451
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Reid SP, Leung LW, Hartman AL, Martinez O, Shaw ML, Carbonnelle C, Volchkov VE, Nichol ST, Basler CF. Ebola virus VP24 binds karyopherin alpha1 and blocks STAT1 nuclear accumulation. J Virol 2007; 80:5156-67. [PMID: 16698996 PMCID: PMC1472181 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02349-05] [Citation(s) in RCA: 355] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Ebola virus (EBOV) infection blocks cellular production of alpha/beta interferon (IFN-alpha/beta) and the ability of cells to respond to IFN-alpha/beta or IFN-gamma. The EBOV VP35 protein has previously been identified as an EBOV-encoded inhibitor of IFN-alpha/beta production. However, the mechanism by which EBOV infection inhibits responses to IFNs has not previously been defined. Here we demonstrate that the EBOV VP24 protein functions as an inhibitor of IFN-alpha/beta and IFN-gamma signaling. Expression of VP24 results in an inhibition of IFN-induced gene expression and an inability of IFNs to induce an antiviral state. The VP24-mediated inhibition of cellular responses to IFNs correlates with the impaired nuclear accumulation of tyrosine-phosphorylated STAT1 (PY-STAT1), a key step in both IFN-alpha/beta and IFN-gamma signaling. Consistent with this proposed function for VP24, infection of cells with EBOV also confers a block to the IFN-induced nuclear accumulation of PY-STAT1. Further, VP24 is found to specifically interact with karyopherin alpha1, the nuclear localization signal receptor for PY-STAT1, but not with karyopherin alpha2, alpha3, or alpha4. Overexpression of VP24 results in a loss of karyopherin alpha1-PY-STAT1 interaction, indicating that the VP24-karyopherin alpha1 interaction contributes to the block to IFN signaling. These data suggest that VP24 is likely to be an important virulence determinant that allows EBOV to evade the antiviral effects of IFNs.
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Affiliation(s)
- St Patrick Reid
- Department of Microbiology, Box 1124, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, 1 Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029, USA
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452
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Feldmann H, Jones SM, Daddario-DiCaprio KM, Geisbert JB, Ströher U, Grolla A, Bray M, Fritz EA, Fernando L, Feldmann F, Hensley LE, Geisbert TW. Effective post-exposure treatment of Ebola infection. PLoS Pathog 2007; 3:e2. [PMID: 17238284 PMCID: PMC1779298 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.0030002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 217] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2006] [Accepted: 11/13/2006] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Ebola viruses are highly lethal human pathogens that have received considerable attention in recent years due to an increasing re-emergence in Central Africa and a potential for use as a biological weapon. There is no vaccine or treatment licensed for human use. In the past, however, important advances have been made in developing preventive vaccines that are protective in animal models. In this regard, we showed that a single injection of a live-attenuated recombinant vesicular stomatitis virus vector expressing the Ebola virus glycoprotein completely protected rodents and nonhuman primates from lethal Ebola challenge. In contrast, progress in developing therapeutic interventions against Ebola virus infections has been much slower and there is clearly an urgent need to develop effective post-exposure strategies to respond to future outbreaks and acts of bioterrorism, as well as to treat laboratory exposures. Here we tested the efficacy of the vesicular stomatitis virus-based Ebola vaccine vector in post-exposure treatment in three relevant animal models. In the guinea pig and mouse models it was possible to protect 50% and 100% of the animals, respectively, following treatment as late as 24 h after lethal challenge. More important, four out of eight rhesus macaques were protected if treated 20 to 30 min following an otherwise uniformly lethal infection. Currently, this approach provides the most effective post-exposure treatment strategy for Ebola infections and is particularly suited for use in accidentally exposed individuals and in the control of secondary transmission during naturally occurring outbreaks or deliberate release. Being highly pathogenic for humans and monkeys and the subject of former weapons programs makes Ebola virus one of the most feared pathogens worldwide today. Due to a lack of licensed pre- and post-exposure intervention, our current response depends on rapid diagnostics, proper isolation procedures, and supportive care of case patients. Consequently, the development of more specific countermeasures is of high priority for the preparedness of many nations. In this study, we investigated an attenuated vesicular stomatitis virus expressing the Ebola virus surface glycoprotein, which had previously demonstrated convincing efficacy as a vaccine against Ebola infections in rodents and monkeys, for its potential use in the treatment of an Ebola virus infection. Surprisingly, treatment of guinea pigs and mice as late as 24 h after lethal Ebola virus infection resulted in 50% and 100% survival, respectively. More important, 50% of rhesus macaques (4/8) were protected if treated 20 to 30 min after Ebola virus infection. Currently, this approach provides the most effective treatment strategy for Ebola infections and seems particularly suited for the use in accidental exposures and the control of human-to-human transmission during outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heinz Feldmann
- Special Pathogens Program, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
- * To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: (HF); (SMJ)
| | - Steven M Jones
- Special Pathogens Program, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
- Department of Immunology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
- * To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: (HF); (SMJ)
| | - Kathleen M Daddario-DiCaprio
- Virology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
- Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Joan B Geisbert
- Virology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Ute Ströher
- Special Pathogens Program, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Allen Grolla
- Special Pathogens Program, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Mike Bray
- Biodefense Clinical Research Branch, Division of Clinical Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Elizabeth A Fritz
- Virology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Lisa Fernando
- Special Pathogens Program, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Friederike Feldmann
- Special Pathogens Program, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Lisa E Hensley
- Virology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Thomas W Geisbert
- Virology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
- Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
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453
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Oswald WB, Geisbert TW, Davis KJ, Geisbert JB, Sullivan NJ, Jahrling PB, Parren PWHI, Burton DR. Neutralizing antibody fails to impact the course of Ebola virus infection in monkeys. PLoS Pathog 2007; 3:e9. [PMID: 17238286 PMCID: PMC1779296 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.0030009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 190] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2006] [Accepted: 12/14/2006] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Prophylaxis with high doses of neutralizing antibody typically offers protection against challenge with viruses producing acute infections. In this study, we have investigated the ability of the neutralizing human monoclonal antibody, KZ52, to protect against Ebola virus in rhesus macaques. This antibody was previously shown to fully protect guinea pigs from infection. Four rhesus macaques were given 50 mg/kg of neutralizing human monoclonal antibody KZ52 intravenously 1 d before challenge with 1,000 plaque-forming units of Ebola virus, followed by a second dose of 50 mg/kg antibody 4 d after challenge. A control animal was exposed to virus in the absence of antibody treatment. Passive transfer of the neutralizing human monoclonal antibody not only failed to protect macaques against challenge with Ebola virus but also had a minimal effect on the explosive viral replication following infection. We show that the inability of antibody to impact infection was not due to neutralization escape. It appears that Ebola virus has a mechanism of infection propagation in vivo in macaques that is uniquely insensitive even to high concentrations of neutralizing antibody. Ebola virus is one of the most feared of human pathogens with a mortality that can approach 90% and an extremely rapid disease course that can lead to death within days of infection. Antibodies able to inhibit viral infection in culture, neutralizing antibodies, can typically prevent viral infection in animals and humans when present prior to infection, at sufficient concentration. Such neutralizing antibodies may be provided through passive administration or induced by vaccination. We have previously shown that a human neutralizing antibody can protect guinea pigs against Ebola virus. However, here we show that this antibody does not protect monkeys against Ebola virus and surprisingly appears to have very little impact upon the rapid course of infection, despite being present at very high levels in the blood of the monkeys. We conclude that administering antibody prior to or immediately following exposure to Ebola virus, for example, after an accident in a research setting or a bioterrorist attack, is unlikely to be effective in preventing disease. Recent successes in protecting monkeys against Ebola virus through vaccination may be independent of antibody, or, more likely, critically dependent on the cooperation of antibody and cellular immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wendelien B Oswald
- Departments of Immunology and Molecular Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Thomas W Geisbert
- United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Kelly J Davis
- United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Joan B Geisbert
- United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Nancy J Sullivan
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Peter B Jahrling
- United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Paul W. H. I Parren
- Departments of Immunology and Molecular Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Dennis R Burton
- Departments of Immunology and Molecular Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
- * To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail:
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454
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Schwartz JA, Buonocore L, Roberts A, Suguitan A, Kobasa D, Kobinger G, Feldmann H, Subbarao K, Rose JK. Vesicular stomatitis virus vectors expressing avian influenza H5 HA induce cross-neutralizing antibodies and long-term protection. Virology 2007; 366:166-73. [PMID: 17524441 PMCID: PMC3356997 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2007.04.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2007] [Revised: 03/28/2007] [Accepted: 04/17/2007] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Given the lethality of H5N1 avian influenza viruses (AIV) and the recurring spread from poultry to humans, an effective vaccine against H5N1 viruses may be needed to prevent a pandemic. We generated experimental vaccine vectors based on recombinant vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) expressing the H5 hemagglutinin (HA) from an H5N1 virus isolated in 1997. The HA gene was expressed either from an attenuated wild-type VSV vector or from a single-cycle vector containing a deletion of the VSV G gene. We found that all of the vectors induced potent neutralizing antibody titers against the homologous and antigenically heterologous H5N1 viruses isolated in 2004 and 2005. Vaccination of mice with any combination of prime or prime/boost vectors provided long-lasting protection (>7 months) against challenge with AIV, even in animals receiving a single dose of single-cycle vaccine. Our data indicate that these recombinants are promising vaccine candidates for pandemic influenza.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer A. Schwartz
- Department of Pathology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Linda Buonocore
- Department of Pathology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Anjeanette Roberts
- Department of Pathology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Amorsolo Suguitan
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Darwyn Kobasa
- National Microbiology Laboratory, Canadian Science Centre for Human and Animal Health, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Gary Kobinger
- National Microbiology Laboratory, Canadian Science Centre for Human and Animal Health, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Heinz Feldmann
- National Microbiology Laboratory, Canadian Science Centre for Human and Animal Health, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Kanta Subbarao
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - John K. Rose
- Department of Pathology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
- Corresponding Author: Dr. John K. Rose, Department of Pathology, Yale University School of Medicine, 310 Cedar St. LH 315, New Haven, CT 06520, Phone: (203) 785-6794, Fax: (203) 785-6127,
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455
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Abstract
The exceptional discoveries of antigen/gene delivery systems have allowed the development of novel prophylactic and therapeutic vaccine candidates. This review highlights various antigen-delivery systems, particularly viral vectors, and assesses the underlying technologies in light of their use against AIDS and malaria. Although such recombinant vectors may face extensive preclinical testing and will possibly have to meet stringent regulatory requirements, some of these vectors may benefit from the profound industrial and clinical experience of the parent vaccine. Most notably, novel vaccines based on live, recombinant vectors may combine the induction of broad, strong and persistent immune responses with acceptable safety profiles.
