601
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Schmitt FC, Dehnicke C, Merschhemke M, Meencke HJ. Verapamil attenuates the malignant treatment course in recurrent status epilepticus. Epilepsy Behav 2010; 17:565-8. [PMID: 20189886 DOI: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2010.01.166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2009] [Revised: 01/27/2010] [Accepted: 01/28/2010] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
In the scenario of refractory status epilepticus, the recommended approach of intensive care treatment is limited with respect to the available pharmacodynamic variability and its impeding, severe side effects. Alternative treatment options are therefore urgently needed. In the case described, a patient with nonlesional frontal lobe epilepsy had a high-frequency series of tonic seizures, which evolved into a malignant form of status epilepticus. Co-administration of verapamil, a potent multidrug transporter inhibitor, was followed by significant reduction in seizure frequency. We discuss the putative role of verapamil and the specific risk factors for this malignant treatment course.
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Affiliation(s)
- Friedhelm C Schmitt
- University Otto-von-Guericke, University Hospital for Neurology, Magdeburg, Germany.
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602
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603
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Siebel AM, Rico EP, Capiotti KM, Piato AL, Cusinato CT, Franco TMA, Bogo MR, Bonan CD. In vitro effects of antiepileptic drugs on acetylcholinesterase and ectonucleotidase activities in zebrafish (Danio rerio) brain. Toxicol In Vitro 2010; 24:1279-84. [PMID: 20362660 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2010.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2010] [Revised: 03/23/2010] [Accepted: 03/28/2010] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Carbamazepine (CBZ), phenytoin (PHT), and gabapentine (GBP) are classical antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) that act through a variety of mechanisms. We have tested the in vitro effects of CBZ, PHT, and GBP at different concentrations on ectonucleotidase and acetylcholinesterase activities in zebrafish brain. CBZ inhibited ATP hydrolysis at 1000 microM (32%) whereas acetylcholine hydrolysis decreased at 500 microM (25.2%) and 1000 microM (38.7%). PHT increased AMP hydrolysis both at 500 microM (65%) and 1000 microM (64.8%). GBP did not promote any significant changes on ectonucleotidase and acetylcholinesterase activities. These results have shown that CBZ can reduce NTPDase (nucleoside triphosphate diphosphohydrolase) and PHT enhance ecto 5'-nucleotidase activities. Therefore, it is possible to suggest that the AEDs induced-effects on ectonucleotidases are related to enzyme anchorage form. Our findings have also shown that high CBZ concentrations inhibit acetylcholinesterase activity, which can induce an increase of acetylcholine levels. Taken together, these results showed a complex interaction among AEDs, purinergic, and cholinergic systems, providing a better understanding of the AEDs pharmacodynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Siebel
- Laboratório de Neuroquímica e Psicofarmacologia, Departamento de Biologia Celular e Molecular, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Celular e Molecular, Faculdade de Biociências, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul. Avenida Ipiranga, 6681, 90619-900 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
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604
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Sgobio C, Ghiglieri V, Costa C, Bagetta V, Siliquini S, Barone I, Di Filippo M, Gardoni F, Gundelfinger ED, Di Luca M, Picconi B, Calabresi P. Hippocampal synaptic plasticity, memory, and epilepsy: effects of long-term valproic acid treatment. Biol Psychiatry 2010; 67:567-74. [PMID: 20074705 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2009.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2009] [Revised: 11/05/2009] [Accepted: 11/07/2009] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Memory impairment is commonly associated with epilepsy, and the use of antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) causes additional neuropsychologic deficits that are of particular concern in learning-age children and elderly patients. The aim of this study was to investigate hippocampal synaptic plasticity and morphology as well as hippocampal-dependent memory in physiologic conditions and in a genetic model of epilepsy following chronic treatment with the widely used AED valproic acid (VPA). METHODS Mice lacking the presynaptic scaffolding protein Bassoon were used as a model of epilepsy. Electrophysiologic recordings were used to analyze basal glutamatergic synaptic transmission, paired-pulse facilitation, and activity-dependent long-term potentiation (LTP) in the CA1 area. Dendritic morphology and spine density were analyzed, and glutamate-related signaling was investigated by Western blot analysis. Social transmission of food preference test was used to investigate nonspatial hippocampal memory. RESULTS VPA treatment significantly reduced seizures frequency and mortality in epileptic mice. Long-term potentiation was absent at CA1 synapses of untreated epileptic mutant mice that also showed significant dendritic abnormalities. Treatment with VPA rescued physiologic LTP but did not reverse morphological abnormalities and deficits in nonspatial hippocampal memory observed in mutant epileptic mice. Moreover, VPA was found to induce per se dendritic abnormalities and memory dysfunction in normal animals. CONCLUSIONS The impairment of hippocampal synaptic plasticity in epileptic mice, rescued by VPA treatment, might represent the mechanism underlying epilepsy-induced memory deficits. Moreover, the demonstration that VPA induces morphologic alterations and impairment in specific hippocampal-dependent memory task might explain the detrimental effects of antiepileptic treatment on cognition in human subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmelo Sgobio
- Fondazione Santa Lucia, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, Rome, Italy
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605
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Lakhan R, Kumari R, Misra UK, Kalita J, Pradhan S, Mittal B. Differential role of sodium channels SCN1A and SCN2A gene polymorphisms with epilepsy and multiple drug resistance in the north Indian population. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2010; 68:214-20. [PMID: 19694741 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2125.2009.03437.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS To evaluate sodium channel genes as candidates for epilepsy susceptibility and their role in therapeutic efficacy, we screened coding single-nucleotide polymorphism of SCN1A p. Thr 1067 Ala or c.3184 A-->G (rs2298771) and SCN2A p.Arg19Lys or c.56 G-->A (rs17183814) in north Indian epilepsy patients. METHODS The genotyping was performed in 160 control subjects and 336 patients with epilepsy, of whom 117 were drug resistant and 219 were drug responsive. Therapeutic drug monitoring for phenytoin, carbamazepine, phenobarbital and valproate was also performed in 20% of the patients to confirm compliance. RESULTS AG genotype of SCN1A 3184 A-->G polymorphism was significantly higher and associated in epilepsy patients [P= 0.005; odds ratio (OR) 1.76, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.19, 2.61], whereas A variant of SCN2A c.56 G-->A was associated with multiple drug resistance in north Indian patients with epilepsy (P= 0.03; OR 1.62, 95% CI 1.03, 2.56). CONCLUSIONS Overall, results indicate a differential role of genetic polymorphisms of sodium channels SCN1A and SCN2A in epilepsy susceptibility and drug response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ram Lakhan
- Departments of Genetics and Neurology, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow 226014, India
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606
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Meyer RP, Gehlhaus M. A role for CYP in the drug–hormone crosstalk of the brain. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2010; 6:675-87. [DOI: 10.1517/17425251003680791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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607
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HAMED SHERIFAA. THE RATIONALE FOR NEUROPROTECTION IN EPILEPSY: STEPS FORWARD FOR NEW THERAPEUTIC AND PREVENTIVE STRATEGIES. J Integr Neurosci 2010. [DOI: 10.1142/s0219635210002378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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608
