601
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Ohdachi SD, Yoshizawa K, Hanski I, Kawai K, Dokuchaev NE, Sheftel BI, Abramov AV, Moroldoev I, Kawahara A. Intraspecific Phylogeny and Nucleotide Diversity of the Least Shrews, theSorex minutissimus-S. yukonicusComplex, Based on Nucleotide Sequences of the Mitochondrial CytochromebGene and the Control Region. MAMMAL STUDY 2012. [DOI: 10.3106/041.037.0403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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602
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Gu H, Zeng N, Xie Z, Wang D, Wang W, Yang W. Morphology, phylogeny, and toxicity of Atama complex (Dinophyceae) from the Chukchi Sea. Polar Biol 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s00300-012-1273-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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603
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Chang J, Chen D, Ye X, Li S, Liang W, Zhang Z, Li M. Coupling genetic and species distribution models to examine the response of the Hainan Partridge (Arborophila ardens) to late quaternary climate. PLoS One 2012; 7:e50286. [PMID: 23185599 PMCID: PMC3501459 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0050286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2012] [Accepted: 10/22/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding the historical dynamics of animal species is critical for accurate prediction of their response to climate changes. During the late Quaternary period, Southeast Asia had a larger land area than today due to lower sea levels, and its terrestrial landscape was covered by extensive forests and savanna. To date, however, the distribution fluctuation of vegetation and its impacts on genetic structure and demographic history of local animals during the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) are still disputed. In addition, the responses of animal species on Hainan Island, located in northern Southeast Asia, to climate changes during the LGM are poorly understood. Here, we combined phylogeographic analysis, paleoclimatic evidence, and species distribution models to examine the response of the flightless Hainan Partridge (Arborophila ardens) to climate change. We concluded that A. ardens survived through LGM climate changes, and its current distribution on Hainan Island was its in situ refuge. Range model results indicated that A. ardens once covered a much larger area than its current distribution. Demographic history described a relatively stable pattern during and following the LGM. In addition, weak population genetic structure suggests a role in promoting gene flow between populations with climate-induced elevation shifts. Human activities must be considered in conservation planning due to their impact on fragmented habitats. These first combined data for Hainan Partridge demonstrate the value of paired genetic and SDMs study. More related works that might deepen our understanding of the responses of the species in Southeast Asia to late Quaternary Climate are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiang Chang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Conservation Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- MOE Key Laboratory for Biodiversity Science and Ecological Engineering, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - De Chen
- MOE Key Laboratory for Biodiversity Science and Ecological Engineering, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Xinping Ye
- Department of Natural Resources, Faculty of Geo-Information Science and Earth Observation (ITC), University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Shouhsien Li
- Department of Life Science, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei, China
| | - Wei Liang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Tropical Plant and Animal Ecology, College of Life Sciences, Hainan Normal University, Haikou, China
| | - Zhengwang Zhang
- MOE Key Laboratory for Biodiversity Science and Ecological Engineering, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Ming Li
- Key Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Conservation Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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604
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Riehl T, Kaiser S. Conquered from the deep sea? A new deep-sea isopod species from the Antarctic shelf shows pattern of recent colonization. PLoS One 2012; 7:e49354. [PMID: 23145160 PMCID: PMC3492298 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0049354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2012] [Accepted: 10/08/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The Amundsen Sea, Antarctica, is amongst the most rapidly changing environments of the world. Its benthic inhabitants are barely known and the BIOPEARL 2 project was one of the first to biologically explore this region. Collected during this expedition, Macrostylis roaldi sp. nov. is described as the first isopod discovered on the Amundsen-Sea shelf. Amongst many characteristic features, the most obvious characters unique for M. roaldi are the rather short pleotelson and short operculum as well as the trapezoid shape of the pleotelson in adult males. We used DNA barcodes (COI) and additional mitochondrial markers (12S, 16S) to reciprocally illuminate morphological results and nucleotide variability. In contrast to many other deep-sea isopods, this species is common and shows a wide distribution. Its range spreads from Pine Island Bay at inner shelf right to the shelf break and across 1,000 m bathymetrically. Its gene pool is homogenized across space and depth. This is indicative for a genetic bottleneck or a recent colonization history. Our results suggest further that migratory or dispersal capabilities of some species of brooding macrobenthos have been underestimated. This might be relevant for the species' potential to cope with effects of climate change. To determine where this species could have survived the last glacial period, alternative refuge possibilities are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Torben Riehl
- Biocenter Grindel & Zoological Museum, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany.
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605
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Jacobson GL, Norton SA, Grimm EC, Edgar T. Changing climate and sea level alter Hg mobility at Lake Tulane, Florida, U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2012; 46:11710-7. [PMID: 23043314 DOI: 10.1021/es302138n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Between 45,000 cal years BP and the beginning of the Holocene, the accumulation rate for Hg in sediments of Lake Tulane, Florida ranged from ≈2 to 10 μg m(-2) yr(-1), compared with 53 μg Hg m(-2) yr(-1) in the 1985-1990 period of anthropogenic input. The locality experienced regional draw-down of the water table during the Wisconsinan glaciation, which lowered global sea level by nearly 130 m. Natural atmospheric deposition of Hg to the surrounding area resulted in long-term (ca. 100,000 years) sequestration of this atmospheric flux of Hg, primarily by adsorption in the oxic Al- and Fe-hydroxide-rich sandy subsoil. Global sea level rise during deglaciation led to a rising regional water table, flooding the oxidized soils surrounding Tulane. Iron and adsorbed Hg were mobilized by reductive dissolution and transported by groundwater flow to Lake Tulane and ultimately to the accumulating sediment. The accumulation rate of Hg (and Fe) increased rapidly about 16,000 cal years BP, peaked at nearly 60 μg Hg m(-2) yr(-1) ca. 13,000-14,000 cal years BP, declined sharply during the Younger Dryas, and then increased sharply to a second 60 μg Hg m(-2) yr(-1) peak about 5000 cal years BP. Thereafter, it declined nearly to background by 900 cal years BP. In similar geologic situations, rapid modern sea level rise will initiate this process globally, and may mobilize large accumulations of Hg and lesser amounts of As, and other redox sensitive metals to groundwater and surface water.
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Affiliation(s)
- G L Jacobson
- Climate Change Institute, University of Maine, Orono, Maine 04469-5790, USA.
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606
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Huang P, Schaal BA. Association between the geographic distribution during the last glacial maximum of Asian wild rice, Oryza rufipogon (Poaceae), and its current genetic variation. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY 2012; 99:1866-1874. [PMID: 23125436 DOI: 10.3732/ajb.1200348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE OF THE STUDY The combination of traditional population genetic studies and species distribution modeling (SDM) provides many new insights in detecting phylogeographic signals. In Asian wild rice (Oryza rufipogon), the progenitor of cultivated Asian rice, geographical subdivision has been documented in many genetic studies although the root cause of this subdivision remains unknown. Surprisingly, environmental factors associated with the spatial and temporal distribution of O. rufipogon have rarely been examined. The aim of this study is to understand the historical distribution of O. rufipogon and its relationship to the current geographical pattern of genetic variation. METHODS We used SDM to examine the present, past, and future distribution of O. rufipogon. The estimated distribution during the Last Glacial Maximum was then compared with genetic data from our previous work. KEY RESULTS The predicted paleodistribution of O. rufipogon at the Last Glacial Maximum was separated into disconnected east and west ranges. This past distribution is consistent with the current geographic pattern of genetic variation, with two genetic groups that intergrade. Annual precipitation is the single factor that contributes most to SDM estimates. SDM predictions for 2080 indicate a general trend of increasing probability of presence and range expansion. CONCLUSIONS (1) The historically disjunct distribution potentially contributes to the current genetic subdivision of O. rufipogon. (2) Water availability is an important factor that limits the distribution of O. rufipogon. (3) Global warming is a lesser threat than other human-mediated factors to the conservation of this endangered species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pu Huang
- Department of Biology Washington University, Campus Box 1137, 1 Brookings Dr., St. Louis, Missouri 63130, USA.
