501
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Chaturvedi P, Tyagi SC. Epigenetic mechanisms underlying cardiac degeneration and regeneration. Int J Cardiol 2014; 173:1-11. [PMID: 24636549 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2014.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2013] [Revised: 12/29/2013] [Accepted: 02/08/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Epigenetic modifications which are defined by DNA methylation, histone modifications and microRNA mediated gene regulation, have been found to be associated with cardiac dysfunction and cardiac regeneration but the mechanisms are unclear. MicroRNA therapies have been proposed for cardiac regeneration and proliferation of stem cells into cardiomyocytes. Cardiovascular disorders are represented by abnormal methylation of CpG islands and drugs that inhibit DNA methyltransferases such as 5-methyl Aza cytidine are under trials. Histone modifications which include acetylation, methylation, phosphorylation, ADP ribosylation, sumoylation and biotinylation are represented within abnormal phenotypes of cardiac hypertrophy, cardiac development and contractility. MicroRNAs have been used efficiently to epigenetically reprogram fibroblasts into cardiomyocytes. MicroRNAs represent themselves as potential biomarkers for early detection of cardiac disorders which are difficult to diagnose and are captured at later stages. Because microRNAs regulate circadian genes, for example a nocturnin gene of circadian clockwork is regulated by miR122, they have a profound role in regulating biological clock and this may explain the high cardiovascular risk during the morning time. This review highlights the role of epigenetics which can be helpful in disease management strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pankaj Chaturvedi
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Suresh C Tyagi
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, KY, USA.
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502
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Heallen T, Morikawa Y, Leach J, Tao G, Willerson JT, Johnson RL, Martin JF. Hippo signaling impedes adult heart regeneration. Development 2014; 140:4683-90. [PMID: 24255096 DOI: 10.1242/dev.102798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 341] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Heart failure due to cardiomyocyte loss after ischemic heart disease is the leading cause of death in the United States in large part because heart muscle regenerates poorly. The endogenous mechanisms preventing mammalian cardiomyocyte regeneration are poorly understood. Hippo signaling, an ancient organ size control pathway, is a kinase cascade that inhibits developing cardiomyocyte proliferation but it has not been studied postnatally or in fully mature adult cardiomyocytes. Here, we investigated Hippo signaling in adult cardiomyocyte renewal and regeneration. We found that unstressed Hippo-deficient adult mouse cardiomyocytes re-enter the cell cycle and undergo cytokinesis. Moreover, Hippo deficiency enhances cardiomyocyte regeneration with functional recovery after adult myocardial infarction as well as after postnatal day eight (P8) cardiac apex resection and P8 myocardial infarction. In damaged hearts, Hippo mutant cardiomyocytes also have elevated proliferation. Our findings reveal that Hippo signaling is an endogenous repressor of adult cardiomyocyte renewal and regeneration. Targeting the Hippo pathway in human disease might be beneficial for the treatment of heart disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Todd Heallen
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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503
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Kaushik G, Engler AJ. From stem cells to cardiomyocytes: the role of forces in cardiac maturation, aging, and disease. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2014; 126:219-42. [PMID: 25081620 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-394624-9.00009-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Stem cell differentiation into a variety of lineages is known to involve signaling from the extracellular niche, including from the physical properties of that environment. What regulates stem cell responses to these cues is there ability to activate different mechanotransductive pathways. Here, we will review the structures and pathways that regulate stem cell commitment to a cardiomyocyte lineage, specifically examining proteins within muscle sarcomeres, costameres, and intercalated discs. Proteins within these structures stretch, inducing a change in their phosphorylated state or in their localization to initiate different signals. We will also put these changes in the context of stem cell differentiation into cardiomyocytes, their subsequent formation of the chambered heart, and explore negative signaling that occurs during disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaurav Kaushik