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456
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Bukreyev A, Rollin PE, Tate MK, Yang L, Zaki SR, Shieh WJ, Murphy BR, Collins PL, Sanchez A. Successful topical respiratory tract immunization of primates against Ebola virus. J Virol 2007; 81:6379-88. [PMID: 17428868 PMCID: PMC1900097 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00105-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Ebola virus causes outbreaks of severe viral hemorrhagic fever with high mortality in humans. The virus is highly contagious and can be transmitted by contact and by the aerosol route. These features make Ebola virus a potential weapon for bioterrorism and biological warfare. Therefore, a vaccine that induces both systemic and local immune responses in the respiratory tract would be highly beneficial. We evaluated a common pediatric respiratory pathogen, human parainfluenza virus type 3 (HPIV3), as a vaccine vector against Ebola virus. HPIV3 recombinants expressing the Ebola virus (Zaire species) surface glycoprotein (GP) alone or in combination with the nucleocapsid protein NP or with the cytokine adjuvant granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor were administered by the respiratory route to rhesus monkeys--in which HPIV3 infection is mild and asymptomatic--and were evaluated for immunogenicity and protective efficacy against a highly lethal intraperitoneal challenge with Ebola virus. A single immunization with any construct expressing GP was moderately immunogenic against Ebola virus and protected 88% of the animals against severe hemorrhagic fever and death caused by Ebola virus. Two doses were highly immunogenic, and all of the animals survived challenge and were free of signs of disease and of detectable Ebola virus challenge virus. These data illustrate the feasibility of immunization via the respiratory tract against the hemorrhagic fever caused by Ebola virus. To our knowledge, this is the first study in which topical immunization through respiratory tract achieved prevention of a viral hemorrhagic fever infection in a primate model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Bukreyev
- Laboratory of Infectious Disease, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-8007, USA.
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457
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Abstract
Marburg (MARV) and Ebola viruses (EBOV) emerged from the rainforests of Central Africa more than 30 years ago causing outbreaks of severe and, usually, fatal hemorrhagic fever. EBOV has garnered the lion's share of the attention, fueled by the higher frequency of EBOV outbreaks, high mortality rates and importation into the USA, documented in such popular works as the best-selling novel 'The Hot Zone'. However, recent large outbreaks of hundreds of cases of MARV infection in the Democratic Republic of the Congo and Angola with case fatalities approaching 90% dramatically highlight its lethal potential. Although no vaccines or antiviral drugs for MARV are currently available, remarkable progress has been made over the last few years in developing potential countermeasures against MARV in nonhuman primate models. In particular, a vaccine based on attenuated recombinant vesicular stomatitis virus was recently shown to have both preventive and postexposure efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel G Bausch
- Department of Tropical Medicine, SL-17, Tulane School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, 1430 Tulane Avenue, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA.
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458
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Coleman JW, Ogin-Wilson E, Johnson JE, Nasar F, Zamb TP, Clarke DK, Hendry RM, Udem SA. Quantitative multiplex assay for simultaneous detection of the Indiana serotype of vesicular stomatitis virus and HIV gag. J Virol Methods 2007; 143:55-64. [PMID: 17382412 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2007.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2006] [Revised: 02/07/2007] [Accepted: 02/16/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Assessment of in vivo viral replication of live attenuated recombinant vesicular stomatitis virus (rVSV) vaccine vector candidates encoding HIV gag requires comprehensive preclinical safety studies, and development of sensitive assays to monitor the outcome of vaccination of animals is important. In this study, two 2-step quantitative real-time RT-PCR assays were developed; a singleplex assay to detect VSV genomic RNA from ferrets inoculated intra-cranially (IC) or intra-nasally (IN) with either a wild-type (wt) virus or an attenuated rVSV vector engineered to express HIV gag protein, and a duplex assay to simultaneously detect VSV-N and HIV-gag mRNAs from cynomolgus macaques inoculated intra-thalamically (IT) with the same viruses. Using synthetic oligonucleotides as standards, the lower limit of detection of VSV-N and HIV-gag was 50 copies. Results showed high levels of wt VSV(IN) genomic RNA and mRNA in ferret and macaque tissues, respectively, and significantly lower levels of VSV genomic RNA and VSV-N and HIV-gag mRNAs in tissues from animals inoculated with the attenuated rVSV vector. These assays correlated with both the course of infection for these animals, and the infectious viral load measured by a standard plaque assay, and could be used to determine the safety profile of rVSV vaccine vectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- John W Coleman
- Wyeth Vaccines Research, 401 N. Middletown Road, Pearl River, NY 10965, USA.
