tong University (SJTU) Emotion EEG Dataset (SEED) public dataset, where the proposed system significantly reduced its size while retaining high performance. The results obtained highlight the effectiveness of the proposed approach and suggest new avenues for data representation in emotion recognition from EEG signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danilo Avola
- Department of Computer Science, Sapienza University of Rome, Via Salaria 113, Rome 00198, Italy
| | - Luigi Cinque
- Department of Computer Science, Sapienza University of Rome, Via Salaria 113, Rome 00198, Italy
| | - Angelo Di Mambro
- Department of Computer Science, Sapienza University of Rome, Via Salaria 113, Rome 00198, Italy
| | - Alessio Fagioli
- Department of Computer Science, Sapienza University of Rome, Via Salaria 113, Rome 00198, Italy
| | - Marco Raoul Marini
- Department of Computer Science, Sapienza University of Rome, Via Salaria 113, Rome 00198, Italy
| | - Daniele Pannone
- Department of Computer Science, Sapienza University of Rome, Via Salaria 113, Rome 00198, Italy
| | - Bruno Fanini
- Institute of Heritage Science, National Research Council, Area della Ricerca Roma 1, SP35d, 9, Montelibretti 00010, Italy
| | - Gian Luca Foresti
- Department of Computer Science, Mathematics and Physics, University of Udine, Via delle Scienze 206, Udine 33100, Italy
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O'Loughlin CM, McClure K, Ammerman BA. Development and validation of the self-injury stigma scale. J Psychiatr Res 2024; 173:48-57. [PMID: 38484618 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2024.02.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Revised: 09/27/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 04/17/2024]
Abstract
Non-suicidal self-injury is a prevalent and concerning behavior. Negative beliefs and stereotypes about NSSI are associated with negative outcomes, and negative, self-referential beliefs (e.g., self-stigmatizing beliefs) related to engagement in NSSI may be particularly harmful. Despite this, there is no validated measure specifically designed to assess for NSSI self-stigma. As this significantly hinders the ability to understand and quantify the effect of NSSI self-stigma, this study sought to validate the newly developed Self-Injury Stigma Scale (SISS). It was hypothesized the SISS would follow a four-factor structure that parallels a widely cited theoretical model of stigma. It was also hypothesized measures of shame and help-seeking self-stigma would be moderately, negatively, correlated with the SISS subscales, supporting the measure's validity. Participants from Study 1 were college students (n = 264, 65.8% female) with at least one lifetime NSSI act. A series of factor analytic models revealed a one-factor structure for the Application of Stigma subscale (i.e., third step of the four-step model). As this was the only SISS subscale to achieve an appropriate model fit, this scale alone was retained as the final SISS. The factor structure was tested via confirmatory factor analysis on a second sample (i.e., community participants with at least one past month of NSSI act; n = 240, 41.3% female). An acceptable fit on most, but not all, indices was reached. Convergent and discriminant validity were supported. The SISS retrospectively predicted past 3 month NSSI frequency and method versatility, and lifetime NSSI versatility, but not lifetime NSSI frequency or disclosure. Thus, the clinical utility of the SISS was partially supported. Findings offering evidence in favor of the SISS's appropriateness and utility as a measure of self-stigma of NSSI. Future work using this measure has the potential to clarify the risk associated with NSSI self-stigma and inform behavioral interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caitlin M O'Loughlin
- University of Notre Dame, Department of Psychology, 339 Corbett Family Hall, Notre Dame, IN, 46617, USA.
| | - Kenneth McClure
- University of Notre Dame, Department of Psychology, 339 Corbett Family Hall, Notre Dame, IN, 46617, USA
| | - Brooke A Ammerman
- University of Notre Dame, Department of Psychology, 339 Corbett Family Hall, Notre Dame, IN, 46617, USA
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Condie J, Northstone K, Major-Smith D, Halstead I. Exploring associations between the Big Five personality traits and cognitive ability with COVID-19 vaccination hesitancy and uptake among mothers and offspring in a UK prospective cohort study. Vaccine 2024; 42:2817-2826. [PMID: 38521675 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2024.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Revised: 01/17/2024] [Accepted: 03/07/2024] [Indexed: 03/25/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Vaccines reduce the severity of symptoms, and risk of hospitalisation and death from infectious diseases. Yet, vaccination hesitancy persists. Research identifying psychological risk factors for vaccination hesitancy is limited and reports conflicting results. This study sought to address these inconsistencies and explore the role of personality and cognitive ability in COVID-19 vaccination hesitancy and uptake in a prospective cohort study. METHODS Data came from young adults (Generation-1; G1) and their mothers (Generation-0; G0) in the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC). Multinomial logistic regressions, adjusting for several sociodemographic confounders, were used to explore whether personality and cognitive ability were associated with COVID-19 vaccination hesitancy and uptake. 4,960 G1 and 4,853 G0 mothers were included in the study population. FINDINGS Among G1, 38.4% exhibited vaccination hesitancy, yet 91.9% of the cohort received the vaccine. In adjusted models, higher levels of openness, agreeableness, conscientiousness, and cognitive ability were associated with an increased probability of wanting the vaccine. Similarly, higher levels of agreeableness, openness and cognitive ability were associated with an increased probability of vaccination uptake. However, the evidence of associations with vaccine uptake were generally weaker than with vaccination hesitancy. 56.7% of the offspring who did not want the vaccine either received the vaccine or intended to, whilst 43.3% still had no intention.Among G0 mothers, 25.6% were vaccination hesitant, yet 99.0% of the cohort received the vaccine. 3.1% said they did not want the vaccine; approximately 80% of these either received the vaccine or intended to. We found inconclusive evidence for an association between cognitive ability and vaccination hesitancy among G0 mothers. INTERPRETATION This study identified psychological factors associated with vaccination hesitancy and uptake. If these associations are causal, these findings may help design more effective vaccination hesitancy interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Condie
- Centre for Trials Research, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Neuadd Meirionnydd CF14 4YS, UK; Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 2BN, UK
| | - Kate Northstone
- Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 2BN, UK
| | - Daniel Major-Smith
- Centre for Academic Child Health, Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 2BN, UK
| | - Isaac Halstead
- Centre for Academic Child Health, Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 2BN, UK.
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21
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Ahuvia IL, Schleider JL, Kneeland ET, Moser JS, Schroder HS. Depression self-labeling in U.S. college students: Associations with perceived control and coping strategies. J Affect Disord 2024; 351:202-210. [PMID: 38286232 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2024.01.229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Revised: 01/20/2024] [Accepted: 01/26/2024] [Indexed: 01/31/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Research on mental illness labeling has demonstrated that self-labeling (identifying with a mental illness label, e.g., "I have depression") is associated with internalized stigma, maladaptive responses to that stigma, and lower quality of life. However, research has not yet examined the link between self-labeling and how individuals cope with emotional distress. It is important to understand this relationship because adaptive and maladaptive methods of coping can lead to positive and negative mental illness outcomes. METHODS This cross-sectional study examined the link between depression self-labeling, depression symptoms, and three constructs related to depression self-management (perceived control over depression, cognitive emotion regulation strategies, and help-seeking beliefs) in a large (N = 1423) sample of U.S. college students. RESULTS Approximately one-fifth of students (22.2 %) self-labeled as having depression, while 39.0 % were estimated to meet diagnostic criteria for MDD. After controlling for depression symptom severity, self-labeling was associated with lower levels of perceived control over depression (p = .002), more catastrophizing (p = .013), less perspective taking, refocusing, reappraisal, and planning (ps < 0.05), and more positive help-seeking attitudes towards medication (p < .001) but not therapy. LIMITATIONS Results are non-causal and may not generalize to non-college populations. CONCLUSIONS Self-labeling may inform how individuals cope with emotional distress, with the potential for positive and negative effects on clinical outcomes. This is consistent with well-established research on self-labeling with regards to stigma, but extends this research in important new directions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jessica L Schleider
- Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, United States of America
| | | | | | - Hans S Schroder
- University of Michigan Medical School, United States of America
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22
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Captari LE, Choe EJY, Crabtree SA, Sandage SJ, Gerstenblith JA, Stein LB, Hydinger KR, Stavros G. The Development and Feasibility of a Novel Group Intervention to Support Helping Professionals in Metabolizing Suffering and Engaging Strengths: The CHRYSALIS Program. Int J Group Psychother 2024:1-40. [PMID: 38621114 DOI: 10.1080/00207284.2024.2329565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/17/2024]
Abstract
This feasibility study reports on the development and initial evaluation of a novel online intervention for helping professionals (HPs; i.e. mental health professionals, chaplains, clergy) designed to (a) address occupational hazards, such as burnout and vicarious traumatization, and (b) promote well-being and flourishing at work. In contrast with competency and self-care focused models, the CHRYSALIS (Catalyzing Helping Professionals' Resilience, VitalitY, Spirituality, Authentic Living, and Inner Strength) intervention centers the self of the provider, explores cultural and spiritual contexts, and attends to systemic challenges. As part of a larger randomized controlled trial evaluating two program formats, the group format entails eight online sessions exploring strengths that can promote well-being, including processing, relational, vitalizing, orienting, and agentic capacities. To pilot test this framework and establish proof of concept, this study analyzed data from 41 HPs who had been randomly assigned to the group condition and completed surveys at four time points. Quantitative results indicated significant reductions in vicarious traumatization and burnout as well as increased well-being and meaning in work. Qualitative results suggest the intervention fostered relational support, cultivated new perspectives, and increased engagement with strengths, positively impacting participants' work and navigation of caregiving systems. Feedback about cohesion and group dynamic challenges in an online format informed further program development. This study provides initial support for the feasibility and efficacy of the group format of the CHRYSALIS intervention as a creative means to address HPs' risk for occupational hazards and promote holistic formation in a relational context.