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Adam J Engler
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
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504
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Young developmental age cardiac extracellular matrix promotes the expansion of neonatal cardiomyocytes in vitro. Acta Biomater 2014; 10:194-204. [PMID: 24012606 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2013.08.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2013] [Revised: 08/01/2013] [Accepted: 08/27/2013] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
A major limitation to cardiac tissue engineering and regenerative medicine strategies is the lack of proliferation of postnatal cardiomyocytes. The extracellular matrix (ECM) is altered during heart development, and studies suggest that it plays an important role in regulating myocyte proliferation. Here, the effects of fetal, neonatal and adult cardiac ECM on the expansion of neonatal rat ventricular cells in vitro are studied. At 24h, overall cell attachment was lowest on fetal ECM; however, ~80% of the cells were cardiomyocytes, while many non-myocytes attached to older ECM and poly-l-lysine controls. After 5 days, the cardiomyocyte population remained highest on fetal ECM, with a 4-fold increase in number. Significantly more cardiomyocytes stained positively for the mitotic marker phospho-histone H3 on fetal ECM compared with other substrates at 5 days, suggesting that proliferation may be a major mechanism of cardiomyocyte expansion on young ECM. Further study of the beneficial properties of early developmental aged cardiac ECM could advance the design of novel biomaterials aimed at promoting cardiac regeneration.
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505
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Tane S, Ikenishi A, Okayama H, Iwamoto N, Nakayama KI, Takeuchi T. CDK inhibitors, p21(Cip1) and p27(Kip1), participate in cell cycle exit of mammalian cardiomyocytes. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2013; 443:1105-9. [PMID: 24380855 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2013.12.109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2013] [Accepted: 12/20/2013] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Mammalian cardiomyocytes actively proliferate during embryonic stages, following which cardiomyocytes exit their cell cycle after birth. The irreversible cell cycle exit inhibits cardiac regeneration by the proliferation of pre-existing cardiomyocytes. Exactly how the cell cycle exit occurs remains largely unknown. Previously, we showed that cyclin E- and cyclin A-CDK activities are inhibited before the CDKs levels decrease in postnatal stages. This result suggests that factors such as CDK inhibitors (CKIs) inhibit CDK activities, and contribute to the cell cycle exit. In the present study, we focused on a Cip/Kip family, which can inhibit cyclin E- and cyclin A-CDK activities. Expression of p21(Cip1) and p27(Kip1) but not p57(Kip2) showed a peak around postnatal day 5, when cyclin E- and cyclin A-CDK activities start to decrease. p21(Cip1) and p27(Kip1) bound to cyclin E, cyclin A and CDK2 at postnatal stages. Cell cycle distribution patterns of postnatal cardiomyocytes in p21(Cip1) and p27(Kip1) knockout mice showed failure in the cell cycle exit at G1-phase, and endoreplication. These results indicate that p21(Cip1) and p27(Kip) play important roles in the cell cycle exit of postnatal cardiomyocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shoji Tane
- School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori University, Yonago 683-8503, Japan
| | - Aiko Ikenishi
- School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori University, Yonago 683-8503, Japan
| | - Hitomi Okayama
- School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori University, Yonago 683-8503, Japan
| | - Noriko Iwamoto
- School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori University, Yonago 683-8503, Japan
| | - Keiichi I Nakayama
- Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Takashi Takeuchi
- School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori University, Yonago 683-8503, Japan.