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607
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Kwan YS, Song HK, Lee HJ, Lee WO, Won YJ. Population Genetic Structure and Evidence of Demographic Expansion of the Ayu (Plecoglossus altivelis) in East Asia. ANIMAL SYSTEMATICS, EVOLUTION AND DIVERSITY 2012. [DOI: 10.5635/ased.2012.28.4.279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
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608
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Mock KE, Callahan CM, Islam-Faridi MN, Shaw JD, Rai HS, Sanderson SC, Rowe CA, Ryel RJ, Madritch MD, Gardner RS, Wolf PG. Widespread triploidy in Western North American aspen (Populus tremuloides). PLoS One 2012; 7:e48406. [PMID: 23119006 PMCID: PMC3485218 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0048406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2012] [Accepted: 10/01/2012] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
We document high rates of triploidy in aspen (Populus tremuloides) across the western USA (up to 69% of genets), and ask whether the incidence of triploidy across the species range corresponds with latitude, glacial history (as has been documented in other species), climate, or regional variance in clone size. Using a combination of microsatellite genotyping, flow cytometry, and cytology, we demonstrate that triploidy is highest in unglaciated, drought-prone regions of North America, where the largest clone sizes have been reported for this species. While we cannot completely rule out a low incidence of undetected aneuploidy, tetraploidy or duplicated loci, our evidence suggests that these phenomena are unlikely to be significant contributors to our observed patterns. We suggest that the distribution of triploid aspen is due to a positive synergy between triploidy and ecological factors driving clonality. Although triploids are expected to have low fertility, they are hypothesized to be an evolutionary link to sexual tetraploidy. Thus, interactions between clonality and polyploidy may be a broadly important component of geographic speciation patterns in perennial plants. Further, cytotypes are expected to show physiological and structural differences which may influence susceptibility to ecological factors such as drought, and we suggest that cytotype may be a significant and previously overlooked factor in recent patterns of high aspen mortality in the southwestern portion of the species range. Finally, triploidy should be carefully considered as a source of variance in genomic and ecological studies of aspen, particularly in western U.S. landscapes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen E Mock
- Department of Wildland Resources, Utah State University, Logan, Utah, United States of America.
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609
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Sümegi P, Gulyás S, Csökmei B, Molnár D, Hambach U, Stevens T, Markovic SB, Almond PC. Climatic fluctuations inferred for the Middle and Late Pleniglacial (MIS 2) based on high-resolution (∼ca. 20 y) preliminary environmental magnetic investigation of the loess section of the Madaras brickyard (Hungary). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1556/ceugeol.55.2012.3.6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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610
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Ting N, Astaras C, Hearn G, Honarvar S, Corush J, Burrell AS, Phillips N, Morgan BJ, Gadsby EL, Raaum R, Roos C. Genetic signatures of a demographic collapse in a large-bodied forest dwelling primate (Mandrillus leucophaeus). Ecol Evol 2012; 2:550-61. [PMID: 22822434 PMCID: PMC3399144 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.98] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2011] [Revised: 11/29/2011] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
It is difficult to predict how current climate change will affect wildlife species adapted to a tropical rainforest environment. Understanding how population dynamics fluctuated in such species throughout periods of past climatic change can provide insight into this issue. The drill (Mandrillus leucophaeus) is a large-bodied rainforest adapted mammal found in West Central Africa. In the middle of this endangered monkey's geographic range is Lake Barombi Mbo, which has a well-documented palynological record of environmental change that dates to the Late Pleistocene. We used a Bayesian coalescent-based framework to analyze 2,076 base pairs of mitochondrial DNA across wild drill populations to infer past changes in female effective population size since the Late Pleistocene. Our results suggest that the drill underwent a nearly 15-fold demographic collapse in female effective population size that was most prominent during the Mid Holocene (approximately 3-5 Ka). This time period coincides with a period of increased dryness and seasonality across Africa and a dramatic reduction in forest coverage at Lake Barombi Mbo. We believe that these changes in climate and forest coverage were the driving forces behind the drill population decline. Furthermore, the warm temperatures and increased aridity of the Mid Holocene are potentially analogous to current and future conditions faced by many tropical rainforest communities. In order to prevent future declines in population size in rainforest-adapted species such as the drill, large tracts of forest should be protected to both preserve habitat and prevent forest loss through aridification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nelson Ting
- Department of Anthropology, University of Oregon,308 Condon Hall, Eugene, Oregon 97403
| | - Christos Astaras
- Wildlife Conservation Research Unit, University of Oxford,Abingdon Road, Tubney, Oxfordshire, OX13 5QL, United Kingdom
| | - Gail Hearn
- Department of Biology and Bioko Biodiversity Protection Program, Drexel University,3141 Chestnut Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
| | - Shaya Honarvar
- Department of Biology and Bioko Biodiversity Protection Program, Drexel University,3141 Chestnut Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
| | - Joel Corush
- Department of Anthropology, University of Oregon,308 Condon Hall, Eugene, Oregon 97403
| | - Andrew S Burrell
- Department of Anthropology, New York University,25 Waverly Place, New York, New York 10003
| | - Naomi Phillips
- Department of Biology, Arcadia University,450 South Easton Road, Glenside, Pennsylvania 19038-3295
| | - Bethan J Morgan
- San Diego Zoo Global Institute for Conservation Research,15600 San Pasqual Valley Road, Escondido, California 92027
- Department of Psychology, University of Stirling,FK9 4LA, Stirling, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | | | - Ryan Raaum
- Department of Anthropology, Lehman College and City University of New York Graduate Center,250 Bedford Park Blvd., West Bronx, New York 10468
| | - Christian Roos
- Gene Bank of Primates and Primate Genetics Laboratory, German Primate Center,Kellnerweg 4, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
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611
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Cullingham CI, Roe AD, Sperling FAH, Coltman DW. Phylogeographic insights into an irruptive pest outbreak. Ecol Evol 2012; 2:908-19. [PMID: 22837836 PMCID: PMC3399157 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2011] [Accepted: 12/07/2011] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Irruptive forest insect pests cause considerable ecological and economic damage, and their outbreaks have been increasing in frequency and severity. We use a phylogeographic approach to understand the location and progression of an outbreak by the MPB (Dendroctonus ponderosae Hopkins), an irruptive bark beetle that has caused unprecedented damage to lodgepole pine forests in western North America and is poised to expand its range across the boreal forest. We sampled MPB populations across British Columbia and Alberta and used phylogeographic methods to describe lineage diversification, characterize population structure, investigate expansion dynamics, and identify source populations of the outbreak. Using 1181 bp of mitochondrial DNA sequence from 267 individuals, we found high haplotype diversity, low nucleotide diversity, and limited lineage diversification. The overall pattern was consistent with isolation by distance at a continental scale, and with reduced diversity and population structure in the northerly, outbreak regions. Post-Pleistocene expansion was detected, however more recent expansion signals were not detected, potentially due to the size and rapid rate of range expansion. Based on the limited genetic structure, there were likely multiple source populations in southern British Columbia, although the magnitude of the demographic expansion and rate of spread have obscured the signature of these source populations. Our data highlight the need for caution in interpreting phylogeographic results for species with similar demographics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine I Cullingham
- Department of Biological Sciences, CW405 Biological Sciences Building, University of Alberta Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2E9, Canada
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612
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Wenhua Y, Chen Z, Li Y, Wu Y. Phylogeographic Relationships ofScotophilus kuhliibetween Hainan Island and Mainland China. MAMMAL STUDY 2012. [DOI: 10.3106/041.037.0204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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613
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614
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Huang P, Molina J, Flowers JM, Rubinstein S, Jackson SA, Purugganan MD, Schaal BA. Phylogeography of Asian wild rice, Oryza rufipogon: a genome-wide view. Mol Ecol 2012; 21:4593-604. [PMID: 22646149 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-294x.2012.05625.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Asian wild rice (Oryza rufipogon) that ranges widely across the eastern and southern part of Asia is recognized as the direct ancestor of cultivated Asian rice (O. sativa). Studies of the geographic structure of O. rufipogon, based on chloroplast and low-copy nuclear markers, reveal a possible phylogeographic signal of subdivision in O. rufipogon. However, this signal of geographic differentiation is not consistently observed among different markers and studies, with often conflicting results. To more precisely characterize the phylogeography of O. rufipogon populations, a genome-wide survey of unlinked markers, intensively sampled from across the entire range of O. rufipogon is critical. In this study, we surveyed sequence variation at 42 genome-wide sequence tagged sites (STS) in 108 O. rufipogon accessions from throughout the native range of the species. Using Bayesian clustering, principal component analysis and amova, we conclude that there are two genetically distinct O. rufipogon groups, Ruf-I and Ruf-II. The two groups exhibit a clinal variation pattern generally from north-east to south-west. Different from many earlier studies, Ruf-I, which is found mainly in China and the Indochinese Peninsula, shows genetic similarity with one major cultivated rice variety, O. satvia indica, whereas Ruf-II, mainly from South Asia and the Indochinese Peninsula, is not found to be closely related to cultivated rice varieties. The other major cultivated rice variety, O. sativa japonica, is not found to be similar to either O. rufipogon groups. Our results support the hypothesis of a single origin of the domesticated O. sativa in China. The possible role of palaeoclimate, introgression and migration-drift balance in creating this clinal variation pattern is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pu Huang
- Department of Biology, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA
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615