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459
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Shahhosseini S, Das D, Qiu X, Feldmann H, Jones SM, Suresh MR. Production and characterization of monoclonal antibodies against different epitopes of Ebola virus antigens. J Virol Methods 2007; 143:29-37. [PMID: 17368819 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2007.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2006] [Revised: 01/31/2007] [Accepted: 02/05/2007] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Ebola virus (EBOV) causes hemorrhagic fever in humans and nonhuman primates with up to 90% mortality rate. In this study, Ebola virus like particles (EVLPs) and the aglycosyl subfragment of glycoprotein (GP(1) subfragment D) were used to generate monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) against different epitopes of the viral antigens. Such MAbs could be useful in diagnostics and potential therapeutics of viral infection and its hemorrhagic symptoms. Hybridoma cell fusion technology was used for production of MAbs. The MAbs were characterized using ELISA and Western blot analysis. Furthermore, five recombinant sub-domains of GP(1) subfragment D were produced, which were used as antigen in Western blot analysis for epitope mapping. Seventeen MAbs of different epitope specificities against EBOV antigens [virion protein (VP40), secreted glycoprotein (sGP), and GP(1) subfragment D] were developed. Based on epitope mapping studies, the anti-GP MAbs were categorized into six groups. The binding of the three anti-sGP MAbs with different epitope specificities were mostly between aa 157 and 221. The two anti-VP40 MAbs with the same or overlapping epitopes are potentially good candidates for developing antigen detection assays for early diagnosis of EBOV infection. The anti-GP MAbs with different epitope specificities as an oligoclonal cocktail could be tested for therapy.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/biosynthesis
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/immunology
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/isolation & purification
- Antibodies, Viral/biosynthesis
- Antibodies, Viral/immunology
- Antibodies, Viral/isolation & purification
- Antibody Specificity
- Antigens, Viral/genetics
- Antigens, Viral/immunology
- Antigens, Viral/isolation & purification
- Blotting, Western
- Ebolavirus/genetics
- Ebolavirus/immunology
- Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay
- Epitope Mapping
- Epitopes/immunology
- Hemorrhagic Fever, Ebola/diagnosis
- Hemorrhagic Fever, Ebola/immunology
- Hybridomas/immunology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Recombinant Proteins
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Affiliation(s)
- Soraya Shahhosseini
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
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460
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Abstract
Both filoviruses and arenaviruses are enveloped viruses with a single-stranded RNA genome. Most human pathogenic arenaviruses, as well as filoviruses, cause severe hemorrhagic fevers with a high rate of case fatalities. Increasing numbers of outbreaks, the possibility of imported infections and the potential use of these viruses as bioterrorism agents have led to increased interest in these viruses and their biology. Virus-like particles are excellent tools to study the life-cycle of filoviruses and arenaviruses and have demonstrated the potential for use as safe and effective vaccines. This review summarizes the recent advances in the production, study and application of filovirus- and arenavirus-like particles, and provides an outlook on possible future directions for research into these viruses using virus-like particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Hoenen
- Public Health Agency of Canada, National Microbiology Laboratory, 1015 Arlington Street, Winnipeg, MB, R3E 3R2, Canada
| | | | - Stephan Becker
- Robert Koch-Institut, Nordufer 20, 13353 Berlin, Germany
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461
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Becker S. Fighting filoviruses. Expert Rev Vaccines 2007; 6:1-3. [PMID: 17280470 DOI: 10.1586/14760584.6.1.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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462
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Clarke DK, Nasar F, Lee M, Johnson JE, Wright K, Calderon P, Guo M, Natuk R, Cooper D, Hendry RM, Udem SA. Synergistic attenuation of vesicular stomatitis virus by combination of specific G gene truncations and N gene translocations. J Virol 2007; 81:2056-64. [PMID: 17151112 PMCID: PMC1797571 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01911-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2006] [Accepted: 11/23/2006] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A variety of rational approaches to attenuate growth and virulence of vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) have been described previously. These include gene shuffling, truncation of the cytoplasmic tail of the G protein, and generation of noncytopathic M gene mutants. When separately introduced into recombinant VSV (rVSV), these mutations gave rise to viruses distinguished from their "wild-type" progenitor by diminished reproductive capacity in cell culture and/or reduced cytopathology and decreased pathogenicity in vivo. However, histopathology data from an exploratory nonhuman primate neurovirulence study indicated that some of these attenuated viruses could still cause significant levels of neurological injury. In this study, additional attenuated rVSV variants were generated by combination of the above-named three distinct classes of mutation. The resulting combination mutants were characterized by plaque size and growth kinetics in cell culture, and virulence was assessed by determination of the intracranial (IC) 50% lethal dose (LD(50)) in mice. Compared to virus having only one type of attenuating mutation, all of the mutation combinations examined gave rise to virus with smaller plaque phenotypes, delayed growth kinetics, and 10- to 500-fold-lower peak titers in cell culture. A similar pattern of attenuation was also observed following IC inoculation of mice, where differences in LD(50) of many orders of magnitude between viruses containing one and two types of attenuating mutation were sometimes seen. The results show synergistic rather than cumulative increases in attenuation and demonstrate a new approach to the attenuation of VSV and possibly other viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- David K Clarke
- Wyeth Vaccines Discovery Research, 401 N. Middletown Road, Bldg. 180/267, Pearl River, NY 10965, USA.
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463
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Simon ID, Publicover J, Rose JK. Replication and propagation of attenuated vesicular stomatitis virus vectors in vivo: vector spread correlates with induction of immune responses and persistence of genomic RNA. J Virol 2006; 81:2078-82. [PMID: 17151110 PMCID: PMC1797556 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02525-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Live-attenuated vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) vectors expressing foreign antigens induce potent immune responses and protect against viral diseases in animal models. Highly attenuated (VSV-CT1) or single-cycle VSV (VSVDeltaG) vectors induce immune responses lower than those generated by attenuated wild-type VSV vectors when given intranasally. We show here that reduced spread of the more highly attenuated or single-cycle vectors to other organs, including lymph nodes, correlates with the reduction in the immune responses. A reverse transcription, real-time PCR assay for VSV genomic RNA (gRNA) sequences showed long-term persistence of gRNA from replicating vectors in lymph nodes, long after viral clearance. Such persistence may be important for induction of potent immune responses by VSV vectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian D Simon
- Section of Microbial Pathogenesis, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
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464
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Bukreyev A, Skiadopoulos MH, Murphy BR, Collins PL. Nonsegmented negative-strand viruses as vaccine vectors. J Virol 2006; 80:10293-306. [PMID: 17041210 PMCID: PMC1641758 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00919-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Bukreyev
- Building 50, Room 6505, NIAID, NIH, 50 South Dr., MSC 8007, Bethesda, MD 20892-8007, USA.
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465
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466
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Mohamadzadeh M, Chen L, Olinger GG, Pratt WD, Schmaljohn AL. Filoviruses and the Balance of Innate, Adaptive, and Inflammatory Responses. Viral Immunol 2006; 19:602-12. [PMID: 17201655 DOI: 10.1089/vim.2006.19.602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The Filoviruses Marburg virus and Ebola virus are among the deadliest of human pathogens, causing fulminant hemorrhagic fevers typified by overmatched specific immune responses and profuse inflammatory responses. Keys to both vaccination and treatment may reside, first, in the understanding of immune dysfunctions that parallel Filoviral disease and, second, in devising ways to redirect and restore normal immune function as well as to mitigate inflammation. Here, we describe how Filoviral infections may subvert innate immune responses through perturbances of dendritic cells and neutrophils, with particular emphasis on the downstream effects on adaptive immunity and inflammation. We suggest that pivotal events may be subject to therapeutic intervention as Filoviruses encounter immune processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mansour Mohamadzadeh
- US Army Medical Research Institute for Infectious Diseases, Frederick, MD 21702, USA.
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467
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Reed DS, Mohamadzadeh M. Status and challenges of filovirus vaccines. Vaccine 2006; 25:1923-34. [PMID: 17241710 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2006.11.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2006] [Revised: 11/08/2006] [Accepted: 11/13/2006] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Vaccines that could protect humans against the highly lethal Marburg and Ebola viruses have eluded scientists for decades. Classical approaches have been generally unsuccessful for Marburg and Ebola viruses and pose enormous safety concerns as well. Modern approaches, in particular those using vector-based approaches have met with success in nonhuman primate models although success against Ebola has been more difficult to achieve than Marburg. Despite these successes, more work remains to be done. For the vector-based vaccines, safety in humans and potency in the face of pre-existing anti-vector immunity may be critical thresholds for licensure. The immunological mechanism(s) by which these vaccines protect has not yet been convincingly determined. Licensure of these vaccines for natural outbreaks may be possible through clinical trials although this will be very difficult; licensure may also be possible by pivotal efficacy studies in animal models with an appropriate challenge. Nevertheless, nonhuman primate studies have shown that protection against Marburg and Ebola is possible and there is hope that one day a vaccine will be licensed for human use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas S Reed
- Center for Aerobiological Sciences, U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1425 Porter Street, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD 21702-5011, USA.
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468
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Abstract
Being highly pathogenic for human and nonhuman primates and the subject of former weapon programmes makes Ebola virus one of the most feared pathogens worldwide today. Due to a lack of licensed pre- and postexposure intervention, the current response depends on rapid diagnostics, proper isolation procedures and supportive care of case patients. Consequently, the development of more specific countermeasures is of high priority for the preparedness of many nations. Over the past years, enhanced research efforts directed to better understand virus replication and pathogenesis have identified potential new targets for intervention strategies. The authors discuss the most promising therapeutic approaches for Ebola haemorrhagic fever as judged by their efficacy in animal models. The current development in this field encourages discussions on how to move some of the experimental approaches towards clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ute Ströher
- National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, 1015 Arlington Street, Winnipeg, Manitoba, R3E3R2, Canada.
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469
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Johnson JE, Nasar F, Coleman JW, Price RE, Javadian A, Draper K, Lee M, Reilly PA, Clarke DK, Hendry RM, Udem SA. Neurovirulence properties of recombinant vesicular stomatitis virus vectors in non-human primates. Virology 2006; 360:36-49. [PMID: 17098273 PMCID: PMC1865117 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2006.10.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2006] [Revised: 08/16/2006] [Accepted: 10/02/2006] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Although vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) neurovirulence and pathogenicity in rodents have been well studied, little is known about VSV pathogenicity in non-human primates. To address this question, we measured VSV viremia, shedding, and neurovirulence in macaques. Following intranasal inoculation, macaques shed minimal recombinant VSV (rVSV) in nasal washes for 1 day post-inoculation; viremia was not detected. Following intranasal inoculation of macaques, wild type (wt) VSV, rVSV, and two rVSV-HIV vectors showed no evidence of spread to CNS tissues. However, macaques inoculated intrathalamically with wt VSV developed severe neurological disease. One of four macaques receiving rVSV developed clinical and histological signs similar to the wt group, while the remaining three macaques in this group and all of the macaques in the rVSV-HIV vector groups showed no clinical signs of disease and reduced severity of histopathology compared to the wt group. The implications of these findings for rVSV vaccine development are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Erik Johnson
- Wyeth Vaccines Research, 401 N. Middletown Road, Pearl River, NY 10965, USA.