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Borthwick C, Penlington C, Robinson L. Partners' Experiences of Chronic Pain: A Qualitative Evidence Synthesis. J Clin Psychol Med Settings 2024:10.1007/s10880-024-10012-w. [PMID: 38615080 DOI: 10.1007/s10880-024-10012-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/15/2024]
Abstract
This systematic review of qualitative studies synthesised evidence on the experience chronic pain from the perspective of romantic partners. Medline via Ovid, Embase via Ovid, CINAHL via EBSCO, APA PsycInfo via Ovid, Scopus, and Web of Science databases were searched. Studies exploring the impact of chronic pain from partners' perspectives using qualitative data collection methods were eligible for inclusion. Thematic synthesis was conducted, and confidence in the review findings was assessed using GRADE CERQual criteria. A total of 198 participants were represented from 15 primary studies. Four interconnected analytical themes were developed: 'life is different', 'internal conflict between two worlds', 'togetherness vs separateness', and 'coping in the longer term'. Out of 27 review findings, 9 were assessed as high confidence, 12 as moderate confidence, 4 as low confidence, and 2 as very low confidence. Socially isolated partners, those in strained relationships, and partners who continually sacrificed their own needs were more likely to experience distressing emotions. Greater recognition of partners' needs is needed within pain management services.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Borthwick
- School of Psychology, Newcastle University, 4th Floor, Dame Margaret Barbour Building, Wallace Street, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE2 4DR, UK.
| | - Chris Penlington
- School of Dental Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Lucy Robinson
- School of Psychology, Newcastle University, 4th Floor, Dame Margaret Barbour Building, Wallace Street, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE2 4DR, UK
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24
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Kosyluk K, Baeder T, Greene KY, Tran JT, Bolton C, Loecher N, DiEva D, Galea JT. Mental Distress, Label Avoidance, and Use of a Mental Health Chatbot: Results From a US Survey. JMIR Form Res 2024; 8:e45959. [PMID: 38607665 DOI: 10.2196/45959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2023] [Revised: 01/19/2024] [Accepted: 02/13/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND For almost two decades, researchers and clinicians have argued that certain aspects of mental health treatment can be removed from clinicians' responsibilities and allocated to technology, preserving valuable clinician time and alleviating the burden on the behavioral health care system. The service delivery tasks that could arguably be allocated to technology without negatively impacting patient outcomes include screening, triage, and referral. OBJECTIVE We pilot-tested a chatbot for mental health screening and referral to understand the relationship between potential users' demographics and chatbot use; the completion rate of mental health screening when delivered by a chatbot; and the acceptability of a prototype chatbot designed for mental health screening and referral. This chatbot not only screened participants for psychological distress but also referred them to appropriate resources that matched their level of distress and preferences. The goal of this study was to determine whether a mental health screening and referral chatbot would be feasible and acceptable to users. METHODS We conducted an internet-based survey among a sample of US-based adults. Our survey collected demographic data along with a battery of measures assessing behavioral health and symptoms, stigma (label avoidance and perceived stigma), attitudes toward treatment-seeking, readiness for change, and technology readiness and acceptance. Participants were then offered to engage with our chatbot. Those who engaged with the chatbot completed a mental health screening, received a distress score based on this screening, were referred to resources appropriate for their current level of distress, and were asked to rate the acceptability of the chatbot. RESULTS We found that mental health screening using a chatbot was feasible, with 168 (75.7%) of our 222 participants completing mental health screening within the chatbot sessions. Various demographic characteristics were associated with a willingness to use the chatbot. The participants who used the chatbot found it to be acceptable. Logistic regression produced a significant model with perceived usefulness and symptoms as significant positive predictors of chatbot use for the overall sample, and label avoidance as the only significant predictor of chatbot use for those currently experiencing distress. CONCLUSIONS Label avoidance, the desire to avoid mental health services to avoid the stigmatized label of mental illness, is a significant negative predictor of care seeking. Therefore, our finding regarding label avoidance and chatbot use has significant public health implications in terms of facilitating access to mental health resources. Those who are high on label avoidance are not likely to seek care in a community mental health clinic, yet they are likely willing to engage with a mental health chatbot, participate in mental health screening, and receive mental health resources within the chatbot session. Chatbot technology may prove to be a way to engage those in care who have previously avoided treatment due to stigma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristin Kosyluk
- Department of Mental Health Law & Policy, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, United States
| | - Tanner Baeder
- School of Social Work, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, United States
| | - Karah Yeona Greene
- School of Social Work, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, United States
| | - Jennifer T Tran
- Department of Mental Health Law & Policy, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, United States
| | - Cassidy Bolton
- Department of Mental Health Law & Policy, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, United States
| | - Nele Loecher
- Department of Mental Health Law & Policy, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, United States
| | - Daniel DiEva
- School of Social Work, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, United States
| | - Jerome T Galea
- School of Social Work, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, United States
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Gagl B, Gregorová K. Investigating lexical categorization in reading based on joint diagnostic and training approaches for language learners. NPJ Sci Learn 2024; 9:29. [PMID: 38600183 PMCID: PMC11006909 DOI: 10.1038/s41539-024-00237-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2024] [Indexed: 04/12/2024]
Abstract
Efficient reading is essential for societal participation, so reading proficiency is a central educational goal. Here, we use an individualized diagnostics and training framework to investigate processes in visual word recognition and evaluate its usefulness for detecting training responders. We (i) motivated a training procedure based on the Lexical Categorization Model (LCM) to introduce the framework. The LCM describes pre-lexical orthographic processing implemented in the left-ventral occipital cortex and is vital to reading. German language learners trained their lexical categorization abilities while we monitored reading speed change. In three studies, most language learners increased their reading skills. Next, we (ii) estimated, for each word, the LCM-based features and assessed each reader's lexical categorization capabilities. Finally, we (iii) explored machine learning procedures to find the optimal feature selection and regression model to predict the benefit of the lexical categorization training for each individual. The best-performing pipeline increased reading speed from 23% in the unselected group to 43% in the machine-selected group. This selection process strongly depended on parameters associated with the LCM. Thus, training in lexical categorization can increase reading skills, and accurate computational descriptions of brain functions that allow the motivation of a training procedure combined with machine learning can be powerful for individualized reading training procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Gagl
- Self-learning Systems Laboratory, Department of Special Education and Rehabilitation, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.
- Department of Psychology and Sports Sciences, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
| | - Klara Gregorová
- Department of Psychology and Sports Sciences, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University Hospital & German Center of Prevention Research on Mental Health, Würzburg, Germany
- Department of Psychology, Julius-Maximilians-University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
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Saywell I, Foreman L, Child B, Phillips-Hughes AL, Collins-Praino L, Baetu I. Influence of cognitive reserve on cognitive and motor function in α-synucleinopathies: A systematic review and multilevel meta-analysis. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2024:105672. [PMID: 38608829 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2024.105672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2024] [Revised: 03/26/2024] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024]
Abstract
Cognitive reserve has shown promise as a justification for neuropathologically unexplainable clinical outcomes in Alzheimer's disease. Recent evidence suggests this effect may be replicated in conditions like Parkinson's disease, dementia with Lewy bodies, and multiple system atrophy. However, the relationships between cognitive reserve and different cognitive abilities, as well as motor outcomes, are still poorly understood in these conditions. Additionally, it is unclear whether the reported effects are confounded by medication. This review analysed studies investigating the relationship between cognitive reserve and clinical outcomes in these α-synucleinopathy cohorts, identified from MEDLINE, Scopus, psycINFO, CINAHL, and Web of Science. 85 records, containing 176 cognition and 31 motor function effect sizes, were pooled using multilevel meta-analysis. There was a significant, positive association between higher cognitive reserve and both better cognition and motor function. Cognition effect sizes differed by disease subtype, cognitive reserve measure, and outcome type; however, no moderators significantly impacted motor function. Review findings highlight the clinical implications of cognitive reserve and importance of engaging in reserve-building behaviours.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isaac Saywell
- School of Psychology, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia 5005.
| | - Lauren Foreman
- School of Psychology, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia 5005
| | - Brittany Child
- School of Psychology, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia 5005
| | | | | | - Irina Baetu
- School of Psychology, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia 5005.