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Büsse S, von Grumbkow P, Hummel S, Shah DN, Tachamo Shah RD, Li J, Zhang X, Yoshizawa K, Wedmann S, Hörnschemeyer T. Phylogeographic analysis elucidates the influence of the ice ages on the disjunct distribution of relict dragonflies in Asia. PLoS One 2012; 7:e38132. [PMID: 22666462 PMCID: PMC3364219 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0038132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2012] [Accepted: 05/04/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Unusual biogeographic patterns of closely related groups reflect events in the past, and molecular analyses can help to elucidate these events. While ample research on the origin of disjunct distributions of different organism groups in the Western Paleartic has been conducted, such studies are rare for Eastern Palearctic organisms. In this paper we present a phylogeographic analysis of the disjunct distribution pattern of the extant species of the strongly cool-adapted Epiophlebia dragonflies from Asia. We investigated sequences of the usually more conserved 18 S rDNA and 28 S rDNA genes and the more variable sequences of ITS1, ITS2 and CO2 of all three currently recognised Epiophlebia species and of a sample of other odonatan species. In all genes investigated the degrees of similarity between species of Epiophlebia are very high and resemble those otherwise found between different populations of the same species in Odonata. This indicates that substantial gene transfer between these populations occurred in the comparatively recent past. Our analyses imply a wide distribution of the ancestor of extant Epiophlebia in Southeast Asia during the last ice age, when suitable habitats were more common. During the following warming phase, its range contracted, resulting in the current disjunct distribution. Given the strong sensitivity of these species to climatic parameters, the current trend to increasing global temperatures will further reduce acceptable habitats and seriously threaten the existences of these last representatives of an ancient group of Odonata.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Büsse
- Johann-Friedrich-Blumenbach-Institute of Zoology and Anthropology, Department of Morphology, Systematics and Evolutionary Biology, Georg-August-University Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Philipp von Grumbkow
- Johann-Friedrich-Blumenbach-Institute of Zoology and Anthropology, Department of Historical Anthropology and Human Ecology, Georg-August-University Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Susanne Hummel
- Johann-Friedrich-Blumenbach-Institute of Zoology and Anthropology, Department of Historical Anthropology and Human Ecology, Georg-August-University Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Deep Narayan Shah
- Department of River Ecology and Conservation, Senckenberg Research Institutes and Natural History Museums, Gelnhausen, Germany
| | | | | | - Xueping Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Monitoring of Geographic Environment, College of Heilongjiang Province, Harbin Normal University, Harbin, China
| | - Kazunori Yoshizawa
- Systematic Entomology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Hokkaido University Sapporo, Japan
| | - Sonja Wedmann
- Senckenberg Research Institutes and Natural History Museums, Research Station Messel Pit, Messel, Germany
| | - Thomas Hörnschemeyer
- Johann-Friedrich-Blumenbach-Institute of Zoology and Anthropology, Department of Morphology, Systematics and Evolutionary Biology, Georg-August-University Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
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616
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Moodley Y, Linz B, Bond RP, Nieuwoudt M, Soodyall H, Schlebusch CM, Bernhöft S, Hale J, Suerbaum S, Mugisha L, van der Merwe SW, Achtman M. Age of the association between Helicobacter pylori and man. PLoS Pathog 2012; 8:e1002693. [PMID: 22589724 PMCID: PMC3349757 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1002693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 213] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2011] [Accepted: 03/27/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
When modern humans left Africa ca. 60,000 years ago (60 kya), they were already infected with Helicobacter pylori, and these bacteria have subsequently diversified in parallel with their human hosts. But how long were humans infected by H. pylori prior to the out-of-Africa event? Did this co-evolution predate the emergence of modern humans, spanning the species divide? To answer these questions, we investigated the diversity of H. pylori in Africa, where both humans and H. pylori originated. Three distinct H. pylori populations are native to Africa: hpNEAfrica in Afro-Asiatic and Nilo-Saharan speakers, hpAfrica1 in Niger-Congo speakers and hpAfrica2 in South Africa. Rather than representing a sustained co-evolution over millions of years, we find that the coalescent for all H. pylori plus its closest relative H. acinonychis dates to 88–116 kya. At that time the phylogeny split into two primary super-lineages, one of which is associated with the former hunter-gatherers in southern Africa known as the San. H. acinonychis, which infects large felines, resulted from a later host jump from the San, 43–56 kya. These dating estimates, together with striking phylogenetic and quantitative human-bacterial similarities show that H. pylori is approximately as old as are anatomically modern humans. They also suggest that H. pylori may have been acquired via a single host jump from an unknown, non-human host. We also find evidence for a second Out of Africa migration in the last 52,000 years, because hpEurope is a hybrid population between hpAsia2 and hpNEAfrica, the latter of which arose in northeast Africa 36–52 kya, after the Out of Africa migrations around 60 kya. We previously showed that the population history of H. pylori may be used as a marker for human migrations, including the demonstration that humans carried H. pylori out of Africa 60,000 years ago during their recent global expansions. But how long were humans infected by H. pylori prior to the out-of-Africa event? Here we showed that chimpanzees in Central-East Africa do not possess Helicobacter-like bacteria, as would have been expected for pathogen-host co-evolution over millions of years. Using H. pylori gene sequences isolated from San, a group of click-speaking hunter-gatherers, and numerous other sources, we calculated that humans have been infected with H. pylori for at least 88,000–116,000 years. Phylogenetic comparisons showed similar evolutionary histories for human and H. pylori lineages and suggest that this association stemmed from a single host jump. We showed that hpAfrica2, the most divergent H. pylori population, arose in the San and that their progenitors were the source of H. acinonychis which was acquired by large felines approximately 50,000 years ago. Furthermore, our data provided clear evidence for a recent second exodus Out of Africa in the last 52,000 years which was essential for the formation of the hybrid population that currently infects Europeans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshan Moodley
- Max-Planck-Institut für Infektionsbiologie, Department of Molecular Biology, Berlin, Germany
- Konrad Lorenz Institute for Ethology, Department of Integrative Biology and Evolution, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- * E-mail: (YM); (BL); (MA)
| | - Bodo Linz
- Max-Planck-Institut für Infektionsbiologie, Department of Molecular Biology, Berlin, Germany
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- * E-mail: (YM); (BL); (MA)
| | - Robert P. Bond
- Hepatology and GI-Research Laboratory, Department of Immunology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Martin Nieuwoudt
- Hepatology and GI-Research Laboratory, Department of Immunology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Himla Soodyall
- Human Genomic Diversity and Disease Research Unit, Division of Human Genetics, School of Pathology, University of the Witwatersrand/National Health Laboratory Services, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Carina M. Schlebusch
- Human Genomic Diversity and Disease Research Unit, Division of Human Genetics, School of Pathology, University of the Witwatersrand/National Health Laboratory Services, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Steffi Bernhöft
- Max-Planck-Institut für Infektionsbiologie, Department of Molecular Biology, Berlin, Germany
| | - James Hale
- Environmental Research Institute and Department of Microbiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Sebastian Suerbaum
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hospital Epidemiology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | | | - Schalk W. van der Merwe
- Hepatology and GI-Research Laboratory, Department of Immunology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Mark Achtman
- Max-Planck-Institut für Infektionsbiologie, Department of Molecular Biology, Berlin, Germany
- Environmental Research Institute and Department of Microbiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
- * E-mail: (YM); (BL); (MA)
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617
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Clark PU, Shakun JD, Baker PA, Bartlein PJ, Brewer S, Brook E, Carlson AE, Cheng H, Kaufman DS, Liu Z, Marchitto TM, Mix AC, Morrill C, Otto-Bliesner BL, Pahnke K, Russell JM, Whitlock C, Adkins JF, Blois JL, Clark J, Colman SM, Curry WB, Flower BP, He F, Johnson TC, Lynch-Stieglitz J, Markgraf V, McManus J, Mitrovica JX, Moreno PI, Williams JW. Global climate evolution during the last deglaciation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2012; 109:E1134-42. [PMID: 22331892 PMCID: PMC3358890 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1116619109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Deciphering the evolution of global climate from the end of the Last Glacial Maximum approximately 19 ka to the early Holocene 11 ka presents an outstanding opportunity for understanding the transient response of Earth's climate system to external and internal forcings. During this interval of global warming, the decay of ice sheets caused global mean sea level to rise by approximately 80 m; terrestrial and marine ecosystems experienced large disturbances and range shifts; perturbations to the carbon cycle resulted in a net release of the greenhouse gases CO(2) and CH(4) to the atmosphere; and changes in atmosphere and ocean circulation affected the global distribution and fluxes of water and heat. Here we summarize a major effort by the paleoclimate research community to characterize these changes through the development of well-dated, high-resolution records of the deep and intermediate ocean as well as surface climate. Our synthesis indicates that the superposition of two modes explains much of the variability in regional and global climate during the last deglaciation, with a strong association between the first mode and variations in greenhouse gases, and between the second mode and variations in the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter U. Clark
- College of Earth, Ocean, and Atmospheric Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331
| | - Jeremy D. Shakun
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138
| | - Paul A. Baker
- Division of Earth and Ocean Sciences, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708
| | | | - Simon Brewer
- Department of Geography, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112
| | - Ed Brook
- College of Earth, Ocean, and Atmospheric Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331
| | - Anders E. Carlson
- Department of Geoscience, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706
- Center for Climatic Research, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706
| | - Hai Cheng
- Institute of Global Environmental Change, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China
- Department of Geology and Geophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455
| | - Darrell S. Kaufman
- School of Earth Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ 86011
| | - Zhengyu Liu
- Center for Climatic Research, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706
- Laboratory for Ocean-Atmosphere Studies, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Thomas M. Marchitto
- Institute of Arctic and Alpine Research, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309
| | - Alan C. Mix