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470
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Martin JE, Sullivan NJ, Enama ME, Gordon IJ, Roederer M, Koup RA, Bailer RT, Chakrabarti BK, Bailey MA, Gomez PL, Andrews CA, Moodie Z, Gu L, Stein JA, Nabel GJ, Graham BS. A DNA vaccine for Ebola virus is safe and immunogenic in a phase I clinical trial. CLINICAL AND VACCINE IMMUNOLOGY : CVI 2006; 13:1267-77. [PMID: 16988008 PMCID: PMC1656552 DOI: 10.1128/cvi.00162-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 181] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2006] [Revised: 06/09/2006] [Accepted: 08/20/2006] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Ebola viruses represent a class of filoviruses that causes severe hemorrhagic fever with high mortality. Recognized first in 1976 in the Democratic Republic of Congo, outbreaks continue to occur in equatorial Africa. A safe and effective Ebola virus vaccine is needed because of its continued emergence and its potential for use for biodefense. We report the safety and immunogenicity of an Ebola virus vaccine in its first phase I human study. A three-plasmid DNA vaccine encoding the envelope glycoproteins (GP) from the Zaire and Sudan/Gulu species as well as the nucleoprotein was evaluated in a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blinded, dose escalation study. Healthy adults, ages 18 to 44 years, were randomized to receive three injections of vaccine at 2 mg (n = 5), 4 mg (n = 8), or 8 mg (n = 8) or placebo (n = 6). Immunogenicity was assessed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), immunoprecipitation-Western blotting, intracellular cytokine staining (ICS), and enzyme-linked immunospot assay. The vaccine was well-tolerated, with no significant adverse events or coagulation abnormalities. Specific antibody responses to at least one of the three antigens encoded by the vaccine as assessed by ELISA and CD4(+) T-cell GP-specific responses as assessed by ICS were detected in 20/20 vaccinees. CD8(+) T-cell GP-specific responses were detected by ICS assay in 6/20 vaccinees. This Ebola virus DNA vaccine was safe and immunogenic in humans. Further assessment of the DNA platform alone and in combination with replication-defective adenoviral vector vaccines, in concert with challenge and immune data from nonhuman primates, will facilitate evaluation and potential licensure of an Ebola virus vaccine under the Animal Rule.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie E Martin
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes, Bethesda, MD 20892-3017, USA
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471
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Daddario-DiCaprio KM, Geisbert TW, Geisbert JB, Ströher U, Hensley LE, Grolla A, Fritz EA, Feldmann F, Feldmann H, Jones SM. Cross-protection against Marburg virus strains by using a live, attenuated recombinant vaccine. J Virol 2006; 80:9659-66. [PMID: 16973570 PMCID: PMC1617222 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00959-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Marburg virus (MARV) has been associated with sporadic episodes of hemorrhagic fever, including a recent highly publicized outbreak in Angola that produced severe disease and significant mortality in infected patients. MARV is also considered to have potential as a biological weapon. Recently, we reported the development of a promising attenuated, replication-competent vaccine against MARV based on recombinant vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) expressing the glycoprotein of the Musoke strain of MARV (VSVDeltaG/MARVGP-Musoke). We used this vaccine to demonstrate complete protection of cynomolgus monkeys against a homologous MARV challenge. While these results are highly encouraging, an effective vaccine would need to confer protection against all relevant strains of MARV. Here, we evaluated the protective efficacy of the VSVDeltaG/MARVGP-Musoke vaccine against two heterologous MARV strains, the seemingly more pathogenic Angola strain and the more distantly related Ravn strain. In this study, seven cynomolgus monkeys were vaccinated with the VSVDeltaG/MARVGP-Musoke vector. Three of these animals were challenged with the Angola strain, three with the Ravn strain, and a single animal with the Musoke strain of MARV. Two animals served as controls and were each injected with a nonspecific VSV vector; these controls were challenged with the Angola and Ravn strains, respectively. Both controls succumbed to challenge by day 8. However, none of the specifically vaccinated animals showed any evidence of illness either from the vaccination or from the MARV challenges and all of these animals survived. These data suggest that the VSVDeltaG/MARVGP-Musoke vaccine should be sufficient to protect against all known MARV strains.
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472
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Legrand J, Grais RF, Boelle PY, Valleron AJ, Flahault A. Understanding the dynamics of Ebola epidemics. Epidemiol Infect 2006; 135:610-21. [PMID: 16999875 PMCID: PMC2870608 DOI: 10.1017/s0950268806007217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 214] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Ebola is a highly lethal virus, which has caused at least 14 confirmed outbreaks in Africa between 1976 and 2006. Using data from two epidemics [in Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) in 1995 and in Uganda in 2000], we built a mathematical model for the spread of Ebola haemorrhagic fever epidemics taking into account transmission in different epidemiological settings. We estimated the basic reproduction number (R0) to be 2.7 (95% CI 1.9-2.8) for the 1995 epidemic in DRC, and 2.7 (95% CI 2.5-4.1) for the 2000 epidemic in Uganda. For each epidemic, we quantified transmission in different settings (illness in the community, hospitalization, and traditional burial) and simulated various epidemic scenarios to explore the impact of control interventions on a potential epidemic. A key parameter was the rapid institution of control measures. For both epidemic profiles identified, increasing hospitalization rate reduced the predicted epidemic size.
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473
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Manicassamy B, Wang J, Rumschlag E, Tymen S, Volchkova V, Volchkov V, Rong L. Characterization of Marburg virus glycoprotein in viral entry. Virology 2006; 358:79-88. [PMID: 16989883 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2006.06.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2006] [Revised: 05/25/2006] [Accepted: 06/01/2006] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
One major determinant of host tropism for filoviruses is viral glycoprotein (GP), which is involved in receptor binding and viral entry. Compared to Ebola GP (EGP), Marburg GP (MGP) is less well characterized in viral entry. In this study, using a human immunodeficiency virus-based pseudotyped virus as a surrogate system, we have characterized the role of MGP in viral entry. We have shown that like EGP, the mucin-like region of MGP (289-501) is not essential for virus entry. We have developed a viral entry interference assay for filoviruses, and using this assay, we have demonstrated that transfection of EGP or MGP in target cells can interfere with EGP/HIV and MGP/HIV pseudotyped virus entry in a dose-dependent manner. These results are consistent with the notion that Ebola and Marburg viruses use the same or a related host molecule(s) for viral entry. Substitutions of the non-conserved residues in MGP1 did not impair MGP-mediated viral entry. Unlike that of EGP1, individual substitutions of many conserved residues of MGP1 exerted severe defects in MGP expression, incorporation to HIV virions, and thus its ability to mediate viral entry. These results indicate that MGP is more sensitive to substitutions of the conserved residues, suggesting that MGP may fold differently from EGP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Balaji Manicassamy
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine Research Building, University of Illinois at Chicago, 8133 COMRB, 909 S. Wolcott Ave., Chicago, IL 60612, USA
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474
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Clarke DK, Cooper D, Egan MA, Hendry RM, Parks CL, Udem SA. Recombinant vesicular stomatitis virus as an HIV-1 vaccine vector. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 28:239-53. [PMID: 16977404 PMCID: PMC7079905 DOI: 10.1007/s00281-006-0042-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2006] [Accepted: 06/16/2006] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Recombinant vesicular stomatitis virus (rVSV) is currently under evaluation as a human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-1 vaccine vector. The most compelling reasons to develop rVSV as a vaccine vector include a very low seroprevalence in humans, the ability to infect and robustly express foreign antigens in a broad range of cells, and vigorous growth in continuous cell lines used for vaccine manufacture. Numerous preclinical studies with rVSV vectors expressing antigens from a variety of human pathogens have demonstrated the versatility, flexibility, and potential efficacy of the rVSV vaccine platform. When administered to nonhuman primates (NHPs), rVSV vectors expressing HIV-1 Gag and Env elicited robust HIV-1-specific cellular and humoral immune responses, and animals immunized with rVSV vectors expressing simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) Gag and HIV Env were protected from AIDS after challenge with a pathogenic SIV/HIV recombinant. However, results from an exploratory neurovirulence study in NHPs indicated that these prototypic rVSV vectors might not be adequately attenuated for widespread use in human populations. To address this safety concern, a variety of different attenuation strategies, designed to produce a range of further attenuated rVSV vectors, are currently under investigation. Additional modifications of further attenuated rVSV vectors to upregulate expression of HIV-1 antigens and coexpress molecular adjuvants are also being developed in an effort to balance immunogenicity and attenuation.