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Majumdar D, Webb D, Parsons S, Selwan-Lewis EM, Rettig T, Chastain E, Obanor W, Birnberg R, Kuang A. Understanding preferences for receiving health communications and information about clinical trials: a cross-sectional study among US adults. Curr Med Res Opin 2024:1-13. [PMID: 38595182 DOI: 10.1080/03007995.2024.2340720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2024] [Indexed: 04/11/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Effective health communication is critical for understanding and acting on health information. This cross-sectional study explored participants' understanding of their health condition, their preferences for receiving health communications, and their interest in receiving clinical trial results across several therapeutic areas. METHODS The study recruited participants via social media, email newsletters, and advocacy organizations. An online screener captured demographic information (health conditions, age, race/ethnicity, gender, and education). Eligible participants were emailed an online survey assessing preferred sources and formats for receiving health information, interest in learning about topics related to the results of clinical trials, and health literacy levels. RESULTS In total, 449 participants (median age, 35 years [range, 18─76]; White, 53%; higher education, 65%; mean (range) health literacy score, 1.9 [0.4 ─ 3.0]) from 45 US states completed the survey representing 12 disease indications (bipolar, blood and solid tumor cancers, irritable bowel syndrome, inflammatory bowel disease, major depressive disorder, migraine, Parkinson's, psoriasis/atopic dermatitis, retinal vein occlusion/macular degeneration, rheumatoid arthritis, and spasticity). Healthcare providers were the preferred source of health information (59%), followed by internet searches (11%). Least preferred sources were social media (5%), friends/family (3%), and email newsletters (2%). Participants preferred multiple formats and ranked reading materials online as most preferred (33%), along with videos (28%) and infographics (27%). Printed materials (14%) and audio podcasts (9%) were the least preferred formats. A majority of the participants reported that the health information they found was hard to understand (57%) and confusing (62%). Most participants (85%) were somewhat/very interested in learning about clinical trial results, with the highest interest in short summaries of safety (78%) and efficacy (74%) results. CONCLUSION Effective health communication may be achieved via multiple formats shared directly by healthcare providers.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Diane Webb
- Health Literacy Media, St. Louis, MO, USA
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Amano T, Jia Y, Redding A. The dynamic and reciprocal relationship between perceived everyday discrimination and cognitive function in later life. Aging Ment Health 2024:1-11. [PMID: 38590239 DOI: 10.1080/13607863.2024.2338196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/10/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study, based on socioemotional selectivity theory and cognitive theory, investigates the dynamic and reciprocal relationship between perceived discrimination and cognitive function in later life. METHODS Data were drawn from four waves of the Health and Retirement Study (HRS 2006, 2010, 2014, and 2018). A total of 4,125 people who were 51 and older were included. Cognitive function was measured by the telephone interview for cognitive status (TICS-27). Perceived discrimination was measured using scores of the perceived everyday discrimination scale. Random intercept cross-lagged panel model (RI-CLPM) was utilized. The model was adjusted for a range of covariates. Subgroup analysis by ethnoracial groups was conducted. RESULTS Cross-sectionally, while lower cognitive function was associated with higher perceived discrimination, this relationship was unidirectional. Longitudinally, higher perceived discrimination predicted lower cognitive function in later waves only among non-Hispanic White individuals. CONCLUSION Results suggested that a decline in cognitive function may precede and contribute to the worsening of perceived discrimination, which may result in further decline in cognitive function. Lifetime experience of discrimination was discussed as a possible source of the racial/ethnic variations in the relationship. Further study is needed to examine whether this relationship holds among people with cognitive impairment and dementia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Amano
- Department of Social Work, School of Arts and Sciences, Rutgers University, Newark, New Jersey, USA
| | - Yuane Jia
- Department of Interdisciplinary Studies, School of Health Professions, Rutgers Biomedical and Health Sciences, Newark, New Jersey, USA
| | - Audrey Redding
- Department of Social Work, School of Arts and Sciences, Rutgers University, Newark, New Jersey, USA
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Balboa-Bandeira Y, Zubiaurre-Elorza L, García-Guerrero MA, Ibarretxe-Bilbao N, Ojeda N, Peña J. Enhancement of phonemic verbal fluency in multilingual young adults by transcranial random noise stimulation. Neuropsychologia 2024; 198:108882. [PMID: 38599569 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2024.108882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Revised: 03/25/2024] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 04/12/2024]
Abstract
Several studies have analyzed the effects of transcranial direct current stimulation on verbal fluency tasks in non-clinical populations. Nevertheless, the reported effects on verbal fluency are inconsistent. In addition, the effect of other techniques such as transcranial random noise stimulation (tRNS) on verbal fluency enhancement has yet to be studied in healthy multilingual populations. This study aims to explore the effects of tRNS on verbal fluency in healthy multilingual individuals. Fifty healthy multilingual (Spanish, English and Basque) adults were randomly assigned to a tRNS or sham group. Electrodes were placed on the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and left inferior frontal gyrus. All participants performed phonemic and semantic verbal fluency tasks before, during (online assessment) and immediately after (offline assessment) stimulation in three different languages. The results showed significantly better performance by participants who received tRNS in the phonemic verbal fluency tasks in Spanish (in the online and offline assessment) and English (in the offline assessment). No differences between conditions were found in Basque nor semantic verbal fluency. These findings suggests that tRNS on the left prefrontal cortex could help improve phonemic, yet not semantic, fluency in healthy multilingual adults.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Leire Zubiaurre-Elorza
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Deusto, Bilbao, Spain
| | | | - Naroa Ibarretxe-Bilbao
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Deusto, Bilbao, Spain
| | - Natalia Ojeda
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Deusto, Bilbao, Spain
| | - Javier Peña
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Deusto, Bilbao, Spain.
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Schultz TJ, Zhou M, Gray J, Roseleur J, Clark R, Mordaunt DA, Hibbert PD, Haysom G, Wright M. Patient characteristics of, and remedial interventions for, complaints and medico-legal claims against doctors: a rapid review of the literature. Syst Rev 2024; 13:104. [PMID: 38594759 PMCID: PMC11003134 DOI: 10.1186/s13643-024-02501-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 04/11/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND It is uncertain if patient's characteristics are associated with complaints and claims against doctors. Additionally, evidence for the effectiveness of remedial interventions on rates of complaints and claims against doctors has not been synthesised. METHODS We conducted a rapid review of recent literature to answer: Question 1 "What are the common characteristics and circumstances of patients who are most likely to complain or bring a claim about the care they have received from a doctor?" and Question 2 "What initiatives or interventions have been shown to be effective at reducing complaints and claims about the care patients have received from a doctor?". We used a systematic search (most recently in July 2023) of PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science and grey literature. Studies were screened against inclusion criteria and critically appraised in duplicate using standard tools. Results were summarised using narrative synthesis. RESULTS From 8079 search results, we reviewed the full text of 250 studies. We included 25 studies: seven for Question 1 (6 comparative studies with controls and one systematic review) and 18 studies for Question 2 (14 uncontrolled pre-post studies, 2 comparative studies with controls and 2 systematic reviews). Most studies were set in hospitals across a mix of medical specialties. Other than for patients with mental health conditions (two studies), no other patient characteristics demonstrated either a strong or consistent effect on the rate of complaints or claims against their treating doctors. Risk management programs (6 studies), and communication and resolution programs (5 studies) were the most studied of 6 intervention types. Evidence for reducing complaints and medico-legal claims, costs or premiums and more timely management was apparent for both types of programs. Only 1 to 3 studies were included for peer programs, medical remediation, shared decision-making, simulation training and continuing professional development, with few generalisable results. CONCLUSION Few patient characteristics can be reliably related to the likelihood of medico-legal complaints or claims. There is some evidence that interventions can reduce the number and costs of claims, the number of complaints, and the timeliness of claims. However, across both questions, the strength of the evidence is very weak and is based on only a few studies or study designs that are highly prone to bias.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy J Schultz
- College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders Health and Medical Research Institute, Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia.