- College of Earth, Ocean, and Atmospheric Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331
| | - Carrie Morrill
- National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration National Climatic Data Center, Boulder, CO 80305
| | - Bette L. Otto-Bliesner
- Climate and Global Dynamics Division, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, CO 80307
| | - Katharina Pahnke
- Department of Geology and Geophysics, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI 96822
| | - James M. Russell
- Department of Geological Sciences, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912
| | - Cathy Whitlock
- Department of Earth Sciences, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 97403
| | - Jess F. Adkins
- Division of Geological and Planetary Sciences, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125
| | - Jessica L. Blois
- Center for Climatic Research, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706
- Department of Geography, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706
| | - Jorie Clark
- College of Earth, Ocean, and Atmospheric Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331
| | - Steven M. Colman
- Large Lakes Observatory and Department Geological Sciences, University of Minnesota, Duluth, MN 55812
| | - William B. Curry
- Department of Geology and Geophysics, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA 02543
| | - Ben P. Flower
- College of Marine Science, University of South Florida, St. Petersburg, FL 33701
| | - Feng He
- Center for Climatic Research, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706
| | - Thomas C. Johnson
- Large Lakes Observatory and Department Geological Sciences, University of Minnesota, Duluth, MN 55812
| | - Jean Lynch-Stieglitz
- School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332
| | - Vera Markgraf
- School of Earth Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ 86011
| | - Jerry McManus
- Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory, Palisades, NY 10964; and
| | - Jerry X. Mitrovica
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138
| | - Patricio I. Moreno
- Institute of Ecology and Biodiversity and Department of Ecological Sciences, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 1058, Chile
| | - John W. Williams
- Department of Geography, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706
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618
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Global warming preceded by increasing carbon dioxide concentrations during the last deglaciation. Nature 2012; 484:49-54. [PMID: 22481357 DOI: 10.1038/nature10915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 303] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2011] [Accepted: 02/01/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The covariation of carbon dioxide (CO(2)) concentration and temperature in Antarctic ice-core records suggests a close link between CO(2) and climate during the Pleistocene ice ages. The role and relative importance of CO(2) in producing these climate changes remains unclear, however, in part because the ice-core deuterium record reflects local rather than global temperature. Here we construct a record of global surface temperature from 80 proxy records and show that temperature is correlated with and generally lags CO(2) during the last (that is, the most recent) deglaciation. Differences between the respective temperature changes of the Northern Hemisphere and Southern Hemisphere parallel variations in the strength of the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation recorded in marine sediments. These observations, together with transient global climate model simulations, support the conclusion that an antiphased hemispheric temperature response to ocean circulation changes superimposed on globally in-phase warming driven by increasing CO(2) concentrations is an explanation for much of the temperature change at the end of the most recent ice age.
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619
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Dubut V, Fouquet A, Voisin A, Costedoat C, Chappaz R, Gilles A. From Late Miocene to Holocene: processes of differentiation within the Telestes genus (Actinopterygii: Cyprinidae). PLoS One 2012; 7:e34423. [PMID: 22479629 PMCID: PMC3315529 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0034423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2011] [Accepted: 02/28/2012] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Investigating processes and timing of differentiation of organisms is critical in the understanding of the evolutionary mechanisms involved in microevolution, speciation, and macroevolution that generated the extant biodiversity. From this perspective, the Telestes genus is of special interest: the Telestes species have a wide distribution range across Europe (from the Danubian district to Mediterranean districts) and have not been prone to translocation. Molecular data (mtDNA: 1,232 bp including the entire Cyt b gene; nuclear genome: 11 microsatellites) were gathered from 34 populations of the Telestes genus, almost encompassing the entire geographic range. Using several phylogenetic and molecular dating methods interpreted in conjunction with paleoclimatic and geomorphologic evidence, we investigated the processes and timing of differentiation of the Telestes lineages. The observed genetic structure and diversity were largely congruent between mtDNA and microsatellites. The Messinian Salinity Crisis (Late Miocene) seems to have played a major role in the speciation processes of the genus. Focusing on T. souffia, a species occurring in the Danube and Rhone drainages, we were able to point out several specific events from the Pleistocene to the Holocene that have likely driven the differentiation and the historical demography of this taxon. This study provides support for an evolutionary history of dispersal and vicariance with unprecedented resolution for any freshwater fish in this region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Dubut
- Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, IRD, UMR 7263-IMBE, Equipe Evolution Génome Environnement, Centre Saint-Charles, Case 36, Marseille, France.
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620
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621
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Mourier T, Ho SYW, Gilbert MTP, Willerslev E, Orlando L. Statistical guidelines for detecting past population shifts using ancient DNA. Mol Biol Evol 2012; 29:2241-51. [PMID: 22427706 DOI: 10.1093/molbev/mss094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Populations carry a genetic signal of their demographic past, providing an opportunity for investigating the processes that shaped their evolution. Our ability to infer population histories can be enhanced by including ancient DNA data. Using serial-coalescent simulations and a range of both quantitative and temporal sampling schemes, we test the power of ancient mitochondrial sequences and nuclear single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) to detect past population bottlenecks. Within our simulated framework, mitochondrial sequences have only limited power to detect subtle bottlenecks and/or fast post-bottleneck recoveries. In contrast, nuclear SNPs can detect bottlenecks followed by rapid recovery, although bottlenecks involving reduction of less than half the population are generally detected with low power unless extensive genetic information from ancient individuals is available. Our results provide useful guidelines for scaling sampling schemes and for optimizing our ability to infer past population dynamics. In addition, our results suggest that many ancient DNA studies may face power issues in detecting moderate demographic collapses and/or highly dynamic demographic shifts when based solely on mitochondrial information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Mourier
- Centre for GeoGenetics, Natural History Museum, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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622
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Curnoe D, Xueping J, Herries AIR, Kanning B, Taçon PSC, Zhende B, Fink D, Yunsheng Z, Hellstrom J, Yun L, Cassis G, Bing S, Wroe S, Shi H, Parr WCH, Shengmin H, Rogers N. Human remains from the Pleistocene-Holocene transition of southwest China suggest a complex evolutionary history for East Asians. PLoS One 2012; 7:e31918. [PMID: 22431968 PMCID: PMC3303470 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0031918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2011] [Accepted: 01/20/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Later Pleistocene human evolution in East Asia remains poorly understood owing to a scarcity of well described, reliably classified and accurately dated fossils. Southwest China has been identified from genetic research as a hotspot of human diversity, containing ancient mtDNA and Y-DNA lineages, and has yielded a number of human remains thought to derive from Pleistocene deposits. We have prepared, reconstructed, described and dated a new partial skull from a consolidated sediment block collected in 1979 from the site of Longlin Cave (Guangxi Province). We also undertook new excavations at Maludong (Yunnan Province) to clarify the stratigraphy and dating of a large sample of mostly undescribed human remains from the site. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS We undertook a detailed comparison of cranial, including a virtual endocast for the Maludong calotte, mandibular and dental remains from these two localities. Both samples probably derive from the same population, exhibiting an unusual mixture of modern human traits, characters probably plesiomorphic for later Homo, and some unusual features. We dated charcoal with AMS radiocarbon dating and speleothem with the Uranium-series technique and the results show both samples to be from the Pleistocene-Holocene transition: ∼14.3-11.5 ka. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE Our analysis suggests two plausible explanations for the morphology sampled at Longlin Cave and Maludong. First, it may represent a late-surviving archaic population, perhaps paralleling the situation seen in North Africa as indicated by remains from Dar-es-Soltane and Temara, and maybe also in southern China at Zhirendong. Alternatively, East Asia may have been colonised during multiple waves during the Pleistocene, with the Longlin-Maludong morphology possibly reflecting deep population substructure in Africa prior to modern humans dispersing into Eurasia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darren Curnoe
- School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- * E-mail: (DC); (JX)
| | - Ji Xueping
- Yunnan Institute of Cultural Relics and Archeology, Kunming, Yunnan, China
- Archeology Research Center, Yunnan University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
- * E-mail: (DC); (JX)
| | - Andy I. R. Herries
- Archaeomagnetism Laboratory, Archaeology Program, School of Historical and European Studies, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Bai Kanning
- Honghe Prefectural Institute of Cultural Relics, Mengzi, Yunnan, China
| | - Paul S. C. Taçon
- Place, Evolution and Rock Art Heritage Unit, School of Humanities, Gold Coast Campus, Griffith University, Southport, Queensland, Australia
| | - Bao Zhende
- Mengzi Institute of Cultural Relics, Mengzi, Yunnan, China
| | - David Fink
- Institute for Environmental Research, Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation, Sydney, Australia
| | - Zhu Yunsheng
- Honghe Prefectural Institute of Cultural Relics, Mengzi, Yunnan, China
| | - John Hellstrom
- School of Earth Sciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Luo Yun
- Mengzi Institute of Cultural Relics, Mengzi, Yunnan, China
| | - Gerasimos Cassis
- School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Su Bing
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology and Kunming Primate Research Centre, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
| | - Stephen Wroe
- School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Hong Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology and Kunming Primate Research Centre, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