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Voltage-gated calcium channels in the etiopathogenesis and treatment of absence epilepsy. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 62:245-71. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresrev.2009.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2009] [Revised: 12/10/2009] [Accepted: 12/11/2009] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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609
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Neuroprotection, regeneration and immunomodulation: broadening the therapeutic repertoire in multiple sclerosis. Trends Neurosci 2010; 33:140-52. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tins.2009.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2009] [Revised: 11/09/2009] [Accepted: 12/03/2009] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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610
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van Vliet EA, Edelbroek PM, Gorter JA. Improved seizure control by alternating therapy of levetiracetam and valproate in epileptic rats. Epilepsia 2010; 51:362-70. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1528-1167.2009.02261.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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611
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Diverse antiepileptic drugs increase the ratio of background synaptic inhibition to excitation and decrease neuronal excitability in neurones of the rat entorhinal cortex in vitro. Neuroscience 2010; 167:456-74. [PMID: 20167261 PMCID: PMC2877872 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2010.02.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2009] [Revised: 01/26/2010] [Accepted: 02/10/2010] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Although most anti-epileptic drugs are considered to have a primary molecular target, it is clear that their actions are unlikely to be limited to effects on a single aspect of inhibitory synaptic transmission, excitatory transmission or voltage-gated ion channels. Systemically administered drugs can obviously simultaneously access all possible targets, so we have attempted to determine the overall effect of diverse agents on the balance between GABAergic inhibition, glutamatergic excitation and cellular excitability in neurones of the rat entorhinal cortex in vitro. We used an approach developed for estimating global background synaptic excitation and inhibition from fluctuations in membrane potential obtained by intracellular recordings. We have previously validated this approach in entorhinal cortical neurones [Greenhill and Jones (2007a) Neuroscience 147:884–892]. Using this approach, we found that, despite their differing pharmacology, the drugs tested (phenytoin, lamotrigine, valproate, gabapentin, felbamate, tiagabine) were unified in their ability to increase the ratio of background GABAergic inhibition to glutamatergic excitation. This could occur as a result of decreased excitation concurrent with increased inhibition (phenytoin, lamotrigine, valproate), a decrease in excitation alone (gabapentin, felbamate), or even with a differential increase in both (tiagabine). Additionally, we found that the effects on global synaptic conductances agreed well with whole cell patch recordings of spontaneous glutamate and GABA release (our previous studies and further data presented here). The consistency with which the synaptic inhibition:excitation ratio was increased by the antiepileptic drugs tested was matched by an ability of all drugs to concurrently reduce intrinsic neuronal excitability. Thus, it seems possible that specific molecular targets among antiepileptic drugs are less important than the ability to increase the inhibition:excitation ratio and reduce overall neuronal and network excitability.
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612
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Abstract
In the last fifteen years, new antiepileptic medications have been offered for the treatment of patients with epilepsy. Nevertheless, despite optimal medical treatment, up to 30% of patients still experience recurrent seizures and the challenge for new, more efficacious and better-tolerated drugs continues. New antiepileptic drugs include the evolution of pre-existing drugs and new compounds identified through the investigation of additional molecular targets, such as SV2A synaptic vesicle protein, voltage-gated potassium channels, ionotropic and metabotropic glutamate receptors, and gap junctions. This paper reviews the available information on various classes of molecules that are in the pipeline as well as on the innovative approaches to the treatment of epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pasquale Striano
- Muscular & Neurodegenerative Diseases Unit, Institute G. Gaslini, Genova, Italy
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613
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Mondón S, Nogué S, Urbano D, Rovira E. Adicción a la gabapentina. Med Clin (Barc) 2010; 134:138-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.medcli.2009.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2009] [Accepted: 02/05/2009] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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614
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Affiliation(s)
- Wolfgang Löscher
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Pharmacy, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Center for Systems Neuroscience, Germany.
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615
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Chen J, Cai F, Cao J, Zhang X, Li S. Long-term antiepileptic drug administration during early life inhibits hippocampal neurogenesis in the developing brain. J Neurosci Res 2010; 87:2898-907. [PMID: 19437554 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.22125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Certain antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) that are commonly used to treat seizures in children also affect cognition, and these effects can persist into adulthood, long after drug withdrawal. Widespread enhancement of apoptosis may be one mechanism underlying these lasting cognitive changes. Whether AEDs affect other processes in brain development during early postnatal life has not, however, been systematically analyzed. Here we determined whether chronic administration of common AEDs during early life alters cell proliferation and neurogenesis in the hippocampus. Postnatal day 7 (P7) rats received phenobarbital, clonazepam, carbamazepine, valproate, topiramate, or vehicle for 28 days. Bromodeoxyuridine was administered on P34 to label dividing cells. Cell proliferation was assessed 24 hr later, and cell survival and differentiation were assessed 28 days later. Phenobarbital and clonazepam significantly inhibited cell proliferation by 63% and 59%, respectively, and doublecortin immunoreactivity (indicator of neurogenesis) in the dorsal hippocampus was also significantly decreased by 26% and 24%, respectively. Survival of new cells steadily decreased in phenobarbital and clonazepam groups over 28 days. Reduced cell proliferation and survival resulted in fewer new neurons in the dentate gyrus, as confirmed by neuronal counting on P62. There were, however, no differences in cell distribution pattern or differentiation toward neuron and glial cells when phenobarbital and clonazepam groups were compared with controls. There were no changes in rats exposed to carbamazepine, valproate, or topiramate. Thus, inhibiting cell proliferation, survival, and neurogenesis in the developing hippocampus may be another potential mechanism underlying brain impairment associated with certain AED therapies in early life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Chen
- Pediatric Research Institute, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
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616
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Abstract
Genetic factors play an increasingly recognized role in idiopathic epilepsies. Since 1995, positional cloning strategies in multi-generational families with autosomal dominant transmission have revealed 11 genes (KCNQ2, KCNQ3, CHRNA4, CHRNA2, CHRNB2, SCN1B, SCN1A, SCN2A, GABRG2, GABRA1, and LGI1) and numerous loci for febrile seizures and epilepsies. To date, all genes with the exception of LGI1 (leucine-rich glioma inactivated 1), encode neuronal ion channel or neurotransmitter receptor subunits. Molecular approaches have revealed great genetic heterogeneity, with the vast majority of genes remaining to be identified. One of the major challenges is now to understand phenotype-genotype correlations. This review focuses on the current knowledge on the molecular basis of these rare Mendelian autosomal dominant forms of idiopathic epilepsies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stéphanie Baulac
- UPMC/Inserm, UMR_S975, Cricm, F-75013, Bâtiment Pharmacie, Hôpital de la Pitié-Salpêtrière, 47 boulevard de l'hôpital, 75013 Paris, France.