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506
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Xiao J, Li J, Xu T, Lv D, Shen B, Song Y, Xu J. Pregnancy-induced physiological hypertrophy protects against cardiac ischemia-reperfusion injury. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL PATHOLOGY 2013; 7:229-235. [PMID: 24427343 PMCID: PMC3885477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2013] [Accepted: 12/15/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Cardiac hypertrophy is a compensatory response of the heart to maintain its pumping capacity. Cardiac hypertrophy can be divided into pathological hypertrophy and physiological hypertrophy. The major forms of physiological hypertrophy include developing in response to developmental maturation, exercise, and pregnancy, which is adaptive and beneficial. Exercise has well-known beneficial cardiovascular effects and has recently been shown to be protective for myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury. However, there are conflicting reports for the cardiac protective effects of pregnancy-induced hypertrophy. In the present study, we investigated the effects of pregnancy-induced physiological hypertrophy in cardiac ischemia-reperfusion injury and if cardiac progenitor cells were activated during pregnancy. METHODS Physiological hypertrophy was induced in pregnancy and the mRNA levels of atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) and brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) were determined by real-time polymerase chain reactions (RT-PCRs) analysis. Triphenyltetrazolium chloride staining was used to determine the cardiac ischemia-reperfusion injury. c-Kit and Nkx2.5 levels were determined by RT-PCRs, western blot and immunofluorescent staining. RESULTS Heart weight (HW) and the ratio of HW to tibia length were increased while mRNA levels of ANP and BNP remained unchanged. Pregnancy-induced physiological hypertrophy protected against cardiac ischemia-reperfusion injury. In pregnancy, c-Kit positive cardiac progenitor cells were activated. CONCLUSION This study presents that pregnancy-induced physiological hypertrophy activates cardiac progenitor cells and thereafter protects against cardiac ischemia-reperfusion injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junjie Xiao
- Regeneration Lab and Experimental Center of Life Sciences, Shanghai UniversityShanghai 200444, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Bio-Energy Crops, School of Life Science, Shanghai UniversityShanghai 200444, China
| | - Jin Li
- Regeneration Lab and Experimental Center of Life Sciences, Shanghai UniversityShanghai 200444, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Bio-Energy Crops, School of Life Science, Shanghai UniversityShanghai 200444, China
| | - Tianzao Xu
- Regeneration Lab and Experimental Center of Life Sciences, Shanghai UniversityShanghai 200444, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Bio-Energy Crops, School of Life Science, Shanghai UniversityShanghai 200444, China
| | - Dongcao Lv
- Regeneration Lab and Experimental Center of Life Sciences, Shanghai UniversityShanghai 200444, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Bio-Energy Crops, School of Life Science, Shanghai UniversityShanghai 200444, China
| | - Bo Shen
- Shanghai Entry-Exit Inspection and Quarantine BureauShanghai 200135, China
| | - Yang Song
- Tongji University School of MedicineShanghai 200065, China
| | - Jiahong Xu
- Department of Cardiology, Shanghai Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of MedicineShanghai 200065, China
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507
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Abstract
Owing to its intrinsic beauty and biomedical importance, the heart has been the focus of intensive research. The recent EMBO/EMBL-sponsored symposium 'Cardiac Biology: From Development to Regeneration' gathered cardiovascular scientists from across the globe to discuss the latest advances in our understanding of the development and growth of the heart, and application of these advances to improving the limited innate regenerative capacity of the mammalian heart. Here, we summarize some of the exciting results and themes that emerged from the meeting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent M Christoffels
- Department of Anatomy, Embryology, and Physiology, Heart Failure Research Center, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam 1105AZ, The Netherlands
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508
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Developing stem cell therapeutics for the heart also requires targeting non-myocytes. Heart Lung Circ 2013; 22:975-9. [PMID: 24231432 DOI: 10.1016/j.hlc.2013.10.091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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509
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Formiga FR, Pelacho B, Garbayo E, Imbuluzqueta I, Díaz-Herráez P, Abizanda G, Gavira JJ, Simón-Yarza T, Albiasu E, Tamayo E, Prósper F, Blanco-Prieto MJ. Controlled delivery of fibroblast growth factor-1 and neuregulin-1 from biodegradable microparticles promotes cardiac repair in a rat myocardial infarction model through activation of endogenous regeneration. J Control Release 2013; 173:132-9. [PMID: 24200746 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2013.10.