| | - William C. H. Parr
- School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | | | - Natalie Rogers
- School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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623
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Karlin EF, Hotchkiss SC, Boles SB, Stenøien HK, Hassel K, Flatberg KI, Shaw AJ. High genetic diversity in a remote island population system: sans sex. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2012; 193:1088-1097. [PMID: 22188609 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2011.03999.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
It has been proposed that long-distance dispersal of mosses to the Hawaiian Islands rarely occurs and that the Hawaiian population of the allopolyploid peat moss Sphagnum palustre probably resulted from a single dispersal event. Here, we used microsatellites to investigate whether the Hawaiian population of the dioicous S. palustre had a single founder and to compare its genetic diversity to that found in populations of S. palustre in other regions. The genetic diversity of the Hawaiian population is comparable to that of larger population systems. Several lines of evidence, including a lack of sporophytes and an apparently restricted natural distribution, suggest that sexual reproduction is absent in the Hawaiian plants. In addition, all samples of Hawaiian S. palustre share a genetic trait rare in other populations. Time to most recent ancestor (TMRCA) analysis indicates that the Hawaiian population was probably founded 49-51 kyr ago. It appears that all Hawaiian plants of S. palustre descend from a single founder via vegetative propagation. The long-term viability of this clonal population coupled with the development of significant genetic diversity suggests that vegetative propagation in a moss does not necessarily preclude evolutionary success in the long term.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric F Karlin
- Environmental Science Program, Ramapo College, Mahwah, NJ 07430, USA
| | - Sara C Hotchkiss
- Department of Botany, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Sandra B Boles
- Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Hans K Stenøien
- Systematics and Evolution Group, Section of Natural History, Museum of Natural History and Archaeology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, N-7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Kristian Hassel
- Systematics and Evolution Group, Section of Natural History, Museum of Natural History and Archaeology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, N-7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Kjell I Flatberg
- Systematics and Evolution Group, Section of Natural History, Museum of Natural History and Archaeology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, N-7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - A Jonathan Shaw
- Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
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624
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Ricker MC, Donohue SW, Stolt MH, Zavada MS. Development and application of multi-proxy indices of land use change for riparian soils in southern New England, USA. ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS : A PUBLICATION OF THE ECOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2012; 22:487-501. [PMID: 22611849 DOI: 10.1890/11-1640.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the effects of land use on riparian systems is dependent upon the development of methodologies to recognize changes in sedimentation related to shifts in land use. Land use trends in southern New England consist of shifts from forested precolonial conditions, to colonial and agrarian land uses, and toward modern industrial-urban landscapes. The goals of this study were to develop a set of stratigraphic indices that reflect these land use periods and to illustrate their applications. Twenty-four riparian sites from first- and second-order watersheds were chosen for study. Soil morphological features, such as buried surface horizons (layers), were useful to identify periods of watershed instability. The presence of human artifacts and increases in heavy metal concentration above background levels, were also effective indicators of industrial-urban land use periods. Increases and peak abundance of non-arboreal weed pollen (Ambrosia) were identified as stratigraphic markers indicative of agricultural land uses. Twelve 14C dates from riparian soils indicated that the rise in non-arboreal pollen corresponds to the start of regional deforestation (AD 1749 +/- 56 cal yr; mean +/- 2 SD) and peak non-arboreal pollen concentration corresponds to maximum agricultural land use (AD 1820 +/- 51 cal yr). These indices were applied to elucidate the impact of land use on riparian sedimentation and soil carbon (C) dynamics. This analysis indicated that the majority of sediment and soil organic carbon (SOC) stored in regional riparian soils is of postcolonial origins. Mean net sedimentation rates increased -100-fold during postcolonial time periods, and net SOC sequestration rates showed an approximate 200-fold increase since precolonial times. These results suggest that headwater riparian zones have acted as an effective sink for alluvial sediment and SOC associated with postcolonial land use.
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Affiliation(s)
- M C Ricker
- Department of Natural Resources Science, University of Rhode Island, 1 Greenhouse Road, Kingston, Rhode Island 02881, USA
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625
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TURRERO P, HORREO JL, GARCIA-VAZQUEZ E. Same oldSalmo? Changes in life history and demographic trends of North Iberian salmonids since the Upper Palaeolithic as revealed by archaeological remains andbeastanalyses. Mol Ecol 2012; 21:2318-29. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-294x.2012.05508.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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626
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LEO SARAHST, CHENG LANNA, SPERLING FELIXAH. Genetically separate populations of the ocean-skater Halobates sericeus (Heteroptera: Gerridae) have been maintained since the late Pleistocene. Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2012. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1095-8312.2011.01836.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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627
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Weber ME, Clark PU, Ricken W, Mitrovica JX, Hostetler SW, Kuhn G. Interhemispheric ice-sheet synchronicity during the Last Glacial Maximum. Science 2012; 334:1265-9. [PMID: 22144623 DOI: 10.1126/science.1209299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
The timing of the last maximum extent of the Antarctic ice sheets relative to those in the Northern Hemisphere remains poorly understood. We develop a chronology for the Weddell Sea sector of the East Antarctic Ice Sheet that, combined with ages from other Antarctic ice-sheet sectors, indicates that the advance to and retreat from their maximum extent was within dating uncertainties synchronous with most sectors of Northern Hemisphere ice sheets. Surface climate forcing of Antarctic mass balance would probably cause an opposite response, whereby a warming climate would increase accumulation but not surface melting. Our new data support teleconnections involving sea-level forcing from Northern Hemisphere ice sheets and changes in North Atlantic deep-water formation and attendant heat flux to Antarctic grounding lines to synchronize the hemispheric ice sheets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael E Weber
- Institute of Geology and Mineralogy, University of Cologne, 50674 Cologne, Germany.
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628
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WALSER B, HAAG CR. Strong intraspecific variation in genetic diversity and genetic differentiation inDaphnia magna: the effects of population turnover and population size. Mol Ecol 2012; 21:851-61. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-294x.2011.05416.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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629
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Marino IAM, Pujolar JM, Zane L. Reconciling deep calibration and demographic history: bayesian inference of post glacial colonization patterns in Carcinus aestuarii (Nardo, 1847) and C. maenas (Linnaeus, 1758). PLoS One 2011; 6:e28567. [PMID: 22164307 PMCID: PMC3229605 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0028567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2011] [Accepted: 11/10/2011] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
A precise inference of past demographic histories including dating of demographic events using Bayesian methods can only be achieved with the use of appropriate molecular rates and evolutionary models. Using a set of 596 mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase I (COI) sequences of two sister species of European green crabs of the genus Carcinus (C. maenas and C. aestuarii), our study shows how chronologies of past evolutionary events change significantly with the application of revised molecular rates that incorporate biogeographic events for calibration and appropriate demographic priors. A clear signal of demographic expansion was found for both species, dated between 10,000 and 20,000 years ago, which places the expansions events in a time frame following the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM). In the case of C. aestuarii, a population expansion was only inferred for the Adriatic-Ionian, suggestive of a colonization event following the flooding of the Adriatic Sea (18,000 years ago). For C. maenas, the demographic expansion inferred for the continental populations of West and North Europe might result from a northward recolonization from a southern refugium when the ice sheet retreated after the LGM. Collectively, our results highlight the importance of using adequate calibrations and demographic priors in order to avoid considerable overestimates of evolutionary time scales.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Lorenzo Zane
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
- * E-mail:
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630
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The genetic legacy of aridification: Climate cycling fostered lizard diversification in Australian montane refugia and left low-lying deserts genetically depauperate. Mol Phylogenet Evol 2011; 61:750-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2011.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2011] [Revised: 07/22/2011] [Accepted: 08/04/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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631
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Anesio AM, Laybourn-Parry J. Glaciers and ice sheets as a biome. Trends Ecol Evol 2011; 27:219-25. [PMID: 22000675 DOI: 10.1016/j.tree.2011.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2011] [Revised: 09/16/2011] [Accepted: 09/19/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The tundra is the coldest biome described in typical geography and biology textbooks. Within the cryosphere, there are large expanses of ice in the Antarctic, Arctic and alpine regions that are not regarded as being part of any biome. During the summer, there is significant melt on the surface of glaciers, ice caps and ice shelves, at which point microbial communities become active and play an important role in the cycling of carbon and other elements within the cryosphere. In this review, we suggest that it is time to recognise the cryosphere as one of the biomes of Earth. The cryospheric biome encompasses extreme environments and is typified by truncated food webs dominated by viruses, bacteria, protozoa and algae with distinct biogeographical structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre M Anesio
- Bristol Glaciology Centre, School of Geographical Sciences, University of Bristol, UK, BS8 1SS.