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Affiliation(s)
- David K. Clarke
- Department of Vaccines Discovery Research, Wyeth Research, Wyeth, 401 North Middletown Road, Pearl River, NY 10965 USA
| | - David Cooper
- Department of Vaccines Discovery Research, Wyeth Research, Wyeth, 401 North Middletown Road, Pearl River, NY 10965 USA
| | - Michael A. Egan
- Department of Vaccines Discovery Research, Wyeth Research, Wyeth, 401 North Middletown Road, Pearl River, NY 10965 USA
| | - R. Michael Hendry
- Department of Vaccines Discovery Research, Wyeth Research, Wyeth, 401 North Middletown Road, Pearl River, NY 10965 USA
| | - Christopher L. Parks
- Department of Vaccines Discovery Research, Wyeth Research, Wyeth, 401 North Middletown Road, Pearl River, NY 10965 USA
| | - Stephen A. Udem
- Department of Vaccines Discovery Research, Wyeth Research, Wyeth, 401 North Middletown Road, Pearl River, NY 10965 USA
- Present Address: International AIDS Vaccine Initiative, 110 William Street, 27th Floor, New York, NY 10038-3901 USA
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475
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Palin A, Chattopadhyay A, Park S, Delmas G, Suresh R, Senina S, Perlin DS, Rose JK. An optimized vaccine vector based on recombinant vesicular stomatitis virus gives high-level, long-term protection against Yersinia pestis challenge. Vaccine 2006; 25:741-50. [PMID: 16959385 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2006.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2006] [Revised: 07/26/2006] [Accepted: 08/09/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
We have developed recombinant vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) vectors expressing the Yersinia pestis lcrV gene. These vectors, given intranasally to mice, induced high antibody titers to the LcrV protein and protected against intranasal (pulmonary) challenge with Y. pestis. High-level protection was dependent on using an optimized VSV vector that expressed high levels of the LcrV protein from an lcrV gene placed in the first position in the VSV genome, followed by a single boost. This VSV-based vaccine vector system has potential as a plague vaccine protecting against virulent strains lacking the F1 protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy Palin
- Department of Pathology, Yale University School of Medicine, 310 Cedar Street (LH 315), New Haven, CT 06510, USA
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476
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Marzi A, Akhavan A, Simmons G, Gramberg T, Hofmann H, Bates P, Lingappa VR, Pöhlmann S. The signal peptide of the ebolavirus glycoprotein influences interaction with the cellular lectins DC-SIGN and DC-SIGNR. J Virol 2006; 80:6305-17. [PMID: 16775318 PMCID: PMC1488929 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02545-05] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The C-type lectins DC-SIGN and DC-SIGNR (collectively referred to as DC-SIGN/R) bind to the ebolavirus glycoprotein (EBOV-GP) and augment viral infectivity. DC-SIGN/R strongly enhance infection driven by the GP of EBOV subspecies. Zaire (ZEBOV) but have a much less pronounced effect on infection mediated by the GP of EBOV subspecies. Sudan (SEBOV). For this study, we analyzed the determinants of the differential DC-SIGN/R interactions with ZEBOV- and SEBOV-GP. The efficiency of DC-SIGN engagement by ZEBOV-GP was dependent on the rate of GP incorporation into lentiviral particles, while appreciable virion incorporation of SEBOV-GP did not allow robust DC-SIGN/R usage. Forced incorporation of high-mannose carbohydrates into SEBOV-GP augmented the engagement of DC-SIGN/R to the levels observed with ZEBOV-GP, indicating that appropriate glycosylation of SEBOV-GP is sufficient for efficient DC-SIGN/R usage. However, neither signals for N-linked glycosylation unique to SEBOV- or ZEBOV-GP nor the highly variable and heavily glycosylated mucin-like domain modulated the interaction with DC-SIGN/R. In contrast, analysis of chimeric GPs identified the signal peptide as a determinant of DC-SIGN/R engagement. Thus, ZEBOV- but not SEBOV-GP was shown to harbor high-mannose carbohydrates, and GP modification with these glycans was controlled by the signal peptide. These results suggest that the signal peptide governs EBOV-GP interactions with DC-SIGN/R by modulating the incorporation of high-mannose carbohydrates into EBOV-GP. In summary, we identified the level of GP incorporation into virions and signal peptide-controlled glycosylation of GP as determinants of attachment factor engagement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Marzi
- Institute for Clinical and Molecular Virology and Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Center, University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Glückstrasse 6, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
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477
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Alazard-Dany N, Ottmann Terrangle M, Volchkov V. [Ebola and Marburg viruses: the humans strike back]. Med Sci (Paris) 2006; 22:405-10. [PMID: 16597410 DOI: 10.1051/medsci/2006224405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Ebola and Marburg viruses are the causative agents of rapidly progressive hemorrhagic fevers with high mortality rates. Pre- or post-exposure treatments against the diseases are currently not available for human use. In the field, establishment of strict quarantine measures preventing further virus transmission are still the only way to fight the infections. However, our knowledge of Ebola and Marburg viruses has markedly increased as a result of two recent discoveries discussed in this review. Chandran et al. have elucidated the mechanism by which Ebola GP is converted to a fusion-active form. Infectivity of Ebola virus was shown to be dependent on the cleavage of GP by cellular endosomal proteases, cathepsin B and L, thus opening new therapeutic approaches options. As for Jones SM et al., they have successfully vaccinated monkeys with recombinant vesicular stomatitis virus expressing Ebola or Marburg virus surface glycoprotein GP, a promising vaccine approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie Alazard-Dany
- Laboratoire des Filovirus, Inserm U758, ENS Lyon, IFR 128 BioSciences Lyon-Gerland, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, France
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478
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Cleri DJ, Ricketti AJ, Porwancher RB, Ramos-Bonner LS, Vernaleo JR. Viral hemorrhagic fevers: current status of endemic disease and strategies for control. Infect Dis Clin North Am 2006; 20:359-93, x. [PMID: 16762743 PMCID: PMC7135140 DOI: 10.1016/j.idc.2006.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Dennis J Cleri
- Department of Medicine, Seton Hall University School of Graduate Medical Education, 400 South Orange Avenue, South Orange, NJ 07079, USA.
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479
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Mpanju OM, Towner JS, Dover JE, Nichol ST, Wilson CA. Identification of two amino acid residues on Ebola virus glycoprotein 1 critical for cell entry. Virus Res 2006; 121:205-14. [PMID: 16839637 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2006.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2006] [Revised: 05/31/2006] [Accepted: 06/07/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Using site-directed mutagenesis and retroviral vector pseudotyping of the wild type or mutated glycoprotein of Zaire ebolavirus (ZEBOV), we analyzed 15 conserved residues in the N-terminus of the filovirus glycoprotein 1 (GP1) in order to identify residues critical for cell entry. Results from infectivity assays and Western blot analyses identified two phenylalanine residues at positions 88 and 159 that appear to be critical for ZEBOV entry in vitro. We extended this observation by introduction of alanines at either position 88 or 159 of Ivory Coast Ebolavirus (CIEBOV) and observed the same phenotype. Further, we showed that introduction of each of the two mutations in a recombinant full-length clone of ZEBOV (Mayinga strain) that also carried the coding sequence for GFP could not be rescued, suggesting the mutants rendered the virus non-infectious. The two phenylalanines that are critical for both ZEBOV and CIEBOV entry are found in two linear domains of GP1 that are highly conserved among filoviruses, and thus could provide a target for rational development of broadly cross-protective vaccines or antiviral therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Onesmo M Mpanju
- Gene Transfer and Immunogenicity Branch, Division of Cellular, Tissue and Gene Therapies, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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480
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Rollwagen FM. Immunologic aspects of select agents. Clin Lab Med 2006; 26:505-13, x. [PMID: 16815463 DOI: 10.1016/j.cll.2006.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
We are on the cusp of exciting new developments in vaccine biology. The use of DNA constructs allows virtually unlimited access to previously inaccessible organisms. Next-generation adjuvants will boost innate and acquired immunity, and will provide protection from infection with any potential biowarfare organism. We are limited only by our imaginations in the construction of a protective armamentarium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florence M Rollwagen
- Department of Pathology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, 4301 Jones Bridge Road, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA.