| | - Michael Zhou
- College of Nursing and Health Sciences, Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Jodi Gray
- College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders Health and Medical Research Institute, Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Jackie Roseleur
- College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders Health and Medical Research Institute, Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Richard Clark
- College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders Health and Medical Research Institute, Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia
- HealthFX, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Dylan A Mordaunt
- College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders Health and Medical Research Institute, Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia
- Southern Adelaide Local Health Network, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Peter D Hibbert
- Australian Institute of Health Innovation, Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia
- IIMPACT in Health, Allied Health and Human Performance, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia
| | | | - Michael Wright
- Avant Mutual, Sydney, Australia
- Centre for Health Economics Research and Evaluation, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, Australia
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Schwartz MH, Ries AJ, Georgiadis AG, Kainz H. Demonstrating the utility of Instrumented Gait Analysis in the treatment of children with cerebral palsy. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0301230. [PMID: 38593122 PMCID: PMC11003627 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0301230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 03/12/2024] [Indexed: 04/11/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Instrumented gait analysis (IGA) has been around for a long time but has never been shown to be useful for improving patient outcomes. In this study we demonstrate the potential utility of IGA by showing that machine learning models are better able to estimate treatment outcomes when they include both IGA and clinical (CLI) features compared to when they include CLI features alone. DESIGN We carried out a retrospective analysis of data from ambulatory children diagnosed with cerebral palsy who were seen at least twice at our gait analysis center. Individuals underwent a variety of treatments (including no treatment) between sequential gait analyses. We fit Bayesian Additive Regression Tree (BART) models that estimated outcomes for mean stance foot progression to demonstrate the approach. We built two models: one using CLI features only, and one using CLI and IGA features. We then compared the models' performance in detail. We performed similar, but less detailed, analyses for a number of other outcomes. All results were based on independent test data from a 70%/30% training/testing split. RESULTS The IGA model was more accurate than the CLI model for mean stance-phase foot progression outcomes (RMSEIGA = 11∘, RMSECLI = 13∘) and explained more than 1.5 × as much of the variance (R2IGA = .45, R2CLI = .28). The IGA model outperformed the CLI model for every level of treatment complexity, as measured by number of simultaneous surgeries. The IGA model also exhibited superior performance for estimating outcomes of mean stance-phase knee flexion, mean stance-phase ankle dorsiflexion, maximum swing-phase knee flexion, gait deviation index (GDI), and dimensionless speed. INTERPRETATION The results show that IGA has the potential to be useful in the treatment planning process for ambulatory children diagnosed with cerebral palsy. We propose that the results of machine learning outcome estimators-including estimates of uncertainty-become the primary IGA tool utilized in the clinical process, complementing the standard medical practice of conducting a through patient history and physical exam, eliciting patient goals, reviewing relevant imaging data, and so on.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael H. Schwartz
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States of America
- Center for Gait and Motion Analysis, Gillette Children’s Specialty Healthcare, St Paul, MN, United States of America
| | - Andrew J. Ries
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States of America
| | - Andrew G. Georgiadis
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States of America
- Center for Gait and Motion Analysis, Gillette Children’s Specialty Healthcare, St Paul, MN, United States of America
| | - Hans Kainz
- Centre for Sport Science and University Sports, Department of Biomechanics, Kinesiology, and Computer Science in Sport, Neuromechanics Research Group, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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Zhu T, Qiu X, Deng H, Feng H, Chen J, Huang Z, Li J, Liu S, Wang S, Gu Z, Wu Z, Yang Q, Liu G, Sechi LA, Caggiari G, You C, Fu G. Clinical analysis of 1301 children with hand and foot fractures and growth plate injuries. BMC Musculoskelet Disord 2024; 25:270. [PMID: 38589862 PMCID: PMC11000401 DOI: 10.1186/s12891-024-07407-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2024] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 04/10/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fractures of hands and feet are common in children, but relevant epidemiological studies are currently lacking. We aim to study the epidemiological characteristics of hand and foot fractures and growth plate injuries in children and provide a theoretical basis for their prevention, diagnosis, and treatment. METHODS We retrospectively analyzed the data of children with hand and foot fractures who were hospitalized at Shenzhen Children's Hospital between July 2015 and December 2020. Data on demographic characteristics, fracture site, treatment method, etiology of injury, and accompanying injuries were collected. The children were divided into four age groups: infants, preschool children, school children, and adolescents. The fracture sites were classified as first-level (the first-fifth finger/toe, metacarpal, metatarsal, carpal, and tarsal) and second-level (the first-fifth: proximal phalanx, middle phalanx, distal phalanx, metacarpal, and metatarsal) sites. The changing trends in fracture locations and injury causes among children in each age group were analyzed. RESULTS Overall, 1301 children (1561 fractures; 835 boys and 466 girls) were included. The largest number of fractures occurred in preschool children (n = 549, 42.20%), with the distal phalanx of the third finger being the most common site (n = 73, 15.57%). The number of fractures in adolescents was the lowest (n = 158, 12.14%), and the most common fracture site was the proximal phalanx of the fifth finger (n = 45, 29.61%). Of the 1561 fractures, 1143 occurred in the hands and 418 in the feet. The most and least common first-level fracture sites among hand fractures were the fifth (n = 300, 26.25%) and first (n = 138, 12.07%) fingers, respectively. The most and least common first-level foot fracture locations were the first (n = 83, 19.86%) and fourth (n = 26, 6.22%) toes, respectively. The most common first-level and second level etiologies were life related injuries (n = 1128, 86.70%) and clipping injuries (n = 428, 32.90%), respectively. The incidence of sports injuries gradually increased with age, accounting for the highest proportion in adolescents (26.58%). Hand and foot fractures had many accompanying injuries, with the top three being nail bed injuries (570 cases, 36.52%), growth plate injuries (296 cases, 18.96%), and distal severed fracture (167 cases, 10.70%). Among the 296 growth plate injuries, 246 occurred on the hands and 50 on the feet. CONCLUSIONS In contrast to previous epidemiological studies on pediatric hand and foot fractures, we mapped the locations of these fractures, including proximal, shaft, distal, and epiphyseal plate injuries. We analyzed the changing trends in fracture sites and injury etiologies with age. Hand and foot fractures have many accompanying injuries that require attention during diagnosis and treatment. Doctors should formulate accident protection measures for children of different ages, strengthen safety education, and reduce the occurrence of accidental injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianfeng Zhu
- Shenzhen Children's Hospital, Shenzhen, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin Qiu
- Shenzhen Children's Hospital, Shenzhen, People's Republic of China
| | - Hansheng Deng
- Shenzhen Children's Hospital, Shenzhen, People's Republic of China
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sassari, 07100, Sassari, Italy
- Orthopaedic Department, Sassari University Hospital, 07100, Sassari, Italy
| | - Haoran Feng
- Shenzhen Pediatrics Institute of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianlin Chen
- Shenzhen Pediatrics Institute of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, People's Republic of China
| | - Zilong Huang
- Shenzhen Children's Hospital, Shenzhen, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiahui Li
- Shenzhen Children's Hospital, Shenzhen, People's Republic of China
| | - Shizhe Liu
- Shenzhen Children's Hospital, Shenzhen, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuaiyin Wang
- Shenzhen Children's Hospital, Shenzhen, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhenkun Gu
- Shenzhen Children's Hospital, Shenzhen, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhengyu Wu
- Clinical research center, Hefei cancer hospital, Chinese academy of sciences, Hefei, People's Republic of China
| | - Qisong Yang
- Hefei center for disease control and prevention, Hefei, People's Republic of China
| | - Gen Liu
- Shenzhen Children's Hospital, Shenzhen, People's Republic of China
| | | | | | - Chao You
- Shenzhen Children's Hospital, Shenzhen, People's Republic of China.
| | - Guibing Fu
- Shenzhen Children's Hospital, Shenzhen, People's Republic of China.
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Palaganas JC, Mosher CJ, Morton A, Foronda C, Cheng A, Anderson T. Engagement in Distance Healthcare Simulation Debriefing: A Concept Development and Framework. Simul Healthc 2024:01266021-990000000-00118. [PMID: 38587332 DOI: 10.1097/sih.0000000000000788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/09/2024]
Abstract
SUMMARY STATEMENT Understanding distance health care simulation debriefing is crucial in light of the increased use of and emerging technology in remote education for reasons of accessibility, global collaboration, and continuous professional development. This article is a confluence of a number of previously published studies designed to serve as a foundation to develop the concept of "engagement in health care distance simulation debriefing" using the Schwartz-Barcott & Kim hybrid mixed methods model. The model uses 3 phases: theoretical (a realist systematic review of the literature), fieldwork (3 exploratory studies and 2 pilot experimental studies), and analytical (analysis of the theoretical and fieldwork findings through expert discussion). This study defines the concept of "engagement in health care simulation distance debriefing" through exploration of its uses and analysis in literature, interviews, and expert review. The hybrid approach to the analysis provided rigor to generate a new, reflective conceptual model. This conceptual model defines the complexity in engagement during distance debriefing and helps shape the development of simulationists and debriefers, leading to more effective distance simulations and debriefings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janice C Palaganas
- From the MGH Institute of Health Professions (J.C.P., C.J.M., A.M.), Boston, MA; Alfaisal University (C.J.M.), Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; Oxford Medical (A.M.); SimConverse (A.M.); University of Miami (C.F.), Coral Gables, FL; University of Calgary (A.C.), Calgary, Canada; and Athabasca University (T.A.), Athabasca, Canada
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Gagnon MM, Brilz AR, Alberts NM, Gordon JL, Risling TL, Stinson JN. Understanding Adolescents' Experiences With Menstrual Pain to Inform the User-Centered Design of a Mindfulness-Based App: Mixed Methods Investigation Study. JMIR Pediatr Parent 2024; 7:e54658. [PMID: 38587886 DOI: 10.2196/54658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2023] [Revised: 02/12/2024] [Accepted: 03/01/2024] [Indexed: 04/09/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Digital interventions are increasingly popular for the provision of nonpharmacological pain interventions, but few exist for adolescents with menstrual pain. User-centered design involves incorporating users across phases of digital health intervention design, development, and implementation and leads to improved user engagement and outcomes. A needs assessment is the first step of this approach. OBJECTIVE The goal of this study was to conduct a needs assessment to understand menstrual pain management needs and preferences and mindfulness experiences, preferences, and knowledge of adolescents with menstrual pain to inform the future development of an app for managing menstrual pain. METHODS We used an explanatory sequential mixed method design that included a survey followed by focus groups. Adolescents aged 13-17 years completed a survey (n=111) and participated in focus groups (n=16). Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and thematic content analysis and synthesized to provide specific recommendations based on adolescent responses. RESULTS Adolescents (n=111) who completed the survey reported a moderate understanding of mindfulness and menstrual pain. Over three-quarters (n=87, 78%) of participants practiced some form of mindfulness and 87% (n=97) of survey participants used nonpharmacological pain management strategies. Teens had a moderate perception that mindfulness could help their menstrual pain (mean 4.51/10, SD 2.45, with higher scores suggesting more interest). Themes were generated related to mindfulness experiences, menstrual pain knowledge and experiences, and app functionality. These themes underscored adolescents' need for continued support and flexible access to mindfulness activities; their awareness of multiple influences to pain, with potential for further education in this area; and the need for menstrual pain-specific content, along with content relevant to typical day-to-day experiences of adolescents. CONCLUSIONS Adolescents with menstrual pain have an interest in using a mindfulness app for pain but have unique needs that need to be addressed to ensure app engagement and relevance for this population. Concrete recommendations for future app development are provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle M Gagnon