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632
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Zheng HX, Yan S, Qin ZD, Wang Y, Tan JZ, Li H, Jin L. Major population expansion of East Asians began before neolithic time: evidence of mtDNA genomes. PLoS One 2011; 6:e25835. [PMID: 21998705 PMCID: PMC3188578 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0025835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2011] [Accepted: 09/12/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
It is a major question in archaeology and anthropology whether human populations started to grow primarily after the advent of agriculture, i.e., the Neolithic time, especially in East Asia, which was one of the centers of ancient agricultural civilization. To answer this question requires an accurate estimation of the time of lineage expansion as well as that of population expansion in a population sample without ascertainment bias. In this study, we analyzed all available mtDNA genomes of East Asians ascertained by random sampling, a total of 367 complete mtDNA sequences generated by the 1000 Genome Project, including 249 Chinese (CHB, CHD, and CHS) and 118 Japanese (JPT). We found that major mtDNA lineages underwent expansions, all of which, except for two JPT-specific lineages, including D4, D4b2b, D4a, D4j, D5a2a, A, N9a, F1a1'4, F2, B4, B4a, G2a1 and M7b1'2'4, occurred before 10 kya, i.e., before the Neolithic time (symbolized by Dadiwan Culture at 7.9 kya) in East Asia. Consistent to this observation, the further analysis showed that the population expansion in East Asia started at 13 kya and lasted until 4 kya. The results suggest that the population growth in East Asia constituted a need for the introduction of agriculture and might be one of the driving forces that led to the further development of agriculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Xiang Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and MOE Key Laboratory of Contemporary Anthropology, School of Life Sciences and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shi Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and MOE Key Laboratory of Contemporary Anthropology, School of Life Sciences and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Chinese Academy of Sciences and Max-Planck Society (CAS-MPG) Partner Institute for Computational Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- Key Laboratory of Computational Biology, CAS-MPG Partner Institute for Computational Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhen-Dong Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and MOE Key Laboratory of Contemporary Anthropology, School of Life Sciences and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and MOE Key Laboratory of Contemporary Anthropology, School of Life Sciences and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Jing-Ze Tan
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and MOE Key Laboratory of Contemporary Anthropology, School of Life Sciences and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hui Li
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and MOE Key Laboratory of Contemporary Anthropology, School of Life Sciences and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Li Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and MOE Key Laboratory of Contemporary Anthropology, School of Life Sciences and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Chinese Academy of Sciences and Max-Planck Society (CAS-MPG) Partner Institute for Computational Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- Key Laboratory of Computational Biology, CAS-MPG Partner Institute for Computational Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
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633
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Multilocus population analysis of Gavia immer (Aves: Gaviidae) mtDNA reveals low genetic diversity and lack of differentiation across the species breeding range. ORG DIVERS EVOL 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s13127-011-0052-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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634
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Wolff C, Haug GH, Timmermann A, Sinninghe Damsté JS, Brauer A, Sigman DM, Cane MA, Verschuren D. Reduced interannual rainfall variability in East Africa during the last ice age. Science 2011; 333:743-7. [PMID: 21817050 DOI: 10.1126/science.1203724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Interannual rainfall variations in equatorial East Africa are tightly linked to the El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO), with more rain and flooding during El Niño and droughts in La Niña years, both having severe impacts on human habitation and food security. Here we report evidence from an annually laminated lake sediment record from southeastern Kenya for interannual to centennial-scale changes in ENSO-related rainfall variability during the last three millennia and for reductions in both the mean rate and the variability of rainfall in East Africa during the Last Glacial period. Climate model simulations support forward extrapolation from these lake sediment data that future warming will intensify the interannual variability of East Africa's rainfall.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Wolff
- Helmholtz Centre Potsdam GeoForschungsZentrum (GFZ-German Research Centre for Geosciences), Section 5.2-Climate Dynamics and Landscape Evolution, Telegrafenberg, D-14473 Potsdam, Germany
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635
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Ovodov ND, Crockford SJ, Kuzmin YV, Higham TFG, Hodgins GWL, van der Plicht J. A 33,000-year-old incipient dog from the Altai Mountains of Siberia: evidence of the earliest domestication disrupted by the Last Glacial Maximum. PLoS One 2011; 6:e22821. [PMID: 21829526 PMCID: PMC3145761 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0022821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2011] [Accepted: 07/06/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Virtually all well-documented remains of early domestic dog (Canis familiaris) come from the late Glacial and early Holocene periods (ca. 14,000–9000 calendar years ago, cal BP), with few putative dogs found prior to the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM, ca. 26,500–19,000 cal BP). The dearth of pre-LGM dog-like canids and incomplete state of their preservation has until now prevented an understanding of the morphological features of transitional forms between wild wolves and domesticated dogs in temporal perspective. Methodology/Principal Finding We describe the well-preserved remains of a dog-like canid from the Razboinichya Cave (Altai Mountains of southern Siberia). Because of the extraordinary preservation of the material, including skull, mandibles (both sides) and teeth, it was possible to conduct a complete morphological description and comparison with representative examples of pre-LGM wild wolves, modern wolves, prehistoric domesticated dogs, and early dog-like canids, using morphological criteria to distinguish between wolves and dogs. It was found that the Razboinichya Cave individual is most similar to fully domesticated dogs from Greenland (about 1000 years old), and unlike ancient and modern wolves, and putative dogs from Eliseevichi I site in central Russia. Direct AMS radiocarbon dating of the skull and mandible of the Razboinichya canid conducted in three independent laboratories resulted in highly compatible ages, with average value of ca. 33,000 cal BP. Conclusions/Significance The Razboinichya Cave specimen appears to be an incipient dog that did not give rise to late Glacial – early Holocene lineages and probably represents wolf domestication disrupted by the climatic and cultural changes associated with the LGM. The two earliest incipient dogs from Western Europe (Goyet, Belguim) and Siberia (Razboinichya), separated by thousands of kilometers, show that dog domestication was multiregional, and thus had no single place of origin (as some DNA data have suggested) and subsequent spread.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolai D Ovodov
- Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Institute of Archaeology and Ethnography, Novosibirsk, Russia
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636
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Colville EJ, Carlson AE, Beard BL, Hatfield RG, Stoner JS, Reyes AV, Ullman DJ. Sr-Nd-Pb Isotope Evidence for Ice-Sheet Presence on Southern Greenland During the Last Interglacial. Science 2011; 333:620-3. [DOI: 10.1126/science.1204673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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637
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St Onge KR, Källman T, Slotte T, Lascoux M, Palmé AE. Contrasting demographic history and population structure in Capsella rubella and Capsella grandiflora, two closely related species with different mating systems. Mol Ecol 2011; 20:3306-20. [PMID: 21777317 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-294x.2011.05189.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Both mating system and population history can have large impacts on genetic diversity and population structure. Here, we use multilocus sequence data to investigate how these factors impact two closely related Brassicaceae species: the selfing Capsella rubella and the outcrossing C. grandiflora. To do this, we have sequenced 16 loci in approximately 70 individuals from 7 populations of each species. Patterns of population structure differ strongly between the two species. In C. grandiflora, we observe an isolation-by-distance pattern and identify three clearly delineated genetic groups. In C. rubella, where we estimate the selfing rate to be 0.90-0.94, the pattern is less clear with some sampling populations forming separate genetic clusters while others are highly mixed. The two species also have divergent histories. Our analysis gives support for a bottleneck approximately 73 kya (20-139 kya) in C. rubella, which most likely represents speciation from C. grandiflora. In C. grandiflora, there is moderate support for the standard neutral model in 2 of 3 genetic clusters, while the third cluster and the total data set show evidence of expansion. It is clear that mating system has an impact on these two species, for example affecting the level of genetic variation and the genetic structure. However, our results also clearly show that a combination of past and present processes, some of which are not affected by mating system, is needed to explain the differences between C. rubella and C. grandiflora.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kate R St Onge