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481
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Wang D, Hevey M, Juompan LY, Trubey CM, Raja NU, Deitz SB, Woraratanadharm J, Luo M, Yu H, Swain BM, Moore KM, Dong JY. Complex adenovirus-vectored vaccine protects guinea pigs from three strains of Marburg virus challenges. Virology 2006; 353:324-32. [PMID: 16820184 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2006.05.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2006] [Revised: 04/13/2006] [Accepted: 05/25/2006] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The Marburg virus (MARV), an African filovirus closely related to the Ebola virus, causes a deadly hemorrhagic fever in humans, with up to 90% mortality. Currently, treatment of disease is only supportive, and no vaccines are available to prevent spread of MARV infections. In order to address this need, we have developed and characterized a novel recombinant vaccine that utilizes a single complex adenovirus-vectored vaccine (cAdVax) to overexpress a MARV glycoprotein (GP) fusion protein derived from the Musoke and Ci67 strains of MARV. Vaccination with the cAdVaxM(fus) vaccine led to efficient production of MARV-specific antibodies in both mice and guinea pigs. Significantly, guinea pigs vaccinated with at least 5 x 10(7) pfu of cAdVaxM(fus) vaccine were 100% protected against lethal challenges by the Musoke, Ci67 and Ravn strains of MARV, making it a vaccine with trivalent protective efficacy. Therefore, the cAdVaxM(fus) vaccine serves as a promising vaccine candidate to prevent and contain multi-strain infections by MARV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danher Wang
- Division of Bio-defense Vaccines, GenPhar Inc., 871 Lowcountry Blvd., Mount Pleasant, SC 29464, USA
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482
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Witko SE, Kotash CS, Nowak RM, Johnson JE, Boutilier LAC, Melville KJ, Heron SG, Clarke DK, Abramovitz AS, Hendry RM, Sidhu MS, Udem SA, Parks CL. An efficient helper-virus-free method for rescue of recombinant paramyxoviruses and rhadoviruses from a cell line suitable for vaccine development. J Virol Methods 2006; 135:91-101. [PMID: 16569439 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2006.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2005] [Revised: 02/13/2006] [Accepted: 02/20/2006] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Recovery of recombinant, negative-strand, nonsegmented RNA viruses from a genomic cDNA clone requires a rescue system that promotes de novo assembly of a functional ribonucleoprotein (RNP) complex in the cell cytoplasm. This is accomplished typically by cotransfecting permissive cells with multiple plasmids that encode the positive-sense genomic RNA, the nucleocapsid protein (N or NP), and the two subunits of the viral RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (L and P). The transfected plasmids are transcribed in the cell cytoplasm by phage T7 RNA polymerase (T7 RNAP), which usually is supplied by infection with a recombinant vaccinia virus or through use of a stable cell line that expresses the polymerase. Although both methods of providing T7 RNAP are effective neither is ideal for viral vaccine development for a number of reasons. Therefore, it was necessary to modify existing technology to make it possible to routinely rescue a variety of recombinant viruses when T7 RNAP was provided by a cotransfected expression plasmid. Development of a broadly applicable procedure required optimization of the helper-virus-free methodology, which resulted in several modifications that improved rescue efficiency such as inclusion of plasmids encoding viral glycoproteins and matrix protein, heat shock treatment, and use of electroporation. The combined effect of these enhancements produced several important benefits including: (1) a helper-virus-free methodology capable of rescuing a diverse variety of paramyxoviruses and recombinant vesicular stomatitis virus (rVSV); (2) methodology that functioned effectively when using Vero cells, a suitable substrate for vaccine production; and (3) a method that enabled rescue of highly attenuated recombinant viruses, which had proven refractory to rescue using published procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan E Witko
- Wyeth Vaccines Research, 401 North Middletown Road, Pearl River, NY 10965, USA
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483
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Marzi A, Wegele A, Pöhlmann S. Modulation of virion incorporation of Ebolavirus glycoprotein: effects on attachment, cellular entry and neutralization. Virology 2006; 352:345-56. [PMID: 16777170 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2006.04.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2006] [Revised: 02/23/2006] [Accepted: 04/27/2006] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The filoviruses Ebolavirus (EBOV) and Marburgvirus (MARV) cause severe hemorrhagic fever in humans and are potential agents of biological warfare. The envelope glycoprotein (GP) of filoviruses mediates viral entry into cells and is an attractive target for therapeutic intervention and vaccine design. Here, we asked if the efficiency of virion incorporation of EBOV-GP impacts attachment and entry into target cells and modulates susceptibility to neutralizing antibodies. In order to control the level of EBOV-GP expression, we generated cell lines expressing the GPs of the four known EBOV subspecies in an inducible fashion. Regulated expression of GP on the cell surface allowed production of reporter viruses harboring different amounts of GP. A pronounced reduction of virion incorporation of EBOV-GP had relatively little effect on virion infectivity, suggesting that only a few copies of GP might be sufficient for efficient engagement of cellular receptors. In contrast, optimal interactions with cellular attachment factors like the DC-SIGN protein required incorporation of high amounts of GP. Antibody-mediated neutralization of virions bearing high amounts of GP was slightly more efficient than neutralization of virions harboring low amounts of GP, suggesting that the efficiency of GP incorporation into virions might modulate susceptibility to neutralizing antibodies. Finally, regulated expression of GP in permissive 293 cells did not reduce EBOV-GP-driven infection but diminished vesicular stomatitis virus GP (VSV-G) and amphotropic murine leukemia virus (A-MLV) GP mediated entry in a dose-dependent manner. Therefore, intracellular GP does not seem to downmodulate expression of its receptor(s) but might alter expression and/or function of molecules involved in VSV-G and A-MLV-GP-dependent entry. Our results suggest that the efficiency of virion incorporation of GP could impact EBOV attachment to target cells and might modulate control of viral spread by the humoral immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Marzi
- Institute for Clinical and Molecular Virology, University Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
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484
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Sullivan NJ, Geisbert TW, Geisbert JB, Shedlock DJ, Xu L, Lamoreaux L, Custers JHHV, Popernack PM, Yang ZY, Pau MG, Roederer M, Koup RA, Goudsmit J, Jahrling PB, Nabel GJ. Immune protection of nonhuman primates against Ebola virus with single low-dose adenovirus vectors encoding modified GPs. PLoS Med 2006; 3:e177. [PMID: 16683867 PMCID: PMC1459482 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pmed.0030177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 169] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2005] [Accepted: 02/14/2006] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ebola virus causes a hemorrhagic fever syndrome that is associated with high mortality in humans. In the absence of effective therapies for Ebola virus infection, the development of a vaccine becomes an important strategy to contain outbreaks. Immunization with DNA and/or replication-defective adenoviral vectors (rAd) encoding the Ebola glycoprotein (GP) and nucleoprotein (NP) has been previously shown to confer specific protective immunity in nonhuman primates. GP can exert cytopathic effects on transfected cells in vitro, and multiple GP forms have been identified in nature, raising the question of which would be optimal for a human vaccine. METHODS AND FINDINGS To address this question, we have explored the efficacy of mutant GPs from multiple Ebola virus strains with reduced in vitro cytopathicity and analyzed their protective effects in the primate challenge model, with or without NP. Deletion of the GP transmembrane domain eliminated in vitro cytopathicity but reduced its protective efficacy by at least one order of magnitude. In contrast, a point mutation was identified that abolished this cytopathicity but retained immunogenicity and conferred immune protection in the absence of NP. The minimal effective rAd dose was established at 10(10) particles, two logs lower than that used previously. CONCLUSIONS Expression of specific GPs alone vectored by rAd are sufficient to confer protection against lethal challenge in a relevant nonhuman primate model. Elimination of NP from the vaccine and dose reductions to 10(10) rAd particles do not diminish protection and simplify the vaccine, providing the basis for selection of a human vaccine candidate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nancy J Sullivan
- 1Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Thomas W Geisbert
- 2United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Joan B Geisbert
- 2United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Devon J Shedlock
- 1Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Ling Xu
- 1Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Laurie Lamoreaux
- 1Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | | | - Paul M Popernack
- 1Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Zhi-Yong Yang
- 1Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | | | - Mario Roederer
- 1Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Richard A Koup
- 1Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | | | - Peter B Jahrling
- 4Integrated Research Facility, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Gary J Nabel
- 1Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
- * To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail:
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485
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Takada A. [Properties of the Ebola virus glycoprotein]. Uirusu 2006; 56:117-24. [PMID: 17038820 DOI: 10.2222/jsv.56.117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
In central and west Africa, Ebola virus, a member of the filovirus group, has produced sporadic outbreaks of lethal disease. This virus causes hemorrhagic fever in humans and nonhuman primates, resulting in mortality rates of up to 90%. Although there are no satisfactory biologic explanations for this extreme virulence, it has been suggested that functions of the envelope glycoprotein are likely to play important roles in the pathogenicity of Ebola virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayato Takada
- Department of Global Epidemiology, Hokkaido University Research Center for Zoonosis Control, Kita-18, Nishi-9, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0818, Japan.
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486
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Natuk RJ, Cooper D, Guo M, Calderon P, Wright KJ, Nasar F, Witko S, Pawlyk D, Lee M, DeStefano J, Tummolo D, Abramovitz AS, Gangolli S, Kalyan N, Clarke DK, Hendry RM, Eldridge JH, Udem SA, Kowalski J. Recombinant vesicular stomatitis virus vectors expressing herpes simplex virus type 2 gD elicit robust CD4+ Th1 immune responses and are protective in mouse and guinea pig models of vaginal challenge. J Virol 2006; 80:4447-57. [PMID: 16611905 PMCID: PMC1472036 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.80.9.4447-4457.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Recombinant vesicular stomatitis virus (rVSV) vectors offer an attractive approach for the induction of robust cellular and humoral immune responses directed against human pathogen target antigens. We evaluated rVSV vectors expressing full-length glycoprotein D (gD) from herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2) in mice and guinea pigs for immunogenicity and protective efficacy against genital challenge with wild-type HSV-2. Robust Th1-polarized anti-gD immune responses were demonstrated in the murine model as measured by induction of gD-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes and increased gamma interferon expression. The isotype makeup of the serum anti-gD immunoglobulin G (IgG) response was consistent with the presence of a Th1-CD4+ anti-gD response, characterized by a high IgG2a/IgG1 IgG subclass ratio. Functional anti-HSV-2 neutralizing serum antibody responses were readily demonstrated in both guinea pigs and mice that had been immunized with rVSV-gD vaccines. Furthermore, guinea pigs and mice were prophylactically protected from genital challenge with high doses of wild-type HSV-2. In addition, guinea pigs were highly protected against the establishment of latent infection as evidenced by low or absent HSV-2 genome copies in dorsal root ganglia after virus challenge. In summary, rVSV-gD vectors were successfully used to elicit potent anti-gD Th1-like cellular and humoral immune responses that were protective against HSV-2 disease in guinea pigs and mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert J Natuk
- Department of Vaccines Discovery Research, Wyeth Research, 401 N. Middletown Rd., Pearl River, New York 10965, USA.