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2013] [Revised: 10/22/2013] [Accepted: 10/27/2013] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Acidic fibroblast growth factor (FGF1) and neuregulin-1 (NRG1) are growth factors involved in cardiac development and regeneration. Microparticles (MPs) mediate cytokine sustained release, and can be utilized to overcome issues related to the limited therapeutic protein stability during systemic administration. We sought to examine whether the administration of microparticles (MPs) containing FGF1 and NRG1 could promote cardiac regeneration in a myocardial infarction (MI) rat model. We investigated the possible underlying mechanisms contributing to the beneficial effects of this therapy, especially those linked to endogenous regeneration. FGF1- and NRG1-loaded MPs were prepared using a multiple emulsion solvent evaporation technique. Seventy-three female Sprague-Dawley rats underwent permanent left anterior descending coronary artery occlusion, and MPs were intramyocardially injected in the peri-infarcted zone four days later. Cardiac function, heart tissue remodeling, revascularization, apoptosis, cardiomyocyte proliferation, and stem cell homing were evaluated one week and three months after treatment. MPs were shown to efficiently encapsulate FGF1 and NRG1, releasing the bioactive proteins in a sustained manner. Three months after treatment, a statistically significant improvement in cardiac function was detected in rats treated with growth factor-loaded MPs (FGF1, NRG1, or FGF1/NRG1). The therapy led to inhibition of cardiac remodeling with smaller infarct size, a lower fibrosis degree and induction of tissue revascularization. Cardiomyocyte proliferation and progenitor cell recruitment were detected. Our data support the therapeutic benefit of NRG1 and FGF1 when combined with protein delivery systems for cardiac regeneration. This approach could be scaled up for use in pre-clinical and clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabio R Formiga
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology, School of Pharmacy, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Beatriz Pelacho
- Hematology, Cardiology and Cell Therapy, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Foundation for Applied Medical Research, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Elisa Garbayo
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology, School of Pharmacy, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Izaskun Imbuluzqueta
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology, School of Pharmacy, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Paula Díaz-Herráez
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology, School of Pharmacy, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Gloria Abizanda
- Hematology, Cardiology and Cell Therapy, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Foundation for Applied Medical Research, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Juan J Gavira
- Hematology, Cardiology and Cell Therapy, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Foundation for Applied Medical Research, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Teresa Simón-Yarza
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology, School of Pharmacy, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Edurne Albiasu
- Hematology, Cardiology and Cell Therapy, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Foundation for Applied Medical Research, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Esther Tamayo
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology, School of Pharmacy, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Felipe Prósper
- Hematology, Cardiology and Cell Therapy, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Foundation for Applied Medical Research, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain.
| | - Maria J Blanco-Prieto
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology, School of Pharmacy, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain.
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510
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Muralidhar SA, Mahmoud AI, Canseco D, Xiao F, Sadek HA. Harnessing the power of dividing cardiomyocytes. Glob Cardiol Sci Pract 2013; 2013:212-21. [PMID: 24689023 PMCID: PMC3963758 DOI: 10.5339/gcsp.2013.29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2013] [Accepted: 09/20/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Lower vertebrates, such as newt and zebrafish, retain a robust cardiac regenerative capacity following injury. Recently, our group demonstrated that neonatal mammalian hearts have a remarkable regenerative potential in the first few days after birth. Although adult mammals lack this regenerative potential, it is now clear that there is measurable cardiomyocyte turnover that occurs in the adult mammalian heart. In both neonatal and adult mammals, proliferation of pre-existing cardiomyocytes appears to be the underlying mechanism of myocyte turnover. This review will highlight the advances and landmark studies that opened new frontiers in cardiac regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shalini A Muralidhar
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390, USA
| | - Ahmed I Mahmoud
- Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Diana Canseco
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390, USA
| | - Feng Xiao
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390, USA
| | - Hesham A Sadek
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390, USA
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511
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Malliaras K, Terrovitis J. Cardiomyocyte proliferation vs progenitor cells in myocardial regeneration: The debate continues. Glob Cardiol Sci Pract 2013; 2013:303-15. [PMID: 24689031 PMCID: PMC3963760 DOI: 10.5339/gcsp.2013.37] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2013] [Accepted: 10/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, several landmark studies have provided compelling evidence that cardiomyogenesis occurs in the adult mammalian heart. However, the rate of new cardiomyocyte formation is inadequate for complete restoration of the normal mass of myocardial tissue, should a significant myocardial injury occur, such as myocardial infarction. The cellular origin of postnatal cardiomyogenesis in mammals remains a controversial issue and two mechanisms seem to be participating, proliferation of pre-existing cardiomyocytes and myogenic differentiation of progenitor cells. We will discuss the relative importance of these two processes in different settings, such as normal ageing and post-myocardial injury, as well as the strengths and limitations of the existing experimental methodologies used in the relevant studies. Further clarification of the mechanisms underlying cardiomyogenesis in mammals will open the way for their therapeutic exploitation in the clinical field, with the scope of myocardial regeneration.