- Department of Plant Ecology and Evolution, Uppsala University, Norbyvägen 18D, 752 36 Uppsala, Sweden
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638
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Peng MS, Zhang YP. Inferring the population expansions in peopling of Japan. PLoS One 2011; 6:e21509. [PMID: 21747908 PMCID: PMC3126835 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0021509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2011] [Accepted: 06/02/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Extensive studies in different fields have been performed to reconstruct the prehistory of populations in the Japanese archipelago. Estimates the ancestral population dynamics based on Japanese molecular sequences can extend our understanding about the colonization of Japan and the ethnogenesis of modern Japanese. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS We applied Bayesian skyline plot (BSP) with a dataset based on 952 Japanese mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) genomes to depict the female effective population size (N(ef)) through time for the total Japanese and each of the major mtDNA haplogroups in Japanese. Our results revealed a rapid N(ef) growth since ∼5 thousand years ago had left ∼72% Japanese mtDNA lineages with a salient signature. The BSP for the major mtDNA haplogroups indicated some different demographic history. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE The results suggested that the rapid population expansion acted as a major force in shaping current maternal pool of Japanese. It supported a model for population dynamics in Japan in which the prehistoric population growth initiated in the Middle Jomon Period experienced a smooth and swift transition from Jomon to Yayoi, and then continued through the Yayoi Period. The confounding demographic backgrounds of different mtDNA haplogroups could also have some implications for some related studies in future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min-Sheng Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, People's Republic of China
- KIZ/CUHK Joint Laboratory of Bioresources and Molecular Research in Common Diseases, Kunming, Yunnan, People's Republic of China
- Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Ya-Ping Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, People's Republic of China
- KIZ/CUHK Joint Laboratory of Bioresources and Molecular Research in Common Diseases, Kunming, Yunnan, People's Republic of China
- Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-resources, Yunnan University, Kunming, Yunnan, People's Republic of China
- * E-mail:
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639
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COMPAGNUCCI ROSAHILDA. Atmospheric circulation over Patagonia from the Jurassic to present: a review through proxy data and climatic modelling scenarios. Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2011. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1095-8312.2011.01655.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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640
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641
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Batini C, Ferri G, Destro-Bisol G, Brisighelli F, Luiselli D, Sanchez-Diz P, Rocha J, Simonson T, Brehm A, Montano V, Elwali NE, Spedini G, D'Amato ME, Myres N, Ebbesen P, Comas D, Capelli C. Signatures of the Preagricultural Peopling Processes in Sub-Saharan Africa as Revealed by the Phylogeography of Early Y Chromosome Lineages. Mol Biol Evol 2011; 28:2603-13. [DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msr089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
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642
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Wang HW, Mitra B, Chaudhuri TK, Palanichamy MG, Kong QP, Zhang YP. Mitochondrial DNA evidence supports northeast Indian origin of the aboriginal Andamanese in the Late Paleolithic. J Genet Genomics 2011; 38:117-22. [PMID: 21477783 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgg.2011.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2010] [Revised: 11/07/2010] [Accepted: 11/09/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
In view of the geographically closest location to Andaman archipelago, Myanmar was suggested to be the origin place of aboriginal Andamanese. However, for lacking any genetic information from this region, which has prevented to resolve the dispute on whether the aboriginal Andamanese were originated from mainland India or Myanmar. To solve this question and better understand the origin of the aboriginal Andamanese, we screened for haplogroups M31 (from which Andaman-specific lineage M31a1 branched off) and M32 among 846 mitochondrial DNAs (mtDNAs) sampled across Myanmar. As a result, two Myanmar individuals belonging to haplogroup M31 were identified, and completely sequencing the entire mtDNA genomes of both samples testified that the two M31 individuals observed in Myanmar were probably attributed to the recent gene flow from northeast India populations. Since no root lineages of haplogroup M31 or M32 were observed in Myanmar, it is unlikely that Myanmar may serve as the source place of the aboriginal Andamanese. To get further insight into the origin of this unique population, the detailed phylogenetic and phylogeographic analyses were performed by including additional 7 new entire mtDNA genomes and 113 M31 mtDNAs pinpointed from South Asian populations, and the results suggested that Andaman-specific M31a1 could in fact trace its origin to northeast India. Time estimation results further indicated that the Andaman archipelago was likely settled by modern humans from northeast India via the land-bridge which connected the Andaman archipelago and Myanmar around the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM), a scenario in well agreement with the evidence from linguistic and palaeoclimate studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua-Wei Wang
- Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-resource, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, Yunnan Province, China
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643
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Allal F, Sanou H, Millet L, Vaillant A, Camus-Kulandaivelu L, Logossa ZA, Lefèvre F, Bouvet JM. Past climate changes explain the phylogeography of Vitellaria paradoxa over Africa. Heredity (Edinb) 2011; 107:174-86. [PMID: 21407253 DOI: 10.1038/hdy.2011.5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The evolution of the savanna biome has been deeply marked by repeated contraction/expansion phases due to climate perturbations during the Quaternary period. In this study, we investigated the impact of the last glacial maximum (LGM) on the present genetic pattern of Vitellaria paradoxa (shea tree), a major African savanna tree. A range-wide sampling of the species enabled us to sample 374 individuals from 71 populations distributed throughout sub-Sahelian Africa. Trees were genotyped using 3 chloroplasts and 12 nuclear microsatellites, and were sequenced for 2 polymorphic chloroplast intergenic spacers. Analyses of genetic diversity and structure were based on frequency-based and Bayesian methods. Potential distributions of V. paradoxa at present, during the LGM and the last interglacial period, were examined using DIVA-GIS ecological niche modelling (ENM). Haplotypic and allelic richness varied significantly across the range according to chloroplast and nuclear microsatellites, which pointed to higher diversity in West Africa. A high but contrasted level of differentiation was revealed among populations with a clear phylogeographic signal, with both nuclear (F(ST) = 0.21; R(ST) = 0.28; R(ST) > R(ST) (permuted)) and chloroplast simple sequence repeats (SSRs) (G(ST) = 0.81; N(ST) = 0.90; N(ST) > N(ST) (permuted)). We identified a strong geographically related structure separating western and eastern populations, and a substructure in the eastern part of the area consistent with subspecies distinction. Using ENM, we deduced that perturbations during the LGM fragmented the potential eastern distribution of shea tree, but not its distribution in West Africa. Our main results suggest that climate variations are the major factor explaining the genetic pattern of V. paradoxa.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Allal
- Cirad-Bios Department, Research Unit, Genetic Diversity and Breeding of Forest Tree Species, International Campus of Baillarguet, Montpellier, France.
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644
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Prentice IC, Harrison SP, Bartlein PJ. Global vegetation and terrestrial carbon cycle changes after the last ice age. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2011; 189:988-998. [PMID: 21288244 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2010.03620.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
• In current models, the ecophysiological effects of CO₂ create both woody thickening and terrestrial carbon uptake, as observed now, and forest cover and terrestrial carbon storage increases that took place after the last glacial maximum (LGM). Here, we aimed to assess the realism of modelled vegetation and carbon storage changes between LGM and the pre-industrial Holocene (PIH). • We applied Land Processes and eXchanges (LPX), a dynamic global vegetation model (DGVM), with lowered CO₂ and LGM climate anomalies from the Palaeoclimate Modelling Intercomparison Project (PMIP II), and compared the model results with palaeodata. • Modelled global gross primary production was reduced by 27-36% and carbon storage by 550-694 Pg C compared with PIH. Comparable reductions have been estimated from stable isotopes. The modelled areal reduction of forests is broadly consistent with pollen records. Despite reduced productivity and biomass, tropical forests accounted for a greater proportion of modelled land carbon storage at LGM (28-32%) than at PIH (25%). • The agreement between palaeodata and model results for LGM is consistent with the hypothesis that the ecophysiological effects of CO₂ influence tree-grass competition and vegetation productivity, and suggests that these effects are also at work today.