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487
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Pijlman GP, Suhrbier A, Khromykh AA. Kunjin virus replicons: an RNA-based, non-cytopathic viral vector system for protein production, vaccine and gene therapy applications. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2006; 6:135-45. [PMID: 16436039 DOI: 10.1517/14712598.6.2.135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The application of viral vectors for gene expression and delivery is rapidly evolving, with several entering clinical trials. However, a number of issues, including safety, gene expression levels, cell selectivity and antivector immunity, are driving the search for new vector systems. A number of replicon-based vectors derived from positive-strand RNA viruses have recently been developed, and this paper reviews the current knowledge on the first flavivirus replicon system, which is based on the Australian flavivirus Kunjin (KUN). Like most replicon systems, KUN replicons can be delivered as DNA, RNA or virus-like particles, they replicate their RNA in the cytoplasm and direct prolonged high-level gene expression. However, unlike most alphavirus replicon systems, KUN replicons are non-cytopathic, with transfected cells able to divide, allowing the establishment of cell lines stably expressing replicon RNA and heterologous genes. As vaccine vectors KUN replicons can induce potent, long-lived, protective, immunogen-specific CD8+ T cell immunity, a feature potentially related to extended production of antigen and double-stranded RNA-induced 'danger signals'. The identification of KUN replicon mutants that induce increased levels of IFN-alpha/beta has also spawned investigation of KUN replicons for use in cancer gene therapy. The unique characteristics of KUN replicons may thus make them suitable for specific protein production, vaccine and gene therapy applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gorben P Pijlman
- University of Queensland, School of Molecular and Microbial Sciences, MBS Bld 76, St. Lucia, 4072 QLD, Australia
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488
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Daddario-DiCaprio KM, Geisbert TW, Ströher U, Geisbert JB, Grolla A, Fritz EA, Fernando L, Kagan E, Jahrling PB, Hensley LE, Jones SM, Feldmann H. Postexposure protection against Marburg haemorrhagic fever with recombinant vesicular stomatitis virus vectors in non-human primates: an efficacy assessment. Lancet 2006; 367:1399-404. [PMID: 16650649 DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(06)68546-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Effective countermeasures are urgently needed to prevent and treat infections caused by highly pathogenic and biological threat agents such as Marburg virus (MARV). We aimed to test the efficacy of a replication-competent vaccine based on attenuated recombinant vesicular stomatitis virus (rVSV), as a postexposure treatment for MARV haemorrhagic fever. METHODS We used a rhesus macaque model of MARV haemorrhagic fever that produced 100% lethality. We administered rVSV vectors expressing the MARV Musoke strain glycoprotein to five macaques 20-30 min after a high-dose lethal injection of homologous MARV. Three animals were MARV-positive controls and received non-specific rVSV vectors. We tested for viraemia, undertook analyses for haematology and serum biochemistry, and measured humoral and cellular immune responses. FINDINGS All five rhesus monkeys that were treated with the rVSV MARV vectors as a postexposure treatment survived a high-dose lethal challenge of MARV for at least 80 days. None of these five animals developed clinical symptoms consistent with MARV haemorrhagic fever. All the control animals developed fulminant disease and succumbed to the MARV challenge by day 12. MARV disease in the controls was indicated by: high titres of MARV (10(3)-10(5) plaque-forming units per mL); development of leucocytosis with concurrent neutrophilia at end-stage disease; and possible damage to the liver, kidney, and pancreas. INTERPRETATION Postexposure protection against MARV in non-human primates provides a paradigm for the treatment of MARV haemorrhagic fever. Indeed, these data suggest that rVSV-based filoviral vaccines might not only have potential as preventive vaccines, but also could be equally useful for postexposure treatment of filoviral infections.
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489
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490
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Hoenen T, Groseth A, Falzarano D, Feldmann H. Ebola virus: unravelling pathogenesis to combat a deadly disease. Trends Mol Med 2006; 12:206-15. [PMID: 16616875 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2006.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2006] [Revised: 02/24/2006] [Accepted: 03/27/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Ebola virus (EBOV) causes severe haemorrhagic fever leading to up to 90% lethality. Increasingly frequent outbreaks and the placement of EBOV in the category A list of potential biothreat agents have boosted interest in this virus. Furthermore, development of new technologies (e.g. reverse genetics systems) and extensive studies on Ebola haemorrhagic fever (EHF) in animal models have substantially expanded the knowledge on the pathogenic mechanisms that underlie this disease. Two major factors in EBOV pathogenesis are the impairment of the immune response and vascular dysfunction. Here, we attempt to summarize the current knowledge on EBOV pathogenesis focusing on these two factors and on recent progress in the development of vaccines and potential therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Hoenen
- Special Pathogens Program, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, 1015 Arlington St., Winnipeg, MB R3E 3R2, Canada
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491
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Wang D, Raja NU, Trubey CM, Juompan LY, Luo M, Woraratanadharm J, Deitz SB, Yu H, Swain BM, Moore KM, Pratt WD, Hart MK, Dong JY. Development of a cAdVax-based bivalent ebola virus vaccine that induces immune responses against both the Sudan and Zaire species of Ebola virus. J Virol 2006; 80:2738-46. [PMID: 16501083 PMCID: PMC1395467 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.80.6.2738-2746.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Ebola virus (EBOV) causes a severe hemorrhagic fever for which there are currently no vaccines or effective treatments. While lethal human outbreaks have so far been restricted to sub-Saharan Africa, the potential exploitation of EBOV as a biological weapon cannot be ignored. Two species of EBOV, Sudan ebolavirus (SEBOV) and Zaire ebolavirus (ZEBOV), have been responsible for all of the deadly human outbreaks resulting from this virus. Therefore, it is important to develop a vaccine that can prevent infection by both lethal species. Here, we describe the bivalent cAdVaxE(GPs/z) vaccine, which includes the SEBOV glycoprotein (GP) and ZEBOV GP genes together in a single complex adenovirus-based vaccine (cAdVax) vector. Vaccination of mice with the bivalent cAdVaxE(GPs/z) vaccine led to efficient induction of EBOV-specific antibody and cell-mediated immune responses to both species of EBOV. In addition, the cAdVax technology demonstrated induction of a 100% protective immune response in mice, as all vaccinated C57BL/6 and BALB/c mice survived challenge with a lethal dose of ZEBOV (30,000 times the 50% lethal dose). This study demonstrates the potential efficacy of a bivalent EBOV vaccine based on a cAdVax vaccine vector design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danher Wang
- Division of Biodefense Vaccines, GenPhar, Inc., 871 Lowcountry Blvd., Mount Pleasant, South Carolina 29464, USA
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492
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Bukreyev A, Yang L, Zaki SR, Shieh WJ, Rollin PE, Murphy BR, Collins PL, Sanchez A. A single intranasal inoculation with a paramyxovirus-vectored vaccine protects guinea pigs against a lethal-dose Ebola virus challenge. J Virol 2006; 80:2267-79. [PMID: 16474134 PMCID: PMC1395378 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.80.5.2267-2279.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
To determine whether intranasal inoculation with a paramyxovirus-vectored vaccine can induce protective immunity against Ebola virus (EV), recombinant human parainfluenza virus type 3 (HPIV3) was modified to express either the EV structural glycoprotein (GP) by itself (HPIV3/EboGP) or together with the EV nucleoprotein (NP) (HPIV3/EboGP-NP). Expression of EV GP by these recombinant viruses resulted in its efficient incorporation into virus particles and increased cytopathic effect in Vero cells. HPIV3/EboGP was 100-fold more efficiently neutralized by antibodies to EV than by antibodies to HPIV3. Guinea pigs infected with a single intranasal inoculation of 10(5.3) PFU of HPIV3/EboGP or HPIV3/EboGP-NP showed no apparent signs of disease yet developed a strong humoral response specific to the EV proteins. When these animals were challenged with an intraperitoneal injection of 10(3) PFU of EV, there were no outward signs of disease, no viremia or detectable EV antigen in the blood, and no evidence of infection in the spleen, liver, and lungs. In contrast, all of the control animals died or developed severe EV disease following challenge. The highly effective immunity achieved with a single vaccine dose suggests that intranasal immunization with live vectored vaccines based on recombinant respiratory viruses may be an advantageous approach to inducing protective responses against severe systemic infections, such as those caused by hemorrhagic fever agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Bukreyev
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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493
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Xing Z, Lichty BD. Use of recombinant virus-vectored tuberculosis vaccines for respiratory mucosal immunization. Tuberculosis (Edinb) 2006; 86:211-7. [PMID: 16504584 DOI: 10.1016/j.tube.2006.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2005] [Accepted: 01/20/2006] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Recombinant virus-vectored TB vaccines represent the most promising vaccine platform for boosting the protective immunity mediated by parenteral BCG prime immunization. A major advantage associated with virus-vectored vaccines is that they are potent respiratory mucosa-deliverable vaccines. A recombinant replication-deficient adenoviral (Ad) vector was engineered to express Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M.tb) Ag85A. Single administration of this Ad vaccine via the intranasal, but not intramuscular, route provided potent immune protection from pulmonary M.tb challenge. Respiratory mucosal boosting immunization with Ad vaccine was effective in enhancing T-cell activation and immune protection following parenteral DNA or BCG prime immunization. We have also recently developed a recombinant vesicular stomatitis virus-vectored (VSV) TB vaccine. Ad and VSV vector systems will be complementary to each other for BCG prime-virus vaccine boost immunization protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhou Xing
- Infectious Diseases Division, Centre for Gene Therapeutics and Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont., Canada.