| | - Michel Baulac
- UPMC/Inserm, UMR_S975, Cricm, F-75013, Bâtiment Pharmacie, Hôpital de la Pitié-Salpêtrière, 47 boulevard de l'hôpital, 75013 Paris, France; Center for Epilepsy, AP-HP, Bâtiment Paul Casteigne Hôpital de la Pitié-Salpêtrière, 47 boulevard de l'hôpital, 75013 Paris, France
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617
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Losi G, Cammarota M, Chiavegato A, Gomez-Gonzalo M, Carmignoto G. A new experimental model of focal seizures in the entorhinal cortex. Epilepsia 2010; 51:1493-502. [PMID: 20067512 DOI: 10.1111/j.1528-1167.2009.02472.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Despite intensive studies, our understanding of the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying epileptogenesis remains largely unsatisfactory. Our defective knowledge derives in part from the lack of adequate experimental models of the distinct phases that characterize the epileptic event, that is, initiation, propagation, and cessation. The aim of our study is the development of a new brain slice model in which a focal seizure can be repetitively evoked at a precise and predictable site. METHODS Epileptiform activities were studied by fast Ca²(+) imaging coupled with simultaneous single and double patch-clamp or extracellular recordings from neurons of entorhinal cortex (EC) slices from Wistar rats and C57BL6J mice at postnatal days 13-17. RESULTS In the presence of 4-aminopyridine (4-AP) and low Mg²(+) , activation of layer V-VI neurons by local N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) applications evolved into an ictal discharge (ID) that propagated to the entire EC. NMDA-evoked IDs were similar to spontaneous events. IDs with similar pattern and duration could be repetitively triggered from the same site by successive NMDA stimulations. The high ID reproducibility is an important feature of the model that allowed testing of the effects of currently used antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) on initiation, propagation, and cessation of focal ictal events. CONCLUSIONS By offering the unique opportunity to repetitively evoke an ID from the same restricted site, this model represents a powerful approach to study the cellular and molecular events at the basis of initiation, propagation, and cessation of focal seizures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriele Losi
- Department of Experimental Biomedical Sciences and CNR Institute of Neuroscience, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
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618
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Ikonomidou C, Turski L. Antiepileptic drugs and brain development. Epilepsy Res 2010; 88:11-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eplepsyres.2009.09.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2008] [Revised: 09/17/2009] [Accepted: 09/19/2009] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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619
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Costa C, Tozzi A, Luchetti E, Siliquini S, Belcastro V, Tantucci M, Picconi B, Ientile R, Calabresi P, Pisani F. Electrophysiological actions of zonisamide on striatal neurons: Selective neuroprotection against complex I mitochondrial dysfunction. Exp Neurol 2010; 221:217-24. [DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2009.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2009] [Revised: 11/02/2009] [Accepted: 11/03/2009] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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620
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Waeber C, Hargreaves R. Current and emerging therapies for migraine prevention and treatment. HANDBOOK OF CLINICAL NEUROLOGY 2010; 97:789-809. [PMID: 20816471 DOI: 10.1016/s0072-9752(10)97065-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
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621
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Jupp B, Lawrence AJ. New horizons for therapeutics in drug and alcohol abuse. Pharmacol Ther 2010; 125:138-68. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2009.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2009] [Accepted: 11/03/2009] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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622
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Fu M, Sun ZH, Zuo HC. Neuroprotective Effect of Piperine on Primarily Cultured Hippocampal Neurons. Biol Pharm Bull 2010; 33:598-603. [DOI: 10.1248/bpb.33.598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Min Fu
- Medical College, Tsinghua University
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623
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624
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Zona C, Pieri M, Carunchio I, Curcio L, Klitgaard H, Margineanu DG. Brivaracetam (ucb 34714) inhibits Na+ current in rat cortical neurons in culture. Epilepsy Res 2010; 88:46-54. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eplepsyres.2009.09.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2009] [Revised: 09/22/2009] [Accepted: 09/25/2009] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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625
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Yu XM, Groveman BR, Fang XQ, Lin SX. THE ROLE OF INTRACELLULAR SODIUM (Na) IN THE REGULATION OF CALCIUM (Ca)-MEDIATED SIGNALING AND TOXICITY. Health (London) 2010; 2:8-15. [PMID: 21243124 DOI: 10.4236/health.2010.21002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
It is known that activated N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors (NMDARs) are a major route of excessive calcium ion (Ca(2+)) entry in central neurons, which may activate degradative processes and thereby cause cell death. Therefore, NMDARs are now recognized to play a key role in the development of many diseases associated with injuries to the central nervous system (CNS). However, it remains a mystery how NMDAR activity is recruited in the cellular processes leading to excitotoxicity and how NMDAR activity can be controlled at a physiological level. The sodium ion (Na(+)) is the major cation in extracellular space. With its entry into the cell, Na(+) can act as a critical intracellular second messenger that regulates many cellular functions. Recent data have shown that intracellular Na(+) can be an important signaling factor underlying the up-regulation of NMDARs. While Ca(2+) influx during the activation of NMDARs down-regulates NMDAR activity, Na(+) influx provides an essential positive feedback mechanism to overcome Ca(2+)-induced inhibition and thereby potentiate both NMDAR activity and inward Ca(2+) flow. Extensive investigations have been conducted to clarify mechanisms underlying Ca(2+)-mediated signaling. This review focuses on the roles of Na(+) in the regulation of Ca(2+)-mediated NMDAR signaling and toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xian-Min Yu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida, 32306-4300, USA
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626
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Fritch PC, McNaughton-Smith G, Amato GS, Burns JF, Eargle CW, Roeloffs R, Harrison W, Jones L, Wickenden AD. Novel KCNQ2/Q3 Agonists as Potential Therapeutics for Epilepsy and Neuropathic Pain. J Med Chem 2009; 53:887-96. [DOI: 10.1021/jm901497b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Paul C. Fritch
- Icagen, Inc., Suite 390, 4222 Emperor Boulevard, Durham, North Carolina 27703
| | | | - George S. Amato
- Icagen, Inc., Suite 390, 4222 Emperor Boulevard, Durham, North Carolina 27703
| | - James F. Burns
- Icagen, Inc., Suite 390, 4222 Emperor Boulevard, Durham, North Carolina 27703
| | - C. Wesley Eargle
- Icagen, Inc., Suite 390, 4222 Emperor Boulevard, Durham, North Carolina 27703
| | - Rosemarie Roeloffs
- Icagen, Inc., Suite 390, 4222 Emperor Boulevard, Durham, North Carolina 27703
| | - William Harrison
- Icagen, Inc., Suite 390, 4222 Emperor Boulevard, Durham, North Carolina 27703
| | - Leslie Jones
- Icagen, Inc., Suite 390, 4222 Emperor Boulevard, Durham, North Carolina 27703
| | - Alan D. Wickenden
- Icagen, Inc., Suite 390, 4222 Emperor Boulevard, Durham, North Carolina 27703
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627