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Affiliation(s)
- I C Prentice
- Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, North Ryde, NSW 2109, Australia
- Grantham Institute for Climate Change, and Division of Biology, Imperial College, Ascot SL5 7PY, UK
| | - S P Harrison
- Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, North Ryde, NSW 2109, Australia
- School of Geographical Sciences, University of Bristol, University Road, Bristol BS8 1SS, UK
| | - P J Bartlein
- Department of Geography, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR 97403-1251, USA
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645
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Peng MS, He JD, Liu HX, Zhang YP. Tracing the legacy of the early Hainan Islanders--a perspective from mitochondrial DNA. BMC Evol Biol 2011; 11:46. [PMID: 21324107 PMCID: PMC3048540 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2148-11-46] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2010] [Accepted: 02/15/2011] [Indexed: 02/20/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hainan Island is located around the conjunction of East Asia and Southeast Asia, and during the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) was connected with the mainland. This provided an opportunity for the colonization of Hainan Island by modern human in the Upper Pleistocene. Whether the ancient dispersal left any footprints in the contemporary gene pool of Hainan islanders is debatable. RESULTS We collected samples from 285 Li individuals and analyzed mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) variations of hypervariable sequence I and II (HVS-I and II), as well as partial coding regions. By incorporating previously reported data, the phylogeny of Hainan islanders was reconstructed. We found that Hainan islanders showed a close relationship with the populations in mainland southern China, especially from Guangxi. Haplotype sharing analyses suggested that the recent gene flow from the mainland might play important roles in shaping the maternal pool of Hainan islanders. More importantly, haplogroups M12, M7e, and M7c1* might represent the genetic relics of the ancient population that populated this region; thus, 14 representative complete mtDNA genomes were further sequenced. CONCLUSIONS The detailed phylogeographic analyses of haplogroups M12, M7e, and M7c1* indicated that the early peopling of Hainan Island by modern human could be traced back to the early Holocene and/or even the late Upper Pleistocene, around 7-27 kya. These results correspond to both Y-chromosome and archaeological studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min-Sheng Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, PR China
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646
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Peng MS, Palanichamy MG, Yao YG, Mitra B, Cheng YT, Zhao M, Liu J, Wang HW, Pan H, Wang WZ, Zhang AM, Zhang W, Wang D, Zou Y, Yang Y, Chaudhuri TK, Kong QP, Zhang YP. Inland post-glacial dispersal in East Asia revealed by mitochondrial haplogroup M9a'b. BMC Biol 2011; 9:2. [PMID: 21219640 PMCID: PMC3027199 DOI: 10.1186/1741-7007-9-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2010] [Accepted: 01/10/2011] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Archaeological studies have revealed a series of cultural changes around the Last Glacial Maximum in East Asia; whether these changes left any signatures in the gene pool of East Asians remains poorly indicated. To achieve deeper insights into the demographic history of modern humans in East Asia around the Last Glacial Maximum, we extensively analyzed mitochondrial DNA haplogroup M9a'b, a specific haplogroup that was suggested to have some potential for tracing the migration around the Last Glacial Maximum in East Eurasia. Results A total of 837 M9a'b mitochondrial DNAs (583 from the literature, while the remaining 254 were newly collected in this study) pinpointed from over 28,000 subjects residing across East Eurasia were studied here. Fifty-nine representative samples were further selected for total mitochondrial DNA sequencing so we could better understand the phylogeny within M9a'b. Based on the updated phylogeny, an extensive phylogeographic analysis was carried out to reveal the differentiation of haplogroup M9a'b and to reconstruct the dispersal histories. Conclusions Our results indicated that southern China and/or Southeast Asia likely served as the source of some post-Last Glacial Maximum dispersal(s). The detailed dissection of haplogroup M9a'b revealed the existence of an inland dispersal in mainland East Asia during the post-glacial period. It was this dispersal that expanded not only to western China but also to northeast India and the south Himalaya region. A similar phylogeographic distribution pattern was also observed for haplogroup F1c, thus substantiating our proposition. This inland post-glacial dispersal was in agreement with the spread of the Mesolithic culture originating in South China and northern Vietnam.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min-Sheng Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
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647
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Hill JK, Griffiths HM, Thomas CD. Climate change and evolutionary adaptations at species' range margins. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ENTOMOLOGY 2011; 56:143-59. [PMID: 20809802 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-ento-120709-144746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
During recent climate warming, many insect species have shifted their ranges to higher latitudes and altitudes. These expansions mirror those that occurred after the Last Glacial Maximum when species expanded from their ice age refugia. Postglacial range expansions have resulted in clines in genetic diversity across present-day distributions, with a reduction in genetic diversity observed in a wide range of insect taxa as one moves from the historical distribution core to the current range margin. Evolutionary increases in dispersal at expanding range boundaries are commonly observed in virtually all insects that have been studied, suggesting a positive feedback between range expansion and the evolution of traits that accelerate range expansion. The ubiquity of this phenomenon suggests that it is likely to be an important determinant of range changes. A better understanding of the extent and speed of adaptation will be crucial to the responses of biodiversity and ecosystems to climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jane K Hill
- Department of Biology, University of York, YO10 5DD, United Kingdom.
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648
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Vázquez-Selem L, Heine K. Late Quaternary Glaciation in Mexico. DEVELOPMENTS IN QUATERNARY SCIENCES 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-444-53447-7.00061-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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649
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Batini C, Lopes J, Behar DM, Calafell F, Jorde LB, van der Veen L, Quintana-Murci L, Spedini G, Destro-Bisol G, Comas D. Insights into the demographic history of African Pygmies from complete mitochondrial genomes. Mol Biol Evol 2010; 28:1099-110. [PMID: 21041797 DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msq294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Pygmy populations are among the few hunter-gatherers currently living in sub-Saharan Africa and are mainly represented by two groups, Eastern and Western, according to their current geographical distribution. They are scattered across the Central African belt and surrounded by Bantu-speaking farmers, with whom they have complex social and economic interactions. To investigate the demographic history of Pygmy groups, a population approach was applied to the analysis of 205 complete mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) sequences from ten central African populations. No sharing of maternal lineages was observed between the two Pygmy groups, with haplogroup L1c being characteristic of the Western group but most of Eastern Pygmy lineages falling into subclades of L0a, L2a, and L5. Demographic inferences based on Bayesian coalescent simulations point to an early split among the maternal ancestors of Pygmies and those of Bantu-speaking farmers (∼ 70,000 years ago [ya]). Evidence for population growth in the ancestors of Bantu-speaking farmers has been observed, starting ∼ 65,000 ya, well before the diffusion of Bantu languages. Subsequently, the effective population size of the ancestors of Pygmies remained constant over time and ∼ 27,000 ya, coincident with the Last Glacial Maximum, Eastern and Western Pygmies diverged, with evidence of subsequent migration only among the Western group and the Bantu-speaking farmers. Western Pygmies show signs of a recent bottleneck 4,000-650 ya, coincident with the diffusion of Bantu languages, whereas Eastern Pygmies seem to have experienced a more ancient decrease in population size (20,000-4,000 ya). In conclusion, the results of this first attempt at analyzing complete mtDNA sequences at the population level in sub-Saharan Africa not only support previous findings but also offer new insights into the demographic history of Pygmy populations, shedding new light on the ancient peopling of the African continent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Batini
- Institut de Biologia Evolutiva (CSIC-UPF), Department de Ciències Experimentals i de la Salut, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
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650
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Ottoni C, Primativo G, Hooshiar Kashani B, Achilli A, Martínez-Labarga C, Biondi G, Torroni A, Rickards O. Mitochondrial haplogroup H1 in north Africa: an early holocene arrival from Iberia. PLoS One 2010; 5:e13378. [PMID: 20975840 PMCID: PMC2958834 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0013378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2010] [Accepted: 09/22/2010] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The Tuareg of the Fezzan region (Libya) are characterized by an extremely high frequency (61%) of haplogroup H1, a mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroup that is common in all Western European populations. To define how and when H1 spread from Europe to North Africa up to the Central Sahara, in Fezzan, we investigated the complete mitochondrial genomes of eleven Libyan Tuareg belonging to H1. Coalescence time estimates suggest an arrival of the European H1 mtDNAs at about 8,000–9,000 years ago, while phylogenetic analyses reveal three novel H1 branches, termed H1v, H1w and H1x, which appear to be specific for North African populations, but whose frequencies can be extremely different even in relatively close Tuareg villages. Overall, these findings support the scenario of an arrival of haplogroup H1 in North Africa from Iberia at the beginning of the Holocene, as a consequence of the improvement in climate conditions after the Younger Dryas cold snap, followed by in situ formation of local H1 sub-haplogroups. This process of autochthonous differentiation continues in the Libyan Tuareg who, probably due to isolation and recent founder events, are characterized by village-specific maternal mtDNA lineages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudio Ottoni
- Department of Biology, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
- Laboratory of Forensic Genetics and Molecular Archaeology, Universitaire Ziekenhuizen, Leuven, Belgium
- Center for Archaeological Sciences, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Center for Human Genetics, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | | | | | - Alessandro Achilli
- Dipartimento di Genetica e Microbiologia, Università di Pavia, Pavia, Italy
- Dipartimento di Biologia Cellulare e Ambientale, Università di Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | | | - Gianfranco Biondi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Ambientali, Università dell'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Antonio Torroni
- Dipartimento di Genetica e Microbiologia, Università di Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Olga Rickards
- Department of Biology, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
- * E-mail:
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