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494
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Olinger GG, Bailey MA, Dye JM, Bakken R, Kuehne A, Kondig J, Wilson J, Hogan RJ, Hart MK. Protective cytotoxic T-cell responses induced by venezuelan equine encephalitis virus replicons expressing Ebola virus proteins. J Virol 2006; 79:14189-96. [PMID: 16254354 PMCID: PMC1280180 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.79.22.14189-14196.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Infection with Ebola virus causes a severe disease accompanied by high mortality rates, and there are no licensed vaccines or therapies available for human use. Filovirus vaccine research efforts still need to determine the roles of humoral and cell-mediated immune responses in protection from Ebola virus infection. Previous studies indicated that exposure to Ebola virus proteins expressed from packaged Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus replicons elicited protective immunity in mice and that antibody-mediated protection could only be demonstrated after vaccination against the glycoprotein. In this study, the murine CD8(+) T-cell responses to six Ebola virus proteins were examined. CD8(+) T cells specific for Ebola virus glycoprotein, nucleoprotein, and viral proteins (VP24, VP30, VP35, and VP40) were identified by intracellular cytokine assays using splenocytes from vaccinated mice. The cells were expanded by restimulation with peptides and demonstrated cytolytic activity. Adoptive transfer of the CD8(+) cytotoxic T cells protected filovirus naïve mice from challenge with Ebola virus. These data support a role for CD8(+) cytotoxic T cells as part of a protective mechanism induced by vaccination against six Ebola virus proteins and provide additional evidence that cytotoxic T-cell responses can contribute to protection from filovirus infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gene G Olinger
- United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Division of Virology, 1425 Porter Street, Frederick, MD 21702-5011, USA
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495
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Möller P, Pariente N, Klenk HD, Becker S. Homo-oligomerization of Marburgvirus VP35 is essential for its function in replication and transcription. J Virol 2006; 79:14876-86. [PMID: 16282487 PMCID: PMC1287548 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.79.23.14876-14886.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The nucleocapsid protein VP35 of Marburgvirus, a filovirus, acts as the cofactor of the viral polymerase and plays an essential role in transcription and replication of the viral RNA. VP35 forms complexes with the genome encapsidating protein NP and with the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase L. In addition, a trimeric complex had been detected in which VP35 bridges L and the nucleoprotein NP. It has been presumed that the trimeric complex represents the active polymerase bound to the nucleocapsid. Here we present evidence that a predicted coiled-coil domain between amino acids 70 and 120 of VP35 is essential and sufficient to mediate homo-oligomerization of the protein. Substitution of leucine residues 90 and 104 abolished (i) the probability to form coiled coils, (ii) homo-oligomerization, and (iii) the function of VP35 in viral RNA synthesis. Further, it was found that homo-oligomerization-negative mutants of VP35 could not bind to L. Thus, it is presumed that homo-oligomerization-negative mutants of VP35 are unable to recruit the polymerase to the NP/RNA template. In contrast, inability to homo-oligomerize did not abolish the recruitment of VP35 into inclusion bodies, which contain nucleocapsid-like structures formed by NP. Finally, transcriptionally inactive mutants of VP35 containing the functional homo-oligomerization domain displayed a dominant-negative phenotype. Inhibition of VP35 oligomerization might therefore represent a suitable target for antiviral intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peggy Möller
- Institut für Virologie der Philipps-Universität Marburg, Robert-Koch-Str. 17, 35037 Marburg, Germany
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496
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Warfield KL, Swenson DL, Olinger GG, Nichols DK, Pratt WD, Blouch R, Stein DA, Aman MJ, Iversen PL, Bavari S. Gene-specific countermeasures against Ebola virus based on antisense phosphorodiamidate morpholino oligomers. PLoS Pathog 2006; 2:e1. [PMID: 16415982 PMCID: PMC1326218 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.0020001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2005] [Accepted: 12/09/2005] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The filoviruses Marburg virus and Ebola virus (EBOV) quickly outpace host immune responses and cause hemorrhagic fever, resulting in case fatality rates as high as 90% in humans and nearly 100% in nonhuman primates. The development of an effective therapeutic for EBOV is a daunting public health challenge and is hampered by a paucity of knowledge regarding filovirus pathogenesis. This report describes a successful strategy for interfering with EBOV infection using antisense phosphorodiamidate morpholino oligomers (PMOs). A combination of EBOV-specific PMOs targeting sequences of viral mRNAs for the viral proteins (VPs) VP24, VP35, and RNA polymerase L protected rodents in both pre- and post-exposure therapeutic regimens. In a prophylactic proof-of-principal trial, the PMOs also protected 75% of rhesus macaques from lethal EBOV infection. The work described here may contribute to development of designer, “druggable” countermeasures for filoviruses and other microbial pathogens. Ebola virus (EBOV) causes a highly lethal hemorrhagic fever that results in up to 50%–90% mortality in humans. There are currently no available vaccines or therapeutics to treat EBOV infection. To date, multiple pre- and post-exposure therapeutic strategies, primarily focused on bolstering the host immune response or inhibiting viral replication, have been undertaken with limited success. Here, Bavari and colleagues report the development of a successful therapeutic regimen for EBOV infection based on antisense phosphorodiamidate morpholino oligomers (PMOs). PMOs are a subclass of chemically modified antisense oligonucleotides that interfere with the translation of viral mRNA, thus inhibiting viral amplification. Using a cell-free translation system, a cell-based assay, and survival studies in rodents, we identified several efficacious EBOV-specific PMOs. Further, prophylactic administration of a combination of three EBOV-specific PMOs specifically targeting VP24, VP35, and the viral polymerase L protected rhesus macaques from lethal EBOV infection. This is the first successful antiviral intervention against filoviruses in nonhuman primates. These findings may serve as the basis for a new strategy to quickly develop virus-specific therapies in defense against known, emerging, and genetically engineered bioterrorism threats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly L Warfield
- US Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Dana L Swenson
- US Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Gene G Olinger
- US Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Donald K Nichols
- US Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - William D Pratt
- US Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Robert Blouch
- AVI BioPharma, Corvallis, Oregon, United States of America
| | - David A Stein
- AVI BioPharma, Corvallis, Oregon, United States of America
| | - M. Javad Aman
- US Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | | | - Sina Bavari
- US Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
- * To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail:
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497
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Abstract
In the past decade the Zaire strain of Ebola virus (ZEBOV) has emerged repeatedly into human populations in central Africa and caused massive die-offs of gorillas and chimpanzees. We tested the view that emergence events are independent and caused by ZEBOV variants that have been long resident at each locality. Phylogenetic analyses place the earliest known outbreak at Yambuku, Democratic Republic of Congo, very near to the root of the ZEBOV tree, suggesting that viruses causing all other known outbreaks evolved from a Yambuku-like virus after 1976. The tendency for earlier outbreaks to be directly ancestral to later outbreaks suggests that outbreaks are epidemiologically linked and may have occurred at the front of an advancing wave. While the ladder-like phylogenetic structure could also bear the signature of positive selection, our statistical power is too weak to reach a conclusion in this regard. Distances among outbreaks indicate a spread rate of about 50 km per year that remains consistent across spatial scales. Viral evolution is clocklike, and sequences show a high level of small-scale spatial structure. Genetic similarity decays with distance at roughly the same rate at all spatial scales. Our analyses suggest that ZEBOV has recently spread across the region rather than being long persistent at each outbreak locality. Controlling the impact of Ebola on wild apes and human populations may be more feasible than previously recognized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter D Walsh
- Max-Planck-Institute for Evolutionary Primatology, Leipzig, Germany.
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Marris E. Success in primates sparks hope for Marburg vaccine. Nature 2005. [DOI: 10.1038/news050531-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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