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Koe AS, Jones NC, Salzberg MR. Early life stress as an influence on limbic epilepsy: an hypothesis whose time has come? Front Behav Neurosci 2009; 3:24. [PMID: 19838325 PMCID: PMC2762371 DOI: 10.3389/neuro.08.024.2009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2009] [Accepted: 08/18/2009] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The pathogenesis of mesial temporal lobe epilepsy (MTLE), the most prevalent form of refractory focal epilepsy in adults, is thought to begin in early life, even though seizures may not commence until adolescence or adulthood. Amongst the range of early life factors implicated in MTLE causation (febrile seizures, traumatic brain injury, etc.), stress may be one important contributor. Early life stress is an a priori agent deserving study because of the large amount of neuroscientific data showing enduring effects on structure and function in hippocampus and amygdala, the key structures involved in MTLE. An emerging body of evidence directly tests hypotheses concerning early life stress and limbic epilepsy: early life stressors, such as maternal separation, have been shown to aggravate epileptogenesis in both status epilepticus and kindling models of limbic epilepsy. In addition to elucidating its influence on limbic epileptogenesis itself, the study of early life stress has the potential to shed light on the psychiatric disorder that accompanies MTLE. For many years, psychiatric comorbidity was viewed as an effect of epilepsy, mediated psychologically and/or neurobiologically. An alternative – or complementary – perspective is that of shared causation. Early life stress, implicated in the pathogenesis of several psychiatric disorders, may be one such causal factor. This paper aims to critically review the body of experimental evidence linking early life stress and epilepsy; to discuss the direct studies examining early life stress effects in current models of limbic seizures/epilepsy; and to suggest priorities for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amelia S Koe
- Department of Medicine, Royal Melbourne Hospital, University of Melbourne Parkville, VIC, Australia
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628
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Holmes GL. The 2008 Judith Hoyer lecture: epilepsy in children: listening to mothers. Epilepsy Behav 2009; 16:193-202. [PMID: 19720568 PMCID: PMC2760824 DOI: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2009.07.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2009] [Accepted: 07/17/2009] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The incidence of epilepsy is significantly higher in children than adults. When faced with the diagnosis of epilepsy, parents have many questions regarding cause, treatment, and prognosis. Although the majority of children with epilepsy have an excellent prognosis and respond well to therapy, some children are refractory to therapy and suffer from cognitive decline. Animal models are now providing insights into the mechanisms responsible for the high incidence of seizures during development and age-dependent seizure-induced damage. One of the causes of the increased susceptibility of the young brain to seizures is the depolarizing effects of GABA secondary to high intracellular concentrations of chloride in young neurons. Although cell loss is not a feature of seizures in the young brain, recurrent seizures do result in aberrant sprouting of mossy fibers, reduce neurogenesis, and alter excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmitter receptor structure and function. Behavioral consequences of early-life seizures include impaired spatial cognition, which now can be assessed using single-cell recordings from the hippocampus. Antiepileptic drugs have had a tremendous positive influence in epilepsy management, although there are now a number of studies demonstrating that antiepileptic drugs at therapeutic concentrations can impair cognition and result in increased apoptosis. While clinical judgment and experience are paramount when discussing the consequences of seizures and their treatment, awareness of studies from animals can provide the clinician with guidance in addressing these important issues with parents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory L Holmes
- Department of Neurology, Center for Neuroscience at Dartmouth, Dartmouth Medical School, Hanover, NH, USA.
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629
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Down-regulation Synaptic Vesicle Protein 2A in the Anterior Temporal Neocortex of Patients with Intractable Epilepsy. J Mol Neurosci 2009; 39:354-9. [DOI: 10.1007/s12031-009-9288-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2009] [Accepted: 08/17/2009] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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630
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Fernández M, Lao-Peregrín C, Martín ED. Flufenamic acid suppresses epileptiform activity in hippocampus by reducing excitatory synaptic transmission and neuronal excitability. Epilepsia 2009; 51:384-90. [PMID: 19732136 DOI: 10.1111/j.1528-1167.2009.02279.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE In this study, we explore the antiepileptic effects of flufenamic acid (FFA) in order to identify the cellular mechanisms that underlie the potential anticonvulsant properties of this nonsteroidal antiinflammatory compound. METHODS The mechanisms of FFA action were analyzed using an in vitro model in which epileptiform activity was induced in hippocampal slices by perfusion with 100 microm 4-aminopyridine (4-AP) added to a modified Mg(2+)-free solution. The activity of CA1 pyramidal neurons as well as the synaptic connection between CA3 and CA1 was monitored using extracellular and patch-clamp recordings. RESULTS Epileptiform activity was suppressed in hippocampal neurons by FFA at concentrations between 50 and 200 microm. Glutamatergic excitatory synaptic transmission was diminished by FFA without modifying recurrent gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)ergic synaptic inhibition. Several lines of evidence indicated that FFA did not decrease neurotransmitter release probability, implicating a postsynaptic mechanism of action. FFA also potently reduced neuronal excitability, but did not alter the amplitude, duration, or undershoot of action potentials. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that FFA exerts an anticonvulsive effect on hippocampal pyramidal neurons by simultaneously decreasing glutamatergic excitatory synaptic activity and reducing neuronal excitability. Therefore, our study provides experimental evidence that FFA may represent an effective pharmacologic agent in the treatment of epilepsy in the mammalian central nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam Fernández
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology and Synaptic Plasticity, Regional Center for Biomedical Research (CRIB), University of Castilla-La Mancha, Albacete, Spain
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631
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Intravenous levetiracetam terminates refractory status epilepticus in two patients with migrating partial seizures in infancy. Epilepsy Res 2009; 86:66-71. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eplepsyres.2009.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2009] [Revised: 04/27/2009] [Accepted: 05/10/2009] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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632
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Knock S, McIntosh A, Sporns O, Kötter R, Hagmann P, Jirsa V. The effects of physiologically plausible connectivity structure on local and global dynamics in large scale brain models. J Neurosci Methods 2009; 183:86-94. [PMID: 19607860 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2009.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2009] [Revised: 07/03/2009] [Accepted: 07/06/2009] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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633