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512
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Zaruba MM, Hiergeist L, Mechea A, Kozlik-Feldmann R, Theisen D, Netz H, Franz WM. First treatment of a child suffering from severe ischemic cardiomyopathy with G-CSF and sitagliptin. Int J Cardiol 2013; 170:e41-2. [PMID: 24239099 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2013.10.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2013] [Accepted: 10/20/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marc-Michael Zaruba
- Department of Internal Medicine III, Cardiology and Angiology, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria.
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513
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian C Jensen
- McAllister Heart Institute and Division of Cardiology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill
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514
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Dunn DA, Hodge AJ, Lipke EA. Biomimetic materials design for cardiac tissue regeneration. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-NANOMEDICINE AND NANOBIOTECHNOLOGY 2013; 6:15-39. [DOI: 10.1002/wnan.1241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2012] [Revised: 07/10/2013] [Accepted: 07/29/2013] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- David A. Dunn
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA
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515
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516
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Fan W, Zhang J, Zhang Z, Wang Q, Cao F. Adaptive inflammatory microenvironment for cell-based regeneration in ischemic cardiovascular disease. Organogenesis 2013; 9:121-4. [PMID: 23974172 DOI: 10.4161/org.25586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell-based therapy has emerged to be a promising strategy for alleviating the heavy burden of ischemic cardiovascular disease for nearly two decades, despite a variety of pending questions about its availability and efficacy. One question is whether and how the cells behave for regeneration in vivo, which could be limited or potentiated by the inflammatory microenvironment following myocardial infarction or critical limb ischemia. To this end, we hypothesize that the "adaptive inflammatory microenvironment" is pertinent to the cell-based regeneration, and make a brief comment on it based upon recent evidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiwei Fan
- Department of Cardiology & Molecular Imaging Program; Xijing Hospital; Fourth Military Medical University; Xi'an, PR China
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517
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MicroRNAs in cardiac regeneration and cardiovascular disease. SCIENCE CHINA-LIFE SCIENCES 2013; 56:907-13. [PMID: 23974704 PMCID: PMC3972258 DOI: 10.1007/s11427-013-4534-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2013] [Accepted: 07/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
microRNAs (miRNAs) are a class of small non-coding RNAs, which have been shown important to a wide range of biological process by post-transcriptionally regulating the expression of protein-coding genes. miRNAs have been demonstrated essential to normal cardiac development and function. Recently, numerous studies indicate miRNAs are involved in cardiac regeneration and cardiac disease, including cardiac hypertrophy, myocardial infarction and cardiac arrhythmia. These observations suggest miRNAs play important roles in cardiology. In this review, we summarize the recent progress of studying miRNAs in cardiac regeneration and cardiac disease. We also discuss the diagnostic and therapeutic potential of miRNAs in heart disease.