- Department of Psychology and Health Studies, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Alexandra R Brilz
- Department of Psychology and Health Studies, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Nicole M Alberts
- Department of Psychology, Concordia University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | | | | | - Jennifer N Stinson
- Lawrence S. Bloomberg Faculty of Nursing, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Child Health Evaluative Sciences, Research Institute, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
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Donovan RJ, Drane CF, Santini ZI, Jalleh G. Impact on help-seeking behaviours of a campaign perceived to decrease stigma and increase openness around mental health. Health Promot J Austr 2024. [PMID: 38586884 DOI: 10.1002/hpja.859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Revised: 01/22/2024] [Accepted: 03/12/2024] [Indexed: 04/09/2024] Open
Abstract
ISSUE ADDRESSED There is considerable evidence that public stigma around mental illness inhibits help-seeking for mental health problems. Hence there have been many interventions and campaigns designed to reduce stigma around mental illness. However, as far as could be ascertained, none of these stigma reduction interventions has reported any substantial impact of reducing stigma on people's mental health help-seeking behaviours. The aim of this paper is to report on the impact of the Act-Belong-Commit positive mental health promotion Campaign on help-seeking via increasing perceived openness around mental health and reducing perceived stigma around mental illness. METHODS State-wide computer assisted telephone interviews (CATIs) of the general adult population were undertaken in 2018 and 2019 (N = 600 adults per year). The questionnaire included measures of respondents' awareness of the Act-Belong-Commit Campaign, their beliefs about the Campaign's impact on mental illness stigma and openness around mental health issues, and whether they had sought help for or information about a mental health problem as a result of their exposure to the Campaign. RESULTS Those who believed the Act-Belong-Commit Campaign increased openness around mental health issues were significantly more likely than those not holding this belief to have sought information about mental health and to have sought help for a mental health problem as a result of their exposure to the Campaign. Those who believed the Act-Belong-Commit Campaign decreased stigma around mental illness versus those not holding this belief were significantly more likely to have sought information, and more likely, but not significantly so, to have sought help as a result of their exposure to the Campaign. Overall, the effect was slightly greater for increased openness. CONCLUSION As far as we are aware, these are the first reported findings of a positive impact on mental health help-seeking behaviours as a result of a population-wide mental health promotion Campaign being seen to have increased openness around mental health and decreased stigma around mental illness. SO WHAT?: These findings suggest that accompanying specific stigma reduction interventions with a broad-based, population-wide, positive mental health promotion Campaign such as the Act-Belong-Commit campaign, could amplify these interventions' impact on help-seeking by increasing openness about mental health issues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert J Donovan
- Act-Belong-Commit Founder, School of Human Sciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
- School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Perth, Australia
| | | | - Ziggi I Santini
- National Institute of Public Health, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Geoffrey Jalleh
- School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Perth, Australia
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Wright T, Solmi F, Ajnakina O, Ingram E, Kandola A, Lee S, Iob E, Steptoe A, Thomas B, Lewis G. The role of loneliness in the association between sexual orientation and depressive symptoms among older adults: A prospective cohort study. J Affect Disord 2024; 356:137-144. [PMID: 38593941 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2024.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Revised: 03/13/2024] [Accepted: 04/01/2024] [Indexed: 04/11/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study aims to understand the mechanisms contributing to the elevated risk of depression among sexual minority older adults compared to heterosexuals. Specifically, the role of loneliness as a potential mediator is investigated to inform targeted interventions for preventing depression in sexual minority populations. METHODS Data from the English Longitudinal Study of Ageing, focusing on adults aged over 50, were analysed. Sexual orientation (sexual minority or heterosexual) and loneliness scores (UCLA scale) were assessed at wave six (2010-2011), while depressive symptoms (CESD) were assessed at wave seven (2013-14). Linear regression models and mediation analyses, using g-computation formula and adjusted for confounders, were conducted. RESULTS The sample included 6794 participants, with 478 (7.0 %) identifying as sexual minorities. After adjustments, sexual minorities scored higher on depressive symptoms at wave seven (mean difference): 0.23, 95 % CI 0.07 to 0.39) and loneliness at wave six (MD: 0.27, 95 % CI 0.08 to 0.46). Loneliness was positively associated with depressive symptoms (coefficient: 0.27, 95 % CI 0.26 to 0.29). In mediation analyses, loneliness explained 15 % of the association between sexual orientation and subsequent depressive symptoms. LIMITATIONS The dataset used sexual behaviour rather than desire and identity, potentially skewing representation of sexual minorities. Additionally, transgender older adults were not included due to limited gender diversity reported within the ELSA dataset. CONCLUSIONS Loneliness appears to be a significant modifiable mechanism contributing to the heightened risk of depressive symptoms in sexual minority older adults compared with their heterosexual counterparts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Talen Wright
- Division of Psychiatry, University College London, 149 Tottenham Court Road, London W1T 7NF, United Kingdom.
| | - Francesca Solmi
- Division of Psychiatry, University College London, 149 Tottenham Court Road, London W1T 7NF, United Kingdom
| | - Olesya Ajnakina
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, Kings College London, 16 De Crespigny Park, London, SE5 8AF, United Kingdom
| | - Elizabeth Ingram
- Department of Applied Health Research, Institute of Epidemiology & Health Care, University College London, 1-19 Torrington Place, London WC1E 7HB, United Kingdom
| | - Aaron Kandola
- MRC Unit for Lifelong Health and Ageing, University College London, 1-19 Torrington Place, London, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen Lee
- Opening Doors, Unit 4.1b Resource for London, 356 Holloway Road, London N7 6PA, United Kingdom
| | - Eleonora Iob
- Department of Behavioural Science and Health, University College London, 1-19 Torrington Place, London, WC1E 7HB, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew Steptoe
- Department of Behavioural Science and Health, University College London, 1-19 Torrington Place, London, WC1E 7HB, United Kingdom
| | - Ben Thomas
- Opening Doors, Unit 4.1b Resource for London, 356 Holloway Road, London N7 6PA, United Kingdom
| | - Gemma Lewis
- Division of Psychiatry, University College London, 149 Tottenham Court Road, London W1T 7NF, United Kingdom
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Grohmann E, Al-Addous A, Sander C, Dogan-Sander E, Baumann E, Angermeyer MC, Schomerus G. Changes in the ability to correctly identify schizophrenia and depression: results from general population surveys in Germany over 30 years. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 2024:10.1007/s00127-024-02660-y. [PMID: 38583103 DOI: 10.1007/s00127-024-02660-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 03/10/2024] [Indexed: 04/08/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study aims to examine time trends in the ability to correctly identify schizophrenia and major depression within the German general population from 1990 to 2020, as an indicator of changing mental health literacy (MHL). Additionally, we investigated shifts in the use of stigmatizing language. METHODS Our analysis is based on four waves of representative population surveys in Germany in 1990/1993 (West Germany: N = 2044, East Germany: N = 1563), 2001 (N = 5025), 2011 (N = 2455), and 2020 (N = 3042) using identical methodology. Respondents were presented with an unlabelled case vignette describing a person who exhibited symptoms of either schizophrenia or major depression. Participants were then asked to name the problem described in the vignette using an open-ended question. RESULTS From 1990/1993 to 2020, correct identification of schizophrenia increased from 18% to 34% and from 27% to 46% for major depression. However, derogatory labels remained constant throughout all survey waves, particularly for schizophrenia (19% in 1990/1993 and 18% in 2020). For depression, more trivializing and potentially devaluing statements were recorded. CONCLUSION Despite the increasing use of psychiatric terminology among the general population, the persistence of derogatory labels suggests that improved MHL, reflected in higher recognition rates, may not automatically translate into a reduction in stigmatizing language. With depression, a normalization and trivialization of a severe illness could pose new challenges to people with major depression. Dedicated efforts to combat the stigma of severe mental illness are still needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elise Grohmann
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Leipzig Medical Centre, Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Amani Al-Addous
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Leipzig Medical Centre, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Christian Sander
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Leipzig Medical Centre, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Ezgi Dogan-Sander
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Leipzig Medical Centre, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Eva Baumann
- Department of Journalism and Communication Research, Hannover University of Music, Drama, and Media, Hannover, Germany
| | | | - Georg Schomerus
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Leipzig Medical Centre, Leipzig, Germany
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Fischer R, Bailey Y, Shankar M, Safaeinili N, Karl JA, Daly A, Johnson FN, Winter T, Arahanga-Doyle H, Fox R, Abubakar A, Zulman DM. Cultural challenges for adapting behavioral intervention frameworks: A critical examination from a cultural psychology perspective. Clin Psychol Rev 2024; 110:102425. [PMID: 38614022 DOI: 10.1016/j.cpr.2024.102425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2023] [Revised: 03/14/2024] [Accepted: 04/04/2024] [Indexed: 04/15/2024]
Abstract
We introduce the bias and equivalence framework to highlight how concepts, methods, and tools from cultural psychology can contribute to successful cultural adaptation and implementation of behavioral interventions. To situate our contribution, we provide a review of recent cultural adaptation research and existing frameworks. We identified 68 different frameworks that have been cited when reporting cultural adaptations and highlight three major adaptation dimensions that can be used to differentiate adaptations. Regarding effectiveness, we found an average effect size of zr = 0.24 (95%CI 0.20, 0.29) in 24 meta-analyses published since 2014, but also substantive differences across domains and unclear effects of the extent of cultural adaptations. To advance cultural adaptation efforts, we outline a framework that integrates key steps from previous cultural adaptation frameworks and highlight how cultural bias and equivalence considerations in conjunction with community engagement help a) in the diagnosis of behavioral or psychological problems, b) identification of possible interventions, c) the selection of specific mechanisms of behavior change, d) the specification and documentation of dose effects and thresholds for diagnosis, e) entry and exit points within intervention programs, and f) cost-benefit-sustainability discussions. We provide guiding questions that may help researchers when adapting interventions to novel cultural contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronald Fischer
- Institute D'Or for Research and Education, Sao Paulo, Brazil; School of Psychology, Victoria University of Wellington, New Zealand.