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Krishnan AV, Lin CSY, Park SB, Kiernan MC. Axonal ion channels from bench to bedside: a translational neuroscience perspective. Prog Neurobiol 2009; 89:288-313. [PMID: 19699774 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2009.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2009] [Revised: 08/17/2009] [Accepted: 08/17/2009] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Over recent decades, the development of specialised techniques such as patch clamping and site-directed mutagenesis have established the contribution of neuronal ion channel dysfunction to the pathophysiology of common neurological conditions including epilepsy, multiple sclerosis, spinal cord injury, peripheral neuropathy, episodic ataxia, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and neuropathic pain. Recently, these insights from in vitro studies have been translated into the clinical realm. In keeping with this progress, novel clinical axonal excitability techniques have been developed to provide information related to the activity of a variety of ion channels, energy-dependent pumps and ion exchange processes activated during impulse conduction in peripheral axons. These non-invasive techniques have been extensively applied to the study of the biophysical properties of human peripheral nerves in vivo and have provided important insights into axonal ion channel function in health and disease. This review will provide a translational perspective, focusing on an overview of the investigational method, the clinical utility in assessing the biophysical basis of ectopic symptom generation in peripheral nerve disease and a review of the major findings of excitability studies in acquired and inherited neurological disease states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arun V Krishnan
- Translational Neuroscience Facility, University of New South Wales, Randwick, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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634
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Mood stabilizers increase prepulse inhibition in DBA/2NCrl mice. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2009; 205:369-77. [PMID: 19404613 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-009-1547-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2009] [Accepted: 04/13/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Lithium and several antiepileptic drugs have mood-stabilizing effects in bipolar disorder and schizophrenia. Both disorders are characterized by deficits in prepulse inhibition (PPI) of the acoustic startle response. OBJECTIVES Using the DBA/2 model of naturally low PPI, which is reliably increased by antipsychotics, five mood stabilizers in clinical use were tested to determine whether they would also increase PPI in this model. All drugs were administered intraperitoneally (i.p.) 30 min before testing. RESULTS Lithium chloride (30 mg/kg), topiramate (100 and 300 mg/kg), carbamazepine (30, 60, and 100 mg/kg), valproic acid (178 and 316 mg/kg), and lamotrigine (3, 10, and 30 mg/kg) increased percent PPI. The antiepileptic drugs carbamazepine, valproic acid, and lamotrigine at high doses also decreased no-stimulus amplitudes and increased startle amplitudes. At high doses of carbamazepine, valproic acid, and lamotrigine, increases in percent PPI were independent of the increases in startle amplitude. CONCLUSIONS The demonstrated efficacy of five mood stabilizers in the DBA/2 model of naturally low PPI points to the translational value of this model in predicting therapeutic activity in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder of compounds with diverse mechanisms of action.
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635
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Killer N, Hock M, Gehlhaus M, Capetian P, Knoth R, Pantazis G, Volk B, Meyer RP. Modulation of androgen and estrogen receptor expression by antiepileptic drugs and steroids in hippocampus of patients with temporal lobe epilepsy. Epilepsia 2009; 50:1875-90. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1528-1167.2009.02161.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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636
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Monti B, Gatta V, Piretti F, Raffaelli SS, Virgili M, Contestabile A. Valproic acid is neuroprotective in the rotenone rat model of Parkinson's disease: involvement of alpha-synuclein. Neurotox Res 2009; 17:130-41. [PMID: 19626387 DOI: 10.1007/s12640-009-9090-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2008] [Revised: 06/25/2009] [Accepted: 07/08/2009] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Valproic acid (VPA), an established antiepileptic and antimanic drug, has recently emerged as a promising neuroprotective agent. Among its many cellular targets, VPA has been recently demonstrated to be an effective inhibitor of histone deacetylases. Accordingly, we have adopted a schedule of dietary administration (2% VPA added to the chow) that results in a significant inhibition of histone deacetylase activity and in an increase of histone H3 acetylation in brain tissues of 4 weeks-treated rats. We have tested this schedule of VPA treatment in an animal model of Parkinson's disease (PD), in which degeneration of nigro-striatal dopaminergic neurons is obtained through sub-chronic administration of the mitochondrial toxin, rotenone, via osmotic mini pumps implanted to rats. The decrease of the dopaminergic marker tyrosine hydroxylase in substantia nigra and striatum caused by 7 days toxin administration was prevented in VPA-fed rats. VPA treatment also significantly counteracted the death of nigral neurons and the 50% drop of striatal dopamine levels caused by rotenone administration. The PD-marker protein alpha-synuclein decreased, in its native form, in substantia nigra and striatum of rotenone-treated rats, while monoubiquitinated alpha-synuclein increased in the same regions. VPA treatment counteracted both these alpha-synuclein alterations. Furthermore, monoubiquitinated alpha-synuclein increased its localization in nuclei isolated from substantia nigra of rotenone-treated rats, an effect also prevented by VPA treatment. Nuclear localization of alpha-synuclein has been recently described in some models of PD and its neurodegenerative effect has been ascribed to histone acetylation inhibition. Thus, the ability of VPA to increase histone acetylation is a novel candidate mechanism for its neuroprotective action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Monti
- Department of Biology, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
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637
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Reddy DS. The role of neurosteroids in the pathophysiology and treatment of catamenial epilepsy. Epilepsy Res 2009; 85:1-30. [PMID: 19406620 PMCID: PMC2696558 DOI: 10.1016/j.eplepsyres.2009.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2008] [Revised: 02/23/2009] [Accepted: 02/25/2009] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Catamenial epilepsy is a multifaceted neuroendocrine condition in which seizures are clustered around specific points in the menstrual cycle, most often around perimenstrual or periovulatory period. Generally, a twofold or greater increase in seizure frequency during a particular phase of the menstrual cycle could be considered as catamenial epilepsy. Based on this criteria, recent clinical studies indicate that catamenial epilepsy affects 31-60% of the women with epilepsy. Three types of catamenial seizures (perimenstrual, periovulatory and inadequate luteal) have been identified. However, there is no specific drug available today for catamenial epilepsy, which has not been successfully treated with conventional antiepileptic drugs. Elucidation of the pathophysiology of catamenial epilepsy is a prerequisite to develop specific targeted approaches for treatment or prevention of the disorder. Cyclical changes in the circulating levels of estrogens and progesterone play a central role in the development of catamenial epilepsy. There is emerging evidence that endogenous neurosteroids with anticonvulsant or proconvulsant effects could play a critical role in catamenial epilepsy. It is thought that perimenstrual catamenial epilepsy is associated with the withdrawal of anticonvulsant neurosteroids. Progesterone and other hormonal agents have been shown in limited trials to be moderately effective in catamenial epilepsy, but may cause endocrine side effects. Synthetic neurosteroids, which enhance the tonic GABA-A receptor function, might provide an effective approach for the catamenial epilepsy therapy without producing hormonal side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Doodipala Samba Reddy
- Department of Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center, 228 Reynolds Medical Building, College Station, TX 77843-1114, USA.