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518
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Imanishi Y, Miyagawa S, Fukushima S, Ishimaru K, Sougawa N, Saito A, Sakai Y, Sawa Y. Sustained-release delivery of prostacyclin analogue enhances bone marrow-cell recruitment and yields functional benefits for acute myocardial infarction in mice. PLoS One 2013; 8:e69302. [PMID: 23894446 PMCID: PMC3716598 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0069302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2013] [Accepted: 06/06/2013] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Background A prostacyclin analogue, ONO-1301, is reported to upregulate beneficial proteins, including stromal cell derived factor-1 (SDF-1). We hypothesized that the sustained-release delivery of ONO-1301 would enhance SDF-1 expression in the acute myocardial infarction (MI) heart and induce bone marrow cells (BMCs) to home to the myocardium, leading to improved cardiac function in mice. Methods and Results ONO-1301 significantly upregulated SDF-1 secretion by fibroblasts. BMC migration was greater to ONO-1301-stimulated than unstimulated conditioned medium. This increase was diminished by treating the BMCs with a CXCR4-neutralizing antibody or CXCR4 antagonist (AMD3100). Atelocollagen sheets containing a sustained-release form of ONO-1301 (n = 33) or ONO-1301-free vehicle (n = 48) were implanted on the left ventricular (LV) anterior wall immediately after permanent left-anterior descending artery occlusion in C57BL6/N mice (male, 8-weeks-old). The SDF-1 expression in the infarct border zone was significantly elevated for 1 month in the ONO-1301-treated group. BMC accumulation in the infarcted hearts, detected by in vivo imaging after intravenous injection of labeled BMCs, was enhanced in the ONO-1301-treated hearts. This increase was inhibited by AMD3100. The accumulated BMCs differentiated into capillary structures. The survival rates and cardiac function were significantly improved in the ONO-1301-treated group (fractional area change 23±1%; n = 22) compared to the vehicle group (19±1%; n = 20; P = 0.004). LV anterior wall thinning, expansion of infarction, and fibrosis were lower in the ONO-1301-treated group. Conclusions Sustained-release delivery of ONO-1301 promoted BMC recruitment to the acute MI heart via SDF-1/CXCR4 signaling and restored cardiac performance, suggesting a novel mechanism for ONO-1301-mediated acute-MI heart repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukiko Imanishi
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Shigeru Miyagawa
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Satsuki Fukushima
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Ishimaru
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Nagako Sougawa
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Atsuhiro Saito
- Medical Center for Translational Research, Osaka University Hospital, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yoshiki Sakai
- Research Headquarters, ONO Pharmaceutical CO., LTD., Osaka, Japan
| | - Yoshiki Sawa
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
- * E-mail:
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519
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Pandit SK, Westendorp B, de Bruin A. Physiological significance of polyploidization in mammalian cells. Trends Cell Biol 2013; 23:556-66. [PMID: 23849927 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2013.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2013] [Revised: 06/11/2013] [Accepted: 06/12/2013] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Programmed polyploidization occurs in all mammalian species during development and aging in selected tissues, but the biological properties of polyploid cells remain obscure. Spontaneous polyploidization arises during stress and has been observed in a variety of pathological conditions, such as cancer and degenerative diseases. A major challenge in the field is to test the predicted functions of polyploidization in vivo. However, recent genetic mouse models with diminished polyploidization phenotypes represent novel, powerful tools to unravel the biological function of polyploidization. Contrary to a longstanding hypothesis, polyploidization appears to not be required for differentiation and has no obvious impact on proliferation. Instead, polyploidization leads to increased cell size and genetic diversity, which could promote better adaptation to chronic injury or stress. We discuss here the consequences of reducing polyploidization in mice and review which stress responses and molecular signals trigger polyploidization during development and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shusil K Pandit
- Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, 3584 CL Utrecht, The Netherlands
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520