| | | | - Megha Shankar
- Division of General Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, USA
| | - Nadia Safaeinili
- Division of Primary Care and Population Health, Stanford School of Medicine, USA
| | - Johannes A Karl
- School of Psychology, Dublin City University, Dublin, Ireland; School of Psychology, Victoria University of Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Adam Daly
- School of Psychology, Dublin City University, Dublin, Ireland
| | | | - Taylor Winter
- School of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Canterbury, New Zealand
| | | | - Ririwai Fox
- School of Psychology, University of Waikato, Tauranga, New Zealand
| | - Amina Abubakar
- Aga Khan University, Nairobi, Kenya & Kenya Medical Research Institute/Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi, Kenya
| | - Donna Michelle Zulman
- Division of Primary Care and Population Health at Stanford University & Center for Innovation to Implementation (Ci2i) at VA Palo Alto, USA
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Prince JB, Davis HL, Tan J, Muller-Townsend K, Markovic S, Lewis DMG, Hastie B, Thompson MB, Drummond PD, Fujiyama H, Sohrabi HR. Cognitive and neuroscientific perspectives of healthy ageing. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2024; 161:105649. [PMID: 38579902 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2024.105649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Revised: 03/17/2024] [Accepted: 03/30/2024] [Indexed: 04/07/2024]
Abstract
With dementia incidence projected to escalate significantly within the next 25 years, the United Nations declared 2021-2030 the Decade of Healthy Ageing, emphasising cognition as a crucial element. As a leading discipline in cognition and ageing research, psychology is well-equipped to offer insights for translational research, clinical practice, and policy-making. In this comprehensive review, we discuss the current state of knowledge on age-related changes in cognition and psychological health. We discuss cognitive changes during ageing, including (a) heterogeneity in the rate, trajectory, and characteristics of decline experienced by older adults, (b) the role of cognitive reserve in age-related cognitive decline, and (c) the potential for cognitive training to slow this decline. We also examine ageing and cognition through multiple theoretical perspectives. We highlight critical unresolved issues, such as the disparate implications of subjective versus objective measures of cognitive decline and the insufficient evaluation of cognitive training programs. We suggest future research directions, and emphasise interdisciplinary collaboration to create a more comprehensive understanding of the factors that modulate cognitive ageing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jon B Prince
- School of Psychology, Murdoch University, WA, Australia; Centre for Healthy Ageing, Health Futures Institute, Murdoch University, WA, Australia.
| | - Helen L Davis
- School of Psychology, Murdoch University, WA, Australia; Centre for Healthy Ageing, Health Futures Institute, Murdoch University, WA, Australia
| | - Jane Tan
- School of Psychology, Murdoch University, WA, Australia; Centre for Healthy Ageing, Health Futures Institute, Murdoch University, WA, Australia
| | - Katrina Muller-Townsend
- School of Psychology, Murdoch University, WA, Australia; Centre for Healthy Ageing, Health Futures Institute, Murdoch University, WA, Australia
| | - Shaun Markovic
- School of Psychology, Murdoch University, WA, Australia; Centre for Healthy Ageing, Health Futures Institute, Murdoch University, WA, Australia; Discipline of Psychology, Counselling and Criminology, Edith Cowan University, WA, Australia
| | - David M G Lewis
- School of Psychology, Murdoch University, WA, Australia; Centre for Healthy Ageing, Health Futures Institute, Murdoch University, WA, Australia
| | | | - Matthew B Thompson
- School of Psychology, Murdoch University, WA, Australia; Centre for Biosecurity and One Health, Harry Butler Institute, Murdoch University, WA, Australia
| | - Peter D Drummond
- School of Psychology, Murdoch University, WA, Australia; Centre for Healthy Ageing, Health Futures Institute, Murdoch University, WA, Australia
| | - Hakuei Fujiyama
- School of Psychology, Murdoch University, WA, Australia; Centre for Healthy Ageing, Health Futures Institute, Murdoch University, WA, Australia; Centre for Molecular Medicine and Innovative Therapeutics, Murdoch University, WA, Australia
| | - Hamid R Sohrabi
- School of Psychology, Murdoch University, WA, Australia; Centre for Healthy Ageing, Health Futures Institute, Murdoch University, WA, Australia; School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, WA, Australia; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Macquarie University, NSW, Australia.
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Jamali R, Generosi A, Villafan JY, Mengoni M, Pelagalli L, Battista G, Martarelli M, Chiariotti P, Mansi SA, Arnesano M, Castellini P. Facial Expression Recognition for Measuring Jurors' Attention in Acoustic Jury Tests. Sensors (Basel) 2024; 24:2298. [PMID: 38610510 PMCID: PMC11014261 DOI: 10.3390/s24072298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2024] [Revised: 03/26/2024] [Accepted: 03/30/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024]
Abstract
The perception of sound greatly impacts users' emotional states, expectations, affective relationships with products, and purchase decisions. Consequently, assessing the perceived quality of sounds through jury testing is crucial in product design. However, the subjective nature of jurors' responses may limit the accuracy and reliability of jury test outcomes. This research explores the utility of facial expression analysis in jury testing to enhance response reliability and mitigate subjectivity. Some quantitative indicators allow the research hypothesis to be validated, such as the correlation between jurors' emotional responses and valence values, the accuracy of jury tests, and the disparities between jurors' questionnaire responses and the emotions measured by FER (facial expression recognition). Specifically, analysis of attention levels during different statuses reveals a discernible decrease in attention levels, with 70 percent of jurors exhibiting reduced attention levels in the 'distracted' state and 62 percent in the 'heavy-eyed' state. On the other hand, regression analysis shows that the correlation between jurors' valence and their choices in the jury test increases when considering the data where the jurors are attentive. The correlation highlights the potential of facial expression analysis as a reliable tool for assessing juror engagement. The findings suggest that integrating facial expression recognition can enhance the accuracy of jury testing in product design by providing a more dependable assessment of user responses and deeper insights into participants' reactions to auditory stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reza Jamali
- Department of Industrial Engineering and Mathematical Sciences, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Via Brecce Bianche 12, 60131 Ancona, Italy; (R.J.); (J.Y.V.); (M.M.); (L.P.); (M.M.); (P.C.)
| | - Andrea Generosi
- Department of Industrial Engineering and Mathematical Sciences, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Via Brecce Bianche 12, 60131 Ancona, Italy; (R.J.); (J.Y.V.); (M.M.); (L.P.); (M.M.); (P.C.)
| | - Josè Yuri Villafan
- Department of Industrial Engineering and Mathematical Sciences, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Via Brecce Bianche 12, 60131 Ancona, Italy; (R.J.); (J.Y.V.); (M.M.); (L.P.); (M.M.); (P.C.)
| | - Maura Mengoni
- Department of Industrial Engineering and Mathematical Sciences, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Via Brecce Bianche 12, 60131 Ancona, Italy; (R.J.); (J.Y.V.); (M.M.); (L.P.); (M.M.); (P.C.)
| | - Leonardo Pelagalli
- Department of Industrial Engineering and Mathematical Sciences, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Via Brecce Bianche 12, 60131 Ancona, Italy; (R.J.); (J.Y.V.); (M.M.); (L.P.); (M.M.); (P.C.)
| | - Gianmarco Battista
- Department of Engineering and Architecture, Università di Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 181/A, 43124 Parma, Italy;
| | - Milena Martarelli
- Department of Industrial Engineering and Mathematical Sciences, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Via Brecce Bianche 12, 60131 Ancona, Italy; (R.J.); (J.Y.V.); (M.M.); (L.P.); (M.M.); (P.C.)
| | - Paolo Chiariotti
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Politecnico di Milano, Via Privata Giuseppe La Masa, 1, 20156 Milano, Italy;
| | - Silvia Angela Mansi
- Università Telematica eCampus, via Isimbardi 10, 22060 Novedrate, Italy; (S.A.M.); (M.A.)
| | - Marco Arnesano
- Università Telematica eCampus, via Isimbardi 10, 22060 Novedrate, Italy; (S.A.M.); (M.A.)
| | - Paolo Castellini
- Department of Industrial Engineering and Mathematical Sciences, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Via Brecce Bianche 12, 60131 Ancona, Italy; (R.J.); (J.Y.V.); (M.M.); (L.P.); (M.M.); (P.C.)