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638
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Large CH, Kalinichev M, Lucas A, Carignani C, Bradford A, Garbati N, Sartori I, Austin NE, Ruffo A, Jones DN, Alvaro G, Read KD. The relationship between sodium channel inhibition and anticonvulsant activity in a model of generalised seizure in the rat. Epilepsy Res 2009; 85:96-106. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eplepsyres.2009.02.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2008] [Revised: 02/23/2009] [Accepted: 02/25/2009] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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639
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Löscher W, Brandt C. High seizure frequency prior to antiepileptic treatment is a predictor of pharmacoresistant epilepsy in a rat model of temporal lobe epilepsy. Epilepsia 2009; 51:89-97. [PMID: 19563347 DOI: 10.1111/j.1528-1167.2009.02183.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Progress in the management of patients with medically intractable epilepsy is impeded because we do not fully understand why pharmacoresistance happens and how it can be predicted. The presence of multiple seizures prior to medical treatment has been suggested as a potential predictor of poor outcome. In the present study, we used an animal model of temporal lobe epilepsy to investigate whether pharmacoresistant rats differ in seizure frequency from pharmacoresponsive animals. METHODS Epilepsy with spontaneous recurrent seizures (SRS) was induced by status epilepticus. Frequency of SRS was determined by video/EEG (electroencephalography) monitoring in a total of 33 epileptic rats before onset of treatment with phenobarbital (PB). RESULTS Thirteen (39%) rats did not respond to treatment with PB. Before treatment with PB, average seizure frequency in PB nonresponders was significantly higher than seizure frequency in responders, which, however, was due to six nonresponders that exhibited > 3 seizures per day. Such high seizure frequency was not observed in responders, demonstrating that high seizure frequency predicts pharmacoresistance in this model, but does not occur in all nonresponders. DISCUSSION The data from this study are in line with clinical experience that the frequency of seizures in the early phase of epilepsy is a dominant risk factor that predicts refractoriness. However, resistance to treatment also occurred in rats that did not differ in seizure frequency from responders, indicating that disease severity alone is not sufficient to explain antiepileptic drug (AED) resistance. These data provide further evidence that epilepsy models are useful in the search for predictors and mechanisms of pharmacoresistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wolfgang Löscher
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Pharmacy, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, and Center for Systems Neuroscience, Bünteweg 17, D-30559 Hannover, Germany.
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640
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Ghiglieri V, Picconi B, Sgobio C, Bagetta V, Barone I, Paillè V, Di Filippo M, Polli F, Gardoni F, Altrock W, Gundelfinger ED, De Sarro G, Bernardi G, Ammassari-Teule M, Di Luca M, Calabresi P. Epilepsy-induced abnormal striatal plasticity in Bassoon mutant mice. Eur J Neurosci 2009; 29:1979-93. [PMID: 19453636 DOI: 10.1111/j.1460-9568.2009.06733.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Recently, the striatum has been implicated in the spread of epileptic seizures. As the absence of functional scaffolding protein Bassoon in mutant mice is associated with the development of pronounced spontaneous seizures, we utilized this new genetic model of epilepsy to investigate seizure-induced changes in striatal synaptic plasticity. Mutant mice showed reduced long-term potentiation in striatal spiny neurons, associated with an altered N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor subunit distribution, whereas GABAergic fast-spiking (FS) interneurons showed NMDA-dependent short-term potentiation that was absent in wild-type animals. Alterations in the dendritic morphology of spiny neurons and in the number of FS interneurons were also observed. Early antiepileptic treatment with valproic acid reduced epileptic attacks and mortality, rescuing physiological striatal synaptic plasticity and NMDA receptor subunit composition. However, morphological alterations were not affected by antiepileptic treatment. Our results indicate that, in Bsn mutant mice, initial morphological alterations seem to reflect a more direct effect of the abnormal genotype, whereas plasticity changes are likely to be caused by the occurrence of repeated cortical seizures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronica Ghiglieri
- Laboratorio di Neurofisiologia, Fondazione Santa Lucia, IRCCS c/o CERC, Rome, Italy
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641
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Braga MFM, Aroniadou-Anderjaska V, Li H, Rogawski MA. Topiramate Reduces Excitability in the Basolateral Amygdala by Selectively Inhibiting GluK1 (GluR5) Kainate Receptors on Interneurons and Positively Modulating GABAA Receptors on Principal Neurons. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2009; 330:558-66. [DOI: 10.1124/jpet.109.153908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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642
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2,4(5)-Diarylimidazoles as inhibitors of hNaV1.2 sodium channels: Pharmacological evaluation and structure–property relationships. Bioorg Med Chem 2009; 17:3642-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2009.03.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2008] [Revised: 03/27/2009] [Accepted: 03/31/2009] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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643
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Rezvani AH, Overstreet DH, Vaidya AH, Zhao B, Levin ED. Carisbamate, a novel antiepileptic candidate compound, attenuates alcohol intake in alcohol-preferring rats. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2009; 33:1366-73. [PMID: 19413647 DOI: 10.1111/j.1530-0277.2009.00966.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Since 1994, when naltrexone (Revia) was approved by the FDA for the treatment of alcoholism, only 2 other drugs (Campral and Topamax have been approved for alcoholism treatment. However, various experimental drugs, including antiepileptic medications, have been tested in both animal models and in humans with some promising results. The purpose of this project was to study the effect of the novel neuromodulator carisbamate, which is in development for epilepsy treatment, on alcohol intake in selectively bred alcohol-preferring rats. METHODS Male alcohol-preferring inbred P rats were allowed to freely drink water or alcohol (10%, v/v) using a 2-bottle choice procedure. After stable baselines for alcohol and water intakes were established, the acute effects of oral carisbamate (0, 10, 30, 45, 60, and 90 mg/kg) were assessed. Then, the chronic effect of the compound (60 mg/kg/day for 14 consecutive days) on alcohol intake was assessed in a separate group of male P rats. In another set of experiments, the effects of carisbamate and naltrexone on alcohol withdrawal-induced elevated drinking of alcohol, an index of craving, were compared. Rats were withdrawn from alcohol for 24 hours and were given vehicle, 20 mg/kg naltrexone or 60 mg/kg carisbamate 30 minutes before re-exposure to alcohol. Alcohol and water intake was measured 6 hours after alcohol re-exposure. To determine the effects of carisbamate on saccharin preference, rats were put on a 2-bottle choice of water versus a solution of 2% saccharin. Then, the effect of the highest dose of carisbamate (90 mg/kg) and naltrexone (20 mg/kg) and the vehicle on saccharin preference was determined. RESULTS Our results showed that there was a selective dose-dependent reduction in alcohol intake and preference in the alcohol-preferring P rat after an acute oral administration of carisbamate. There were no significant effects on food or water intake. Chronic administration of carisbamate significantly reduced alcohol intake and preference initially, but partial tolerance developed after the 10th treatment. The degree of tolerance development was less than that observed for naltrexone. Acute administration of carisbamate was more effective than naltrexone in reducing enhanced alcohol intake after a period of alcohol deprivation. Compared with control vehicle neither carisbamate nor naltrexone had a significant effect on saccharin intake and preference. CONCLUSION The novel neuromodulator compound carisbamate has a favorable profile of effects on alcohol intake and related measures and should be considered for testing on human alcoholics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir H Rezvani
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA.