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Chakraborty S, Sengupta A, Yutzey KE. Tbx20 promotes cardiomyocyte proliferation and persistence of fetal characteristics in adult mouse hearts. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2013; 62:203-13. [PMID: 23751911 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2013.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2013] [Revised: 04/17/2013] [Accepted: 05/30/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
While differentiated cardiomyocytes proliferate prior to birth, adult cardiomyocytes in mammals exhibit relatively little proliferative activity. The T-box transcription factor Tbx20 is necessary and sufficient to promote prenatal cardiomyocyte proliferation, and Tbx20 also is required for adult cardiac homeostasis. The ability of Tbx20 to promote post-natal and adult cardiomyocyte proliferation was examined in mice with cardiomyocyte-specific Tbx20 gain-of-function beginning in the fetal period. In adult hearts, increased Tbx20 expression promotes cardiomyocyte proliferation and results in increased numbers of small, cycling, mononucleated cardiomyocytes, marked by persistent expression of fetal contractile protein genes. In adult cardiomyocytes in vivo and in neonatal rat cardiomyocytes in culture, Tbx20 promotes the activation of BMP2/pSmad1/5/8 and PI3K/AKT/GSK3β/β-catenin signaling pathways concomitant with increased cell proliferation. Inhibition of PI3K/AKT/GSK3β/β-catenin signaling reduces, but does not eliminate, Tbx20-mediated increases in cell proliferation, providing evidence for parallel regulatory pathways downstream of BMP/Smad1/5/8 signaling in promoting cardiomyocyte proliferation after birth. Thus, Tbx20 overexpression beginning in the fetal period activates multiple cardiac proliferative pathways after birth and maintains adult cardiomyocytes in an immature state in vivo.
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Abstract
Stem cell therapy for cardiac disease is an exciting but highly controversial research area. Strategies such as cell transplantation and reprogramming have demonstrated both intriguing and sobering results. Yet as clinical trials proceed, our incomplete understanding of stem cell behavior is made evident by numerous unresolved matters, such as the mechanisms of cardiomyocyte turnover or the optimal therapeutic strategies to achieve clinical efficacy. In this Perspective, we consider how cardiac stem cell biology has led us into clinical trials, and we suggest that achieving true cardiac regeneration in patients may ultimately require resolution of critical controversies in experimental cardiac regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica C. Garbern
- Department of Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Richard T. Lee
- Harvard Stem Cell Institute, the Brigham Regenerative Medicine Center and the Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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Mahmoud AI, Kocabas F, Muralidhar SA, Kimura W, Koura AS, Thet S, Porrello ER, Sadek HA. Meis1 regulates postnatal cardiomyocyte cell cycle arrest. Nature 2013; 497:249-253. [PMID: 23594737 DOI: 10.1038/nature12054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 426] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2012] [Accepted: 03/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The neonatal mammalian heart is capable of substantial regeneration following injury through cardiomyocyte proliferation. However, this regenerative capacity is lost by postnatal day 7 and the mechanisms of cardiomyocyte cell cycle arrest remain unclear. The homeodomain transcription factor Meis1 is required for normal cardiac development but its role in cardiomyocytes is unknown. Here we identify Meis1 as a critical regulator of the cardiomyocyte cell cycle. Meis1 deletion in mouse cardiomyocytes was sufficient for extension of the postnatal proliferative window of cardiomyocytes, and for re-activation of cardiomyocyte mitosis in the adult heart with no deleterious effect on cardiac function. In contrast, overexpression of Meis1 in cardiomyocytes decreased neonatal myocyte proliferation and inhibited neonatal heart regeneration. Finally, we show that Meis1 is required for transcriptional activation of the synergistic CDK inhibitors p15, p16 and p21. These results identify Meis1 as a critical transcriptional regulator of cardiomyocyte proliferation and a potential therapeutic target for heart regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed I Mahmoud
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390, USA
| | - Fatih Kocabas
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390, USA
| | - Shalini A Muralidhar
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390, USA
| | - Wataru Kimura
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390, USA
| | - Ahmed S Koura
- School of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, 1156, Egypt
| | - Suwannee Thet
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390, USA
| | - Enzo R Porrello
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Hesham A Sadek
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390, USA
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