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Dang VN, Cascarano A, Mulder RH, Cecil C, Zuluaga MA, Hernández-González J, Lekadir K. Fairness and bias correction in machine learning for depression prediction across four study populations. Sci Rep 2024; 14:7848. [PMID: 38570587 PMCID: PMC10991528 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-58427-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024] Open
Abstract
A significant level of stigma and inequality exists in mental healthcare, especially in under-served populations. Inequalities are reflected in the data collected for scientific purposes. When not properly accounted for, machine learning (ML) models learned from data can reinforce these structural inequalities or biases. Here, we present a systematic study of bias in ML models designed to predict depression in four different case studies covering different countries and populations. We find that standard ML approaches regularly present biased behaviors. We also show that mitigation techniques, both standard and our own post-hoc method, can be effective in reducing the level of unfair bias. There is no one best ML model for depression prediction that provides equality of outcomes. This emphasizes the importance of analyzing fairness during model selection and transparent reporting about the impact of debiasing interventions. Finally, we also identify positive habits and open challenges that practitioners could follow to enhance fairness in their models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vien Ngoc Dang
- Departament de Matemàtiques i Informàtica, Facultat de Matemàtiques i Informàtica, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Anna Cascarano
- Departament de Matemàtiques i Informàtica, Facultat de Matemàtiques i Informàtica, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Rosa H Mulder
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry/Psychology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- The Generation R Study Group, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Charlotte Cecil
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry/Psychology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam,University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Molecular Epidemiology, Department of Biomedical Data Sciences, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | | | - Karim Lekadir
- Departament de Matemàtiques i Informàtica, Facultat de Matemàtiques i Informàtica, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), Barcelona, Spain
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Hamsyah F, Miyanaka D, Tokita M, Kawada M, Mori N, Shimazu A. Validation of the Indonesian version of the Recovery Experience Questionnaire. Ind Health 2024; 62:90-101. [PMID: 37690818 PMCID: PMC10995672 DOI: 10.2486/indhealth.2023-0070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Accepted: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to validate the Indonesian version of the Recovery Experience Questionnaire (REQ-I) to assess how individuals unwind and recuperate from work during their off-job times, specifically in terms of psychological detachment, relaxation, mastery, and control. The translated and back-translated REQ, which has gone through semantic and face validation processes, was administered through an internet survey using 740 Indonesian workers from various backgrounds. Furthermore, confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) was conducted to evaluate factorial validity. Construct validity was evaluated based on the correlation coefficients between recovery experience and potential consequences variables, while internal consistency and test-retest reliability were investigated to evaluate the reliability. The result of CFA showed that the hypothesized four-factor model was the most suitable for the data. Meanwhile, construct validity was supported by expected correlations of recovery experiences with possible consequences. Cronbach's α coefficient for each of the four subscales was sufficient at 0.85-0.92. Test-retest reliability of each of the four subscales with three months intervals was confirmed with sufficient intraclass correlation coefficients at 0.60-0.66. This current study confirmed that REQ-I was an adequate measure of recovery experiences used in the Indonesian context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fuad Hamsyah
- Graduate School of Media and Governance, Keio University, Japan
- Faculty of Psychology, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Indonesia
| | - Daisuke Miyanaka
- Faculty of Policy Management, Keio University, Japan
- Better Options, Inc., Japan
| | | | - Michiko Kawada
- Graduate School of Media and Governance, Keio University, Japan
| | - Naana Mori
- Keio Research Institute at SFC, Keio University, Japan
- Department of the Advanced Biomedical Research, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Yamanashi, Japan
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Huber BN, Fulton EK. Meta-prospective memory accuracy in older adults with and without suspected Mild Cognitive Impairment (sMCI). Appl Neuropsychol Adult 2024:1-16. [PMID: 38564814 DOI: 10.1080/23279095.2024.2334892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
This study examined if the relationship between generalized and task-specific appraisals of prospective memory (PM) and actual PM performance (i.e., meta-PM accuracy) differed between healthy and suspected Mild Cognitive Impairment (sMCI) older adults. Older adults recruited included 50 healthy and 31 sMCI participants from the community and an outpatient neuropsychology clinic. Data collected consisted of self-reported appraisals and task-specific predictions/postdictions of PM performance, objective PM performance, and executive functioning (EF). The sMCI group had significantly lower scores on objective PM and EF measures related to simple and complex task-switching. Moreover, sMCI participants displayed lower task-specific meta-PM accuracy in the direction of overconfidence, but they displayed relatively equivalent generalized meta-PM accuracy when compared to the healthy group. Notably, the sMCI group's task-specific inaccuracies became non-significant in relation to the healthy group on the final long-term PM tasks after exposure to metacognitive reflection on the first two PM tasks. Despite lower scores on EF measures, EF performance did not explain task-specific meta-PM differences between groups beyond neurocognitive status. Based on these data, sMCI patients may be better assisted by metacognitive calibration strategies, EF protocols, and the implementation of general compensatory memory strategies as targets for early intervention and prevention of neurocognitive decline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Becca N Huber
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Department of Psychology, Idaho State University, Pocatello, ID, USA
| | - Erika K Fulton
- Department of Psychology, Idaho State University, Pocatello, ID, USA
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Hall GJ, Nelson PM, Parker DC. What Environments Support Reading Growth Among Current Compared With Former Reading Intervention Recipients? A Multilevel Analysis of Students and Their Schools. J Learn Disabil 2024:222194241236164. [PMID: 38563210 DOI: 10.1177/00222194241236164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
School context can shape relative intervention response in myriad ways due to factors, such as instructional quality, resource allocation, peer effects, and correlations between the school context and characteristics of enrolled students (e.g., higher-poverty students attending higher-poverty schools). In the current study, we used data from 16,000 Grade 3 students in a community-based supplemental reading intervention program to investigate the degree to which school context factors (percentage eligible for free/reduced-price lunch [FRPL], school-level achievement) relate to the differences in triannual reading fluency growth rates between students actively receiving supplemental intervention (active recipients) and those that formerly received intervention (and therefore only received general class instruction at this time; former recipients). Using Bayesian multilevel modeling, our findings indicate that school-level FRPL eligibility played a more prominent factor in growth rate differences between these two groups than school-level reading achievement. However, school-level reading achievement was much more strongly related to reading fluency differences between active and former intervention recipients at the beginning of the school year (when controlling for FRPL). Implications for investigating school-level heterogeneity in intervention response and sustainability are discussed.
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Jiang S, Sun F, Yuan P, Jiang Y, Wan X. Distinct genetic and environmental origins of hierarchical cognitive abilities in adult humans. Cell Rep 2024; 43:114060. [PMID: 38568809 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2024.114060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2023] [Revised: 02/02/2024] [Accepted: 03/20/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Human cognitive abilities ranging from basic perceptions to complex social behaviors exhibit substantial variation in individual differences. These cognitive functions can be categorized into a two-order hierarchy based on the levels of cognitive processes. Second-order cognition including metacognition and mentalizing monitors and regulates first-order cognitive processes. These two-order hierarchical cognitive functions exhibit distinct abilities. However, it remains unclear whether individual differences in these cognitive abilities have distinct origins. We employ the classical twin paradigm to compare the genetic and environmental contributions to the two-order cognitive abilities in the same tasks from the same population. The results reveal that individual differences in first-order cognitive abilities were primarily influenced by genetic factors. Conversely, the second-order cognitive abilities have a stronger influence from shared environmental factors. These findings suggest that the abilities of metacognition and mentalizing in adults are profoundly shaped by their environmental experiences and less determined by their biological nature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaohan Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning and IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China; Huangshan University, Huangshan 245041 China
| | - Fanru Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning and IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Peijun Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Science and CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 16 Lincui Road, Beijing 100101, China; Department of Psychology, University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yi Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Science and CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 16 Lincui Road, Beijing 100101, China; Department of Psychology, University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xiaohong Wan
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning and IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China.