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644
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McElroy SL, Guerdjikova AI, Martens B, Keck PE, Pope HG, Hudson JI. Role of antiepileptic drugs in the management of eating disorders. CNS Drugs 2009; 23:139-56. [PMID: 19173373 DOI: 10.2165/00023210-200923020-00004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Growing evidence suggests that antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) may be useful in managing some eating disorders. In the present paper, we provide a brief overview of eating disorders, the rationale for using AEDs in the treatment of these disorders and review the data supporting the effectiveness of specific AEDs in the treatment of patients with eating disorders. In addition, the potential mechanisms of action of AEDs in these conditions are discussed. Of the available AEDs, topiramate appears to have the broadest spectrum of action as an anti-binge eating, anti-purging and weight loss agent, as demonstrated in two placebo-controlled studies in bulimia nervosa and three placebo-controlled studies in binge-eating disorder (BED) with obesity. Topiramate may also have beneficial effects in night-eating syndrome and sleep-related eating disorder, but controlled trials in these conditions are needed. The results of one small controlled study suggest that zonisamide may have efficacy in BED with obesity. However, both topiramate and zonisamide are associated with adverse effect profiles that may limit their use in patients with eating disorders. Phenytoin may be effective in some patients with compulsive binge eating, particularly if co-morbid EEG abnormalities are present, but available data are too varied to allow definitive conclusions to be made. Carbamazepine and valproate may be effective in treating patients with bulimia nervosa or anorexia nervosa when they are used to treat an associated psychiatric (e.g. mood) or neurological (e.g. seizure) disorder; otherwise, both agents, particularly valproate, are associated with weight gain. In conclusion, AEDs have an emerging role in the management of some eating disorders.
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645
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Mula M, Trimble MR. Antiepileptic drug-induced cognitive adverse effects: potential mechanisms and contributing factors. CNS Drugs 2009; 23:121-37. [PMID: 19173372 DOI: 10.2165/00023210-200923020-00003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Cognitive dysfunction is frequently observed in patients with epilepsy and represents an important challenge in the management of patients with this disorder. In this respect, the relative contribution of antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) is of relevance. The fact that a considerable number of patients require AED therapy for many years, or perhaps even a lifetime, emphasizes the need to focus on the long-term adverse effects of these drugs on cognition. The most prevalent of the CNS adverse effects observed during AED therapy are sedation, somnolence, distractibility, insomnia and dizziness. Sedation, in particular, is associated with most of the commonly used AED therapies. Nevertheless, cognitive function in individuals with epilepsy may also be influenced by several factors, of which AEDs constitute only one of many putative causes. In general terms, most studies agree that some differences exist among the older AEDs with regard to the effects on cognition, and some newer generation molecules may have a better cognitive profile than older AEDs. The mechanisms of action are an obvious determinant; however, there is still a lack of evidence for differentiation between available drugs with regard to cognitive effects. Some authors have suggested that there may be different cognitive effects associated with individual drugs; however, the question as to whether there are more specific deficits related to the action of individual drugs remains unsolved. There seems to be agreement that polytherapy and high-dose treatment can produce cognitive adverse effects and when high dosages or adjunctive polytherapy is needed, the balance between benefits and disadvantages may be negatively biased against drug treatment. Thus, drug treatment requires careful balancing in the attempt to reach maximal seizure control while avoiding neurotoxic adverse effects. Finally, the mood status of the patient and clinical relevance of the information obtained by neuropsychological testing represent important variables that need to be taken into account when discussing cognitive adverse effects of AEDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Mula
- Department of Clinical & Experimental Medicine, Department of Neurology, Amedeo Avogadro University, Novara, Italy.
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646
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Crompton DE, Berkovic SF. The borderland of epilepsy: clinical and molecular features of phenomena that mimic epileptic seizures. Lancet Neurol 2009; 8:370-81. [PMID: 19296920 DOI: 10.1016/s1474-4422(09)70059-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Paroxysmal losses of consciousness and other episodic neurological symptoms have many causes. Distinguishing epileptic from non-epileptic disorders is fundamental to diagnosis, but even this basic dichotomy is often challenging and is certainly not new. In 1907, the British neurologist William Richard Gowers published his book The Border-land of Epilepsy in which he discussed paroxysmal conditions "in the border-land of epilepsy-near it, but not of it" and their clinical differentiation from epilepsy itself. Now, a century later, we revisit the epilepsy borderland, focusing on syncope, migraine, vertigo, parasomnias, and some rarer paroxysmal disorders. For each condition, we review the clinical distinction from epileptic seizures. We then integrate current understanding of the molecular pathophysiology of these disorders into this clinical framework. This analysis shows that, although the clinical manifestations of paroxysmal disorders are highly heterogeneous, striking similarities in molecular pathophysiology are seen among many epileptic and non-epileptic paroxysmal phenomena.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas E Crompton
- Epilepsy Research Centre, Department of Medicine (Neurology), University of Melbourne, Austin Health, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia
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647
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Parker MH, Smith-Swintosky VL, McComsey DF, Huang Y, Brenneman D, Klein B, Malatynska E, White HS, Milewski ME, Herb M, Finley MFA, Liu Y, Lubin ML, Qin N, Iannucci R, Leclercq L, Cuyckens F, Reitz AB, Maryanoff BE. Novel, Broad-Spectrum Anticonvulsants Containing a Sulfamide Group: Advancement of N-((Benzo[b]thien-3-yl)methyl)sulfamide (JNJ-26990990) into Human Clinical Studies. J Med Chem 2009; 52:7528-36. [DOI: 10.1021/jm801432r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael H. Parker
- Research and Early Development, Johnson & Johnson Pharmaceutical Research & Development, Spring House, Pennsylvania 19477-0776
| | - Virginia L. Smith-Swintosky
- Research and Early Development, Johnson & Johnson Pharmaceutical Research & Development, Spring House, Pennsylvania 19477-0776
| | - David F. McComsey
- Research and Early Development, Johnson & Johnson Pharmaceutical Research & Development, Spring House, Pennsylvania 19477-0776
| | - Yifang Huang
- Research and Early Development, Johnson & Johnson Pharmaceutical Research & Development, Spring House, Pennsylvania 19477-0776
| | - Douglas Brenneman
- Research and Early Development, Johnson & Johnson Pharmaceutical Research & Development, Spring House, Pennsylvania 19477-0776
| | - Brian Klein
- Research and Early Development, Johnson & Johnson Pharmaceutical Research & Development, Spring House, Pennsylvania 19477-0776
| | - Ewa Malatynska
- Research and Early Development, Johnson & Johnson Pharmaceutical Research & Development, Spring House, Pennsylvania 19477-0776
| | - H. Steve White
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, University of Utah Health Sciences Center, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112-5820
| | - Michael E. Milewski
- Research and Early Development, Johnson & Johnson Pharmaceutical Research & Development, Spring House, Pennsylvania 19477-0776
| | - Mark Herb
- Research and Early Development, Johnson & Johnson Pharmaceutical Research & Development, Spring House, Pennsylvania 19477-0776
| | - Michael F. A. Finley
- Research and Early Development, Johnson & Johnson Pharmaceutical Research & Development, Spring House, Pennsylvania 19477-0776
| | - Yi Liu
- Research and Early Development, Johnson & Johnson Pharmaceutical Research & Development, Spring House, Pennsylvania 19477-0776
| | - Mary Lou Lubin
- Research and Early Development, Johnson & Johnson Pharmaceutical Research & Development, Spring House, Pennsylvania 19477-0776
| | - Ning Qin
- Research and Early Development, Johnson & Johnson Pharmaceutical Research & Development, Spring House, Pennsylvania 19477-0776
| | - Robert Iannucci
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Johnson & Johnson Pharmaceutical Research & Development, Raritan, New Jersey 08869-0602
| | - Laurent Leclercq
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Johnson & Johnson Pharmaceutical Research & Development, 2340 Beerse, Belgium
| | - Filip Cuyckens
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Johnson & Johnson Pharmaceutical Research & Development, 2340 Beerse, Belgium
| | - Allen B. Reitz
- Research and Early Development, Johnson & Johnson Pharmaceutical Research & Development, Spring House, Pennsylvania 19477-0776
| | - Bruce E. Maryanoff
- Research and Early Development, Johnson & Johnson Pharmaceutical Research & Development, Spring House, Pennsylvania 19477-0776
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648
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Gavernet L, Elvira JE, Samaja GA, Pastore V, Cravero MS, Enrique A, Estiu G, Bruno-Blanch LE. Synthesis and anticonvulsant activity of amino acid-derived sulfamides. J Med Chem 2009; 52:1592-601. [PMID: 19249853 DOI: 10.1021/jm800764p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Sulfamides are promising functions for the design of new antiepileptic drugs ( Bioorg. Med. Chem. 2007, 15, 1556-1567; 5604-5614 ). Following previous research in this line, a set of amino acid-derived sulfamides has been designed, synthesized, and tested as new anticonvulsant compounds. The experimental data confirmed the ability of some of the structures to suppress the convulsions originated by the electrical seizure (MES test) at low doses (100 mg/kg).
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciana Gavernet
- Medicinal Chemistry, Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Exact Sciences, National University of La Plata, 47 and 115, La Plata B1900BJW, Argentina.
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649
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Noé F, Frasca A, Balducci C, Carli M, Sperk G, Ferraguti F, Pitkänen A, Bland R, Fitzsimons H, During M, Vezzani A. Neuropeptide Y overexpression using recombinant adeno-associated viral vectors. Neurotherapeutics 2009; 6:300-6. [PMID: 19332323 PMCID: PMC5084207 DOI: 10.1016/j.nurt.2009.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2008] [Revised: 01/20/2009] [Accepted: 01/22/2009] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Gene therapy may represent a promising alternative treatment of epileptic patients who are resistant to conventional anti-epileptic drugs. Among the various approaches for the application of gene therapy in the treatment of CNS disorders, recombinant adeno-associated viral (AAV) vectors have been most widely used. Preclinical studies using a selection of "therapeutic" genes injected into the rodent brain to correct the compromised balance between inhibitory and excitatory transmission in epilepsy, showed significant reduction of seizures and inhibition of epileptogenesis. In particular, transduction of neuropeptide genes, such as galanin and neuropeptide Y (NPY) in specific brain areas in experimental models of seizures resulted in significant anticonvulsant effects. Recent findings showed a long-lasting NPY over-expression in the rat hippocampus by local application of recombinant AAV vectors associated with reduced generalization of seizures, delayed kindling epileptogenesis, and strong reduction of chronic spontaneous seizures. These results establish a proof-of-principle evidence of the efficacy of gene therapy as anticonvulsant treatment. Additional investigations are required to address safety concerns and possible side effects in more detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Noé
- grid.4527.40000000106678902Department of Neuroscience, Mario Negri Institute for Pharmacological Research, Via G. La Masa 19, 20156 Milano, Italy
| | - Angelisa Frasca
- grid.4527.40000000106678902Department of Neuroscience, Mario Negri Institute for Pharmacological Research, Via G. La Masa 19, 20156 Milano, Italy
| | - Claudia Balducci
- grid.4527.40000000106678902Department of Neuroscience, Mario Negri Institute for Pharmacological Research, Via G. La Masa 19, 20156 Milano, Italy
| | - Mirjana Carli
- grid.4527.40000000106678902Department of Neuroscience, Mario Negri Institute for Pharmacological Research, Via G. La Masa 19, 20156 Milano, Italy
| | - Gunther Sperk
- grid.5361.10000000088532677Department of Pharmacology, Medical University, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Francesco Ferraguti
- grid.5361.10000000088532677Department of Pharmacology, Medical University, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Asla Pitkänen
- grid.9668.10000000107262490Epilepsy Research Lab, A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Science, University of Kuopio, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland
- grid.410705.7000000040628207XDepartment of Neurology, Kuopio University Hospital, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Ross Bland
- Neurologix, Inc., 07024 Fort Lee, New Jersey
- grid.261331.40000000122857943Human Cancer Genetics Programme, The Ohio State University, 43210 Columbus, Ohio
| | - Helen Fitzsimons
- Neurologix, Inc., 07024 Fort Lee, New Jersey
- grid.261331.40000000122857943Human Cancer Genetics Programme, The Ohio State University, 43210 Columbus, Ohio
| | - Matthew During
- grid.261331.40000000122857943Human Cancer Genetics Programme, The Ohio State University, 43210 Columbus, Ohio
| | - Annamaria Vezzani
- grid.4527.40000000106678902Department of Neuroscience, Mario Negri Institute for Pharmacological Research, Via G. La Masa 19, 20156 Milano, Italy
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650
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Rossetti A, Santoli F. Traitement pharmacologique de l’état de mal réfractaire. Rev Neurol (Paris) 2009; 165:373-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neurol.2008.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2008] [Accepted: 12/05/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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