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İnal Ö, Özkan E. Investigation of Predictors of Psychological Resilience in Occupational Therapy Students in Terms of Different Variables. Occup Ther Health Care 2024; 38:424-438. [PMID: 37079338 DOI: 10.1080/07380577.2023.2200049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 04/02/2023] [Indexed: 04/21/2023]
Abstract
There is an increased number of publications concerning the mental health of occupational therapy students. The aim of this study is to investigate the predictors of psychological resilience in occupational therapy students in terms of different variables. Four scales measuring resilience, psychological flexibility, coping and coping attitudes were used in this study. Predictors of resilience were evaluated using multiple linear regression analysis with the backward elimination. It was determined that psychological resilience, psychological flexibility, and coping attitudes are interrelated concepts (p < 0.05). This is the first study to examine the predictors of the concept of resilience in occupational therapy students in terms of different variables. The results show that students' psychological flexibility and positive coping behaviors need to be improved to develop psychological resilience.
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Affiliation(s)
- Özgü İnal
- Gülhane Faculty of Physiotherapy and Rehabilitation, Department of Neurological Physiotherapy-Rehabilitation, University of Health Sciences Turkey, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Esma Özkan
- Gülhane Faculty of Health Science, Department of Occupational Therapy, University of Health Sciences Turkey, Ankara, Turkey
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Raatz M, Ward EC, Moss P, Reilly C, Frederiksen N, Dickinson C, Clarke S, Beak K, Marshall J. Examining the Outcomes of Project ECHO ® as an Interprofessional Community of Practice for Pediatric Feeding Clinicians. Dysphagia 2024; 39:208-222. [PMID: 37454335 PMCID: PMC10957606 DOI: 10.1007/s00455-023-10603-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
Project ECHO® is a virtual, interprofessional, cased-based peer-learning model. To date, no studies have explored ECHO as a model for pediatric feeding education. This study examined the outcomes of establishing a pediatric feeding ECHO network. Using a prospective, mixed-methods design, two cohorts of allied health professionals were recruited. Each cohort participated in eight, 90-min videoconference sessions incorporating a didactic presentation and clinical case presentation. The case was presented by a participant, with questions and recommendations provided by the ECHO network. Participants completed: (1) a learning needs analysis before the ECHO series, (2) a self-reported confidence questionnaire pre, post, and 3-month post, (3) a satisfaction questionnaire after each session, and (4) an overall satisfaction questionnaire post-ECHO series. Time spent by hospital allied health clinicians providing impromptu phone/email feeding support to external clinicians was recorded for 8 weeks prior to and 8 weeks during the ECHO series. Forty-seven participants were included in the study, attending an average of 5.8 sessions. Significant improvements in self-reported confidence were observed across the three time points (p < 0.01) with less experienced participants demonstrating greater improvements. Participants reported high satisfaction with ECHO, with 93% (40/43) wanting continued access to ECHO in future. The multidisciplinary format, interactivity, structure, and case-based nature of ECHO were considered beneficial. A 75% reduction in requests for support from clinicians in the same catchment area was noted during the ECHO series. Results demonstrated that Project ECHO is a viable model for pediatric feeding education for clinicians working in the field. Further research is needed to investigate the long-term effects and impacts on clinical care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madeline Raatz
- Queensland Children's Hospital, Children's Health Queensland, PO Box 3474, South Brisbane, QLD, 4101, Australia
- School of Health & Rehabilitation Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Elizabeth C Ward
- School of Health & Rehabilitation Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- Centre for Functioning and Health Research (CFAHR), Metro South Hospital and Health Service, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Perrin Moss
- Queensland Children's Hospital, Children's Health Queensland, PO Box 3474, South Brisbane, QLD, 4101, Australia
- School of Health & Rehabilitation Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Claire Reilly
- Queensland Children's Hospital, Children's Health Queensland, PO Box 3474, South Brisbane, QLD, 4101, Australia
- School of Health & Rehabilitation Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Nadine Frederiksen
- Queensland Children's Hospital, Children's Health Queensland, PO Box 3474, South Brisbane, QLD, 4101, Australia
| | - Corrine Dickinson
- Queensland Children's Hospital, Children's Health Queensland, PO Box 3474, South Brisbane, QLD, 4101, Australia
| | - Sally Clarke
- Queensland Children's Hospital, Children's Health Queensland, PO Box 3474, South Brisbane, QLD, 4101, Australia
| | - Kelly Beak
- Queensland Children's Hospital, Children's Health Queensland, PO Box 3474, South Brisbane, QLD, 4101, Australia
| | - Jeanne Marshall
- Queensland Children's Hospital, Children's Health Queensland, PO Box 3474, South Brisbane, QLD, 4101, Australia.
- School of Health & Rehabilitation Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.
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He Q, Tong W, Yu Y, Zhang J. Marital quality improves self- and partner-reported psychopathy among Chinese couples: A longitudinal study. J Pers 2024; 92:515-529. [PMID: 37170058 DOI: 10.1111/jopy.12841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Revised: 04/15/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Psychopathy is closely related to many negative interpersonal outcomes in daily life, including violence. Therefore, psychopathy intervention in subclinical individuals has significant application value. OBJECTIVE Guided by the personality-relationship transaction model and social investment theory, this study examined how marital quality affects self- and partner-rated psychopathy. We also used the actor-partner interdependence mediation model to explore the mediating effect of communication. METHODS We examined self-reports and partner reports of psychopathy, marital quality, and communication among 260 married Chinese couples. RESULTS The results indicated that marital quality directly influenced couples' self-rated psychopathy, with both actor and partner effects on husbands' psychopathy and actor effects on wives' psychopathy. Moreover, verbal communication had mediating effects at time 2 between marital quality at time 1 and partner-reported psychopathy at time 3. Meanwhile, the mediating effect of nonverbal communication was not significant. CONCLUSION Our investigation of relationship effects on psychopathy revealed that the underlying mechanisms differed between self- and partner-rated psychopathy. The findings can highlight directions for exploring potential intervention strategies for subclinical psychopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiong He
- The National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders & Beijing Key Laboratory of Mental Disorders, Beijing Anding Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Tong
- Department of Psychology, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yue Yu
- School of Sociology, China University of Political Science and Law, Beijing, China
- Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jianxin Zhang
- Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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Lv XH, Lu Q, Deng K, Yang JL, Yang L. Prevalence and Characteristics of Covert/Minimal Hepatic Encephalopathy in Patients With Liver Cirrhosis: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Am J Gastroenterol 2024; 119:690-699. [PMID: 37856206 DOI: 10.14309/ajg.0000000000002563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 10/20/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Covert/minimal hepatic encephalopathy (C/MHE) is the mildest form of hepatic encephalopathy (HE), but it is closely related to the quality of life and prognosis of patients with cirrhosis. Currently, the epidemiological data of C/MHE have not been well described. METHODS We searched the PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane Library databases for relevant articles. We performed a random-effects meta-analysis of proportions to estimate the pooled prevalence of C/MHE in patients with cirrhosis. We also examined potential risk factors for C/MHE by comparing characteristics of patients with and without C/MHE. RESULTS Finally, a total of 101 studies were included. The prevalence of C/MHE was 40.9% (95% confidence interval, 38.3%-43.5%) among patients with cirrhosis worldwide. The pooled C/MHE prevalence was 39.9% (95% confidence interval 36.7%-43.1%) based on studies using the psychometric HE score as a diagnostic tool. Meta-regression models showed that geographic region, sample size, mean age, sex ratio, and Child-Pugh classification were influencing factors for the heterogeneity of C/MHE prevalence. The presence of C/MHE was found to be associated with various factors including age, level of education, alcoholic etiology, Child-Pugh classification, MELD score, history of overt HE, presence of other complications, and laboratory tests related to impaired liver function. DISCUSSION This study reports detailed data on the prevalence of C/MHE as well as clinical features associated with C/MHE, suggesting that C/MHE is one of the most common complications of liver cirrhosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiu-He Lv
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Sichuan University-Oxford University Huaxi Gastrointestinal Cancer Centre, Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Qing Lu
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Sichuan University-Oxford University Huaxi Gastrointestinal Cancer Centre, Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Kai Deng
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Sichuan University-Oxford University Huaxi Gastrointestinal Cancer Centre, Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Jin-Lin Yang
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Sichuan University-Oxford University Huaxi Gastrointestinal Cancer Centre, Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Li Yang
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Sichuan University-Oxford University Huaxi Gastrointestinal Cancer Centre, Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
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Moorman SM, Pai M. Social Support From Family and Friends, Educational Attainment, and Cognitive Function. J Appl Gerontol 2024; 43:396-401. [PMID: 37859405 DOI: 10.1177/07334648231203840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2023] Open
Abstract
This study assessed the extent to which associations between perceived and received social support from family and friends and changes in older adults' cognitive function were moderated by educational attainment. Sibling pairs in the Wisconsin Longitudinal Study (WLS) (N = 4,297) completed a survey about social support in 2011 and a cognitive battery in 2011 and 2020. Participants' mean age in 2020 was 80.2 years old. Multilevel linear regressions indicated that perceived, but not received, support from friends was associated with better cognitive function 9 years later. Perceived family support was cognitively advantageous for older adults at most levels of educational attainment. However, among postgraduates, perceived family support was unrelated to cognitive function. That the association between perceived support and cognitive function differs based on educational attainment gives interventionists additional information needed to identify groups of older adults most susceptible to cognitive impairment.
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